Lateral Load Eq

CAIRO UNIVERSITY LATERAL FORCES COURSE NOTES
Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings for

Lateral Loads
By: Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw
Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Page
1. The nature of Earthquakes 4
1.1 Seismic Sources 4
1.2. Tectonic Earthquakes 5
1.3 Fault Movements 9
1.4 Subduction Zones 10
1.5 Epicenter and Hypocenter 11
1.6 Seismic waves 12
1.7 Earthquake Magnitude 15
1.8 Earthquake Intensity 16
2. Introduction to dynamics 18
2.1 Complex Variables Review 18
2.2 Free Undamped Single Degree of Freedom 20
2.3 Forced undamped Single Degree of Freedom 27
2.4 Free Damped Single Degree of Freedom 35
2.5 Forced Damped Single Degree of Freedom 37
2.6 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors 38
2.7 Multiple Degrees of Freedom 45
2.8 Undamped Multiple Degrees of freedom 50
2.9 Damped Multiple Degrees of freedom 51
2.10 Damped Multiple Degrees of freedom under the
Effect of Base Motion 52
2.11 Summary of Important Rules 55
2.12 Dynamics Examples 59
3. Egyptian code procedure 68

3.1 Code Equation 68
3.2 Structural design load (W) (code 8-7-1-7) 69
3.3 Importance Factor (γI) 70
3.4 Correction Factor (λ)(Code item 8-7-3-2-2 Eqns. 8-17-a,b) 71
3.5 The Fundamental Period of the Building T1 71
3.6 Acceleration Response Spectrum 72
3.7 Distribution of Earthquake Lateral Loads 77
3.8 Load Combinations 79

Contents
Page
4. Analysis of buildings 81
4.1 Structural System Selection 81
4.2 Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity 84
4.3 Accidental Eccentricity 86
4.4Torsion due to Py acting with eccentricity ex 87
4.5Torsion due to Px acting with eccentricity ey 88
5. Design 89
5.1 Effective Inertia of Cracked Section 89
5.2 Design of ductile frames 90
5.2.1Strong Column Weak beam Concept 90
5.2.2Code requirements for beam reinforcement 91
5.2.3Code requirements for column reinforcement 92
5.3Design of Shear walls 96
5.4 Beam Column Connection Example 100
6. Seismic Analysis using SAP 2000 120

1. The nature of Earthquakes
1.1 Seismic Sources
SEISMIC
SOURCES
Natural Events Man-Made Events
Tectonic Controlled Sources

Earthquakes (Explosions, Vibrators...)
VolcanicTremors ReservoirInduced
and Earthquakes Earthquakes
Rock Falls / Collapse Mining Induced

of Karst Cavities Rock Bursts / Collapses
Storm Cultural Noise

Microseisms (Industry,Traffic etc.)

1.2. Tectonic Earthquakes
Tectonic plates of the world

The earth's surface is broken into seven large and
many small moving plates.
These plates, each about 50 miles thick, move relative

to one another an average of a few inches a year.
Three types of movement are recognized at the
boundaries between plates:
• Convergent
• Divergent
• Transform


Convergent Faults
At convergent boundaries, plates move toward each
other and collide. Where continental plates collide,
they form major mountain systems such as the
Himalayas. This type of movement can cause major
earthquakes.
Divergent Faults
At divergent boundaries, plates move away from each
other such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Where plates
diverge, hot, molten rock rises adding new material to
the edges of the oceanic plates. This process is known
as sea-floor spreading. This type of movement does
not cause major earthquakes.
Transform Faults
At transform-fault boundaries, plates move
horizontally past each other. The San Andreas Fault
zone is an example of this type of boundary where the
Pacific Plate on which Los Angeles sits is moving
slowly northwestward relative to the North American
Plate on which San Francisco sits. This type of
movement can cause major earthquakes.

1.3 Fault Movements
Strike Slip Faults
Right Lateral

1.4 Subduction Zone
The subduction zone is the place where two plates

come together, one riding over the other

1.5 Epicenter and Hypocenter
Define:
- Epicenter
- Hypocenter (focal point)
- Focal depth
- Epicentral distance
- Hypocentral distance

1.6 Seismic waves
Surface Waves
Body Waves
Hypocenter

Seismic waves
Body Waves Surface Waves
Primary (P) Secondary (S) Love Rayleigh
Body Waves: Propagate within a body of solid rock.

- Primary (P Wave):
o Fastest type of wave (First wave to arrive)
o Pushes and pulls rocks along its direction
- Secondary (S Wave)
o Slower than P wave (Second wave to arrive)
o Shears the rocks at right angles to its direction
Surface Waves: Motion restricted to ground surface.
- Love:
o Fastest surface wave (Third Wave to arrive)
o Horizontal motion perpendicular to its direction
- Rayleigh:
o Last Wave to arrive
o Vertical and horizontal motion along its direction

Distance Determination of Earthquakes
A seismograph record of the vertical component of a

distant earthquake
D D
− = Ts − T p
Vs V p
≅  
8 Km/sec
 VsV p 
D =  (Ts − T p )

 V p − V s 
Azimuth Determination of Earthquakes

1.7 Earthquake Magnitude
Richter defined the magnitude of a local earthquake as

the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic
wave amplitude in microns (10-4 centimeters) recorded
on a Wood-Anderson seismograph located at a
distance of 100 kilometers from the earthquake
epicenter.
This means that every time the magnitude goes up by

one unit, the amplitude of the earthquakes waves
increase 10 times.
The following equation relates energy (in Joule Nm)

to magnitude
log( E ) = 4.8 + 1.5M  E = 10 4.8+1.5 M
The ratio of energy release of two earthquakes with

∆M magnitude difference is:
E 2 10 4,8+1.5( M + ∆M ) 1.5 ( ∆M )
= = 10
E1 10 4,8+1.5( M )
Thus a unit increase in magnitude represent a 31.6

times (not 10 times) increase in energy release.

1.8 Earthquake Intensity
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) of 1931
I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable

circumstances.
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing.
III. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors or
buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an
earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration
like passing of truck. Duration estimated.
IV. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night
some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make
cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
V. Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some dishes,
windows, etc., broken; a few instances of cracked plaster;
unstable objects overturned. Disturbances of trees, poles, and
other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulum clocks may
stop.
VI. Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy
furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged
chimneys. Damage slight.
VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of
good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built
ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly
designed structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by persons
driving motor cars.
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in
ordinary substantial buildings, with partial collapse; great in
poorly built structures. Panel walls thrown out of frame
structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns,
monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. San and mud
ejected in small amounts. Changes in well water. Persons
driving motor cars disturbed.

IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well

designed frame structures thrown out of plumb; great in
substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously. Underground
pipes broken.
X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and
frame structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly
cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerable from river banks
and steep sloes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed
(slopped) over banks.
XI. Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges
destroyed. Broad fissures in ground. Underground pipelines
completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft
ground. Rail bent greatly.
XII. Damage total. Practically all works of construction are
damaged greatly or destroyed. Waves seen on ground surface.
Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects are thrown into
the air.
August 7 - 1847 earthquake in Faiyum MMI map

2. Introduction to Dynamics
2.1 Complex Variables Review
Z = a + bi  Cartesian Representation (1)
 a bi 
Z = a + bi = a 2 + b 2  2 +  (2)
 a +b 2
a +b 
2 2
 a 
Let r = a 2 + b 2 and θ = cos −1  2 
 a + b2 
Substituting back in (2)

Z = r (cos(θ ) + i sin(θ ) ) (3)
Since
e iθ = cos(θ ) + i sin(θ )
Therefore
Z = re iθ  Polar Representation (4)

Converting from Cartesian to Polar
Z = a + bi = re iθ
where
b
r = a 2 + b 2 and θ = tan −1  
a
Converting from Polar to Cartesian
Z = re iθ = a + bi
where
a = r cos(θ ) and b = r sin(θ )

2.2 Undamped Single Degree of Freedom
ku
m
..
u , u. , u..
mu
mu •• + ku = 0 (5)
let u = a e rt (6)

mr 2 (a e rt ) + k (a e rt ) = 0
k k
mr 2 + k = 0 r2 = −
 r = ±
 i = ± ωi
m m
where ω is the natural frequency of the system
Substituting the value of r in (6)

u = a1e iωt + a2 e −iωt
u = a1 (cos(ωt ) + i sin(ωt )) + a 2 (cos(ωt ) − i sin(ωt ))
u=  A cos(ωt ) +  B sin(ωt ) (7)
( a1 + a 2 ) ( a1 − a 2 ) i
Boundary Conditions
At t = 0 u = u  A = u
At t = 0 u • = u•  B = u• / ω
u•
u = u cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) (8)
ω

NOTE 1
u = sin(t )
t 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π
u 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
u = sin( 2t )
t 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π
u 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
u = sin(t )

This Means that if u = sin(ωt )
The number of cycles in time 2π=ω

ω is the Frequency in (rad/sec)
ω
The number of cycles in time 1 sec=
2π
ω
=f is the cyclic Frequency in (cycles/sec)
2π
The time needed to complete one cycle is when

2π
ωt = 2π t=
ω
2π
T= is the period or time in sec needed to
ω complete one cycle

NOTE 2
u = 2 sin(t )
t 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π
u 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0
2 is called the amplitude
u = sin(t − 1)
t 1 π/2+1 π+1 3π/2+1 2π+1
u 0 1 0 -1 0
1 is called the shift

NOTE 3
u = a sin(ωt − b)
amplitude frequency Shift (b/ω)

NOTE 4
u = a cos(ωt ) + b sin(ωt )
a 2 + b2
u= (a cos(ωt ) + b sin(ωt ) )
a +b
2 2
 a b 
u = a 2 + b2  2 cos( ω t ) + sin(ωt ) 
 a + b2 a 2 + b2 
a2 + b2
a
φ
b
u = a 2 + b 2 (sin(φ ) cos(ωt ) + cos(φ ) sin(ωt ) )

a
where φ = tan −1  
b
u = a 2 + b 2 sin(ωt + φ )
amplitude frequency Shift (φ/ω)

Back to the SDOF solution

u•
u = u cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt )
ω
2
 u• 
u = u +   sin(ωt + φ )
2
ω 
 
 
u ω 
where φ = tan −1  •  = tan −1   • 
u
u   u 
  
 ω 

2.3 Forced undamped Single Degree of

Freedom
ku u , u. , u..
m
F(t)
mu..
mu •• + ku = F (t ) (9)
Dividing equation (9) by m
k F (t )
u •• + u =
m m
F (t )
u •• + ω 2 u =
m
Homogeneous Solution
u •• + ω 2 u = 0
u = A cos(ωt ) + B sin(ωt )
Particular Solution
F (t )
u +ω u =
•• 2

Force
F
Case (1) F is constant

F
u •• + ω 2 u =
m
let u = C
F F F
0 + ω 2C =  C= 2 =
m ω m k
General Solution
F
u = A cos(ωt ) + B sin(ωt ) +
k
Boundary Conditions
F
At t = 0 u = u  A = u −
k
At t = 0 u • = u•  B = u• / ω
 F u• F
u =  u −  cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) + (10)
 k  ω k

Force
Ft
t
Case (2) F is linear

Ft
u •• + ω 2 u =
m
let u = Ct
Ft F F Ft
0 + ω 2 Ct =  C= 2 = u=
m ω m k k
General Solution
Ft
k
Boundary Conditions
At t = 0 u = u  A = u
At t = 0 u • = u•  B = (u• − F / k ) / ω
 • F
 u − 
u = u cos(ωt ) + 
k Ft
sin(ωt ) + (11)
ω k

Force
Ft
t
Case (3) F is sinusoidal

F sin(Ωt )
u •• + ω 2u =
m
let u = C sin(Ωt )
F sin(Ωt )
− CΩ sin(Ωt ) + ω C sin(Ωt ) =
2 2
m
F F sin(Ωt )
C=  u=
m(ω − Ω )
2 2
m(ω 2 − Ω 2 )
General Solution
F sin(Ωt )
m(ω 2 − Ω 2 )
Boundary Conditions
At t = 0 u = u  A = u
At t = 0 u • = u• 
 • FΩ 
B =  u −  ω
 m(ω − Ω 
2 2
 FΩ 
 u• − 
 m(ω 2 − Ω 2  F sin(Ωt )
u = u cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) +
ω m(ω 2 − Ω 2 )
(12)
Force
F
τ t
Case 4
Given F is constant up to time τ and 0 after
u = u• = 0
0 < t < τ (from equation 10)

 F u• F
u =  u −  cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) +
 k ω k
F
u = (1 − cos(ωt ) )
k
τ < t (from equation 8)

u•
u = u cos(ω (t − τ )) + sin(ω (t − τ ))
ω
F
u =(1 − cos(ωτ ))
k
F
u• = ω sin(ωτ )
k
F F
u = (1 − cos(ωτ )) cos(ω (t − τ )) + sin(ωτ ) sin(ω (t − τ ))
k k

Force F
τ τ+dτ
t
Case 5
Given F is constant up to time τ and 0 after
u = u• = 0
0<t<τ
u = u• = 0
τ < t < τ + dτ (From equation 12)
F
u = (1 − cos(ω (t − τ )) )
k
at t = τ + dτ
 1− (ωdτ ) 2 / 2! 
 
F
u = 1 − cos(ω (dτ ))  ≅ 0 (13)
k 
 
(ωdτ ) − (ωdτ ) / 3!
3
F  F 2
u = ω sin(ω (dτ )) ≅ ω dτ
•
(14)
k k
τ + dτ < t (From equation 8)
u•
u = u cos(ω (t − τ − dτ )) + sin(ω (t − τ − dτ ))
ω
From (13) and (14)
F
u = ω sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ (15)
k

Force
Case 6 General Force Function
Particular Solution
t
F (τ )
u=∫ ω sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ
0 k
t
F (τ )
u=∫ sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ
0 ω m
General Solution
u• F (τ ) t
u = u cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) + ∫ sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ (16)
ω 0 ωm

Base Motion of a Single Mass
ku u , u. , u..
m
m(u.. +s..)
m(u •• + s •• ) + ku = 0
mu •• + ku = − ms ••
From equation (16)
u•
ms •• t
u = u cos(ωt ) + sin(ωt ) − ∫ sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ
ω 0 ωm
assuming u = u• = 0
t
1
∫ s sin(ω (t − τ ))dτ
••
u=−
ω0
1
u=− Z (t )
ω

2.4 Free Damped Single Degree of Freedom

ku u , u. , u..
m
F(t)
mu.. cu.
mu •• + cu • + ku = 0 (17)
Let c = 2mωξ
1  u (t ) 
Where ξ (damping ratio) = ln 
2π  u (t + Td ) 
mu •• + 2mωξu • + ku = 0
Dividing by m
u •• + 2ωξu • + ω 2 u = 0 (18)
let u = a e rt (6)
(a1e rt )(r 2 + 2ωξr + ω 2 ) = 0
r 2 + 2ωξr + ω 2 = 0
Solving
r = −ωξ ± ω ξ 2 − 1
Almost all structures are underdamped i.e. ξ < 1

r = −ωξ ± ω 1 − ξ 2 i = −ωξ ± ω d i
 
ωd

u = a1e ( −ωξ +ω d i )t + a2 e ( −ωξ −ω d i )t
(
u = e −ωξt a1e iω d t + a2 e −iω d t)
u = e −ωξt (a1 (cos(ω d t ) + i sin(ω d t )) + a2 (cos(ω d t ) − i sin(ω d t )) )
 
u = e −ωξt   A cos(ωd t ) +  B sin(ωd t ) 
 ( a1 + a 2 ) ( a1 − a 2 ) i 
Boundary Conditions
At t = 0 u = u  A = u
At t = 0 u • = u•  Bω d − Aωζ = u•
u• + uωζ
 B=
ωd
−ωξt  u• + uωζ 

u=e  u cos(ω d t ) + sin(ω d t ) 
 (19)
 ω d 

2.5 Forced Damped Single Degree of Freedom
ku
m F(t)
u , u. , u..
mu.. cu.
mu •• + cu • + ku = F (t ) (20)
u = Homogeneous Solution + Particular Solution
Homogeneous Solution
 + uωζ
•
−ωξt  u 
u = e  u cos(ωd t ) + sin(ωd t ) 
 ωd 
Particular Solution
t
F (τ ) −ζω (t −τ )
u=∫ e sin(ωd (t − τ ))dτ
0 ω d m
General Solution
−ωξt  u• + uωζ 
u = e  u cos(ωd t ) + sin(ωd t )  +
 ωd 
t
F (τ ) −ζω (t −τ )
∫ e sin(ωd (t − τ ))dτ
0 ω d m

2.6 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
[B ]{u} = λ{u}
[B ]{u} − λ{u} = {0}
([B ] − λ [I ]){u} = {0}
∴ either {u} = {0}  trivial solution

or [B ] − λ [I ] = 0  gets all values of λ
where λi is called an eigen value of B
([B] − λi [I ]){ϕi } = {0}

where {ϕi } is the eigen vector corresponding to λi
B has n eigen values and n eigen vectors where n

is the order of the matrix B
Properties of Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
1) Eigen vectors of symmetric matrices are

orthonormal
i.e. {ϕ j }T {ϕi } = 0 for all i ≠ j (21)
2) ([B ] − λi [I ]){ϕi } = {0}

[B]{ϕi } = λi [I ]{ϕi }
{ϕ } [B]{ϕ } = λ {ϕ } [I ]{ϕ } = λ {ϕ } {ϕ }
j
T
i i j
T
i i j
T
i
Therefore
{ϕ j }T [B]{ϕi } = 0 for all i ≠ j
{ϕi }T [B ]{ϕi } = λi {ϕi }T {ϕi }
3) If {ϕi } is normalized by dividing its elements

by {ϕi }T {ϕi } then {ϕi }T [B ]{ϕi } = λi
4) Let [ A] be the matrix of all normalized {ϕi }

[ A]T [B][ A] = [E ]
where
λ1 0 0 .. 
0 λ 0 .. 
[E ] =  2

0 0 .. .. 
 .. .. .. λn 

5) The set of all {ϕi } form a basis which can be

used to represent any vector.

Example 1
Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for the
 4 2
matrix [B ] =  
 2 4
Eigen Values
4 2 1 0 4 − λ 2 
 2 4  − λ 0 1  = 0   2 4 − λ 
=0
    
(4- λ) (4-λ)– 4 = 0
λ2 – 8 λ + 12 = 0
(λ - 2) (λ - 6) = 0  eigen values are 2, 6
Eigen Vectors
For λ = 2
  4 2 1 0 ϕ11  2 2 ϕ11 
   − 2    = 0     =0
  2 4 0 1 ϕ 21  2 2 ϕ 21 
 1 
ϕ11   1  ϕ11   2 
=
    Normalizing  =
   1 
ϕ
 21   − 1 ϕ 21  −
 2 
For λ = 6
 4 2 1 0 ϕ12  − 2 2  ϕ12 
   − 6    = 0     =0
 2 4 0 1 ϕ 22   2 − 2 ϕ 22 
ϕ ϕ 1 
 12    1  12   2 
   = Normalizing   =1 
ϕ 22  1 ϕ 22  
 2 

1- Eigen Vectors of symmetric matrices are

orthonormal
{ }
1 
 
ϕ1T ϕ 2 = 1 − 1  2 = 0
2 2 1
 2 
{ }
 1 
 2 =0
ϕ 2T ϕ1 = 1 1 
2 2 − 1 
 2 
ϕ1T ϕ1 = ϕ 2T ϕ 2 = 1
2- [ A]T [ A] = [I ]
1 − 1  1 1  1 0
 2 2 2 2 =  
1 1  − 1 1  0 1
 2 2  2 2
∴ [ A] = [ A]
−1 T
3- [ A]T [B ][ A] = [E ]
1 − 1   4 2  1 1  2 0
 2 2  2 2 =  
1 1  2 4 − 1 1  0 6
 2 2   2 2

4- The set of all {ϕi } form a basis which can be

used to represent any vector.
 1  1 
a   2   2
  =  1 u1 +  1 u2
b  −
 2  
 2 
 1 1 
a   2 2   u1 
 =  
 
b  − 1 1  u 2 
2 2
[ A]
1 1 
 u1   2 − 2  a 
 = 1  
 2
u  1  b 
 2
 2
[ A ]T

Example 2
Find the eigen values and eigen vectors for the
 5 2
matrix [B ] =  
0 3 
Eigen Values
5 2  1 0 5 − λ 2 
0 3  − λ 0 1  = 0   0 − λ  =0
     3 
(5- λ) (3-λ) = 0  eigen values are 5, 3
Eigen Vectors
For λ = 5
 5 2 1 0 ϕ11  0 2  ϕ11 
   − 5   
   = 0     =0
 0 3 0 1 ϕ 21  0 − 2 ϕ 21 
ϕ11  1 ϕ11  1
  =   Normalizing    =  
ϕ 21  0 ϕ 21  0
For λ = 3
 5 2 1 0 ϕ12  2 2 ϕ12 
   − 3    = 0     =0
 0 3 0 1 ϕ 22  0 0 ϕ 22 
 1 
ϕ12   1  ϕ12   2 
=
    Normalizing  =
   1 
ϕ
 22   − 1 ϕ 22  −
 2 

1- Eigen Vectors of non-symmetric matrices are

not orthonormal
 1 
 2 = 1 ≠0
ϕ1T ϕ 2 = {1 0}
− 1  2
 
2
ϕ 2 ϕ1 =
T
{
1
2
− 1 }
1 1
2 0
=
2
≠0
ϕ1T ϕ1 = ϕ 2T ϕ 2 = 1
2- [ A]T [ A] ≠ [I ]
 1 0  1 1   1 1 
1   2 = 2
 2 −
1
2  0 −
1  1 1 
2  2 
2- [ A]T [B ][ A] ≠ [E ]
 1 0   5 2  1 1   5 3 
1   2 = 2
0 3  0 − 1   5
 2 −
1
2
  3 
 2  2 

2.7 Multiple Degrees Of Freedom
From SDOF equation (5)

mu •• + ku = 0 (5)
u = A cos(ωt ) + B sin(ωt )
u •• = −ω 2u
−ω

2
mu + ku = 0
k
For Multiple Degrees Of Freedom

[M ]{u •• }+ [K ]{u} = {0}
− ω 2 [M ]{u} + [K ]{u} = {0}
([K ] − ω 2 [M ]){u} = {0}
([K ] − ω 2 [M ]){ϕ} = {0}
multiplying both sides by [M ]−1
 
 [M ] [K ] − ω [I ]{ϕ } = {0}  eigen value problem
−1 2
   
 non− symmetric 

Let {ϕ } = [M ]−1/ 2 {ψ }
([K ][M ]−1/ 2 − ω 2 [M ]1/ 2 ){ψ } = {0}
 
 [M ]−1/ 2 [K ][M ]−1/ 2 − ω 2 [I ]{ψ } = {0}
    
 symmetric 
Solve and get all eigen values ωi and all eigen
vectors {ψ i }
From (21)
{ψ j }T {ψ i } = 0 for all i ≠ j
{ψ i } = [M ]1/ 2 {ϕi } and {ψ j }T = {ϕ j }T [M ]1/ 2
{ϕ } [M ]{ϕ } = 0 for all i ≠ j

j
T
i (22)

Important Notes
mi = {ϕ i } [M ]{ϕ i }
T
Modal Mass
{ϕi } is normalized by dividing its values by mi
Let [ A] be the matrix of all normalized {ϕi }then
[ A]T [M ][ A] = [I ]
[ A]T [K ][ A] = [E ]
where
ω12 0 0 .. 
 
0 ω 2
0 .. 
[E ] =  1
0 0 .. .. 
 
 .. .. .. ωn2 

Example 3
5 3  2 0
[K ] =   [M ] =  
3 6  0 3
Eigen Values
5 3 2 2 0
3 6  − ω  0 3  = 0
   
5 − 2λ 3 
Let ω 2 = λ    =0
 3 6 − 3λ 
(5 - 2λ) (6 - 3λ) – 9 = 0
6λ2 – 27 λ + 21 = 0
(3λ - 3) (2λ - 7) = 0  eigen values are 1, 3.5
Eigen Vectors
For λ = 1
 5 3 2 0 ϕ11  3 3 ϕ11 
   − 1  
  =0     =0
 3 6 0 3  21  ϕ 3 3 ϕ 21 
ϕ11   1 
 = 
ϕ 21  − 1
 2 0  1 
{ϕ1} [M ]{ϕ1} = {1 − 1}
T
 − 1 = 5
 0 3  
ϕ  1 
 11   5 
Normalizing    =  
ϕ
 21   − 1
 5 
For λ = 3.5

 5 3 2 0 ϕ11 
   − 3.5    = 0 
 3 6  0 3 ϕ 21 
− 2 3  ϕ12 
 3 − 4.5 ϕ  = 0
   22 
ϕ12  3
 = 
ϕ 22  2
{ϕ 2 }T [M ]{ϕ 2 } = {3 2}
2 0  3 
   = 30
 0 3 2 
3 
ϕ12   30 
Normalizing    =  
ϕ
 22   2
 30 
1- [ A]T [M ][ A] = [I ]
 1 − 1   2 0  1 3  1 0
 5 5  5 30  =  
3 2  0 3 − 1 2  0 1
 30 30   5 30 
2- [ A]T [K ][ A] = [E ]
 1 − 1  5 3  1 3  1 0
 5 5  5 30  =  
3 2  
 3 6   − 1 2  0 3.5
 30 30   5 30 

2.8 Undamped Multiple Degrees Of Freedom
Let {u} be represented in terms of the set of eigen

vectors
n
{u} = ∑ {ϕi }ai (t )
i =1
{u} = [ A]{a(t )}
{u } = [A]{a(t ) }
•• ••
Therefore
[M ]{u •• }+ [K ]{u} = {0} can be written as
[M ][ A]{a(t )•• }+ [K ][ A]{a(t )} = {0}
multiplying both sides by [ A]T
[]T [
A M A]{a (t ) •• }+ [
][ ]T 
A [K
][
A]{a (t )} = {0}
[I ] [E ]
[I ]{a(t )•• }+ [E ]{a(t )} = {0}  n decoupled partial

differential equations in a(t)

2.9 Damped Multiple Degrees Of Freedom
[M ]{u •• }+ [C ]{u • }+ [K ]{u} = {0}

{u} = [ A]{a(t )}
{u } = [A]{a(t ) }
• •
{u } = [A]{a(t ) }
•• ••
[M ][ A]{a(t )•• }+ [C ][ A]{a(t )• }+ [K ][ A]{a(t )} = {0}

[ A]T [M ][ A]{a(t )•• }+ [ A]T [C ][ A]{a(t )• }+ [ A]T [K ][ A]{a(t )} = {0}
For normalized [ A]
{a(t ) }+ [A] [C ][A]{a(t ) }+ [E ]{a(t )} = {0}
•• T •
To have decoupled equations
2ζ 1ω 1 0 ..
Let [ A]T [C ][ A] =  0 2ζ 2ω 2 .. = [D ]

 .. .. ..
[C ] = [ A]−T [D][ A]−1

2.10 Damped Multiple Degrees Of Freedom

under the Effect of Base Motion
[M ]({u •• }+ {u g•• }) + [C ]{u • }+ [K ]{u} = {0}
[M ]{u •• }+ [C ]{u • }+ [K ]{u} = −[M ]{u g•• }

1
1
{u g } = 1u g•• = {d }u g••
••
 
..
[M ]{u •• }+ [C ]{u • }+ [K ]{u} = −[M ]{d }u g••
{u} = [ A]{a(t )}
{u } = [A]{a(t ) }
• •
{u } = [A]{a(t ) }
•• ••
[M ][ A]{a(t ) }+ [C ][ A]{a(t ) }+ [K ][ A]{a(t )} = −[M ]{d }u

•• • ••
g

Multiplying both sides by [ A]T

[ A]T [M ][ A]{a(t )•• }+ [ A]T [C ][ A]{a(t )• }+ [ A]T [K ][ A]{a(t )} =
− [ A] [M ]{d }u g••
T
The decoupled equations are

{ϕi }T [M ]{ϕi }ai (t )•• + {ϕi }T [C ]{ϕi }ai (t )• + {ϕi }T [K ]{ϕi }ai (t ) =
− {ϕ i } [M ]{d }u g••
T
{ϕ }T
[M ]{d } ••
ai (t ) •• + 2ζ iωi ai (t ) • + ωi2 ai (t ) = − i T ug
ϕ i } [M ]{ϕ i }
{   
Participation Factor Γi
n equations are solved to get n values for a(t)
The final displacement is {u} = [ A]{a (t )}
The solution of each equation from Duhamell’s

integral is
Γi t
•• −ζω ( t −τ ) Z (t )
ai (t ) = − ∫ ug e sin(ωd (t − τ ))dτ = −Γi
ωd 0 ωd
{ui } = {ϕi }ai (t )
{ui } = −{ϕi }Γi Z (t )
ωd
{ui }max = {ϕi }Γi S d
{ui• }max = {ϕi }Γi Sv
{ui•• }max = {ϕi }Γi S a
S a ≈ ωd S v ≈ ωd2 S d

Shear at each Floor Level

{ui } = −{ϕi }Γi Z (t )
ωd
{Pi } = [K ]{ui }
{Pi } = −[K ]{ϕi }Γi Z (t )
ωd
{Pi }max = [K ]{ϕi }Γi S d
{Pi } = −[M ]{ui•• } = ωd2 [M ]{ui }

{Pi } = −ωd [M ]{ϕi }Γi Z (t )
{Pi }max = [M ]{ϕi }Γi S a
Base Shear
Vi = {d } {Pi } = −ωd {d } [M ]{ϕi }Γi Z (t )

T T
{d }T [M ]{ϕi } = mi Γi
Vi = −ωd mi Γi2 Z (t )
(Vi ) max = mi Γi2 S a

(Vi ) max = ωd mi Γi2 S v
(Vi ) max = ωd2 mi Γi2 S d

2.11 Summary of Important Rules
For Undamped Free SDOF

u•
ω
For Damped Free SDOF
−ωξt  u• + uωζ 
u=e  u cos(ω d t ) + sin(ω d t ) 
 ωd 
Modal Mass mi = {ϕi } [M ]{ϕi } = ∑ m jj (ϕ 2j ) mode i

n
T
j =1
Participation Factor
n
m (ϕ )
{ϕi }T [M ]{d } {ϕi }T [M ]{d } ∑ j =1
jj j mode i
Γi = = = n
mi {ϕi } [M ]{ϕi } ∑ m jj (ϕ 2j ) mode i
T
j =1
{ui }max = {ϕi }Γi S d

{ui• }max = {ϕi }Γi Sv
{ui•• }max = {ϕi }Γi S a

Shear at each Floor Level
{Pi }max = [K ]{ϕi }Γi S d

Base Shear
(Vi ) max
 {ϕ i } [M ]{d }
= mi 
T
 Sa =
{
2
(
ϕ i }T [M ]{d }
Sa
)
2

 mi  mi
2
n 
 ∑ m jj (ϕ j ) mode i 
= n  S
j =1
(Vi ) max a
∑ m jj (ϕ j ) mode i
2
j =1
2
n 
m (ϕ
 ∑ jj j mode i 
)
= n  W Sa
j =1
(Vi ) max n
∑ m jj (ϕ j ) mode i ∑ m jj g
2
j =1 j =1
  
Modal Weight Ratio
or Modal Mass Ratio
or Mass Participation Factor
S a ≈ ωd S v ≈ ωd2 S d

Shear at each Floor Level in Terms of Base

Shear

(V ) (Vi ) max (Vi ) max
Γi S a = i max = =
mi Γi {ϕi } [M ]{d }
T n
j =1
(Vi ) max
{Pi }max = [M ]{ϕi } n
j =1

Assignment # 1
Each student shall multiply the masses shown below by
(Section Number + Bench Number/100)
m3=10,000 Kg
3
EI EI
3m
m2=8,000 Kg
2
EI EI 3m
m1=8,000 Kg
1
2EI 2EI 4m
EI = 36,000 KN.m2
The 3 story shear building shown has infinitely stiff girders.
Determine:
1) Mass and stiffness matrices
 59 − 32 0 
2) Assuming that [K ] = 10 6 − 32 64 − 32 N/m
 
 0 − 32 32 
find the natural frequencies and mode shapes
3) Find the modal masses
4) Find the normalized mode shapes
5) Find the orthonormal modal matrix
6) Find the participation factors
7) Find the Modal Weight (Mass) Ratios (Mass Particp Fac)
8) If Sa = 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g for the three modes from smallest
to largest frequencies. Find the shear at each level and the
total base shear due to each mode.
9) Find the shear at each level and the total base shear due to
all modes (using square root of the sum of the squares).

2.12 Dynamics Examples
Example 1
Draw the displacement versus time for of an undamped
single degree of freedom of mass 100 kg when connected to
a spring of stiffness 2500 N/ m if it has an initial
displacement of 0.0 m and initial velocity initial velocity
8m/sec.
Solution:
k 2500
ω= = = 25 = 5 rad/sec
m 100
u•
ω
8
u = 0.0 cos(5t ) + sin(5t )
5
u = 1.6 sin(5t )
u is repeated when sin(ω (t + ∆t )) = sin(ωt )
2π
ω∆t = 2π ∆t = =T
ω

Example 2
What is the maximum amplitude of an undamped single
degree of freedom of mass 100 kg when connected to a
spring of stiffness 2500 N/ m if it has an initial displacement
of 0.3 m and initial velocity 8m/sec.
Solution:
k 2500
ω= = = 25 = 5 rad/sec
m 100
u•
ω
8
u = 0.3 cos(5t ) + sin(5t ) = 0.3 cos(5t ) + 1.6 sin(5t )
5
(0.3) 2 + 1.6 2
u= (0.3 cos(5t ) + 1.6 sin(5t ) )
(0.3) + 1.6
2 2
 0.3 1.6 
u = (0.3) + 1.6 
2 2
 cos(5t ) + sin(5t ) 
 (0.3) + 1.6 (0.3) + 1.6
2 2 2 2

u = (0.3) 2 + 1.6 2 (sin(φ ) cos(5t ) + cos(φ ) sin(5t ) )
 0.3 
where φ = tan  −1

 1.6 
u = (0.3) 2 + 1.62 sin(φ + 5t )
Maximum amplitude= (0.3) 2 + 1.62 =1.814m


Example 3
Find the Stiffness of the following:
PL/4
L/4
1  1 L PL L  L3
u=2  × × × =P
EI  3 2 4 4  48 EI
48 EI 48 EI
P= 3 u Stiffness =
L L3
PL P
L 1
1 1  L3
u=  × L × PL × L  = P
EI  3  3EI
3EI 3EI
P= 3 u Stiffness =
L L3

12 EI 6 EI
u u
h3 h2
12 EI
u
6 EI h3
u
h2
 12 EI  24 EI c
P = 2 3 c u Stiffness =
 h  h3
3EI
u
3EI h2
u
h3
 3EI  6 EI c
P = 2 3 c u Stiffness =
 h  h3

6 EI c
u
6 EI c h2
u
h2
6 EI c
6 EI c u
u h2
h2
Use Moment distribution to find the final moment due to a
horizontal displacement u =1
Rotational Stiffness of columns = 4 EI c
h
Rotational Stiffness of beam = 6 EI b (due to skew symmetry)
L
Distribution Factors
4 EI c
Column: h 2I c L Beam = 3I b h
=
4 EI c 6 EI b 2 I c L + 3I b h 2 I c L + 3I b h
+
h L
Final Moment is obtained after one cycle of moment
distribution and carry over
Final Moment 6 EI c  2I c L  6 EI c 3I b h
2 
 1 −  = 2 ×
h  2 I c L + 3I b h  h 2 I c L + 3I b h
 
carry over
6 EI c Ic L 6 EI c I c L + 3I b h
− = ×
h2 2 I c L + 3I b h h2 2 I c L + 3I b h
Stiffness of one column Kcol= 6 EI c  I c L + 3I b h 3I b h  1

 + ×
h  2 I c L + 3I b h 2 I c L + 3I b h  h
2 
6 EI c  I c L + 6 I b h 
K col =  
h 3  2 I c L + 3I b h 
Stiffness of frame = 2xKcol = 12 EI c  I c L + 6I b h 
3  2 I L + 3I h 
h  c b 

Example 4
Calculate the equivalent stiffness of two springs connected
in parallel and in series.
Solution:
Parallel Series
Equations
F1 + F2 = F u1 + u2 = u
u1 = u2 = u F1 = F2 = F
Equivalent Stiffness
F1 + F2 = F u1 + u2 = u
F1 F2 F
k1u1 + k2u1 = kequ + =
k1 k 2 keq
keq = k1 + k 2 1 1
+ =
1
k1 k2 keq

Exercises
Find the natural circular frequency for the following

Example 5
Draw the displacement versus time for of an damped single
degree of freedom
Solution
 u• + uωζ 
u = e  u cos(ωd t ) +
− ωξt
sin(ωd t ) 
 ωd 
u = e (r sin(φ + ωd t ) )
− ωξt
where
2
 u• + uωζ 
r = uo +  
2
 ω d 
 
 
 u 
φ = tan −1  • o
 u + uωζ  
   

 ωd 
e −ωξt (r sin(φ + ωd t )
2π
ui ωξTd ωξ
= −ωξ ( t +Td ) =e = e ωd ≈ e 2πξ
ui +1 e (r sin(φ + ωd (t + Td ) )
1  u (t ) 
∴ξ = ln 
2π  u (t + Td ) 

3. Egyptian Code Lateral Forces
3.1 Code Equation
(Code item 8-7-3-2-2 Eqn. 8-16) Simplified Modal

Response Spectrum Method
S d (T1 )
Fb = γI λW
g

3.2 Structural design load (W) (code 8-7-1-7)
o W=D.L +0.25 L.L for residential buildings.
o W=D.L.+0.5 L.L. for common buildings, malls, schools
o W=D.L.+ L.L. for silos, tanks, stores, libraries, garages

3.3 Importance Factor (γI) (code 8-7-6):
Type of building Factor “γI”

I. Emergency facilities:
hospitals, fire
1.40
stations, power
plants, etc.
II. High occupancy
buildings: schools, 1.20
assembly halls, etc.
III. Ordinary
1.00
buildings.
IV. Buildings of minor
importance for 0.80
public safety.

3.4 Correction Factor (λ)(Code item 8-7-3-2-2

Eqns. 8-17-a,b)
Case Factor “λ”

I. T1 < 2TC and number
of stories are more 0.85
than 2 stories.
II. Otherwise 1.00
3.5 The Fundamental Period of the Building T1
1. T1=Ct H 3/4< 4Tc < 2.0 sec.
2. Ct = 0.085 for space steel Frames
= 0.075 for space R.C. Frames
= 0.05 for other structures

3.6 Acceleration Response Spectrum
S d (T1 ) a g 2 T  2.5 2 
0 ≤ T1 ≤ TB : = S + 1  − 
g g  3 T B  R 3 
S d (T1 ) a S
TB ≤ T1 ≤ TC : = 2.5 g
g g R
S (T ) a S T  a
TC ≤ T1 ≤ TD : d 1 = 2.5 g  c  ≥ 0.2 g
g g R  T1  g
S d (T1 ) a S T T  a
TD ≤ T1 ≤ 4 sec : = 2.5 g  c 2D  ≥ 0.2 g
g g R  T1  g

Identification of ground types
- Ground Types are A, B, C, D

- Soil is classified according to its average shear wave
velocity, vs,30, if available. Otherwise NSPT is
used.
Table 3.1: Ground types

Ground Description of stratigraphic profile Parameters
Type vs,30 (m/s) NSPT Unconfined
Compression
(blows/30cm)
Strength
KN/m2
A Rock or other rock-like soil, including at > 800 _ _
most 3m of weaker material at the
surface.
B Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or 360 – 800 > 50 > 100
very stiff clay, at least 15 meters in
thickness.
C Deep deposits of dense or medium 180 – 360 15 - 50 25 - 100
dense sand, gravel, or stiff clay with
thickness extending at least 15 meters in
thickness.
D Deposits of loose-to-medium < 180 < 15 < 25
cohesionless soil, or of predominantly
soft-to-firm cohesive soil extending for
15 meters in thickness.
30
v s , 30 = N h
∑ i
i =1 vi
where hi and vi denote the thickness (in metres) and shear-wave

velocity of the i-th formation or layer, in a total of N, existing in the
top 30 m.

• Spectrum Type 1, is used all over Egypt except in the

Mediterranean areas
• Spectrum Type 2, is in the Mediterranean areas only.
Values and Parameters describing the response spectrum
Type 1 response spectrum

Subsoil S TB TC TD
Class
A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2
C 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2
D 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2
Type 2 response spectrum

Subsoil S TB TC TD
Class
A 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
B 1.20 0.15 0.50 2.0
C 1.15 0.20 0.60 2.0
D 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0

R Factor
Structural system R
1.Bearing walls;
i) Shear walls-R.C. 4.5
ii) Shear walls- reinforced masonry 3.5
iii) Shear walls- unreinforced masonry 2.0
2.Ordinary frames
i) Shear walls-R.C. 5.0
ii) Shear walls- reinforced masonry 4.5
3.Moment resisting frames; R.C or Steel.
i) With adequate ductility. 7.0
i) With limited ductility. 5.0
4.Dual systems, moment frames &walls
i) With adequate ductility. 6.0
i) With limited ductility. 5.0
5. Other Structures.
i) Water Tanks (framed) 2.0
ii) Network Towers 3.0
iii) Minaret, chimneys, silos. 3.5

Seismic Zones in Egypt
Earthquake zone Coefficient ag/g

Zone 1 0.1
Zone 2 0.125
Zone 3 0.15
Zone 4 0.20
Zone 5 0.25

3.7 Distribution of Earthquake Lateral Loads

w ju j
F j = Fb
∑ wiui
For story drift ui proportional with story height zi.
wj z j
F j = Fb
∑ wi zi

Horizontal Components (code item 8-7-3-5-1)

o Horizontal components may be assumed to act
simultaneously.
Or alternatively consider
o In case buildings with structural regularity in

PLAN where the lateral loads are resisted only
by shear walls, seismic loads may be analyzed in
two perpendicular horizontal directions each at
time (individually).

3.8 Load Combinations
Ultimate Loads:Highest value of
U = 1.4 D + 1.6 L
= 0.8 (1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 W)
= 1.12 D + αL + S
where α=0.25 Residential, 0.5 Common, 1 Storage
For stability: Highest value of
U = 0.9 D + 1.3 W
= 0.9 D+ S
Where:
U=ultimate load, D=dead load,
L=live load, W=wind load, S=seismic load
Working stress design method:
o If seismic or wind loads are considered, then

allowable stresses may be increased by 15%.
o Wind loads and seismic loads should not be
combined. (only, the higher of the two loads is to be
considered)

Assignment # 2
m3=10,000 Kg
3
EI EI
3m
m2=8,000 Kg
2
EI EI 3m
m1=8,000 Kg
1
2EI 2EI 4m
EI = 36,000 KN.m2
The 3 story shear ordinary building shown has infinitely stiff

girders and is built on dense sand in Cairo (zone 3).
Determine:
1) The Base Shear and shear at each level using the
simplified code equations
2) The Base Shear and shear at each level for each different
mode (Use mode shapes & frequencies from Assignment #
1)
3) The Base Shear and shear at each level for all modes
(using square root of the sum of the squares). Comment.
4) Using the shear at each level calculated in step 1 calculate
the horizontal displacements at each level
 59 − 32 0 
assuming that [K ] = 10 6 − 32 64 − 32 N/m
 
 0 − 32 32 
5) Design the columns at the ground level

4. Analysis of buildings
4.1 Structural System Selection
Structural system Number of floors

Frames 20
Shear walls 35
Frames & shear
50
walls
Cores-coupled shear
55
walls
Perforated tube 60
Tube in tube 65
Bundle tube 90

Frame System
Frame, Shear Wall, and coupled Shear Wall

Shear Wall Frame System

4.2 Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity
n n
∑ I xj x j ∑ I yj y j
j =1 j =1
X = n
Y= n
∑ I xj ∑ I yj
j =1 j =1

Center of Rigidity coincides with the center of mass
If the center of rigidity coincides with the center of

mass

4.3 Accidental Eccentricity

In addition to the actual eccentricity, in order to cover
uncertainties in the location of masses, the calculated center
of mass at each floor i shall be considered displaced from its
nominal location in each direction by an additional accidental
eccentricity:
Where:
o e1i :accidental eccentricity of storey mass i from its

nominal location, applied in the same direction at all floors,
o Li : floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the
seismic action.
When two separate and perpendicular planar models are used

for analysis, torsional effects should be doubled.

4.4 Torsion due to Py acting with eccentricity ex

External Torsion = Py.ex 1
Let θ be the rotation angle of the building
( )
n
Internal Torsion = ∑ K xjθx 2j + K yjθy 2j 2
j =1
Equating equation (1) with equation (2) the rotation angle θ is

Py e x
θ=
∑ (K xj x j + K yj y j )
n
2 2
j =1
The forces due to torsion are
Py ex Py ex
Pxi = K yiθyi = K yi yi = I yi yi
∑ (K ) ∑ (I )
n n
xj x + K yj y
2
j
2
j xj x 2j + I yj y 2j
j =1 j =1
Py ex Py ex
Pyi = K xiθxi = K xi xi = I xi xi
∑ (K xj x + K yj y ) ∑ (I xj x j + I yj y j )
n n
2 2 2 2
j j
j =1 j =1

4.5 Torsion due to Px acting with eccentricity ey
Similarly the forces due to a torsion caused by Px acting

with eccentricity ey is equal to:
Px ey
Pxi = I yi yi
∑ (I )
n
xj x 2j + I yj y 2j
j =1
Px ey
Pyi = I xi xi
∑ (I )
n
xj x 2j + I yj y 2j
j =1

5 Design
5.1 Effective Inertia of Cracked Section
Effective Inertia of Cracked Section

For Columns Ieff =0.70 Ig
For Walls Ieff =0.35 Ig
For Beams (with slab
Ieff =0.50 Ig
contribution)
For other unreinforced
Ieff 0.50 Ig
elements and masonry

5.2 Design of ductile frames
5.2.1 Strong Column Weak beam Concept
∑ M c ≥ 1.2∑ M g
where:
∑ M c is the sum of column resisting moments taking

into account the existing axial loads
∑ M g is the sum of beam resisting moments
If this condition is not satisfied the column can not be

used as a lateral support

5.2.2 Code requirements for beam reinforcement
M+ at column face < 1/3 M- at column face
M+, M- at any section < 1/5 M- (max) at column face

c ) Lateral reinforcement :
1 - Maximum spacing between ties is the lesser of :
t/2 (beam depth)
200 mm
for earthquake design Maximum spacing is
8 φmin (longitudinal)
24 φstirups
t/4 (beam depth)
for a distance from column face equal to:
2 t (beam depth)

5.2.3 Code requirements for column reinforcement

a ) Concrete dimensions :
1- Minimum dimensions of a column are 200 × 200
mm , and the minimum column diameter is 200
mm.
For flat slabs the minimum column dimensions:
L/20
h/15
300 mm
minimum column is 300 × 300 for ductile frames
b) Longitudinal reinforcement :
1- Minimum reinforcement :
1-1 Tied column :
0.8
Asc </ Ac − gross
100
0.6 1
Asc </ Ac − chosen </ Ac−chosen (ductile frames)
100 100
1.2 Spiral column :

1 1.2
Asc </ Ac − gross Asc </ Ac − core
100 100

2- Maximum reinforcement :
4% For interior column. 4% (ductile frames)
5% For edge column.
6% For corner column.
c ) Lateral reinforcement :
Maximum spacing between ties is the lesser of :
b (smaller dimension)
200 mm
for earthquake design Maximum spacing is

24 φstirups
b/2 (smaller dimension)
15 mm
for a distance from beam face equal to:
h/6
t (larger dimension)
500 mm



5.3 Design Shear walls
Normal Force and Moment

combination (vertical reinforcement).
Shear due to the seismic effects

(horizontal reinforcement).
Top drift not to exceed code limits.

(Wall Height/500)

Steps for checking the wall sections for Normal force

and Moment
For a given section geometry and eccentricity (e):

- assume a value for the distance (c) down to the
neutral axis . This value is a measure of the
compression block depth (a) since a = 0.8c .
- Using the assumed value of ( c), calculate the
stresses f's and fs in compression and tension steel ,
respectively.
- Calculate the ultimate axial load Pu using the
equilibrium equations and calculate the eccentricity (
e ) corresponding to the calculated Pu.
- This calculated eccentricity should match the given
eccentricity( e ). If not, repeat the steps until a
convergence is accomplished. If the calculated
eccentricity is larger than the given eccentricity this
indicates that the assumed value for (c) is less than
what it should be. In such a case, try another cycle
assuming a larger value of (c).
- If the acting normal force and moments are less than
the section capacity Pu and (Pu e) the wall section is
safe otherwise change geometry or reinforcement.

Reinforcement
Vertical: Between 0.004 Ac and 0.04 Ac

generally provided as 50% in each face
Horizontal: Not less than 50% of the vertical

reinforcement


5.4 Beam Column Connection Example
a- Design of Exterior beam column connection
Material Beam Data Column Data

Properties Top reinforcement Height = 3.6 m
fy = 400 N/mm2 Astop = 8φ22 As = 20φ22
fcu = 30 N/mm2 Asbot = 5φ16 Depth t = 650 mm
Depth t = 600 mm Width b = 650
Width b = 500mm mm
Axial Load (1.4 DL + 1.6LL) = 5594 kN. (4th floor)

Step 1 Check of strong column and weak beam
The strong column weak beam requirement is guaranteed by the

satisfaction of the following equation:
∑Mc ≥ ∑1.2Mg…………………… (Code 6-61)
where:
∑Mg is the summation of the maximum moment capacities
that can be resisted by the beams on the right and the left of
the column
∑Mc is the ultimate moment capacity that can be resisted by
the column corresponding to the maximum ultimate axial
force applied on the column

The top beam reinforcement calculated in section (iii) of this

example is 8Φ22 (As=3041mm2).
Using the design aid curves one finds that
∑Mg = 490 kN.m
The external column reinforcement is 20Φ22 (As = 7620mm2)
Pucol. before the beam of the 4th floor = 4965 kN Using the
Interaction Diagrams with ζ = 0.9 & f y = 400 N/mm one finds
2
that Mctop = 577 kN.m
Pucol. after the beam of the 4th floor = 5594 kN Using the
2
that Mcbottom = 412 kN.m
Hence ∑Mc =Mctop +Mcbottom =577+412=989 kN.m
∑M c
=
989
= 2.02 > 1.2 ............................................................Ok
∴
∑M g 490

Step 2 Calculate the Beam Ultimate Capacity with 1.25 fy

Tension in top steel T top =

1.25 f y 3040 ×1.25 × 400
Astop × = = 1321.7 kN
γs 1000 ×1.15
Compression in bottom fibers C1 =

f cu 30
0.67 ab = 0.67 × × a × 500 / 1000 = 6.7 a
γc 1.5
1321.7
Since T = C Therefore a= = 197.3 mm
6.7
Lever arm
a 197.3
yct = t − − cover = 600 − − 50 = 451.35 mm
2 2
The beam ultimate moment capacity Mpr =

451.35
T × yct = 1321.7 × = 596.6 kN.m
1000
596.6
The moment resisted by each column, Mcol, = = 298.3
2


Step 3 Check the horizontal shear
By assuming that the end moment in the beams are resisted

equally by the columns above and below the joint, one obtains for
the horizontal shear at the column ends the column shear
2 × M col 596.6
Qucol = storey height = 3.6 =165.7
This shear force must be resisted by concrete of column

Qucol . 165.7 × 103
qu = = = 0.392 N/mm 2
bcol . .d col . 650 × 650
f cu
qc u = 0.24δ c
γ c ……………………………....(Code 4-18)
 Pu   4965 × 103 
δ c = 1 + 0.07 Ac  = 1 + 0.07 650 × 650  = 1.8226 ≤ 1.5 (Code 4-19)
   
f cu 30
∴ qc u = 0.24δ c = 0.24 × 1.5 = 1.61 N/mm 2 > qu Ok.
γc 1.5

Step 4 check of ultimate shear force Qju
The net shear at section x-x of the joint is

Qju = T1 - Qucol = 1321.7-165.7=1156 kN ...(Code 6-56-b)
The ultimate shear force Qju must satisfy this equation

f cu
Qju ≤ Kj.Aj γc …… ……………………...(Code 6-65-a)
Where Aj is the effective cross sectional area through the beam

column connection zone
It is the minimum of =
C2. (b+2 X) = 422500 mm2
X=75mm …………………(Code Figure 6-31)
C2. (b+ C2) = 747500 mm2 …………………. Ok.
Hence Aj = 422500 mm2

Kj is a factor depends on type of connection (exterior , Interior
or other )
Hence Kj = 1.2 ……………………………( Code Table 6-15)
f cu
Kj.Aj γ =
c
30
1.2x 422500 1.5 x10-3 = 2267.37 kN > Qju ………….Ok

X1
X2 effective connection width

= the smallest of 1- ( b+C2)
connection depth = C2 effective area (Aj) 2- (b+2x)
b C2
C1

Step 5 Design of Column stirrups inside the connection
Ast is the maximum of

 s. y1 ( f cu / γ c )   Ag  
    − 1
 ( f / γ )   A
Ast1 = 0. 313 ………...(Code 6-57-a)
 yst s   k  
 s. y1 ( f cu / γ c ) 
0 . 1 
Ast2 =  ( f / γ )  ………………………(Code 6-57-b)
 yst s 
Where Ag is the gross area of section = C1.x C2. = 650x650 =
422500 mm2
Ak is the sectional area inside the exterior stirrups perimeter

= X1.x X2 = 360000 mm2
y1 is distance between stirrups axes perpendicular to the assumed

direction y1 = 600 mm
s is the spacing between stirrups it is assumed =100 mm
 100 x600(30 / 1.5)   422500  
Hence Ast1= 0 . 313 
 (400 / 1.15)   360000  − 1 =187 mm2
    
 100 x600(30 / 1.5) 
Ast2=  (400 / 1.15)  =345mm2……………..Ok
0 .1
 
Ast=345 mm2
Assume number of branches= 4
 345 
Astof one branch =  4  =86.3 mm2
 
useΦ12@100 mm
Note that: the column stirrups must continue through the beam
column connection zone and extend to 1/6 the clear height from
beam face in both top & bottom ends


b- Design of interior beam column connection
Material Beam Data Column Data

Properties Top reinforcement Height = 3.6 m
fy = 400 N/mm2 Astop = 8φ22 As = 28φ25
fcu = 30 N/mm2 Asbot = 5φ16 Depth t = 750 mm
Depth t = 600 mm Width b = 750
Width b = 500mm mm

Step 1 Check of strong column and weak beam
The strong column weak beam requirement is guaranteed by the

satisfaction of the following equation:
∑Mc ≥ ∑1.2Mg…………………… (Code 6-61)
where:
∑Mg is the summation of the maximum moment capacities
that can be resisted by
the beams on the right and the left of the column
∑Mc is the ultimate moment capacity that can be resisted by
the column corresponding to the maximum ultimate axial
force applied on the column

The top beam reinforcement calculated in section (iii) of this

example is 8Φ22 (As=3041mm2). Using the design aid curves
one finds that M top = 490kN .m
The bottom beam reinforcement calculated in section (iii) of this
example is 5φ16 (As=1005 mm2). Using the design aid curves
one finds that M bottom = 181kN .m
∑Mg = 671 kN.m
The internal column reinforcement is 28Φ25 (As = 13744mm2)
Pucol. before the beam of the 4th floor = 7846 kN Using the
2
that Mctop = 886 kN.m
Pucol. after the beam of the 4th floor = 8885 kN Using the
2
that Mcbottom = 506 kN.m
Hence ∑Mc =Mctop +Mcbottom =886+506 = 1392 kN.m

∑M c
=
1392
= 2.07 > 1.2 ..........................................Ok
∑M g 671

Step 2 Calculate the Beam Ultimate Capacities

Tension in top steel

1.25 f y 3040 × 1.25 × 400
T top = Astop ×
γs
=
1000 × 1.15
= 1321.7 kN
Corresponding Compression in bottom fibers

f cu 30
C1 = 0.67 ab = 0.67 × × a × 500 / 1000 = 6.7 a kN
γc 1. 5
1321.7
Since T = C Therefore a = 6.7
= 197.3 mm
a 197.3
y ct1 = t − − cover = 600 − − 50 = 451.35 mm
2 2
The beam ultimate moment capacity
451.35
Mpr1 = 1 T × y ct1 = 1321.7 × = 596.6 kN.m
1000
Tension in bottom steel

1.25 f y 1005 × 1.25 × 400
T botoom= Asbottom ×
γs
=
1000 × 1.15
= 436.9 kN
Corresponding Compression in top fibers

f cu 30
C2 = 0.67 ab = 0.67 ×
× a × 500 / 1000 = 6.7 a kN
γc 1.5
436.9
Since T = C Therefore a = = 65.2 mm
6.7
a 65.2
y ct 2 = t −
− cover = 600 − − 50 = 517.4 mm
2 2
The beam ultimate moment capacity
517.4
Mpr2 = T2 × y ct 2 = 436.9 × 1000 = 226 kN.m
 M pr1 + M pr 2 
Mu =   = 411.3 kN.m
 2 

Step 3 Check the horizontal shear
2 × M col 2 × 411.3
shear Qucol = storey height =
3.6 =228. kN
This shear force must be resisted by concrete of column
Qucol . 228.5 x103
qu = = = 0.406 N/mm 2
bcol . .d col . 750 x750
f cu
q c u = 0.24δ c
γ c …………………………...(Code 4-18)
 Pu   8083x10 3 
δ c = 1 + 0.07  = 1 + 0.07  = 2.0059 ≤ 1.5 ...(Code 4-
 Ac   750 x750 
19)
f cu 30
∴ q c u = 0.24δ c = 0.24 x1.5 = 1.61N / mm 2 > qu Ok.
γc 1.5


Step 4 check of ultimate shear force Qju

The net shear at section x-x of the joint is
Qju = T1+C2-Qucol
=1321.7+436.9-228.5=1530.1 kN …………..(Code 6-56-b)
The ultimate shear force Qju must satisfy this equation

Qju ≤ Kj.Aj f …………………………………...(Code 6-65-a)
cu
γc
Where Aj is the effective cross sectional area through the beam
column connection zone
It is the minimum of
C2. (b+2X) = 562500 mm2
X=125mm (Code Figure 6-31)
C2. (b+C2)= 937500 mm2 …………………. Ok.
Hence Aj = 562500 mm2

Kj is a factor depends on type of connection (exterior , Interior
or other )
Hence Kj = 1.6 …………………………( Code Table 6-15)
f cu 30
Kj.Aj = 1.6x 562500 x10-3 = 4024.92 kN > Qju ….Ok
γc 1.5

X1
X2 effective connection width

= the smallest of 1- ( b+C2)
connection depth = C2 effective area (Aj) 2- (b+2x)
b C2
C1

Step 5 Design of Column stirrups inside the connection

Ast is the maximum of
 s. y1 ( f cu / γ c )   Ag  
    −1
 ( f / γ )   A   ………...(Code 6-57-a)
Ast1= 0 . 313
 yst s   k  
 s. y1 ( f cu / γ c ) 
 
Ast2= 0.1 ( f / γ )  …………………………(Code 6-57-b)
 yst s 
Ag is the gross area of section =

tcol.x bcol. = 750x750 = 562500 mm2
Ak is the sectional area inside the exterior stirrups perimeter
= 490000 mm2
y1 is distance between stirrups axes perpendicular to the
assumed direction = 700 mm
s is the spacing between stirrups it is assume it =100 mm
 100 x700(30 / 1.5)   562500  

Hence Ast1= 0 . 313    − 1 =186 mm2
 ( 400 / 1 . 15)   490000  
 100 x700(30 / 1.5) 
Ast2= 0.1 (400 / 1.15)  =403mm2……………..Ok
 
Ast=403 mm2
Assume number of branches= 6
 403 
Astof one branch =  6  =67.2mm2
 
useΦ10@100 mm
Note that: the column stirrups must continue through the beam
column connection zone and extend to 1/6 the clear height from
beam face in both top & bottom ends


6- Seismic Analysis using SAP 2000
Step 1
Use the Spread Sheet ECSpectrum.xls to define the
response spectrum for the building site.


Open SAP2000 and perform the following:
Step 2
Define the material and section properties and
assign them to the different members in the
structure. Members should be oriented correctly.
From page 134 of the EC for load calculations find

the stiffness modifiers for the different members.

Step3
Accidental Eccentricity is 0.05L and should be
considered in design as per item 8-7-2 of the code
The SAP2000 can take the effects of the accidental

eccentricity into account if all the joints in each
floor are assigned to a different diaphragm.

SAP 14.2.2

SAP 18.2

Step 4
Go to Define-Mass Sources to define the mass
sources that will be taken in the analysis
SAP 14.2.2
SAP 18.2

Step 5
In SAP 2000 go to Define-Load Patterns and define
the Equivalent Static Earthquake load cases. Use
Eurocode8 2004 in the Auto Lateral Load Pattern.
lx g

lx g
Step 6
From Table 8-6 of the Egyptian Code, check
whether Response Spectrum Analysis is required
or Equivalent Static Procedure is sufficient.

If Response Spectrum Analysis is NOT required go

to Step 11
Step 7
Go to Define – Load Cases and specify the number
of modes


Step 8
In SAP 2000 go to Define-Load Patterns and define
the Response Spectrum Earthquake load cases.
Use User Coefficient in the Auto Lateral Load
Pattern.

Step 9
Go to Define – Functions – Response Spectrum and
define the Egyptian Code Spectrum obtained from
ECSpectrum.xls


Step 10
Define RSX and RSY
9.81 x l x g

9.81 x l x g
Load cases now show that load cases RSX and RSY
have a Response Spectrum assigned

Step 11
Define the Response Spectrum load Combinations
Scaling Factor in X Direction

initially assumed equal to 1
Scaling Factor in Y Direction

initially assumed equal to 1

Step 12
Define the Code Specified Load Combinations

Step 13
Go to Analyze – Run Analysis – Run Now
The program will now run all analysis cases and
will use the defined response spectrum with both
RSX and RSY.
Step 14
According to page 141 of the Egyptian Code the
Response spectrum forces should be scaled up to be
at least 85% of those obtained using the equivalent
static method.
If Response Spectrum Base Shear X <0.85 Equivalent Static Base Shear X

0.85 Equivalent Static Base Shear X
Scaling factor X = Respose Spectrum Base Shear X ≥ 1
If Response Spectrum Base Shear Y <0.85 Equivalent Static Base Shear Y

0.85 Equivalent Static Base Shear Y
Scaling factor Y = Respose Spectrum Base Shear Y ≥ 1
Use the above scaling factors in step 11 and repeat
Step 15
Check that all members are safe in all the defined
combinations.

Lateral Load Eq

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Lateral Load Eq

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CAIRO UNIVERSITY LATERAL FORCES COURSE NOTES

Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings for

By: Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 1

3. Egyptian code procedure 68

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 2

6. Seismic Analysis using SAP 2000 120

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 3

1. The nature of Earthquakes

1.1 Seismic Sources

Natural Events Man-Made Events

Tectonic Controlled Sources

Rock Falls / Collapse Mining Induced

Storm Cultural Noise

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 4

1.2. Tectonic Earthquakes

Tectonic plates of the world

These plates, each about 50 miles thick, move relative

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 6

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 7

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 8

1.3 Fault Movements

Strike Slip Faults

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 9

1.4 Subduction Zone

The subduction zone is the place where two plates

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 10

1.5 Epicenter and Hypocenter

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 11

1.6 Seismic waves

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 12

Body Waves Surface Waves

Primary (P) Secondary (S) Love Rayleigh

Body Waves: Propagate within a body of solid rock.

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 13

Distance Determination of Earthquakes

A seismograph record of the vertical component of a

Azimuth Determination of Earthquakes

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 14

1.7 Earthquake Magnitude

Richter defined the magnitude of a local earthquake as

This means that every time the magnitude goes up by

The following equation relates energy (in Joule Nm)

The ratio of energy release of two earthquakes with

Thus a unit increase in magnitude represent a 31.6

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 15

1.8 Earthquake Intensity

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) of 1931

I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 16

IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well

August 7 - 1847 earthquake in Faiyum MMI map

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 17

2.1 Complex Variables Review

Z = a + bi  Cartesian Representation (1)

Substituting back in (2)

Z = re iθ  Polar Representation (4)

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 18

Converting from Cartesian to Polar

Converting from Polar to Cartesian

Prof. Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaghw 19

2.2 Undamped Single Degree of Freedom

Substituting back in (5)