Content

Internet Architecture { Interconnection scheme

Classful Internet Addresses { Internet architecture
{ Classful IP addresses
Linda Wu { Special addresses

(CMPT 471 • 2003-3) References: chapter 3 & 4

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 2

Interconnection Scheme:
Interconnection Application-level Interconnection
{ Goal of interconnection { Features
z Hide the details of underlying network z Application level program deals with the
hardware network connection for the computer,
z Provide universal communication services z Interoperates with application program
on other computers
{ Interconnection approaches { Disadvantages
z Application-level interconnection z Add / modify functionality Æ build a new
z Network-level interconnection application program on every computer
z Add new network hardware Æ modify
existing program for each possible
application
Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 3 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 4

1
 Interconnection Scheme:
Network-level Interconnection Interconnection Scheme: Internet
{ Features { Desirable interconnection scheme
z Deliver small packets of data without using z Computer uses underlying technology-
intermediate application programs
dependent communication facilities
{ Advantages z Between technology-dependent
z Maps directly onto the underlying network communication mechanisms and
hardware Æ efficient
application programs, new software is
z Intermediate host handles network traffic without
understanding the application
inserted to hide the low-level details
z Keep the entire system flexible
z When adding new network technologies, network ==Î internet
level software will be modified instead of
application programs

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 5 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 6

Internet Architecture Internet Architecture (cont.)

{ Internet router (internet gateway)
z Interconnect two networks and pass packets from
one to the other
z Usually are small computers with little disk
storage and modest main memories
z Know about the topology of the internet beyond
the networks to which it connects
z Packet forwarding is based on network: routers
use the destination network, not destination
computer, when forwarding a packet
{ From the user point of view
z Internet is a single, virtual network to
which all machines connect despite
their physical connections
{ From the internet point of view
z Any communication system capable of
transferring packets counts as a single
network

Net 1 R1 Net 2 R2 Net 3

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 7 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 8

2
 Internet Addressing Internet Addressing (cont.)
{ Universal host identifier { IP address space
z Make communication system universal z IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses
z A global accepted method of identifying each z Address space is 232 = 4,294,967,296
computer that attaches to a communication
system
{ IP address notations
z Binary notation
z Successively lower level representations of host
32-bits, or, 4 bytes
identifier: name, address, route {

z Dotted decimal notation

{ Internet addressing { Decimal form with a decimal dot separating the bytes
z Help TCP/IP software to hide physical network { Each number in this notation is within 0 ~ 255
details z Hexadecimal notation
z Make resulting internet appear to be a single { 8 hexadecimal digits (one hexadecimal digit = 4 bits)
and uniform entity { Often used in network programming

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 9 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 10

Internet Addressing (cont.) Classful Internet Addresses

{ IP address notation example { Address classes: in binary notation
1st byte 2nd byte 3rd byte 4th byte
0X800B031F, or 800B031F16 Class A 0

Class B 10

Class C 110
10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
Class D 1110

Class E 1111

start 1 1 1 1
128.11.3.31 1st bits? 2nd bits? 3rd bits? 4th bits?

0 0 0 0
Class: A Class: B Class: C Class: D Class: E

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 11 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 12

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 Classful Internet Addresses (cont.) Classful Internet Addresses (cont.)
{ Address classes: in decimal notation { Netid & hostid
1st byte 2nd byte 3rd byte 4th byte z Netid: identify a network
Class A 0~127 z Hostid: identify a host on that network
z The boundary of netid and hostid can be
Class B 128~191 computed from the address, without reference
to external information
Class C 192~223
1st byte 2nd byte 3rd byte 4th byte
Class D 224~239
Class A 0 Netid Hostid

Class E 240~255 Class B 10 Netid Hostid

Each number is within the range 0~255 Class C 110 Netid Hostid

Class D 1110 Multicast addresses

Class E 1111 Reserved for future use

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 13 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 14

Classful Internet Addresses (cont.) Classful Internet Addresses (cont.)

{ Multi-homed device { Occupation of the address space
z Multi-homed host: a conventional
A
computer that attaches to different
networks B C D E

z Router: must be connected to more than

one network in order to route Class # of addresses %
A 231= 2,147,483,648 50% For large networks
z Multi-homed device requires multiple IP
B 230= 1,073,741,824 25% For intermediate sized
addresses networks
C 229= 536,870,912 12.5% For small networks
D 228= 268,435,456 6.25%
E 228= 268,435,456 6.25%

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 15 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 16

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 Classful Internet Addresses (cont.) Special Address Conventions
{ Strengths Special addresses Netid Hostid Used in IP
z Easy to extract the hostid and netid of the packet as
address Æ efficient routing Network address Specific All 0s None
{ Weakness Direct broadcast address Specific All 1s Destination
z IP address does not specify an individual Limited broadcast address All 1s All 1s Destination
computer, but a connection to a network: moving
computer from one network to another will lead This host on this network All 0s All 0s Source
to IP address’ change Specific host on this All 0s Specific Destination
z Address class puts limitation on network’s size network
z The path taken by packets traveling to a host Loopback address 127 Any Destination
with multiple IP addresses depends on the
address used Field consisting of 1s: “all”
Field consisting of 0s: “this”

Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 17 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 18

Special Address Conventions (cont.) Special Address Conventions (cont.)

{ Network address { Directed broadcast address
z Used by a router to send a packet to every
Netid Hostid
host in a local network
Specific All 0s
Netid Hostid
Class A Class C Specific All 1s
123.0.0.0 221.45.70.0 221.45.70.22 221.45.70.112 221.45.70.65

….. ….. ……
123.51.15.90 123.51.61.6 221.45.70.22 221.45.70.62
221.45.70.0 R
221.45.70.112
Destination IP address:
221.45.70.255
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 Special Address Conventions (cont.) Special Address Conventions (cont.)
{ Limited (local network) broadcast { This host on this network (0.0.0.0)
address z Used by a host at bootstrap time when it
z Used by a host to send a message to every does not know its IP address
other host on the same network
z Router will block a packet destined for this Netid & Hostid
address to confine broadcasting to the local All 0s
network
221.45.70.22 221.45.70.112 221.45.70.65 ?.?.?.? Source address: 221.45.70.65
Router blocks the 0.0.0.0
limited broadcast Bootstrap
packet server

Netid & Hostid

221.45.70.0 R 221.45.70.0
All 1s
Destination IP address:
255.255.255.255
Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 21 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 22

Special Address Conventions (cont.) Special Address Conventions (cont.)

{ Specific host on this network { Loopback address
z Used by a host to send a message to z Used to test software on a machine
another host on the same network z The packet never leaves the machine
Netid Hostid Netid Hostid
All 0s Specific 127 Any
221.45.70.22 221.45.70.112 221.45.70.65
221.45.70.12 Process 1 Process 2

…… TCP or UDP
221.45.70.81 IP
221.45.70.0
221.45.70.0
Destination IP address: Destination address:
0.0.0.112 127.X.Y.Z
Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 23 Notes-3 CMPT 471 • 2003-3 24