STS-G10-EMM510-Principles of Engineering Drawings I

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Aim and purpose

This unit will enable learners to produce engineering drawings of different components, assemblies and circuits using a variety of sketching,
drawing and computer-aided drafting techniques.

Course Description
It is important that when a product has been designed it is manufactured correctly and to specification. To achieve this it is crucial that the people
making the product in a workshop are provided with well presented engineering drawings, produced to international standards and conventions.
This avoids errors of interpretation which can lead to the scrapping of expensive parts.
An understanding of how graphical methods can be used to communicate information about engineering products is an important step for anyone
thinking of taking up a career in engineering. This unit gives learners an introduction to the principles of technical drawings and their applications
using hand drawing and computer-aided drafting (CAD) techniques.
Learners will start by carrying out freehand sketching of simple engineering products using pictorial methods
that generate three-dimensional images. A range of standard components, such as fixing devices, will be
sketched together with other solid and hollow items. Learners are then introduced to a more formalised

Course Learning Outcomes (Elements)

On completion of this unit a learner should:
1. 1 Be able to sketch engineering components
2. 2 Be able to interpret engineering drawings that comply with drawing standards
3. 3 Be able to produce engineering drawings
4. 4 Be able to produce engineering drawings using a computer aided drafting (CAD) system.– Will be in G11

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Course Assessment Scheme

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Assessment and grading criteria:
In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the
learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this
unit.

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Assessment and grading criteria:
In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the
learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this
unit.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/19054207/L3-U16-ENG-DRG-for-TECH-Ass-2-of-3-HA/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/11242531/Asignment-1-P1-P2-M2/

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What is a Technical drawing : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd8eVx8nxAk

Technical drawings:

These are detailed drawings drawn accurately and precisely. They are pictures that have been prepared with the aid of mathematical instruments in
order to record and transmit technical information. They provide an exact and complete description of things that are to be built or manufactured.

Who Uses Technical Drawings

 Engineers
 Contractors
 Plumbers
 Electricians
 Landscape architects
 Inventors
1. An example of a technical drawing is a drawing made for a plumber with unique symbols to show where all the water lines, sinks, faucets, tubs
and toilets are to be located
2. An example of a technical drawing is a drawing made with computer-assisted design (CAD) to show the details of a new home building project

Identify and use drawing instruments correctly to the specifications to achieve good quality drawings
1.1-Identify drawing tools and select equipment for the task

Technical drawing tools include and are not limited to: pens, rulers, compasses, protractors and drawing utilities. Drafting tools may

be used for measurement and layout of drawings, or to improve the consistency and speed of creation of standard drawing ele-
ments. The tools used for manual technical drawing have been displaced by the advent of the personal computer and its common utili-

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1.2-Recognise the hazards associated with drawing instruments and take the measures to avoid them :

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1.3-Recognize the ISO A series sizes of the drawing paper

The ISO most recommended paper sizes for technical drawings are known as A-FORMATS. Other series, like the B-Series, are of lesser importance.
In the A-Format series, the largest size is A0. The size of an A1 paper is half the size of A0 while A2 is half the size of A1 and so forth. Note that a
higher order paper size (which is always smaller in size) is obtained by simply halving the preceding size along its longer side. For technical draw-
ings A4 is considered to be the smallest paper size. Smaller-sized A-Format papers (i.e. A5, A6, etc) are very rarely used for technical drawings.

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2-Recognise the important of implementing working environment procedures in drawing processes
2.1-Set up drawing working environment e.g.

 Adjust seating to avoid back pain

 Set up the lighting to avoid hazards
 Recognize the important of taking breaks

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Understand the drawing scales and lines and implement them in the drawings
3.1-Demonstrate the drawings in different scales ratio

The objects we encounter in our day-to-day life are usually either too large or too small to be drawn to their true size. For instance a car or a
building can be drawn to its true size if, and only if, we use a piece of paper that is large enough to accommodate the true dimensions of that car
or building. But as we have noted above, the largest size of paper (under ISO standard) is A0 (841-mm X 1189-mm), which is a lot smaller than
these objects. The discrepancy between the actual sizes of objects and the size of the papers we use for drawing necessitates us to prepare draw-
ings that are either smaller or bigger in size than the actual objects. This is only possible through the use of scales.
 A scale is simply the ratio of the linear dimension appearing on the drawing compared to the corresponding linear dimension on the object
 A scale has no units as it is simply a ratio (i.e. dimension on drawing : dimension on object)
 Scales are used either for enlargements or reductions
The recommended scales in Engineering Drawing are

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All Drawings must be fitted within the title block using a definite scale. If the scale is 1:1, then the drawing is referred as “full size”. The preferred
scales are as follows; company-standardised layouts eg drawing number, title and issue number,

For enlargement: 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, and 50:1

For reduction: 1:2 (half size), 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50,
1:100, 1:200, 1:500
1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000, 1:10 000

Reduction example

This is an example of a scaled drawing. Notice that the elevation is

drawn at a scale of 1:10.

Included in the drawing is detail A, and this is drawn additionally at a

scale of 1:1, or full size

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Title Blocks and Parts Lists
All Drawings must be produced within a title block. A typical title block looks as shown below
In every engineering drawing, a Title Block is included at the bottom right-hand corner. The Title Blocks are locally standardized but should be de-
signed in such a way that it can be easily understood. The information needed in any standard Title Block is normally:
 Name of the Firm/School/College
 Name of the Object (Work piece)
 Number of the drawing (particularly useful for reference where more than one drawing are concerned --- typically in assembly drawings)
 Format of the paper used (paper size)
 Scale used
 Dimensioning unit (usually millimetres --- mm)
 Symbol for the method of projection used
 Date when the drawing was finished
 Name of the draftsman (draughtsman) --- e.g. student
name if it is a normal class exercise
 Name of the person who checked the drawing
 Remarks

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The drawing template will be used for all the drawings.

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Parts List
The Parts List is an essential component in any assembly drawing. It is usually drawn on top of the Title Block. The Parts Lists usually have the same
width as the Title Block, i.e. 180-mm. The height depends on the number of items to be included. The following information is usually included in the
Parts List;
 A --- Part reference number
 B --- Name of the part
 C --- Number of parts required in an assembly
 D --- Material used to manufacture the part
 E --- Indication of standard or dimension
 F --- Drawing number

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3.2-Recognise drawing lines and demonstrate them in different drawings to understand their usage

In Engineering Drawing, we make use of different lines and line styles to convey the desired message. These lines differ in (i) thickness
and (ii) style. Typical uses of these lines are summarized below.

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3.3-Recognise the purpose of dimension lines and insert them in the drawings, to provide a clear and complete description of an object

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 Dimension Lines are thin lines with filled arrows at each end that touch leader lines.

 leader lines are thin lines that lead to the points being measured.
 Dimension text should be above the dimension line

Dimensions should not cross the part drawing if possible

•Dimensions should not cross another dimension if possible

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Lettering
Lettering used in engineering drawing is referred to as a Single Stroke, Commercial Gothic.
The main advantage of this font is that it is easy to read. This makes the information on engineering drawing easy to understand. The letters can be
made either freehand or by use of lettering devices. The general construction of vertical gothic letters and numerals is shown below
Hints on Lettering
 To save time, use a guide lining device
 The recommended height of lettering is 3-mm
 During initial learning period, make a point of concentrating on hand control
 Endeavour to make your hand do what you want it to do and not otherwise. Remember your fingers are not used to such movements, so they
have to be trained until hand control becomes effortless
 Do not guess at the construction of letters and numerals. Use the sample letter
 Make letters and numerals as wide as they are high with individual letters of a word almost touching
 Spacing between words is a matter of judgment and tends to improve with practice
 Lines of lettering should be spaced the same distance apart
 Do not attempt to erase guide lines after lettering has been completed

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Be able to sketch engineering components

4.1-Sketch correctly two-dimensional views from three dimensional shapes

Freehand sketching is one of the effective methods to communicate ideas irrespective of the branch of study. The basic principles of drawing used in
freehand sketching are similar to those used in drawings made with instruments. The sketches are self explanatory in making them in the sequence
shown

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Sketches: regular solids

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P1-Create sketches of engineering components using a range of techniques

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Sketching pictorially in good proportion on plain unlined paper

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Sketch Standard components eg nuts, bolts, screws, pulleys;

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Sketching techniques: sketching equipment eg paper (plain, squared, isometric), pencil, eraser; pictorial
eg oblique drawing (cavalier and cabinet), isometric; orthographic eg single and linked views; sketching in
good proportion; dimensions eg overall sizes, detail Sketch correctly two-dimensional views from three dimensional shapes

In some cases it is necessary to sketch orthographic projection views rather than oblique or isometric pictorial views. Because orthographic views
are two-dimensional representations, they are not as difficult to sketch as pictorial views. But there are several techniques that make freehand
sketching of orthographic views easier and more efficient
The process for sketching three orthographic views of the object in the previous two figures is shown in Figure below

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Step 1: Begin by blocking in the front, top, and side views of the object using the overall width, height, and depth. The construction lines extend be-
tween views to properly align the views and maintain the same dimension in different views. For instance, line (a) represents the bottom edge and
line (b) represents the top edge in both the front view and the right-side view. The distance between lines (a) and (b) is the height dimension in both
views. The space between the views should be large enough so that the drawing does not look crowded and should be the same between all views.
Step 2: In the second step the upper protrusion is blocked in. Note that line (c) extends across the top and front views, to assure that the width of the
protrusion is consistent in both views. Likewise, line (d) extends across the front and right-side views.
Step 3: The outline of the object is darkened to clearly show the shape of the object in all three views. Care must be taken in darkening lines. For in-
stance, the right corner of the front view should not be darkened, because the detail of the chamfer has not yet been added.
Step 4: Construction lines for the holes and other details are added next. The center of the hole is positioned with construction lines ( e). Then con-
struction lines that block in the hole ( f ) are drawn. These construction lines extend between views to project the hole to the top view and to the
right-side view. Construction lines extending between views ( g ) are also added for the chamfer.
Step 5: Now the hole and chamfer are sketched and darkened to show the completed object.
Step 6: Finally, centrelines (long-dash, short-dash) that indicate the center of the hole are added. Hidden lines (dashed lines) that indicate lines hid-
den behind a surface are also added. Construction lines may be erased as was done in this figure, but this is not usually necessary.
The quality of the sketch can often be improved by using square grid graph paper to keep proportions and act as a guide for horizontal and vertical
lines. Some engineers prefer to use a straight-edge to produce a nicer sketch, but this is usually not necessary with practice and sufficient care in
sketching.

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Sketch engineering components eg pulley support bracket, machine vice

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Sketch two-dimensional views from three dimensional shapes for the following shapes

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Sketch two-dimensional views from three dimensional shapes for the following shapes

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4.3-Recognize and sketch oblique projection drawings

An example of the steps leading to an oblique freehand sketch of a complicated object are shown in Figure 3.6. Because the face of the base of the ob-
ject and the face of the upper portion of the object are in different planes, it is necessary to begin with a box that encloses the entire object before
sketching either face. Some of the construction lines are removed after they are used in this example. This was done here to make the sketch more
clear. However, this is not necessary in practice, if the construction lines are drawn as light lines.
Step 1: To begin, construction lines to form a box that encloses the object are drawn to block-in the sketch. Notice that the front and back faces of
the box are rectangular with horizontal and vertical sides. The receding construction lines are parallel and at an angle of 30° to 45° to horizontal.
The easiest way to draw this box is to first draw the front rectangle (a). Then draw an identical second rectangle above and to the right of the first
rectangle (b). Finally connect the corners with receding construction lines (c).

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Step 2: Now the front face of the base of the object can be sketched in the front rectangle. The lines are appropriately darkened.

Step 3: Certain features of the front face of the base extend backward along or parallel to the receding construction lines. For example, the lines (d)
forming the chamfer (angled cut on the right side of the base) can be sketched parallel to receding lines. Likewise the receding line for the upper left
corner of the base can be sketched (e). Then the base can be finished with a horizontal line on the back face (f). Now it is possible to block in the up-
per rounded portion of the object to create a box (g) that encloses the upper protrusion within the larger box that encloses the entire object.

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Step 4: The front face of the upper portion of the object can be sketched in this box. Then receding lines corresponding to the chamfer and the left
edge of the base can be darkened. In addition, the lines forming the back face can be sketched. Note that the line forming the back edge of the cham-
fer is parallel to the line forming the front edge of the chamfer. Construction lines (h) on the front face of the upper portion are drawn to center of
the circle for the hole.

Step 5: A receding construction line (i) extending from the peak of the front face to the plane of the back face is sketched to aid in aligning the
curved outline of the back of the upper portion. The back face is identical to the front face except that it is shifted upward and to the right. This re-
sults in the left side of the back face being hidden. A darkened receding line (k) finishes the left side of the upper portion of the object. Finally, four
construction lines (m) are sketched to block in the circle for the hole.

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Step 6: Now the hole can be sketched in and darkened. The back edge of the hole is also added to complete the sketch. The construction lines may be
erased, but usually the construction lines are retained if they are made properly as light lines.

Oblique sketching is often aided by the use of graph paper with a light, square grid. The process is identical to that shown in Figure 3.6, but it is easier
to keep the pro-portions correct by counting the number of boxes in the grid to correspond to the approximate dimensions of the part. Graph paper
further improves the sketch by helping keep lines straight as well as more accurately horizontal or vertical.

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Draw the sketch for the followings oblique

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4.4-Sketch a range of isometric drawings from orthographic drawings and 3D shapes
Isometric freehand sketches of more complex objects start with an isometric box to block in the sketch. Then faces are sketched and additional fea-
tures are blocked in. Finally details are added. The steps to construct an isometric sketch are shown in below Some of the construction lines are re-
moved after they are used, to make the sketch more clear in this figure. Normally, removing construction lines is not necessary.

Step 1: To begin, sketch a light horizontal line (a). From this line draw two intersecting lines at an angle of approximately 30° to the horizontal (b
and c) and a vertical line (d) through the intersection of the previous three lines to form the isometric axes of the sketch. Finish blocking in by
sketching lines (e) to complete the box so that it will completely enclose the object. Unlike the oblique sketch, it is often better not to sketch hidden
construction lines when blocking in.
Step 2: Block in the front face of the part (f) so that the construction line is parallel to the isometric axis. Similarly, sketch the line to block in the
right face (g).
Step 3: Sketch the left face and the right face and darken the lines. This completes the faces that are in the front planes of the box. Now sketch in
three lines (h) parallel to the isometric axis (c). The left line (h) is the top edge of the base. The middle line (h) finishes the chamfer. The right line
(h) is used to aid in sketching a construction line for the back edge of the base (i), which is sketched next.
Step 4: Now the face of the chamfer can be darkened and the angled line at the back edge of the chamfer can be added. This completes the angled
face of the chamfer. Next the protrusion above the base can be blocked in with seven lines (k).
Step 5: The front face of the upper protrusion is sketched first using light lines. Construction lines (m) are added to help identify the location of the
endpoints of the arc of the front and back faces of the protrusion. The rounded rear face (n) is sketched lightly to be identical to the front face, ex-
cept that part of it is not visible. The line at the top left edge of protrusion (o) is added. Then all lines forming the upper portion of the object are
darkened In addition, the line forming the top edge of the base on the back side is darkened.
Step 6: The details related to the hole are added next. Circles in isometric projections are difficult to draw because they appear as ellipses with their
major axes at an angle to horizontal. The center of the hole is where two lines (m) intersect on the front face of the upper portion of the object. The
lines (p) forming the parallelogram to enclose the ellipse for the hole are added. Each side of the parallelogram should be parallel to one of the iso-
metric axes. The sides should be equal in length to one another.

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Step 7: To help in sketching the ellipse, construction lines forming the diagonals of the parallelogram (r) are added.
Step 8: Now the ellipse that represents the circular hole can be sketched. A few simple points help in sketching ellipses more easily. The major axis
and minor axis of the ellipse are perpendicular to one another. The major and minor axes also coincide with the diagonals of the parallelogram en-
closing the ellipse (r). The ellipse touches the parallelogram at the midpoints of the sides of the parallelogram. Start drawing the hole by sketching
short elliptical arcs between the mid-points of the parallelogram on either side of the minor axis. Finish the hole by sketching sharply curved ellipti-
cal arcs between the midpoints of the parallelogram on either side of the major axis of the hole. Finally, darken and make heavy the lines outlining
the hole and any remaining edges of the part.
Isometric sketching is made substantially easier by the use of isometric grid paper. This paper has a grid of lines at horizontal and 30° to horizontal
(corresponding to lines b, c, and d in Figure The procedure for using isometric grid paper is the same as that described above, but using the isomet-

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Be able to produce engineering drawings
Detail drawings of single-piece engineering components: projection method; scale; title block; line work;
views; sections; dimensions; tolerances; surface finish; notes
Assembly drawings: line work eg centre lines, construction, outline, cutting plane, sectional view, hatching;
representation of standard components eg nuts, bolts, screws, keys; parts referencing eg number
referencing, parts list; notes eg assembly instructions, installation features, operating instructions

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61-Recognise the principal views and the difference between first angle and third angle projection for mechanical components

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Task 04:
Example 03:On the A4 drawing template you have to draw: Front view and Top View, for the given isometric drawing using the first or third angle
projection.

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Task04;The final drawing for example 03

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6.2-Draw sectional views and cutting plane for given object to clarify interior or hidden details

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Example 03:
1. From the cutting plane A-A draw the sectional line in section A-A

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Example 03:Answer

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Example 04;From the cutting plan A-A draw the sectional line in section A-A

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Example 04: Answer

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Benefits and limitations of using pictorial techniques: benefits eg speed of production, visual impact; limitations eg lengths and shapes not
true, not produced to a recognised standard, dimensions difficult to read; consequences of interpretation errors eg incorrect manufac-
ture, incorrect assembly, cost to scrap;

A Pictorial drawing provides a 3D image to help understand the shape of an object or to assist in interpreting a drawing. There are 3 main ways to
draw a pictorial drawing,
1. Isometric, 2. Oblique, 3. Perspective.

Isometric drawings

Advantages:

0 Know what the object should look like when completed

0 Easy to draw

0 Quick to draw

0 it will show 3 side of the drawing clearly. But 1 or 2 point perspective drawing will give more detail.

0 assists you in drawing the primary axis lines

0 Isometric drawings are drawn to the same scale along all three axes (x,y,z) so are useful for giving a sense of relative dimensions, and three dimensional scale. Measurements

0 can also be taken from the drawings for items that lie along or parallel to an axis.

0 they can provide an overall view of a given part/assembly/design

Disadvantages:

0 With the various orthographic views it can be difficult to get a clear picture of how the different views fit together to form the final part.

0 Not all views shown i.e the base

0 Dimensions not always shown

0 Time consuming when drawing circles

0 Hidden detail not always shown

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Benefits and limitations of using pictorial techniques: benefits eg speed of production, visual impact; limitations eg lengths and shapes not
true, not produced to a recognised standard, dimensions difficult to read; consequences of interpretation errors eg incorrect manufac-
ture, incorrect assembly, cost to scrap;

A Pictorial drawing provides a 3D image to help understand the shape of an object or to assist in interpreting a drawing. There are 3 main ways to
draw a pictorial drawing,
1. Isometric, 2. Oblique, 3. Perspective.

Oblique drawings

Advantages:

0 When the item is being made the person making it knows all information needed and knows what needs to be done

0 easy enough to do with simple shapes

0 Its a simple way of projecting the third dimension from a flat 2 dimensional drawing

0 Hidden detail is shown

Disadvantages:

0 The other faces on the drawing are at distorted angles

0 but not very convincing where other shapes are concerned. It varies from true perspective in that the lines don't converge at vanishing points

0 Can take longer to produce the drawing

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Draw isometric & oblique drawings for given object and views

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Be able to interpret engineering drawings that comply with drawing standards:
Example:
Mechanical systems drawing :is a type of technical drawing that shows information about heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.[1] It is a power-
ful tool that helps analyze complex systems. These drawings are often a set of detailed drawings used for construction projects; it is a requirement for
all HVAC work. They are based on the floor and reflected ceiling plans of the architect. After the mechanical drawings are complete, they become part
of the construction drawings, which is then used to apply for a building permit. They are also used to determine the price of the project.[1]

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Assembly drawing
The assembly drawing typically includes three orthographic views of the system: overall dimensions, weight and mass, identification of all the com-
ponents, quantities of material, supply details, list of reference drawings, and notes. Assembly drawings detail how certain component parts are as-
sembled.
An assembly drawing shows which order the product is put together, showing all the parts as if they were stretched out. This will help a welder to
understand how the product will go together so he get an idea of where the weld is needed. The assembly drawing will contain the following; infor-
mation overall dimensions, weight and mass, identification of all the components, quantities of material, supply details, list of reference drawings,
and notes.

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Detail drawing
In detail drawings, components used to build the mechanical system are described in some detail to show that the designer's specifications are met:
relevant codes, standards, geometry, weight, mass, material, heat treatment requirements, surface texture, size tolerances, and geometric tolerances.

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Fabrication drawings
A fabrication is made up of many different parts. A fabrication drawing has a list of parts that make up the fabrication. In the list, parts are identified
(balloons and leader lines) and complex details are included: welding details, material standards, codes, and tolerances, and details about heat/
stress treatments.

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Sketch drawing
Line diagrams and layouts indicating basic proposals, location of main items of plant, routes of main pipes, air ducts and cable runs in such detail as
to illustrate the incorporation of the engineering services within the project as a whole

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Schematic drawing Circuit diagrams: circuits eg electrical, electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic; components eg transformers, rectifiers, sole-
noids, resistors, capacitors, diodes, valves, pumps, actuators, cylinders, receivers, compressors

The schematic is a line diagram, not necessarily to scale, that describes interconnection of components in a system. The main features of a schematic
drawing show:
A two dimensional layout with divisions that show distribution of the system between building levels, or an isometric-style layout that shows distri-
bution of systems across individual floor levels
All functional components that make up the system, i.e., plant items, pumps, fans, valves, strainers, terminals, electrical switchgear, distribution and
components Symbols and line conventions, in accordance with industry standard guidance Labels for pipe, duct, and cable sizes where not shown

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Interpret: obtaining information from engineering drawings eg component features, dimensions and tolerances, sur-
face finish, manufacturing detail, assembly instructions, parts list, circuit operation

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5.2-Identify and collect all data required for production of the drawing
Production drawings ;(sometimes called working drawings) are complete sets of drawings that detail
the manufacturing and assembly of products (as distinct from engineering drawings prepared by and/or for production engineers whose task it to
decide how best to manufacture the products). Machine operators, production line workers and supervisors all use production drawings.
Material and component specifics are commonly provided in the title block of a production drawing. Sub-assemblies (or the main assembly of com-
ponents) are usually shown and the production drawings may specify where each assembled component will be built. Production drawings also rec-
ord the number of parts that are required for making the assembled unit and may form an essential part of the documentation required to authorise
the production of the item described

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2D Detail Drawing:
A 2D detail drawing communicates all the information necessary for producing a part. Hence it must be ensured that this 2D drawing is compliant
with the drafting standards. The Standards BS 8888, specifies the drafting requirements. (BS 8888 is the British standard developed by the BSI
Group for technical product documentation, geometric product specification, geometric tolerance specification and engineering drawings )
The following must be considered when producing 2D drawings to ensure that the Drawing communicates all the relevant information necessary
for producing the part.
1. Enough orthogonal views: enough views to adequately describe the component.
2. Dimensions: Must be evenly distributed, structured and not duplicated.
3. Scale: Drawing must state the scale used to fit the component onto the drawing sheet.
4. The type of projection: Third Angle Projection is mandatory .
5. Drafting Standard (BS 8888).
6. The name or title of drawing: What is the name of the component?
7. The drawing number: What is the number (in-house system) of the component?
8. Dimensional units used: mm, m, inches, feet etc.
9. Tolerances: What are the manufacturing tolerances for each part of the component?
10. Surface texture (or roughness): How smooth/rough each part of the component has to be.
11. Treatments (coatings, tempers etc.): Does the component need protective coatings?
12. Reference to assembly drawing: What does my component fit into?
13. Material: What material is the component manufactured from?
14. Drafter (who drew it), Checker (who checked it), Approver (who approved it) and dates
15. Zones: Where on the drawing are you referring to?
16. Revision: What has been revised and why and what revision is this drawing?
17. Sheet Size : A4, A3, A2, A1 or A0
18. Company: Name of the company.
19. Sheets Reference (eg. Sheet 1 of 3): When more than one sheet is required.

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Sample of : STANDARD SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS. TO BS8888 symbols and abbreviations eg A/F, CHAM, Ф, R, PCD, M; circuit symbols eg
electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic

M1-Explain the importance of working to recognised standards when producing engineering drawings

Drawing standards: British Standards eg BS8888, BS3939,

BS2917, PP7307; company-standardised
layouts eg drawing number, title and issue number, projec-
tion symbols (first angle, third angle), scale,
units, general tolerances, name of person responsible for
producing drawing; line types eg centre,
construction, outline, hidden, leader, dimension; lettering
eg titles, notes; orthographic projection eg first
angle, third angle; views eg elevation, plan, end, section,
auxiliary; representation of common features
eg screw threads, springs, splines, repeated items; section
views eg hatching style, webs, nuts, bolts and
pins, solid shafts;

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Surface finish: Surface Texture or Roughness:

Surface textures resulting from manufacturing processes consist of many complex peaks and valleys varying in height and spac-
ing. The Roughness value of a surface is a measure of this surface quality. The table below gives some nominal values of rough-
ness resulting from various common manufacturing processes. If a particular surface finish is required you give clear instruc-
tions on the drawing using the British Standard machining symbol.

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Examples how to read and write surface finish:

Example 01:
A flat plate is faced on the surface using a CNC lathe, the turning allowance must be 5mm and after which a surface finish of 1.6 micro meter
is required.
How will you communicate this information on the drawing?

Example 02:

A steel block has to be milled and must contain a N5 roughness value. How will you communicate this information on the drawing?

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Task 08:Teacher have to provide students with drawing with drawing symbols and aske them to re-draw it, he should explain them the meaning
of these symbols –boys have to drawing two drawings and girls have to draw one only ,below are examples

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Example 02 Task 08-

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Example 03 Task 08

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Example 03 Task 08-explanation

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Tolerance:
Tolerance can be defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum limits of size. There are various types of tolerances depending upon
the nature of surface considered.
Since variation from the drawing is inevitable due to factors such as tool wear etc., the acceptable degree of variation must be specified. Large varia-
tion may affect the functionality of the part, while Small variation will affect the cost of the part.
1-General Tolerances:
are specified when all dimension in the drawings have the same tolerance.
These notes are used to reduce the number of dimensions required on a drawing and to promote drawing clarity.

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2-Tolerances specified for size:
Tolerances specified for size can be either Limit Tolerance or Plus/Minus tolerance.
A-Limit Tolerances – (example 12.75/12.25)

B-Plus/Minus tolerance.

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 The difference between these two sizes is called the tolerance.

From the Fig. below the following can be

Calculated:
The largest permissible dimension
= 70.1 mm (70 + 0.1 = 70.1 mm)

The smallest permissible dimension

= 69.7 mm (70 – 0.3 = 69.7 mm)

The tolerance = 0.4 mm

(70.1 – 69.7 = 0.4 mm)

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Example: P3-interpret the main features of a given engineering drawing which complies with drawing standards which complies with
drawing standards

Examine the engineering drawings in this document, identify and read the drawing for the STS SPANNER.

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Examine the engineering drawings in this document, identify which is the most up to date then plan the stages in manufacture for this drawing and
make the cone.

Read the drawings before the machining process

From the drawings above answer the following questions:
1. What is the distance between the two head?262mm.
2. What is the radius of the first head? R60.
3. What is the general tolerance for dimensions ? ±2mm .
4. What is the maximum diameter of the cone ?21mm.
5. What is the overall length of the spanner ?260+40+60=362 mm.
6. Write the following tolerance in other format ?120±1mm
7. Find the two limits from tolerance ?262mm. And 258 mm
8. What is the name of the spanner ?STS Spanner.
9. Write the following toler- ance in different format ?
10. What is the scale of the drawing? 1:1

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Example: P3interpret the main features of a given engineering drawing which complies with drawing standards

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Read the drawings before the machining process
From the drawings above answer the following questions:
1. What is the revision number of drawing? 01.
2. What material is needed for the cone? Brass or aluminium .
3. What is the maximum diameter of the cone ? 21mm.
4. What is the overall length of the cone? 40mm.
5. What is the angle of the chamfered edges?45.
6. What is the depth of the threaded hole? 10mm.
7. What Tap size is needed for the thread? M5.
8. What is the taper length? 15mm.

9.What is the symbol mean ? Turn operation with 4 mm allowance and 1.6 surface finish

10.What is the smallest diameter o of the taper? 10mm.

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Task 09: Use the drawing below to answer the question from 1 to 10

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1. what is the depth of the holes ?

2. What is the holes radius ?

3. What is the maximum length of the workpiece?

4. What is the maximum width of the workpiece ?

5. What is the title of the drawing?

6. What is the drawing scale?

7. What is the material?

8. What is the general tolerance for the drawing ?

9. What is the tolerance of the 15±0.3 mm?

10. what dose this symbol mean?

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