EUROPEAN DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEM

Most of the information today is being transmitted through digital communication system. The E-
carrier system permits the transmission of (multiplexed) voice/data channels at once on the same
transmission facility. It is the equivalent to the T-carrier system of the North American format and has the
same function. There are several types of E-carriers but in practice, only E1 and E3 versions are used. It is
the equivalent to the T-carrier system of the North American format and has the same function.

An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually twisted pair cable. The line data rate is 2.048
Mbit/switch is split into 32 timeslots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each timeslot sends and
receives an 8-bit PCM sample, usually encoded according to A-law algorithm, 8000 times per second (8 x
8000 x 32 = 2,048,000). This is ideal for voice telephone calls where the voice is sampled into an 8 bit
number at that data rate and reconstructed at the other end. The timeslots are numbered from 0 to 31.

E CARRIER LINK DESIGNATION DATA RATE

E0 64 kbps
E1 2.048 Mbps
E2 8.448 Mbps
E3 34.368 Mbps
E4 139.264 Mbps
E5 564.992 Mbps
Table xx. The table above shows the data rate of each e-carrier link

Figure xx. the above figure shows The E-series transmission rates are shown in the table included
in the article on DS0 elsewhere in this work. E-carrier lines use 8 bits per channel for encoding signals and
do not rob bits for control signals as T-carrier lines do.

E-carrier is the improved version of T-carrier. Higher quality of transmission can be acquired using
E-carrier system. It can be proved by comparing the characteristics between both carriers; length of a time
slot, bit rate of TDM signal, type encoding, decoding, number of time slots per frame etc.

Source: http://datacombasic.blogspot.in/2011/03/e-and-t-carrier.html
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATIONS

The primary obligation of a BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals coming from a mobile
unit over an air interface. BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information from mobile stations
through the Um air interface and then converts in to a TDM(PCM) based interface, the Abis interface,
and sends it towards the BSC

Figure xx. Flow diagram of a BTS

There are three levels of BTS. First is the Antenna Coupling Level (ANC) which is the stage between
the antenna and TRX which is a single module that performs function up to 4 RTXs. A combiner stage can
be added for a higher capacity. Second is the Transceiver Level (TRX) which is used for reception and
transmission of signals. One ARFCN(Absolute radio-frequency channel number) is allotted to one TRX and
each AFRCN is divided in 8 time slots, hence one TRX can provide connection to 8 subscribers at a time.
One BTS = 12 TRX = 12 ARFCN = 12*8 = 96 Users. So at a time, only 96 users can make calls. And lastly the
Base Station Control Function (BCF) which is ensured by a Station Unit Module (SUMA) which is the central
unit of a BTS. In every BTS there is only one SUMA. This level of the BTS generates clocks for all other BTS
modules (synchronization purposes).

Figure xx. Wiring diagram for a BTS

Source : https://www.hw-group.com/solution/base-transceiver-station-bts-monitoring
OUTSIDE PLANT (OSP)

In telecommunication, outside plant refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting
infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such
as repeaters) located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in
another switching center or customer premises.

Figure xx. Sample of outside plant wiring diagram

CABLE PLANT LINK LOSS BUDGET

Loss budget analysis is the calculation of a fiber optic cabling system's estimated loss performance
characteristics. This is sometimes confused with the communication system "power budget" which is a
specification of the dynamic range of the electronics, the difference between the output power of the
transmitter coupled into the fiber and the minimum received power required at the receiver for proper
data transmission. The communications system power budget will set a limit for the loss of the cable plant.

The cable plant loss budget needs to consider transceiver wavelength, fiber type, and link length plus the
losses incurred in splices, connections and other passive devices like FTTH or OLAN PON splitters.
Attenuation and bandwidth/dispersion are the key parameters for the cable plant loss budget analysis.

Figure xx. Cable Plant Link Loss Budget

SINGLE MODE AND MULTIMODE

Fiber Optics is sending signals down hair-thin strands of glass or plastic fiber. The light is
directed down the center of the fiber called the core. The core is surrounded by an optical material
called the “cladding” that traps the light in the core using an optical technique called “total internal
reflection

Figure xx. Parts of a Fiber Optic Cable

Single Mode fiber cable has a tiny core that permits only one mode of light to promulgate so that
the number of light reflections formed as it passes through the core declines which results into lowering
the attenuation and creating the signal to travel further. It is generally used for long distances with higher
bandwidths runs by Telco’s.

Figure xx. Shows an illustration of a single mode fiber optic cable

Multimode fiber optic cable has a larger core than the single mode that permits multiple modes
of light to propagate so that the number of light reflections formed that passes through the core rises to
transfer more data at a given time. It is generally used for short distances, RF broadband signals etc.

Figure xx. Shows an illustration of a multimode fiber optic cable

AERIAL CONNECTION

Aerial fiber optic cables are popularly used for optical communication. It is a type of fiber optic
cable that usually used for outside installation on poles. The design of the aerial connection must be
considered in order to prevent destruction of nature or man-made damage. Aerial cables are usually
applied to a flat terrain or low fluctuation area.

Figure xx. Aerial fiber cable

There are several types of aerial cable. One of them is the GYTC8S which is a typical self-supporting
outdoor fiber optic cable. It is moisture resistant and crush resistant which is best suitable for duct or
buried method. It is known for its excellent mechanical and environmental performance.

Figure xx. GYTC8S self-supporting outdoor fiber optic cable inner structure

The second is the GYXTC8Y which is a light self-supporting cable that is best suitable for
installation in aerial environment for long haul communications. High tensile strength of stranded wires
meet the requirement of self-supporting. It is also suitable for duct or buried method.
 Figure xx. GYXTC8Y light self-supporting cable with the figure-8 shape.

Lastly is the GYXTC8S which is also suitable for installation in aerial environment for long-haul
communications. It is usually for 4-core to 12-core types. The water-resistant tape provides water tight
property. Provides crush and gunshot resistant.

Figure xx. GYXTC8S fiber optic cable inner structure