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Umberto Cella
Power Systems, Electrical Program
Aurizon
Brisbane 4000, Australia
Umberto.Cella@aurizon.com.au
Abstract—This paper presents a modelling methodology However, the only publication that we were able to find
intended to enable easier and quicker circuital calculations for where the problem of the modelling of 50 kV traction system
autotransformer rail traction power systems. The 2 x 25 kV in terms of sequence components was discussed is [2].
configuration is considered. The classic formulation of the Unfortunately, [2] is not a full paper, but only a presentation.
symmetrical components for 3-phase systems is referred to, We were not able to locate a paper related to this
and transposed in a 2-phase case. The items of plant that presentation. This paper is aimed at providing a more
compose the power system are modelled as positive- and zero- exhaustive theoretical background than [2], and at
sequence devices, and the system voltages and currents are completing it with calculation examples.
transformed as well. Calculation examples are provided for
Currently, a traction power system which is becoming
fault currents and fault impedance for system protection
more and more diffused, especially for high speed / heavy
purposes. Due to the considerable simplification of the circuital
models, the methodology presented enables the designer to
haulage lines, is the 2 x 25 kV autotransformer system
perform approximate hand calculations as well as computer- [1][2][3]. The system draws power from the Grid and steps
based ones. the voltage down to 50 kV at each Feeder Station (FS) with a
Power Transformer (PT). Each FS feeds sections of track in
Keywords - autotransformer, traction, modelling, fault, a radial arrangement. The areas fed from different feeder
symmetrical components, protection, rail stations are electrically separated by Track Sectioning
Cabins (TSC). The trains always use a voltage of 25 kV, but
I. INTRODUCTION: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND the overhead line (OHL) can be energised either directly at
25 kV, or at 50 kV through autotransformers, which split the
RAILWAY POWER SYSTEM MODELLING
50 kV in 25 – 0 – 25 kV and introduce a common and earth
The symmetrical components methodology is widely reference point, bonded to the tracks. In this way, the
used for the modelling of three-phase power systems. Plenty autotransformers (AT) provide single 25 kV to the
of literature is available, and its usefulness is known to those locomotives.
who are involved in the design and construction of plant Between the PT at supply point and the first AT at the
dedicated to the generation, transmission, distribution and FS, the AT 2-phase system possesses two equal and opposite
utilization of electrical power. However, most of the phase currents and two equal and opposite phase-earth
literature regards the application of the symmetrical voltages [4]. The phasor representation of the system is
components transformation to 3-phase systems. Fewer shown in Fig. 1. It can be observed that currents are 180°
publications that discuss its application to systems with ( π ) apart, and so are voltages.
different number of phases are available. For example, in [6]
general information regarding the symmetrical components In a symmetrical and balanced 3-phase system, voltages and
transformation of n-phase systems is provided. However, due currents are 120° apart ( 3π / 2 ). If the 2-phase and 3-phase
to generality, equivalent circuits for plant components and systems are compared, it can be observed that they are
connection of sequence networks for fault calculation are not conceptually equivalent if:
provided. In [7] the application of common 3-phase
transformation to 1-phase and 2-phase lines is discussed, but • The phase shift is changed from 2π / 3 to
mainly with a view to modelling non-3-phase devices in a 3- 2π / 2 = π
phase based simulation program. The publication that most
closely addresses the scope of this research is [8], where 4- • The number of voltages and currents is changed
phase transformation and anti-transformation are addressed, from 3 to 2
together with exhaustive presentation of the connection of The equivalence can be extended to n-phase systems by
the sequence networks for fault calculation purposes. assuming a phase shift of nπ / 2 . The voltage and current
ªV0 º 1 ª1 1 º ªVa º
«V » = « »⋅« » (4)
¬ 1¼ 2 ¬1 − 1¼ ¬Vb ¼
The inverse transformation from symmetrical components
Figure 1: Phasor representation of phase voltages and currents at the supply into phase components is obtained by multiplying the vector
−1
point of the 2 x 25 kV rail electrification system. Voltages are 180° apart,
of component voltages by T2 = T2 = T2 . In a 2-phase
t*
and currents are 180° apart as well.
case, the matrix for transformation and anti-transformation is
However, if currents are measured after the first AT, the identical, because the imaginary part of its elements is zero.
presence of a train makes current flow into the track and in
the autotransformers as well as in the CC and FW [4]. This III. MODELS IN SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS DOMAIN
leads to an unbalance within the CC and FW current and In this section, the models of the items of plant that
voltage systems. This unbalance can be approached by using
constitute the 2-phase autotransformer traction power system
the same methodology used in unbalanced 3-phase systems,
are presented. Each item is analysed in the phase domain and
provided it is adapted to the 2-phase case.
its voltage/current characteristic is calculated and
II. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS IN 2-PHASE SYSTEM transformed into the symmetrical components domain.
The transformation into symmetrical components for a 3- A. Line-earth voltages
phase system is done by using the matrix: Line-earth voltages are indicated, in phase domain, as
VCC-e and VFW-e, where VCC-e is the catenary/contact (CC) to
ª1 1 1º earth voltage, and VFW-e is the feeder wire (FW) to earth
1 «
T3 = « 1 α α 2 »» where: α = e j 2π / 3 (1)
voltage. The transformed voltages are:
3
«¬1 α 2 α »¼ VCC − e + VFW − e
V0 =
ªV0 º ªVCC − e º 2
«V » = T2 ⋅ «V
−1
Note that T3 = T3t* , where t indicates transposed, and * » or (5)
¬ 1¼ ¬ FW − e ¼ VCC − e − VFW − e b
conjugated. This is true only if the factor 1 / 3 is used. If T V1 =
2
is multiplied by a vector of, for example, voltages, the result
is a vector of symmetrical component voltages, in the order Note that the same transformation applies to voltages along
0, 1 and 2, or “zero”, “positive”, and “negative sequence”: the phases, such as voltage drops along the overhead
conductors.
ªV0 º ª1 1 1 º ªVa º B. Line currents
«V » = 1 «1 α α 2 » ⋅ «V » (2)
« 1» 3« » « b» Line currents are indicated, in phase domain, as ICC and
«¬V2 »¼ «¬1 α 2 α »¼ «¬Vc »¼ IFW. The transformed currents are:
1 ª1 1 º 1 ª1 1 º − j 2π / 2
T2 = «1 β » = «1 − 1» ; β = e (3)
2¬ ¼ 2¬ ¼ a) b)
−1
Note that T2 = T = T2 , where t indicates transposed, and
2
t* Figure 2: in a) phase-domain model of the source voltages, in b): sequence-
domain model of the source voltages. The zero sequence voltage is null, and
zero sequence current cannot circulate, because the centre point of the
* conjugated. This is true only if the factor 1 / 2 is used. If sources is not connected to earth.
219
+ Z FW + 2Z m
] ≅ 1 ª«Z º
The voltages generated by the equivalent voltage sources
can be transformed and become: [Z 01, line
CC
0 Z CC + Z FW
0
− 2Z m »¼
2¬
V + Vb V − Vb
V0 = a = 0; V1 = a = 50 2 (7) (13)
2 2 This allows decoupling of the sequence circuits, which leads
Note that the zero sequence voltage is null, because the to considerable simplification. The decoupled circuits are
voltages of the two sources are equal and opposite. The shown in Fig 4.
connection between the sources is equivalent to a non-
earthed 3-phase Y connection. No zero-sequence current can
circulate, and hence the zero-sequence circuit for the source
voltages is open, in addition to having a null voltage source
(Fig 2b). Figure 4: sequence-domain model of the transmission line: the sequence
circuits are assumed to be decoupled.
D. Impedances along the line
The impedances along the line are defined as the ratio of If Zph is the matrix representing the short circuit impedance
a voltage along the line conductors, and the current in the of the PT, as per Fig 4, the transformed matrix is:
line conductors. They can be part of a transmission line
model, or short-circuit impedances of a PT model [5]. The
more general case of a full impedance matrix representing a
[Z 01, PT ] = 12 ª«Z0 PT 0 º
Z PT »¼
(14)
transmission line is discussed (Fig 3). ¬
[V ] = [Z ]⋅ [I ]
ph ph ph (8)
Autotransformers are shunt elements. An admittance
matrix representing the AT is derived. The AT of a 2x25 kV
traction power system can be modelled as a 1:1 ratio, 2
And that: winding transformer where the primary is connected in series
[V01 ] = [T2 ] ⋅ [V ph ] and [I ph ] = [T2 ] ⋅ [I 01 ] (9)
with the secondary. The series is connected between CC and
FW, and the junction of the two windings, the mid point, is
bonded to the track. The AT is represented in Fig 6 with its
By combining (8) and (9) it can be written that: 1:1 transformer equivalent, where the no-load admittance is
[V01 ] = [T2 ]⋅ [Z ph ]⋅ [T2 ]⋅ [I 01 ] (10) neglected.
The equations for the AT are:
Therefore, the transformed impedance matrix is:
I CC = I FW
[Z 01 ] = [T2 ]⋅ [Z ph ]⋅ [T2 ] (11) ® (15)
¯VFW −e = −VCC −e + I FW Z sc
If Zph is the matrix representing the transmission line in Fig
3, the transformed matrix is: The (15) are written in the form [I] = [Y][V]:
+ Z FW + 2Z m Z CC − Z FW º ª I CC º 1 ª1 1º ªVCC −e º
[Z 01, line ] = 1 ª«Z CC
Z CC − Z FW Z CC + Z FW − 2Z m »¼
« I » = Z «1 1» ⋅ «V » (16)
2¬ ¬ FW ¼ sc ¬ ¼ ¬ FW −e ¼
(12) The admittance matrix is transformed:
If the values of the self impedances of the two line
ª1 0º
conductors are deemed to be close enough, it can be decided
to approximate the matrix as: [Y01, AT ]= 2
«0 0» thus: Y0, AT =
2
(17)
Z sc ¬ ¼ Z sc
220
The phase-domain matrix is a full matrix, where ICC and IFW To represent a phase-phase fault, the positive sequence
are coupled. The transformed admittance matrix is much circuit is connected to the short circuit (Fig 8b), thus
simpler, and has only one non-null element. This enforcing that V0 = 0. The zero sequence circuit is left open,
considerably simplifies the model. The admittance matrix is thus enforcing I0 = 0. This is conceptually equivalent to what
singular, which means that the impedance matrix is not is done to represent a 3-phase symmetrical fault in a
defined for the AT. The sequence circuit of the AT is shown transformed 3-phase system.
in Fig 7.
a) b)
Figure 9: in a), single phase to earth fault in the phase-domain; in b),
sequence-domain representation
221
The networks of Fig 12a,c can be used for phase-phase and
phase-earth fault current calculation. For a phase-phase fault,
only the positive sequence network is used, as shown in Fig
8. The network obtained is shown in Fig 13. For a phase-
earth fault, the two networks are connected in series at the
fault point. The network obtained is shown in Fig 14.
Figure 10: locomotive represented by current source; Z0 and Z1 represent
the transformed Thévenin equivalent impedance of the power system as
seen by the locomotive; Vs1 represents the transformed no-load Thévenin
voltage at the power transformer.
Figure 11: single line diagram of track; note that the overhead conductors
of the two tracks are not paralleled at the AT site between FS and TSC, as
Figure 14: The two sequence networks from Fig 12 are connected in series
this is the arrangement implemented in Queensland coal network
to model a phase-earth fault (see Section III-F). The fault current flowing
electrification. D is the distance between two AT sites, and L = 2D is the
from the CC conductor and the fault voltage between the FW conductor
distance between FS and TSC. The fault is located between AT4 and AT6.
and the earth can be calculated by anti-transforming the sequence variables.
Fault current flowing from FW and fault voltage between CC and earth are
zero, as per assumption made in Section III-F.
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V1R impedance (excluding arc resistance) was calculated for the
ZR = (27) track shown in Fig 11 by using (33) and is plotted in Fig 15.
I 1R The following input was used: L = 10 km, D = 5 km. The
The contribution of the line to the positive sequence fault values z1L = 0.4 ohm/km; Z0L = 1 ohm/km were calculated
impedance is: using (11) on ZCC = ZFW = 0.7 ohm/km and ZM = 0.3
ohm/km.
x(2 L − x )
Z f 1L = z1L (28) 6
x (D − x ) 1
Z f 0L = z0 L , 0 < x < D (29)
0
D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Z f 0L =
(x − D ) ⋅ (2 D − x ) z , D<x<L (30)
position of fault [km]
0L
D Figure 15: fault impedance measured by the distance protection relay (Fig
11) located at the FS on the faulted line. It can be noticed that, at the AT
where the AT impedance was neglected as it is usually much sites, the fault impedance is exactly equal (apart from the approximations
smaller than the line impedance Z0L. The approximated zero- introduced) to the positive sequence line impedance at that position.
sequence network of Fig 12c was used. The fault current is:
VI. CONCLUSIONS
VS1
I f1 = I f 0 = (31) The modelling methodology presented allows the
Z f 0L + Z f 1L + Z 1S simplification of the circuit model of the 2x25 kV traction
power system. Circuit calculations are simplified, and thus
The portion of fault current seen by the relay located at the the designer can produce approximated calculation results
start of the faulty branch, and the associated bus voltage are: through the use of simple formulas.
2L − x Z f 1L + Z f 0 L ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I1R = I1 f ; V1R = V1S (32) The Author thanks the Power System Design team at
2L Z f 0 L + Z f 1L + Z1S Aurizon for their ongoing support, and the Project Managers
Hence, merging (28) (29) (30) (31) and (32) the impedance for the funding contributed to this research.
seen by the relay is: REFERENCES
2 Lx ⋅ (D − x ) [1] F. Perticaroli, Sistemi Elettrici per i Trasporti [Electrical Systems for
Z R = z1L ⋅ x + z0 L ,0 < x < D (33) Transportation], Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Milano, 2001, ISBN 88-
D ⋅ (2 L − x ) 408-1035-8.
[2] G. Varju, Comparison of the booster transformer and auto
2 L ⋅ ( x − D ) ⋅ (2 D − x ) transformer railway feeding systems, feeding features and induction
Z R = z1L ⋅ x + z 0 L ,D < x < L to telecom lines, presentation held at EMC York 2004, July 1-2.
D ⋅ (2 L − x ) [3] IEC60850 ed 3.0 (2007), Railway applications – supply voltages of
traction systems.
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increases linearly with position, controlled by the positive methodology, rev. 2.1, September 2010.
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Systems Based on Space Vector Approach, Power Electronics and
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