1.

0 DRAINAGE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Background of Project

This project is a proposed construction of a town with an area of 65 hectares. We,

Good Job Builder Sdn. Bhd., is proposing a city with an urban concept. The proposed

project is located at Bandar Penawar, Kota Tinggi. The drainage design is following the

manual and rules of the Manual Mesra Alam Malaysia (Urban Stormwater Management

Manual for Malaysia, MASMA).

1.1.2 Objectives Of Project

The main objectives of this project are stated at below.

 To determine the effective and efficient system drainage in order to get the

best design of drain in aspects of economy and efficiency of runoff flow

based on the MASMA design procedure.

 To get the information of drainage system that impact the project based on

manual of MASMA.

 To design an efficient size and shape of the channel that suited with

economy and intensity of surface runoff.

1-1
1.1.3 Drainage System

Drainage system is a system that removes excess water from the land surface or

from the soil profile. There are two types of drainage systems; sub-surface drainage

system and surface drainage system.

a) Subsurface drainage

Subsurface drainage will removes excess water from the soil profile. It is installed

beneath the ground surface to collect or convey drainage water to an outlet. It can

be divided into open drainage, mole drainage and pipe drainage. The drainage

system applied in this project is open drainage system that designed for residential

area. The open drainage system usually serves for high water discharge and

economical in design compare to other systems.

b) Surface drainage

Surface drainage is used to flow all the surface water so that to control and avoid

damage caused by water that percolate into soil. The increase of moisture in soil

will decrease the strength of slice soil and ruin the basic structure layer such as

building and roads. The examples of this drainage system are such as surface

drainage system for flat area and drainage system for sloping area.

1-2
1.1.4 Culvert

A culvert is a drain or pipe that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail,

or similar obstruction. Culverts differ from bridges mainly in size and construction.

Culverts are generally smaller than bridges. Culverts are typically surrounded by soil. It

can also help in restricting flow and reducing downstream peak flows. Besides that, it can

support the embankment or roadway to control traffic.

Concrete pipe culvert is used in this project to design for the culvert system. Pipe

culvert which is made of concrete and corrugated metal is used to flow the low flow. The

culvert is readily pre-cast and used in the construction.

1.1.5 Type Of System

a) Major System

Major system is used to convey runoff from a major storm to waterways and

rivers. This system is expected to protect the community from the

consequences of large, reasonably rare events, which could cause severe flood

damage, injury and even loss of life. The design objectives of major system

are such as to reduce the damage of infrastructure services, to reduce flood

damage, to reduce disruption of normal business activities, increase the land

value and so on. Typically the recommended return period of major system is

100 year ARI.

1-3
 b) Minor System

The minor system is designed to convey runoff from a minor storm, which

occur relatively frequently, and would otherwise cause inconvenience and

nuisance flooding. The minor system typically comprises a network of kerbs,

gutters, inlets, open drains and pipes. The design objectives of minor system

are such as to improve the aesthetics, reduction in minor traffic accidents,

reduced roadway maintenance and so on. The return period of minor system is

between the range of 2 year and 10 year ARI.

1.2 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DRAINAGE

1.2.1 Reference

Manual Mesra Alam Malaysia (Urban Stormwater Management Manual for

Malaysia, MASMA) is the main reference that is used as guidance in designing the

drainage system as MASMA are the standard used in Malaysia. This manual shows the

design procedure to be followed based on certain case and criteria.

1.2.2 Discharge Design

First of all, we must make the planning of the drainage layout system and

estimation of the total runoff water. The drainage layout system gives details of the flow

direction which it connects every point of the sump and then distributes runoff water well.

Those of factors that will affect the layout of the drainage system are such as ground
1-4
conditions, building locations, roads locations and peak flow discharge. To plan out a

good drainage layout system, the topography of the catchment area is observed. Then, we

calculate the slope of the catchment. This is important because we need to decide the

level of the designed drainage system so that water can flow into the pond. Whereas

estimation of the total runoff water is essential in giving details to design the appropriate

drain sizes to flow water.

1.2. 3 Rational Method

Rational method has been chosen to be used to determine the peak flow of the sub

catchment area. Assumption used in this method:

 The rainfall intensity is the same over the entire catchment area.

 The rainfall intensity is uniform over a period of time duration equal to the time

of concentration, tc.

The formula od rational method is shown below.

Cavg y I t A
Qy 
360

Where,

Qy = 5 year ARI peak flow (m3/s);

C = dimensionless runoff coefficient, values is obtained from the design
chart 14.3 (urban area);
y
It = n year ARI average rainfall intensity over time of concentration, tc

(mm/hr)
A = drainage area (ha)

1-5
1.2. 4 Time of Concentration, tc

The time of concentration is the flow travel time from the most hydraulically

remote point in the contributing area to the point of outlet. According to table 14.3 of

MASMA, the minimum time of concentration for any of the catchments area should be

not less than 5 minutes.

The formula used is:

tc = t0 + td

Where,

tc = time of concentration.

t0 = overland flow time.

td = channel flow time.

1.2. 5 Overland Flow Time

Overland flow is the quantity of water that moves across the land surface to reach

into a drainage channel. Overland flow is from runoff and from surfacing of subsurface

flows. Maximum flow distance, surface roughness, rainfall intensity and infiltration rate

may affect the overland flow time. Overland flow over unpaved surfaces initially occurs

as sheet flow for a short time and distance. The length of the overland flow will be less

than 50 meters in urban areas since the flow will become concentrated against fence,

paths, and structures or intercepted by open drains.

The formula of overland flow time is:

1-6
 1
107 nL3
to  1
2
s
Where,
n = Manning’s roughness value for the surface, values are obtained
from table 14.2
L = Overland sheet flow path length (m)
s = Slope of overland surface (%)

This equation is simplified in Design Chart 14.1 of MASMA.

1.2. 6 Channel Flow Time

Channel flow time is the time storm water takes to flow along an open channel. It

can be determined by the formula below.

L
td 
V

Where,

L = pipe length (m)

V = average pipe velocity (m/s).

In this project, the velocity is assumed as 1.0 m/s, the assumption made for the

average velocity should be in the range of 0.6 m/s to 4.0 m/s, with 4.0 m/s is the

maximum.

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1.2.7 Polynomial Approximation of IDF Curves

Polynomial Approximation of IDF Curves is expressed in the form of equation:

ln(Rlt) = a + b ln(t) + c (ln (t))2 + d (ln (t))3

Where,

R
lt = the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI and duration t.

R = average return intervals (years).

t = durations (min).

a, b, c and d = fitting constants dependent on ARI, values are obtained from Appendix1

13.A.

1.2.8 Design Rainfall Depth

The design rainfall depth Pd for a short duration d (min) is given by,

Pd = P30 – Fd(P60-P30) whereas

P60, P30 = the 30-minute and 60-minute duration rainfall depths respectively.

Fd = the adjustment factor for storm duration, value is obtained from the

Table 13.3

This equation is used for storm durations of less than 30 minute and any ARI within

the range of 2 – 100 years.

1-8
1.2.9 Rainfall Intensity

Rainfall intensity can be converted from rainfall depth. It can be determined by

Pd
I where
d

Pd = rainfall depth (mm)

d = duration (hours).

1.2.10 Runoff Coefficient

The runoff coefficient accounts for the integrated effects of rainfall interception,

infiltration, depression storage and temporary storage in transit of the peak rate of runoff.

The runoff coefficient, Ci is a function of the ground cover and a host of other hydrologic

abstractions. The value of Ci is obtained from the Design Chart 14.3 (Urban areas). For

rainfall intensity I values between 200 and 400 mm/hr, linear interpolation used between

the applicable C values for I= 200 mm/hr and I=400 mm/hr.

1.2.11 Example of Drain Calculation

There are 6 sectios of drain, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6. In this example calculation,

section D1 is shown below.

Catchment area = 13.56 ha

Drain length ld = 625 m

1-9
Overland flow length lo = 30 m

Slope, S = 1/300 = 0.3%

Manning, n = 0.011

Minor system design ARI = 5 years

Velocity, v = 1.0 m/s = 60 m/min

Step 1: Determination of time concentration, tc ,

1
107 nL3
to  1
s2

= [(107)(0.011)(625^(1/3))]/[0.3^(1/2)]

= 17.52

td = ld /v 625/60

= 10.42 min

Time of concentration, tc = to + td = 17.52 + 10.42

= 27.94 min > 5 min. thus ok! (refer to Table 14.3-minimum tc)

Step 2: Determine I & C

Refer to Table 13.A1, Coefficient for the IDF equation.

ARI = 5 years

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Site located at Kluang, Johor,

a = 4.3251

b = 1.0147

c = -0.3308

d = 0.0205

ln (RIt) = a + b ln(t) + c [ln(t)]2 + d [ln(t)]3 (Eq 13.2)

for t= 10 min,

ln 5I10 = 4.3251 + 1.0147 ln (10) – 0.3308 (ln (10)) 2 + 0.0205 (10) )3

= 5.15
5
I30 = 172.4 mm/hr

Step 3: Determine Q

By Using Rational Method,

Runoff coefficient for I = 172.4 mm/hr, C = 0.95 (design chart 14.3 MASMA)

Q = CIA / 360 (Eq 14.7)

QARI = C.I.A = (0.95 x 172.4 x 13.56) / 360

= 6.17 m3/s

Qpeak= 6.17 m3/s

1-11
Drain Detail

Try drain size of 1500 x 1500 mm.

Depth, y = 1.5 m

Width, b = 1.5 m

Cross section area (square) , A = b x y = 2.25 m2

Welted perimeter, P = b + 2y = 4.5 m

Hydraulic radius R = A / P

= 0.5

Flow capacity, Qc = AR2/3S1/2/n

= (13.56)(0.52/3)(0.31/2)/(0.011)

= 7.4 m3/s

Qc > Qpeak , thus ok!

1.3 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CULVERT

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1.3.1 Headwater

Headwater is the total flow depth in the stream measured from the invert of the

culvert inlet. Any culvert that constricts the natural stream flow will cause a rise in the

upstream water surface. The surrounding ground or the elevation at which the road

formation cuts through the hydraulics line will limit the available headwater.

1.3.2 Hydraulic

The most important consideration in culvert hydraulics is whether the flow is

subject to inlet control or outlet control. The flow hydraulics in the culvert is either under

condition of full flow in closed conduit or part full flow under uniform flow or non-

uniform flow. In designing culverts, the type of control is decided based on which

headwater depths calculated for both inlet control and outlet control.

1.3.3 Inlet Control

At inlet control, the factors to consider are entrance conditions such as the

entrance type, existence and angle of headwalls and wing walls and the projection of the

culvert into the headwater pond. However, the roughness and length of the culvert cell

and the outlet condition are not the factors in determining culvert capacity in inlet control.

1-13
1.3.4 Outlet Control

Culverts flowing with outlet control can flow with the culvert cell full or with the

cell part full for all of the culvert length. The head, H or energy required to pass a given

flow through a culvert operating under outlet control is

H = Hv + He + Hf

where
V2
Hv is velocity head, is given by Hv 
2g

where

V = the mean velocity in the culvert cell

g = acceleration due to gravity

He is the entrance loss, is given by

V2
H e  Ke
2g

(Ke is the entrance loss coefficient which depends on the inlet geometry primarily

through the effect it has on contraction of the flow. The values is given on Design

Chart 27.2)

Hf is the friction loss along the conduit, is given by

2 gn 2 L V 2
Hf  
R1.33 2g

where

1-14
 n = Manning’s friction factor;

L = length (m) of culvert cell;

V = mean velocity (m/s) of flow in culvert cell;

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2;

R = hydraulics radius (m) = A/Wp;

A = area (m2) of flow for full cross-section;

Wp = wetted perimeter (m)

So, the full flow of energy head can be simplified as

2 gn 2 L V 2
H  [1  K e  1.33 ]
R 2g

Besides that, the head, H value may obtain from the use of the full flow
nomographs in Design Charts 27.3 to 27.5.

Headwater depth, HWo can be determined by the equation:

HWo = H + ho –LS
where
H = head (m)
ho = greater of TW and (hc + D)/2, in which h  D
hc = critical depth (m) from the design Charts in Appendix 27.A
D = culvert height (m)
L = length (m) of culvert
S = slope (m/m) of cell

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1.3.5 Tail water Depth

Tail water depth is the depth from the culvert invert at the outlet to the water

surface in the outlet channel. Tail water is controlled by a downstream obstruction or by

water levels in another stream. There are two tail water condition can occur with culverts

operating under outlet control,

i. Tail water at or below top of opening

ii. Tail water above the top of the opening

In the project, the tail water at downstream assumed to be not control. Therefore,

the tail water of downstream is ignored in design procedure.

1.3.6 Example Of Culvert Calculation

Culvert 1:
Step 1: Data

Flow, Q = 6. 17 m3/s
Culvert Length = 12 m
Drain Invert Level:
Inlet = 32.90 m
Outlet = 31.86 m
Freeboard = 0.3 m
Road level = 35.0 m
Maximum water level, HW max = 35 – 32.9 - 0.3 = 1.8 m
Velocity assumed, v = 2 m/s
Area estimated = Q/v
= 6.17 / 2
= 3.09 m2
Step 2: Assume Inlet Control
1-16
Try culvert box with dimension of 1.8m x 1.8m
Area, A = 1.8 x 1.8
= 3.24 m2
N =1
Q/NB = 6.17 / (1 x 1.8)
= 3.43
From Design Chart 27.4 with Q/NB = 3.43 m3/s, D = 1.8m,
HW/D = 0.92
HW = 0.92 x 1.8 = 1.66 < HW max = 1.80 m . Ok!

Step 3: Check For Outlet Control

The downstream tail water level controlled, therefore the TW is 0.5

Area, A = 3.24 m2
Perimeter, P = 7.2 m
R = A/P = 0.45
Velocity, v = Q/A = 6.17/3.24
= 1.9 m2
Fall of culvert invert, Ls = 0.04 m
TW = 0.5
From Design Chart 27.9 with Q/NB = 3.43, B = 1.8,
hc = 1.1
From Design Chart 27.11 with Q/N = 6.17, A = 3.24,
H = 0.1
HW outlet = [(hc+B)/2] + H – Ls
= [(1.1+1.8)/2] + 0.1 – 0.04
= 1.51 < HW inlet = 1.66. Thus ok!

1-17
Step 4: Flow Velocity

For culbert box with dimension 1.8m x 1.8m:

A = 1.8 x 1.8 = 3.24
V=Q/A
=6.17/3.24
= 1.90 m/s < 8.0m/s OK

Step 5: Summary
Use 1800 mm x 1800 mm culvert box.

1.4 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DETENTION POND

1.4.1 Detention Pond

A detention pond is a stormwater management facility installed on, or adjacent to,

tributaries of rivers, streams, lakes or bays that is designed to protect against flooding and,

in some cases, downstream erosion by storing water for a limited period of a time. In its

basic form, a detention pond is used to manage water quantity while having a limited

effectiveness in protecting water quality.

1.4.2 Function Of Detention Pond

Detention pond provides general flood protection and can also control extreme

floods such as a 1 in 100-year storm event. A pond functions by allowing large flows of

water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at the lowest point of the

structure. The size of this opening is determined by the capacity of underground and

downstream culverts and washes to handle the release of the contained water.

1.4.3 Example Of Detention Pond Calculation

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Determination of Post Development Flow (Q-post) and Pre Development Flows

(Q-pre) for 5 year ARI.

DETENTION POND FLOWS (Q-post – 5 years)

Solution:

Q = (C I A) / 360

Determine Rainfall Intensity (I) at major system design

Area = 32520 m2

tc = 60 minutes

To calculate rainfall intensity,

ln(I) = a + bln(t) + cln(t)2 + dln(t)3

For Kluang Johor, 5 year ARI (major system design ARI) and tc = 60 min

a = 5.0571

b = 0.4815

c = -0.222

d = 0.0103

ln(5I60) = 5.0571+ 0.4815ln(60) + -0.222 [ln(60)]2 + 0.0103 [ln(60)]3

5
I60 = 172.4 mm/hr

Using the Rational Method, the pre and post-development are calculated
5
I60 = 172.4 mm/hr

For pre-development
1-19
 C = 0.87

(Category 2)

For post-development

C = 0.72

(Category 4)

Qpre = CIA

360

= 0.87 x 172.4 x 32.52

360

= 13.55 m3/s

Qpost = CIA

360

= 0.72 x 172.4 x 32.52

360

= 11.21 m3/s

Determination of Pond Required Area and Highest Water Level For Post-

development Flows (Qpost) at 5year ARI

DETENTION POND SIZE (HWL-5years)

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Qpost 5years = 11.21 m3/s

Tc = 60min

Pond Volume,V60 = 11.21 x 60 x 60

= 40356 m3

Assume depth of water = 4m

Area required = 40356 / 4

= 10069 m2

Provide:

Pond area = 4500 m2

Pond Volume = 4500 x 4

= 18000 m3

APPENDICES

1-21
 Average Recurrence Interval ARI of Design
Type of Development Storm (year)

(See Note 1) Quantity Quality

Minor Major System
System (see Note 2 & 3)
Open Space, Parks and
1 Up to 100
Agricultural Land in urban areas
Residential:
Low Density
2 Up to 100
(<5 dwelling units/ha)
Medium Density 3 month ARI (for
5 Up to 100
(5-20 dwelling units/ha) all types of
High Density development)
10 Up to 100
(>20 dwelling units/ha)
Commercial/Business and
5 Up to 100
Industrial – other than CBD
Commercial, Business, Industrial 10 Up to 100
in Central Business District
(CBD) areas of large cities

Table 1.4.1: Design Storm ARIs for Urban Storm water

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 Design Chart 1.4.1: Nomograph for Estimating Overland Sheet Flow Times
(Source: AR&R, 1977)
(Overland Sheet Flow Times - Shallow Sheet Flow Only)

Surface Type Manning’s n Range

Concrete/Asphalt** 0.011 0.01-0.013
Bare Sand** 0.01 0.01-0.06
Bare Clay-Loam (eroded)** 0.02 0.012-0.033
Gravelled Surface** 0.02 0.012-0.03
Packed Clay** 0.03 0.02-0.04
Short Grass** 0.15 0.10-0.20
Light Turf* 0.20 0.15-0.25
Lawns* 0.25 0.20-0.30
Dense Turf* 0.35 0.30-0.40
Pasture* 0.35 0.30-0.40
Dense Shrubbery and Forest Litter* 0.40 0.35-0.50

Table 1.4.2 : Values of Manning’s 'n' for Overland Flow

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 1.0

0.9 1

0.8

0.7

0.6
Runoff Coefficient, C

0.5

0.4

0.3

Imperv ious Roofs, C oncrete

8 1
C ity A reas F ull and Solidly Built Up
Surface C lay , Poor P av ing, Sandstone Rock
2
C ommercial & C ity A reas C losely Built Up
0.2 3 Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth

Bare Earth, Earth w ith Sandstone O utcrops

4
Urban Residential Fully Built Up w ith Limited Gardens

5 Bare Loam, Suburban Residential w ith Gardens

Widely Detached Houses on O rdinary Loam

0.1 6
Suburban F ully Built Upon Sand Strata

7 P ark Law ns and Meadow s

C ultiv ated F ields w ith Good Grow th

8
Sand Strata

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Rainfall Intensity, I (mm/hr)

Design Chart 1.4.2: Runoff Coefficients for Urban Catchments

Source: AR&R, 1977

1-24
 Table 1.4.3: Value of FD
2
Ph24h
Duration West Coast East Coast
(minutes)  100 120 150  180 All
5 2.08 1.85 1.62 1.40 1.39
10 1.28 1.13 0.99 0.86 1.03
15 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.74
20 0.47 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.48
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 1.4.4: Table 13. A1 for Kluang, Johor

(data period 1976 – 1990); Validity: 30  tc 1000

1-25
REFERENCE FOR CULVERT

1-26
1-27
1-28
1-29
1-30
1.5 RESULT

Drain design :

to
Drain Manning Slope Slope % l o (m) l d (m) Area (ha) (min) t d (min)
D1 0.011 1/300 0.33 30 625 13.56 6.33 10.42
D2 0.011 1/300 0.33 40 650 18.96 6.97 10.83
D3 0.011 1/300 0.33 50 350 15.36 7.51 5.83
D4 0.011 1/300 0.33 20 450 3.66 5.53 7.50
D5 0.011 1/300 0.33 30 400 9.5 6.33 6.67
D6 0.011 1/300 0.33 35 375 3.5 6.67 6.25

I Q capacity
t c (min) (mm/hr) C Q peak (m^3/s) DRAIN USED (m^3/s) Remarks
16.75 172.4 0.95 6.17 1500x1500 7.4 ok !
17.81 172.4 0.95 8.63 1800x1500 9.6 ok !
13.34 172.4 0.95 6.99 1500x1500 7.4 ok !
13.03 172.4 0.95 1.67 1200x900 2.8 ok !
13.00 172.4 0.95 4.32 1200x1200 4 ok !
12.92 172.4 0.95 1.59 1200x900 2.8 ok !

1-31
 DRAIN Q capacity FREE
SIZE(mm) b (m) y (m) A P R n S (m^3/s) BOARD DEPTH
1200X600 1.2 0.6 0.72 2.4 0.30 0.011 0.0033 1.69 0.3 0.9
1200X900 1.2 0.9 1.08 3 0.36 0.011 0.0033 2.85 0.3 1.2
1500X1500 1.5 1.5 2.25 4.5 0.50 0.011 0.0033 7.40 0.3 1.8
1200x1200 1.2 1.2 1.44 3.6 0.40 0.011 0.0033 4.08 0.3 1.5
1800x1200 1.8 1.2 2.16 4.2 0.51 0.011 0.0033 7.24 0.3 1.5
1800x1500 1.8 1.5 2.7 4.8 0.56 0.011 0.0033 9.61 0.3 1.8

1-32
 Culvert Design : Catchment Area 1A :

CULVERT Q (m3/s) LENGTH(m) SLOPE INLET LEVEL(m) OUTLET LEVEL(m) Road level Freeboard ALLOWABLE HW(m) Assume V Estimated A B(m) h(m) A design
C1 6.17 12 0.003 32.9 31.86 35.0 0.3 1.80 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C2 6.17 12 0.003 32.6 32.56 35.0 0.3 2.10 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C3 6.17 12 0.003 32.4 32.36 35.0 0.3 2.30 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C4 6.17 12 0.003 32.10 32.06 35.0 0.3 2.60 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C5 6.17 12 0.003 32.20 32.16 34.5 0.3 2.00 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C6 6.17 12 0.003 31.9 31.86 34.0 0.3 1.80 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C7 6.17 12 0.003 32.2 32.16 34.5 0.3 2.00 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C8 6.17 12 0.003 31.6 31.56 35.0 0.3 3.10 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C9 6.17 12 0.003 31.50 31.46 35.0 0.3 3.20 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C10 6.17 12 0.003 34.50 34.46 36.5 0.3 1.70 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C11 6.17 12 0.003 32.70 32.66 35.0 0.3 2.00 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C12 6.17 12 0.003 32.50 32.46 37.0 0.3 4.20 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C13 6.17 12 0.003 32.70 32.66 35.0 0.3 2.00 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C14 6.17 12 0.003 35.10 35.06 37.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C15 6.17 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C16 6.17 12 0.003 33.90 33.86 36.0 0.3 1.80 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C17 6.17 12 0.003 33.70 33.66 36.0 0.3 2.00 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24
C18 6.17 12 0.003 33.50 33.46 36.0 0.3 2.20 2 3.09 1.8 1.8 3.24

N Q/NB HW/D (chart 27.4) Hw inlet Hwi<Hw Area Perimeter R V Ls Tw hc (chart27.9) H(chart 27.11) Hw outlet Hwo <Hwi V < 8m/s Proposed size
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.43 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 1.90 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1-33
Catchment Area 1B :

C17 8.63 12 0.003 30.90 30.86 35.0 0.3 3.80 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C18 8.63 12 0.003 31.20 31.16 35.0 0.3 3.50 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C19 8.63 12 0.003 31.40 31.36 35.0 0.3 3.30 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C20 8.63 12 0.003 32.70 32.66 36.0 0.3 3.00 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C21 8.63 12 0.003 32.50 32.46 36.0 0.3 3.20 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C22 8.63 12 0.003 32.40 32.36 36.0 0.3 3.30 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C23 8.63 12 0.003 33.20 33.16 36.0 0.3 2.50 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C24 8.63 12 0.003 33.30 33.26 36.0 0.3 2.40 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C25 8.63 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C26 8.63 12 0.003 33.90 33.86 36.0 0.3 1.80 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C27 8.63 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C28 8.63 12 0.003 35.10 35.06 37.5 0.3 2.10 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C29 8.63 12 0.003 35.30 35.26 37.5 0.3 1.90 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24
C30 8.63 12 0.003 35.30 35.26 37.5 0.3 1.90 2 4.32 1.8 1.8 3.24

1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 4.79 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.66 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8

1-34
Catchment Area 2A :

C31 6.99 12 0.003 34.00 33.96 36.0 0.3 1.70 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C32 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C33 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C34 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C35 6.99 12 0.003 33.70 33.66 36.0 0.3 2.00 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C36 6.99 12 0.003 33.30 33.26 36.0 0.3 2.40 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C37 6.99 12 0.003 33.30 33.26 36.0 0.3 2.40 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C38 6.99 12 0.003 35.30 35.26 37.5 0.3 1.90 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C39 6.99 12 0.003 32.90 32.86 36.0 0.3 2.80 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C40 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C41 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C42 6.99 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C43 6.99 12 0.003 33.1 33.06 35.5 0.3 2.10 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24
C44 6.99 12 0.003 33.3 33.26 35.5 0.3 1.90 2 3.50 1.8 1.8 3.24

1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8
1 3.88 0.92 1.66 OK 3.24 7.20 0.45 2.16 0.04 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.51 OK OK 1.8 x 1.8

1-35
Catchment Area 2B :

C45 1.67 12 0.003 32.5 32.46 35.0 0.3 2.20 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8
C46 1.67 12 0.003 32.40 32.36 35.0 0.3 2.30 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8
C47 1.67 12 0.003 33.30 33.26 35.0 0.3 1.40 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8
C48 1.67 12 0.003 32.9 32.86 35.0 0.3 1.80 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8
C49 1.67 12 0.003 32.6 32.56 35.0 0.3 2.10 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8
C50 1.67 12 0.003 32.2 32.16 35.0 0.3 2.50 2 0.84 1.5 1.2 1.8

1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.11 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.93 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2

1-36
Catchment Area 3A :

C51 4.32 12 0.003 32.90 32.86 35.5 0.3 2.30 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C52 4.32 12 0.003 32.70 32.66 35.5 0.3 2.50 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C53 4.32 12 0.003 33.10 33.06 36.0 0.3 2.60 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C54 4.32 12 0.003 33.70 33.66 36.5 0.3 2.50 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C55 4.32 12 0.003 34.50 34.46 37.0 0.3 2.20 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C56 4.32 12 0.003 33.90 33.86 36.5 0.3 2.30 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C57 4.32 12 0.003 34.30 34.26 37.0 0.3 2.40 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16
C58 4.32 12 0.003 32.30 32.26 35.0 0.3 2.40 2 2.16 1.8 1.2 2.16

1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2
1 2.40 1.14 2.05 OK 2.16 6.00 0.36 2.00 0.04 0.5 0.56 0.3 1.44 OK OK 1.8 x 1.2

1-37
Catchment Area 3B :

C59 1.59 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.0 0.3 1.60 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C60 1.59 12 0.003 33.50 33.46 36.0 0.3 2.20 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C61 1.59 12 0.003 30.50 30.46 34.0 0.3 3.20 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C62 1.59 12 0.003 31.50 31.46 34.0 0.3 2.20 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C63 1.59 12 0.003 33.70 33.66 36.0 0.3 2.00 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C64 1.59 12 0.003 33.90 33.86 36.0 0.3 1.80 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C65 1.59 12 0.003 32.30 32.26 34.0 0.3 1.40 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C66 1.59 12 0.003 32.10 32.06 34.0 0.3 1.60 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C67 1.59 12 0.003 34.10 34.06 36.0 0.3 1.60 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8
C68 1.59 12 0.003 34.30 34.26 36.0 0.3 1.40 2 0.80 1.5 1.2 1.8

1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2
1 1.06 0.77 1.16 OK 1.80 5.40 0.33 0.88 0.04 0.5 0.38 0.1 1.00 OK OK 1.5 x 1.2

1-38