Professional Documents
Culture Documents
R. K. ROWE
Geotechnicnl Research Centre, Fac~lltyof Engineering Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.,
Canada N6A 5B9
AND
H. H. ARMITAGE
Golder Associates, 500 Nottinghill Road, London, Onr., Canacla N6K 3 P l
Received May 20, 1986
Accepted October 16, 1986
A new procedure for the design of drilled piers socketed into soft rock is presented and the selection of design parameters
discussed. The design method is based on (I) satisfying a specified design settlement criterion and (2) checking to ensure that
there is an adequate factor of safety against collapse. The design allows consideration of the possibility of some slip occurring
at the pier-rock interface under working load conditions.
The design procedure is illustrated by a series of detailed calculations relating to two piers in Queenston shale and the
observed behaviour of these piers is compared with design expectations. It is shown that these piers satisfied the design
settlement criterion while having a significant proven factor of safety against collapse.
Key words: rock, piers, piles, settlement, bearing capacity, design.
Une nouvelle procCdure pour le calcul de pieux forts dans la roche molle est presentee, et le choix de parambtres de calcul
est discute. La mCthode de calcul est basCe sur un critkre donne de calcul de tassement, et sur un coefficient de sCcurit6 adCquat
contre une rupture complkte. Le calcul permet de prendre en consideration la possibilitC d'un glissement i I'interface
pieu-rocher sous des conditions de charge de travail.
La procCdure de calcul est illustrCe par une sCrie de calculs dCtaillCs de deux pieux dans le schiste Queenston; leur
comportement observC est compare avec les prCvisions calculCes. L'on montre que ces pieux satisfont aux critbres de tassement
calcule tout en ayant un coefficient CprouvC de sCcuritC contre la rupture.
Mots clks : roche, pieux, tassement, capacitC portante, calcul
[Traduit par la revue]
Can. Geotech. J. 24, 126- 142 (1987)
FIG.2. Elastic settlement influence factors for a complete socketed pier: ( a ) E b / E , = I; ( b )E b / E , = 0.5; ( c ) E,/E, = 2.0.
struction considerations such as cleaning and inspection of the rock below) side shear resistance. The pier, of diameter D ,
sockets are discussed. is bonded to the rock over a length L . The rock has a mass
modulus E , adjacent to this pier and a modulus E , below the
Theoretical solutions pier. The pier has a Young's modulus E,.
The general problem being considered is shown in Fig. 1. Initially, assuming that the pier is not recessed (i.e. L , = O),
The pier may be recessed to a depth L, below the ground/rock elastic solutions were developed assuming a fully bonded
surface. It is assumed that the rock/soil to this depth has a socket using a finite element analysis. The dimensionless
modulus E, but does not contribute significant (compared with settlement I defined by
128 CAN. CEOTECH. J . VOL. 24, 1987
eter of the pierlpile over the length LC;and all other terms are
as previously defined. The first portion of the expression given
in [2] simply represents elastic compression of the pier over the
length LC.The second portion of the expression gives the settle-
ment due to rock deformation. The reduction factor (RF),, is
given in Figs. 4 and 5 for a range of situations.
The solutions given in Figs. 2-5 are for the limiting case
where no slip occurs along the socket length L (i.e. the pier
behaviour is perfectly elastic). The situation where slip can
occur at the interface has been examined in detail by Rowe and
Armitage (1987). Using an axisymmetric finite element anal-
ysis, they developed solutions relating the settlement influence
factor I at the head of the pier to the proportion of load trans-
ferred to the base of the socket (Qb/Qt) for the situation where
partial or complete slip has developed along the socket. A wide
range of solutions is given by Rowe and Armitage (1987). A
typical set of results is shown (see Fig. 7). The use of these
solutions will be described in a later section. The full set of
these nonlinear solutions along with the elastic solutions given
in Figs. 2-5 provide the theoretical basis for the design method
presented in the following section.
Design philosophy
The design method described in this paper is intended to
provide a simple, yet rational, hand method for the design of
axially loaded drilled piers in soft rock. The approach is based
on
(1) satisfying a user-specified design settlement criterion
(which will govern the design in most cases);
(2) ensuring that there is an adequate "factor of safety" against
the possibility of collapse.
A limit state design philosophy is adopted. Thus, design
parameters are obtained by applying partial factors to the ex-
pected values of the deformation and strength parameters. The
probability of exceeding the design settlement can then be
related to the choice of partial factors.
Range of applicability-assumptions
The proposed design method is considered appropriate for
socketed piers in rock where
FIG.3. Elastic load distribution curves for a complete socketed ( l ) the load is axial and static in nature (cyclical loading has not
pier: ( a ) homogeneous, Eh/E, = 1.0; ( b ) E,/E, = 0.5; ( c ) E,/E, been considered);
= 2.0.
(2) the load is carried in both end bearing and side shear;
pE,D (3) the base of the pier is in direct contact with the underlying
[l] I = - rock and no soft compressible material impairs this contact
Qt (cleaning and inspection of sockets will be discussed later);
where p = average settlement of the head of the socket (see (4) the sides of the drilled shaft are clear of any contamination
Fig. 1 for definition of socket head) and Q, = applied load at (e.g. rock smear, drilling mud) that could result in a decrease
the head of the socket, is given in Fig. 2 for a range of geom- in peak average side shear resistance at the concrete-rock
etries (LID) and modulus ratios (E,/E,, Eb/E,). The load interface;
carried in end bearing, Qb, may be estimated for elastic condi- (5) the sides of the shaft are in either a natural state or arti-
tions from Fig. 3. (The use of these charts will be described in ficially roughened;
a later section.) (6) there are no voids or open cavities within the zone of
Recessment of the pier (i.e., LC> 0) will result in a decrease influence of the loaded pier;
in settlement at the head of the socket (see Fig. 1). This reduc- (7) the expected mass modulus of the rock and average peak
tion can be expressed in terms of a reduction factor (RF),) such side shear resistance at the concrete-rock interface may be
that the settlement at the ground surface is given by estimated either from empirical correlation or from field load
tests.
4LcQt The approach described in this paper is not considered ap-
p = -+ -1 (RF),
Qt
[2] propriate for rock that may be expected to exhibit signifi-
.rrD;E, E,D
cant time-dependent (creep) behaviour at the design loads (e.g.
where I is the influence factor for L, = 0 (see Fig. 2); (RF), is rock salt, gypsum) or for porous rock (e.g. corals) in which
a correction factor for the effect of recessment; D , is the diam- crushing, punching, and flexural failure may occur. Also, this
ROWE A N D ARMITAGE: 2
FIG.4. Reduction factors for a recessed socket: (a and b) E,/E, = 10; (c and d) E,/B, = 100.
Geological considerations
Soft rock will typically be anisotropic and nonhomogeneous,
having variable weathering with depth beneath the rock surface
and naturally occurring discontinuities such as joints, seams,
faults, and bedding planes (see e.g. Kulhawy and Goodman
1980; Peck 1976). Thus both the deformation and strength
characteristics will be directional and will reflect the properties
of both the intact rock and the discontinuities. For these reasons
it is important that the design parameters be related to actual
field behaviour by means of either empirical correlations or,
preferably, prototype field tests at the particular site of interest.
However, since the mass parameters are dependent on the
discontinuities, which may vary appreciably even over a given
site, careful consideration of the geological factors is required
when selecting design parameters.
Even on an apparently uniform site, statistical variation in
parameters may be expected to occur owing to minor local
variations in conditions. The design parameters can be selected
to allow for this potential variation by applying partial factors
to the expected value of the mass parameter (be it the modulus
of the rock or the average socket side shear resistance) as
described in the following sections.
The roughness of the socket walls will depend on both geo-
logical factors, particularly discontinuities, and the construc-
tion method used to form the socket. As indicated by Pells
et al. (1980), Horvath (1980), and Rowe and Armitage (1984),
the roughness of a socket can have a significant influence on
the expected side shear resistance. To assist in the selection of
FIG. 5. Variation insettlement reduction factor with modulus ratio. parameters for a given situation, the roughness classification
R l , R2, R3, and R4 proposed by Pells et al. (1980) and given
paper does not consider factors such as solutioning in lime- in Table 1 will be adopted in this paper. Alternative roughness
stone, chemical swelling, subsidence, etc. that may be critical classifications such as that of Horvath could equally well be
to the design of foundations in certain situations. used and may be correlated with the categories Rl-R4.
130 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 24, 1987
TABLEI . Roughness classification (after Pells et ell. 1980) Statistical studies by Rowe and Armitage (1984) have shown
that, based on available data, the probability of exceeding a
Roughness specified design settlement is less than 30% if partial factors
class Description f, = f , = 0.7 are adopted and less than 11% forf, = f E = 0.5.
RI Straight, smooth-sided socket, grooves or indentations The probability of exceeding twice the design settlement is less
less than l .OO mm deep than 3% in both cases.
R2 Grooves of depth 1 -4 mm, width greater than 2 mm, To make allowances for potential variability in rock proper-
at spacing 50-200 mm ties with both position and time, it is recommended that a
R3 Grooves of depth 4- 10 mm, width greater than 5 mm, reduction factor of at least 0.7 be applied even when the
at spacing 50-200 mm socketed pier design is based on parameters back-figured from
R4 Grooves or undulations of depth greater than 10 mm, a field test on a prototype pier.
width greater than 10 mm, at spacing 50-200 mm Unless previous testing and experience indicate that the
parameters empirically selected on the basis of [3]- [5] are
Expected side shear resistance and rock mass modulus appropriate for a specific site, piers designed on the basis of
Rowe and Armitage (1984) have correlated the socket side these parameters should be proof-tested to verify the design.
shear resistance, and rock mass modulus, deduced from a large
number of field tests with the average unconfined compressive Allotvable design settlement
strength for weak rock deposits in which the socket is founded. Careful consideration should be given to the adoption of a
These correlations, which were developed for rock where there reasonable allowable design settlement. It is well accepted that
were no open discontinuities within the zone of influence of the foundations on soil settle and still perform adequately. The
socket, may provide an initial estimate of the expected side same philosophy should also apply to foundations on rock,
shear resistance and mass modulus as follows: recognizing that the majority of the deformations for founda-
tions on most rock will occur during construction. (Exception
[3a] C =0 .456 for regular clean sockets (roughness must be made for rocks particularly susceptible to creep.)
R1, R2, R3 as defined in Table 1) It is suggested that the maximum groundline settlement
[3b] ;i = 0 . 6 6 for clean rough (R4) sockets should be selected to be the maximum settlement (at the surface
of the soil/rock deposit) that is consistent with good perfor-
[4] E,=215< mance of the structure. The maximum pier head settlement, p,,, ,
where 'i = expected side shear resistance, in MPa; u, = aver- is then calculated by subtracting the compression of the pier or
age uniaxial compressive strength of rock core (ASTM column above the actual socket (e.g. due to the length LC in
D2938), in MPa; and E, = expected rock mass modulus of the Fig. I) from the maximum groundline settlement. (Note that
rock, in MPa. the compression of the length LC should be calculated using a
A clean socket is classified as a socket where there is no concrete modulus and design load that have been factored in
significant auger smear (i.e., zone of remoulded rock), ben- accordance with normal limit state design practice.) The design
tonite, or other substance that will inhibit good bonding be- settlement for the socketed pier is then taken to be the max-
tween the rock and concrete. In the absence of direct field test imum settlement divided by 2, i.e., pd = 0.5 p ,,,.
data, side shear resistance should be neglected for any sockets In the design of socketed piers, differential settlement is
that are not clean. This assumption may be appropriate for likely to be of greater concern than the actual magnitude of the
smooth sockets but can be quite conservative for sockets with settlement. In general, piers should be designed to ensure that
roughness R 3 or R4 (see Table I). Even with smear, the side the settlement of each pier will be the same. If differential
shear resistance of very rough sockets (this includes artificially settlement is critical, the sockets of each pier should be care-
roughened sockets; see e.g. Horvath (1980)) may be close to fully inspected in the field and the designs adjusted as necessi-
that of clean sockets, but the actual available side shear re- tated by differences in the rock at different sockets (e.g. vari-
sistance should be verified for the ex~ectedfield conditions able weathering, seams, etc.).
from a field test. Particular care should be adopted when ben- ANowable etld-bearing pressures
tonite is used, as discussed later.
There has been considerable debate concerning the bearing
Equation I[' be quite conservative for capWty of circular foundations on rock. Numerous theories
roughened sockets. Clearly, higher values may be adopted have been proposed (for a review, see Pells and Turner 1980;
when supported by appropriate data. Couetdic and Barron 1975) and there is a significant variation
The most means of determining the side in the predicted bearing capacity. For example, the predicted
shear resistance and mass modulus is by performing a field load bearing capacity of a circular footing on rock with + = 350
test On a prototype pier. test may serve to the ranges from to 3zUc depending upon which theory is
adequacy of initial empirical estimates of available side shear adopted. The scatter in experimental results is also quite high
resistance or to justify the adoption of side shear resistance
and the available data does not lend to any
values larger than those recommended above. theory. Nevertheless, even adopting the lowest theoretical pre-
Design values for side shear resistance and mass modulus diction and applying a factor of safety of 3 would give an
Design values of side shear resistance T,, and rock mass "allowable bearing pressure" of 2 . 7 ~ This,
~ . coincidentally,
modulus Ed should be obtained by applying a reduction factor also approximately corresponds to the pressure expected to
(or partial factor) f to the expected values of ;i,E,, viz., cause the onset of first failure based on incipient failure theory
[5a] T~ = f,'i
(see Pells and Turner 1980). Thus, based on purely theoretical
considerations, an allowable bearing pressure at the base of the
[5b] Ed = f E E , pier of 2 . 7 would
~ ~ seem reasonable. (In considering the allow-
ROWE AND ARMITAl
factor for ultimate conditions, must be less than the maximum Proposed design procedure
bearing pressure qhnl,i.e., A preliminary geotechnical investigation should be under-
taken to assess the in situ conditions of the rock mass and to
determine a representative uniaxial compressive strength of the
For the purposes of design, it is recommended that f , be rock as well as to determine any other appropriate parameters.
taken to be 0.3. Based on the statistical studies by Rowe and This information can be used together with the design pro-
Armitage (1984), this implies that the probability of the mobi- cedure described below to develop a preliminary design. Field
lized shear resistance being less than that assumed in [8] is less tests may then be performed to obtain improved estimates of
than 0.5%. Thus, [8] is intended to ensure than even if only rock properties and the design can be revised as necessary.
30% of the expected side shear resistance was mobilized at the
pier-rock interface, the entire pier-socket sustem will still Design of an unrecessed complete socket
have an adequate factor of safety against collapse. For a complete socket where the pier is not recessed and no
Note that for lightly loaded piers with long sockets, q,, may excessive clay filled or weathered seams exist along the walls
be very small. Under these circumstances, [7] will govern. of the socket, the design method proceeds as follows (see also
An acceptable design should satisfy both 171 and [9]. Fig. 6):
-
STEP l
Select : design settlement Pd .
socket diameter, D
applied load, Qt [Factored]
STEP 2
Estimate : expected side shear resistance 7 (e.g. see Eq. 3 )
expected rock mass modulus adjacent to socket ( ag. see Eq. 4 )
expected rock mass modulus beneath socket, Eb
srEp 3
Modulus ratios E p / E d , Eb/Er
srEp 4
(L/D)mOx a Q t / ( % ~ 2 ~ d ~
Calculate: €,/Er ; Ts / 7
( L / D $ , ~ ~ = ( L / D l m a X / ( l - ~+ q .s) (~q.19)
STEP 5
Determine: ( L / D ) d , ( Q b / Q t ) d from the ~ntersectionof the factored
design line for (L/D),,, or ( L / D ) ~with
~ ~ the contour
for Id( o r 1: ) using des~gn charts allowlng for slip
(Rowe 8 Armitage 1987 )
YES
I
NO
YES
4
Was a value of ( L / D I d found
I
YES
Calculate L = ( L / D ) d .D
STEP 6
q t = Qt / ( ' X D ~ /) ~ [Eq. 121
4ba = Uc [ ~ q 131
.
-.
7 = (I-s + Z
7
[ ~ q 1401
.s)T
.
[ E ~ l.e a ]
Redesign required
Go to step 1
YES
+YES
t
NO
L e t L 2 = L* (calculated using 12 )
L = min(LI,L2)
!/
Deslgn IS Complete
FIG.6 . (Concluded).
134 C A N . GEOTECH. J. VOL. 24, 1987
loo h
_IFactored Design Lsne €b/[ = 1.0
(i) Estimate-The proportion S of seams to total socket length The design length 3.40 was calculated assuming that the seams
(i.e., S = 2 (seam thicknesses)/L); represent 20% of the final length of the socket. If, in fact, the
-the modulus of the weathered seam material E, seams only represent 20% of the top 2.2 m (i.e., the initial
(20); length), then the percentage of seams S could be reduced and
-the pier - seam material interface strength T, the calculation repeated to give (after another iteration) Ld =
(often taken to be zero). 3 0 , (Qb1Qt),, = 0.40.
(ii) Deduce a modified design side shear resistance, viz.,
Design of n recessecl complete socketed pier
If the pier is recessed, it should be initially designed ignoring
recessment by following steps 1-6 above. This design will be
conservative for a recessed socketed pier (i.e., where LC# 0).
and a modified maximum pier geometry The effect of recessment can be ignored if the pier design
involves slip (i.e., if it was designed using figures given by
Rowe and Armitage (1987)). However, the design obtained
ignoring recessment may be a little too conservative if the pier
(iii) Deduce a modified modulus design does not involve slip (i.e., if it was designed using step
5(c) and curves given in Fig. 2. In this case, the designer may
adjust the design to take account of recessment as follows.
Step 5(c) -modified for recessment
and a new estimate of I:, viz., Determine the following additional design parameters:
(i) recessment length LC(m) and (ii) modulus of the rock adja-
cent to the recessed length of the socket (see Fig. 1) E, (MPa),
and the corresponding ratios L,/D , E,/Er = E,/E,.
Having determined an initial estimate of (LID), from Fig. 2,
(iv) Repeat steps 5 and 6 as previously described using the
determine a settlement reduction factor (RF), from Fig. 4
modified parameters (LID);,,, I:, and 7: to determine a
for the appropriate values of L I D , L,/D, E,/E,, and E,/Er.
socket length LZ that will satisfy the design conditions (if no
Adjust the design value of I d as follows:
such pier exists, take LZ = m).
(c) Take the total pier length (as measured from the rock
surface) to be the minimum of L I and LZ as calculated above.
To illustrate this procedure, consider a pier to be designed and then repeat step 5(c) using Figs. 2 and 3 and this revised
for E,/Ed = 50, (LID),,,, = 4.5, and 1, = 0.45. Neglecting value of 1: instead of I,. The adjusted value of (LID): should
seams, this pier could be designed as shown in Fig. 7 for be used to compute a new value of (RF),,. This value may be
(LID), = 2.2 and Q,/Qb = 51%. Suppose that 20% of this compared with that initially adopted, and if necessary, step
socket length is composed of weathered seams (i.e., S = 0.2) 5(c) may be repeated again for a revised value of 1: calculated
with E,/Er = 0.1, 7\17, = 0.1. with the most recent estimate of (RF),.
(i) If the seams are at the top of the socket, L, = 0.2 L i and
Additional comments
The design procedure described in the previous section in-
If the seams extend approximately to a depth L i , then L, = Li volves selecting a pier geometry such that
and (1) the probability of exceeding the design settlement pd is
acceptably small;
(2) the bearing pressure at the base of the pier under design
(ii) Deduce the modified maximum pier length for full slip conditions is less than a specified allowable value qhl;
design, which becomes (3) the maximum pressure that would develop at the base of the
(LID);,, = (LID), l(1 - S + ST,/T) = 5.5 pier if only 30% of the expected side shear resistance were
mobilized will not exceed one-third of the estimated base
and the new estimate of 1: is bearing capacity (i.e., qb, < qb,).
Condition ( 1 ) ensures that the serviceability limit state crite-
rion is satisfied. Condition (2) is intended to limit yielding of
the rock beneath the base of the pier under design conditions.
Normally, one would want the probability of exceeding the
Repeating step 5 using 1: = 0.37 and (LID),,,, = 5.5 then design settlement to be less than 30%; this will give a proba-
gives (LID), = 3.4 and (Qb/Q,), = 37%. Thus bility of exceeding the maximum allowable settlement (which
LZ = 3.40 is twice the design settlement) of less than 3%. Consequently,
the expected observed settlement of a pier designed to satisfy
(iii) If the seams are localized at the top of the pier, take conditions (1)-(3) above will be less than the design settlement
L = min ( L , , L2) = min (2.60, 3.40) = 2.60, (i.e., the design settlement is not the settlement that would be
predicted for piers with the selected geometry assuming the
(Qb/Qt)d = 0.51 most probable rock and pier properties).
If the seams are distributed along the pier, Considerable research has been conducted into available side
shear resistance of concrete sockets under short-term condi-
L = min (4.40, 3.40) = 3 . 4 0 , (Qb/Q,)d= 0.37 tions (see Rowe and Armitage 1984). However, very little
ROWE A N D ARMITAGE: 2
6) (ii)
Design based on empirically Design based on back-figured
determined parameters parameters
Line Step Quantity Value Notes Value Notes
research has been conducted into the long-term load-transfer than the concrete pier (i.e., E,/E, > lo), to satisfy the settle-
behaviour of socketed piers. Based on the very limited avail- ment criteria is quite straightforward and invariably increasing
able data (e.g. Ladanyi 1977; Horvath 1980), it would appear the pier length will reduce settlement. Nevertheless, it may not
that some additional load transfer to the base of the socket will be possible to design a pier of given diameter and reasonable
occur with time owing to the time-dependent characteristics of length ( L I D 5 10) if the settlement criterion is too restrictive.
the rock and concrete. Although there is insufficient data for Soft rock should be regarded in a sense as a very strong soil,
any firm conclusions to be reached, it may be reasonable to i.e., presuming that for a given structure constructed on soil a
speculate that this time-dependent behaviour will be more criti- settlement p would be acceptable, then there is no reason why
cal for smooth than for rough (e.g. R4) sockets. Because of this the same settlement p should not be acceptable for the same
uncertainty as to exactly how much load will eventually be structure constructed on soft rock. One cannot expect zero
carried in side shear, condition (3) above is intended to ensure settlement for piers constructed on soft rock. Any attempt to
than even if only 30% of the expected side shear resistance is achieve negligible settlement will necessarily involve large-
mobilized, there will still be a "factor of safety" of at least 3 diameter piers and low applied pressures; this may be too
against bearing capacity failure of the pier. expensive.
When designing piers in rock that is considerably less stiff If the concrete pier is only slightly stiffer than the rock (i.e.,
CAN. GEOTECH. I. VOL. 24, 1987
FIG. 10. Determination of design L I D and Q b / Q , values for pier P2; empirical parameters: (LID),,,;,,= 3.4, I,, = 0.53, E,/E, = 1.0 ( a ) ,
EhIE, = 0.5 (b).
1 5 E,/E, 5 lo), some benefit (in terms of reduced settlement) ment is less than 30% (i.e., f, = f, = 0.7 (lines 8 and 9 of
may be derived from socketing the pier into the rock, however, Table 3)).
the benefit of the higher concrete modulus can be partially The design parameters can then be deduced from [5]:
offset by the weakening of the rock at the concrete-rock inter- (viii) T~ = 0.7 X 1.17 = 0.82 MPa,
face. These competing effects can give rise to a situation where (ix) Ed = 0.7 X 560 = 390 MPa,
the pier length required to satisfy a given design condition (i.e., and hence
to give a specified I ) may not be unique. In these cases, it is (x) E,/E, = 37 0001390 = 95.
generally best to adopt the shorter of the possible design It is assumed here that the pier will be founded in fractured
lengths, provided there is adequate end-bearing resistance. If rock (this was in fact the case of Horvath's pier P2) such that
the end-bearing resistance is not adequate, increasing the pier the modulus beneath the pier Eb = 0.75Er (line 13). The design
diameter may be preferable to increasing the length of the pier. parameters (LID),,;,, and Id can then be deduced from [lo] and
[I I ] , viz.,
Example design calculation (xi) (LID), = 4.45/(n x 0.71' X 0.82) = 3.4,
(xii) I, = (0.0085 X 390 x 0.71)/4.45 = 0.53.
To illustrate the use of the proposed design method, consider Rowe and Armitage (1987) have provided design charts for
the design of a concrete pier (designated as P2) constructed in Ep/Ed= 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 and E,/E, = 0.5, 1.0, and
Queenston shale using rock and concrete data obtained by 2.0. For this design, using empirical correlations, the actual
Horvath (1980) and the empirical correlations for E, and 7, value of Ep/Ed = 95 in Table 3 (line 12) is very close to 100
given in this paper. The design parameters are as follows: and so only the curves for Ep/Ed = 100 (Fig. 10) were used to
(i) maximum permissible pier head settlement of p, = 17 mm deduce the values of (Qh/Q,hin step 5 (lines 17a and
and hence a design settlement p, = 0 . 5 ~= ~8.5 ~ mm 176; 18a and 18b, Table 3). The value for E,,IE, = 0.75 was
(assumed), then obtained (lines 17c and 18c) by linear interpolation be-
(ii) pier diameter D = 0.7 1 m (assumed), tween the results for E,/E, = 0.5 and 1.O. Since 50 < E,/E,
(iii) design load Q, = 4.45 MN (assumed), < 100, one could also deduce values of (LID), and (Q,/Q,),
(iv) modulus of the piers, E, = 37 000 MPa (from Horvath for Ep/Er = 50 and interpolate between this result and that
1980), obtained above for E,/E, = 100. In fact, the values of (LID),
(v) representative unconfined compressive strength of the rock and (Qb/Q,), obtained for E,/Er = 50 are 1.9 1 and 44% and
a, = 6.75 MPa (from Horvath 1980). it can be seen that in this case no interpolation was necessary
The design procedure is illustrated under column (i) in to get results for Ep/Ed = 95.
Table 3 using the empirical correlations given in [3a] and [4] From line 17c, the design length of socket L, = 1.35 m is
of this paper for a relatively smooth-sided socket. Thus, deduced (line 19).
(vi) ? = 0 . 4 5 m = 1.17 MPa, The allowable end-bearing pressure (q,) and the maximum
(vii) E = 2152/675 = 560 MPa. bearing pressure (q,,,) are then checked against the design
The partial factors are chosen to meet a serviceability limit recommendations and are found to be adequate (lines 20-24,
state such that the probability of exceeding the design settle- Table 3). This completes the design.
ROWE A N D ARMITAGE: 2 139
A TABLE
4. Relevant design information for socketed piers P2 and P4
Horizontal
7' Strain Gouges -
Telltales in Rock
+
TABLE
5. Design calculations for pier P4
(i) (ii)
Design based on empirically Design based on back-figured
determined parameters parameters
Line Step Quantity Value Notes Value Notes
pressure qbmagainst design recommendations indicates that the considerable distance up socket walls thereby also affecting
socket design is controlled by settlement considerations. side shear resistance in the lower regions of the socket. Clearly,
Comparison of the design settlements of 6 and 8.3 mm it is important to ensure that base debris is removed prior to
(maximum permissible settlement 12 and 16.6 mm) with the placing of the concrete. The Road Construction Authority of
observed settlement of 5.9 mm at the head of the socket indi- Victoria has recently completed extensive field research con-
cates that in both cases the design would have performed ade- cerning the cleaning and inspection of sockets, including
quately (i.e., the observed settlement is less than the design sockets constructed under bentonite. This work has involved
settlement and well below the maximum permissible set- the development of important new techniques and has been
tlement). reported by Holden (1980, 1984a, b). Adoption of cleaning
and inspection techniques such as those proposed by Holden
Construction considerations should provide sufficient confidence in socket construction to
The design method presented in this paper presumes that allow for end bearing in the design of socketed piers.
load can be carried in both side shear and end bearing. The Research by Pells et al. (1980), Horvath (1980), Williams
compression of a layer of base debris (e.g. broken rock, clay, and Pells (1981), and others has shown the importance of wall
etc.) will obviously influence the settlement response and ca- roughness in developing the maximum peak and residual side
pacity of a socketed pier. Furthermore, tests by Williams shear resistance. 'This side shear resistance may be significantly
(1980) have shown that fresh concrete can force base debris a reduced if the socket is formed under bentonite, particularly if
ROWE A N D ARMITAGE: 2
-__:35
- -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
O ; 1
4 k b
L
-
L
-
D D
FIG. 12. Determination of design L I D and Q,,/Q, values for pier P4: (0)E,,/E, = 100; (17) E,/E, = 250.
the socket is relatively smooth (see e.g. Pells et a/. 1980; 6 . Summary of important equations
TABLE
Holden 1984a). Frequently, a filter-cake of bentonite will form
along the sides of a socket during construction. Experiments by Equation
Holden (1984a) have shown that under certain conditions, ben- number Equation
tonite filter-cake can build up to thicknesses in excess of
130 I i=
; 0.45 (MPa)
100 mm on both mudstones and sandstones. This will reduce ii = 0.6 6 (MPa) (roughness R4)
[3bl
the side shear resistance even in relatively rough (or artificially
141 E, = 2 1 5 6 (MPa)
roughened) sockets. Clearly, considerable caution is required L5al 74 =fTfr.?
in designing socketed piers cast under bentonite. Some recom- [5bl E,, = f,;-E,
mendations for construction procedures to minimize the effect I101 (LID = Q I/ ( n D 2 ~ d )
of bentonite filter-cake in these situations have been given by 1111 Id = P&,IDIQ,
Holden ( 1984a). 1121 91 = Q l l ( n D v 4 )
In the construction of socketed piers, it is generally advisable L131 qhi, =
to place the concrete as soon as practicable after construction [14al qh = (Qb/Qt)d(lt
of the socket. Prolonged exposure of the rock socket (particu- 11461 q b 5 qh;,for satisfactory design
larly to water or bentonite) may result in softening of the rock 1151 yh,,, = 2 . 5 ~ ~
116al qh,, = 4 1 - 4 f ; ( L / D ) d ? (f, = 0.3)
at the concrete-rock interface thereby substantially lowering y,,, 5 qh,,, for satisfactory design
116bI
the available side shear resistance. Research reported by 1171 L , = L, + L,
Bamford and Washusen (1981) concerning the softening of 7 :I: = ( I - s + ST./T)?
Silurian mudstone in contact with water or bentonite has, for
L18al
118b1 ;i:
= fT .?:"
example, resulted in a limit of 6 days being placed 03 the time 1191 (LID)?,,,, = (L/D),,,.,,/(1 - S + ST,/?)
sockets formed in this rock may be exposed to water or ben- 1201 E:; = ( I - s + SE,/E,)E,
tonite without additional reaming (Holden 1984a, b). The ex- 12 1 I I: = (pdE,*D)/Ql= I d ( l - S + S E , / E , )
tent of exposure required to cause softening will, of course,
depend on the type of rock and exposure conditions; however, The design method has been illustrated by a series of detailed
the potential effects of softening should be considered in any calculations relating to the sockets P2 and P4 tested by Horvath
situation where prolonged exposure of the socket occurs prior (1980) in Queenston shale. These calculations show that piers
to casting of the pier. designed to have the same geometry as those tested by Horvath
(1980) would have satisfied the design settlement criteria while
Concluding discussion having a proven "factor of safety" against collapse of at least
A procedure for the design of drilled piers socketed into soft 2. (Since the test piles were not brought to collapse the actual
rock has been proposed. The key equations used in this pro- "factor of safety" is unknown.) Similar comparisons conducted
cedure are summarized in Table 6. The procedure is relatively by Rowe and Armitage (1984) for a number of other field cases
simple and a socket can be designed in less than 15 min once documented by Glos and Briggs (1983) and Williams (1980)
the designer is familiar with the technique. The design method have shown similar encouragement. However, as always, care-
is based on ful consideration should be given to the geological conditions
(1) satisfying a specified design settlement criterion; at any specific site when designing piers in rock and field load
(2) checking to ensure there is an adequate factor of safety tests should be conducted to verify design assumptions when-
against collapse. ever unusual conditions or uncertainties exist.
142 CAN. CEOTECH. J. VOL. 24. 1987
Acknowledgements
" Research Council of Canada, DSS file no. 10X5.31155-9-4420,
contract serial no. lSX79.0053 1 .
The research described in this paper was supported by the
HORVATH, R. G., KENNEY, T. C., and KOZICKI, P. 1983. Methods of
Department of Supply and Services Canada and the National improving the performance of drilled piers in weak rock. Canadian
Research Council of Canada under contract no. ISU83-00082. Geotechnical Journal, 20(4), pp. 758-772.
Many thanks are due Dr. M. Bozozuk, of the National KULHAWY, F. H., and GOODMAN, G. E. 1980. Design of foundations
Research Council, who acted as Scientific Advisor on this on discontinuous rock. Proceedings of the International Conference
project. Thanks are also due Mr. P. J. N. Pells for many useful on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Vol. I, pp. 209-222.
discussions over many years and to Dr. F. Kulhawy for his very LADANYI, B. 1977. Friction and end bearing tests on bedrock for
useful comments on the manuscript. high capacity socket design: Discussion. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, 14(1), pp. 153-155.
ARMITACE, H. H., and ROWE,R. K. 1983. Current practice for the PECK,R. B. 1976. Rock foundations for structures. Rock Engineering
design of socketed piles: Response to a survey. Faculty of Engi- for Foundations and Slopes, Proceedings of a Specialty Conference,
neering Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., ASCE, Vol. 11, Boulder, CO, pp. 1 -2 1 .
Research Report GEOT-4-83. PELLS,P. J. N., and TURNER, R. M. 1979. Elastic solutions for the
BAMFORD, N. E., and WASHUSEN, J. A. 1981. Weakening caused by design and analysis of rock-socketed piles. Canadian Geotechnical
fluids used for drilling mudstones. Proceedings of International Journal, 16(3), pp. 48 1 -487.
Symposium on Weak Rock, Tokyo. 1980. Endbearing on rock with particular reference to sand-
COUETDIC, J. M., and BARRON,K. 1975. Plate-load testing as a stone. Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural
method of assessing the in situ strength properties of Western Cana- Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Vol. 1, pp. 181- 190.
dian coal. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining PELLS,P. J. N., RowE, R. K., and TURNER, R. M. 1980. An experi-
Sciences, 12(10), pp. 303-310. mental investigation into sideshear for socketed piles in sandstone.
GLOS,G. H., 111, and BRICCS,0 . H., JR. 1983. Rock sockets in Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Founda-
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pp. 525-535. ROWE,R. K., and ARMITAGE, H. H. 1984. The design of piles
HOLDEN,J. C. 1980. Development of a socket inspection device. socketed into weak rock. Faculty of Engineering Science, The
Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Founda- University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Research Report
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1984a. Construction of bored piles in weathered rocks. Road 1987. Theoretical solutions for axial deformation of drilled
Construction Authority of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, Tech- shafts in rock. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 24, this issue.
nical Report no. 69. WILLIAMS, A. F. 1980. The design and performance of piles socketed
1984b. The construction of bored piles in weathered sedimen- into weak rock. Ph.D. thesis, Monash University, Melbourne,
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HORVATH, R. G. 1980. Research project report on load transfer sys- sockets in sandstone, mudstone, and shale. Canadian Geotechnical
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