Combating Child Trafficking in Nepal:

Government and NGO Action

Emma Schnee

Spring 2018
Inter.Action Nepal
University of Washington
1. Introduction

Maya was born in Sindhupalchok Nepal, one of the poorest areas in the world. Her family in

desperation to make ends meet sold her at the age of fifteen to a local agent for $55. They were promised

she would have a good job at a carpet factory and be able to send money home. She was deceived and

instead taken to Mumbai, India and sold to a brothel where she was forced to perform sex acts to repay a

debt that was assigned to her of 35 thousand rupees. She tried to complain to police but they did nothing.

After four years she was able to run away (Kara, 2017).

Tenzin was sold at the age of ten by his mother for NR. 1000 to work in a carpet factory in

Kathmandu. He worked in four different factories over the course of two years from three in the morning

until nine at night, seven days a week. He and the other children were locked inside and never paid wages

(Kara, 2014).

Silpa was married at sixteen. After she was married her husband sent her with a “Dalal”

(trafficker) who forced her to work in the brothels of Kamathipura for fourteen years (Kara, 2017).

These devastating stories illuminate the three most common forms of modern day child slavery:

sex work, child labor, and forced marriages. What they all have in common is that the children were

trafficked into these exploitative situations.

The International Labor Organization estimates that 24.9 million victims are trafficked into

modern day slavery. Of these one in four victims are children. In some regions of the world, such as

South East Asia where 39% of victims are children, this percentage is much higher (UNODC). In Nepal

alone 6-8 hundred thousand individuals are trafficked each year across international borders and

‘millions’ are trafficked internally (Kara 2017). Of that 36% of the victims are children (US State

Department). These children are trafficked from rural to urban areas nationally or are often taken

internationally to India, or Gulf countries.

There are numerous conditions that have allowed child trafficking to thrive in Nepal. Poverty

greatly contributes to individuals vulnerability which was exacerbated by the destruction of the 2015
earthquakes. Additionally, there is ignorance surrounding the issue, gender and caste discrimination, a

lack of capacity to protect the rights of the vulnerable, and inadequate government actions being taken.

The complexity of the issue reduces the real risk for traffickers and allows them to profit from the 58.6

billion dollar industry.

This being said there are lots of efforts being made to combat child trafficking. This paper

discusses what is currently being done by international and national actors to solve the problem in Nepal

and provides suggestions on what could be done to create a comprehensive solution. Information is

sourced from literature review as well as in person interviews with NGOs. This paper argues that

fostering collaboration, cohesion, and transparency amongst the Nepali government and NGOs has the

potential to strengthen existing efforts to combat child trafficking.

2. Overview of Child Trafficking in Nepal

Child trafficking has been present in Nepal for many years but was first exacerbated in 1996

because of policies created during the “People’s War.” During this time there was a “one family, one

child” policy where each family was required to provide one child recruit to the rebel army or otherwise

face punishment (Shaw). Families during this time were desperate to keep their children out of harm.

Traffickers took advantage of their desperation and made enticing offers to families to take their children

away and give them a better life where they could go to school. Families would give up everything in

hopes of giving their children a better life, but sadly instead of schooling children would be sold to work

in brick factories, hotels, restaurants, and the night entertainment industry. This war instigated a vast child

trafficking industry within Nepal built on the country’s poverty and government corruption.

The circumstances that caused families to give up their children during the People’s War are

similar to those of families today. After the recent earthquake in 2015, poverty and government

corruption intensified, causing yet again an ideal environment for child trafficking to thrive. Police and

activists estimate that there was a fifteen to twenty percent increase in child victims trafficked after the

earthquake (Groves). Not only were families’ livelihoods destroyed, and children separated from their

families, but dozens of traffickers that had been imprisoned in Sindhupalchok district prison escaped
when the prison collapsed during the quake (Rai). These elements all contribute to the high risk many

Nepali children face today.

There are multiple different push and pull factors within Nepalese society that allow child

trafficking to endure. Push factors are features of the lives of the children that make them more

susceptible to being trafficked. A main push factor is systemic poverty. The Multidimensional Poverty

Index of 2018 states that 28.6% of Nepal’s population experiences some form of poverty (Baumann).

When families cannot provide for their children they feel the children should either work in order to help

provide for the family or be taken to give them better opportunities. There are very few resources for

families in poverty to utilize. There are limited employment opportunities but, despite this, families still

prioritize work over education for their children. The remoteness of the areas contribute to the lack of

accessibility to education, employment, as well as basic infrastructural elements such as hospitals. A final

major push factor is gender and caste discrimination. Girls are valued less than boys and are given fewer

opportunities for education and work so when the prospect of these opportunities is offered to them

families seize the opportunity without knowing the risks.

The pull factors of child trafficking are conditions in the external environment that allow

trafficking to occur. A primary pull factor is the trickery that is involved in luring children into the

industry. Dalals are traffickers who make false promises to families about where their children will be

taken. They often are local members of the community, especially women who mirror real life

circumstances in order to recruit children. After the earthquake Dalals even posed as aid workers in order

to easily deceive children and families (Shaw). There is a lack of knowledge among children and their

guardians regarding the motives of traffickers and how to recognize their scams. The trickery that traps

children is enabled by the unregulated nature of Nepalese society surrounding trafficking. There is a lack

of regular inspections and surveillance in origin and destination districts by local police and anti-

trafficking units. It is easy to obtain fake documents, and in most cases, traffickers obtain consent orally

so if they are caught later there is no paper evidence of any agreements. The complex environment that
the push and pull factors create benefits the perpetrators and makes the problem much more difficult to

tackle in an organized manner.

Map of risk areas within Nepal based on degree of push and pull factors faced by the area.

NGO’s and the Nepalese government are trying to address these push and pull factors in a

multitude of different ways. Each have their strengths and weaknesses which will be addressed in the

following sections.

3. Government Actions

The Nepalese government has increased its efforts to adopt legislation to stop child trafficking

over time, yet the issue is still getting worse. This is the case because in practice, there is a lack of

organization, funding, and enforcement of government policies.

Human Trafficking was first criminalized in Nepal in 1986 with the Human Trafficking Control

and Punishment Act (HTTCA) of 2043. This was an important first step in recognizing the issue as one of

national significance. The Act was then updated in 1999 to add the stipulations that it is a crime to enslave

a person, to separate a minor from their guardian, or to force a woman or minor to perform sex work. The

penalties include up to twenty years in prison for trafficking or purchasing a minor, or fines of up to 200
thousand rupees (Kara, 2017). The government has a department for child trafficking that has worked on

a National Plan of Action against trafficking. They support hotlines and trafficking shelters. The

government even participates in the South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children inter-

government body. Additionally, at the local level there are district wide welfare boards, village child

protection committees, and committees for controlling human trafficking (Baumann). The fact that the

government recognizes that there needs to be a government presence at the national and local level is

constructive. Although all of these measures are necessary to prevent child trafficking, they are yet to

reach their full potential.

The 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report considers Nepal a tier 2 country. This classifies Nepal as

a country whose government does not fully meet the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000

minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves to compliance with the

standards. The main issues the government face in preventing child trafficking have to do with a lack of

sufficient funding and disorganization within the government. The National Committee for Controlling

Human Trafficking and the Anti-trafficking police unit are significantly underfunded; so much so that

they cannot even provide employees with uniforms or adequate training. Sushila Singh, the deputy

superintendent of the Nepal police cell against trafficking crimes, said that her unit only had thirty

officers who were responsible for investigating all crimes against women and children including abuse,

rape, abortion, and trafficking (Kara, 2017). There has also recently been a decrease in the amount of

money allocated to awareness campaigns to each of the 75 district committees for controlling human

trafficking from $1394 to $910 annually (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2017). There is corruption within

the government. Officials and police have been known to be easily bribed to turn a blind eye and falsified

documents are easily attainable. The lack of resources allocated to work against child trafficking is
prohibiting government progress.

A display of Nepal’s government response ranking in the global context. Most recent data is from 2016.

Another issue is that the HTTCA criminalizes slavery and bonded labor but fails to do the same

with the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or reception of children by means of force, or coercion

(Trafficking in Persons Report, 2017). This means that the actual trafficking and movement of the

children which leads to greater issues such as children working as sex slaves, or child labor, is not illegal.

Nepal’s is making significant efforts to impose change but those efforts are not supported enough

to be effective.

4. NGO Actions

NGOs have been the instigators for much of the progress that has been made towards decreasing

child trafficking in Nepal. Different organizations choose one or two of the push or pull factors to address

in their work. Each organization that is reviewed in this paper has their own approach to solve child

trafficking and just as the government has its strengths and weaknesses so do the NGOs. Here the paper
will illuminate what a sample of NGOs have been doing in the prevention of child trafficking in Nepal

and what is and is not working for them. This paper will provide an overview and analysis on the

following organizations: The American Himalayan Foundation, CWIN, and Goodweave.

4.1. The American Himalayan Foundation

The American Himalayan Foundation is an organization based in the United States that partners

with local Nepali organizations to do their work. The push and pull factors they address are poverty, caste

discrimination, and the widespread belief that a girl has little value within her family. The American

Himalayan Foundation sees education as the solution to these factors. Eighty percent of children are not

enrolled in school at the time they are trafficked (Moore). So AHF takes a multidimensional approach to

education by focusing on getting girls into schools as well as educating the girls and their families about

the realities and dangers of trafficking and early marriage. The foundation partners with the Nepali

organization RHEST (Rural Health Services Trust) and has been doing so for twenty years. RHEST

makes quarterly visits to each school in their program to provide the girls with supplies and to remind

them of the risk factors of trafficking. There are 10,500 girls in their program this year.

The American Himalayan Foundation is unique because they work on enrolling girls in the local

public government schools. This is much less expensive at only $100 a girl per year as opposed to the

exorbitant expenses it takes to build a private school and enroll children. This lower cost is a major reason

why AHF is able to have so many girls in their program. AHF understands that the education provided in

these schools is not at a high caliber but they are not trying to solve that problem. They recognize that by

physically having girls in school their value and safety increases. Their goal is not to make the children

smarter, although that is a side benefit, rather, it is to create a safe place for the kids and a network of

people around them. They have accomplished this by providing school supplies and support to the girls.

The older girls in the program teach in the afternoon on Fridays, a time the schools usually have off, in

order to provide extra support. Education surrounding the dangers of trafficking is done through

workshops that the partner organization RHEST leads.

 Quarterly RHEST field workshop reminding girls of risks of trafficking. Dachhi, Kathmandu

AHF’s strength lies in its unique direct educational approach. Whereas many organizations work

towards interception, rescue, and rehabilitation of children, AHF provides a safe physical space for the

girls, attempts to change the stigma around the value of girls, and alerts the girls and their families about

the dangers of trafficking. Another strength of AHF is their status as a large international organization

that can easily tap into the resources of international donors. This allows them to support smaller local

organizations and support wider reaching programs.

An aspect that the organization could improve upon is communication with other organizations.

When asked if the organization is aware of other organizations working in similar areas it seemed that

there was not much awareness and therefore communication between organizations working to solve the

same issue.

4.2. Goodweave
 Goodweave is an organization based in Washington DC whose primary focus is on decreasing

child labor in multiple countries including Nepal. Although child labor is not the primary focus of the

paper the methods that Goodweave use can be applied to earlier stages of trafficking.

Goodweave views the issue from a business perspective. Their goal is to decrease the demand for

goods that use child labor. They do so by putting their Goodweave label on products that are made

without child labor. By promoting their name and cause they intend to encourage people to be more

informed about their buying habits to decrease the amount of goods bought that are made with child labor.

In Nepal, they particularly focus on labeling carpets, since trafficked children are often enslaved in carpet

factories.

One issue is that the services that children are trafficked into (sex work, carpet factories, food

industry, etc) have high economic elasticity. This means that, despite price changes the demand will

always be high for these unethical services, and price cannot be used as a tool to influence the industry.

Goodweave is working to shape the habits of consumers to counter this elasticity.

They are also currently working on a program in conjunction with UNICEF and the Nepali

government to create incentives for exporters who comply with their standards. This approach could be

applied to trafficking as well. If the demand for the services that children are trafficked into decreases

then child recruitment might decrease as well. The idea of incentivizing people to buy products and use

services free of child trafficking is an intriguing approach to solving the problem but would require

government support which has proven to be difficult to attain.

4.3. CWIN

CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal) is a Nepali based organization that has been working against

child trafficking for 31 years. They approach the issue of child trafficking from a preventative angle as

well as a curative one. They do so by working with the Nepali government, giving direct education

support to over 102,700 children and implementing a hotline that has rescued and given protection to

255,000 children. What is significant about this organization is that they focus on partnerships with other
NGOs and INGOs as well as with the government, and they aim to work with the local children, not

solely for them.

CWIN partners with FORUT, a Norwegian organization, in order to receive international funding

and support. They recognize that the partnership between national and international organizations is key.

The international organizations provide resources and can bring the issue to an international audience

while the national organizations provide local expertise and a physical presence in at risk communities.

CWIN also partners with UNICEF, UNESCO, and Plan International.

CWIN is deliberately working to strengthen government mechanisms and institutions by working

with them to create policy initiatives. They recognize that this is the most difficult collaboration to uphold

as they cannot always cater to the government but also need to pressure them when progress is not made.

Despite this, CWIN has been one of the more successful organizations in their collaboration with the

government. The first child helpline that they started with support of the government is one example of

this collaboration. They believe that successful government collaboration depends on trust and that their

work should be high quality and in line with the government’s objectives. These factors need to be

present in any successful partnership whether it be NGOs and the government or between NGOs

themselves.

Community empowerment through education is another aspect of CWIN’s approach. They focus

on improving the educational environment for children to decrease drop outs. They also view children as

agents of social change and work with them to promote children’s rights through the formation of local

child clubs. This works towards decreasing ignorance surrounding child trafficking.

CWIN struggles with the issue of resources as most organizations do. In order to be more

successful they could use more human and monetary resources to widen the reach of their hotline and

local community programs.

5. Discussion

5.1. Overview
 This paper includes only a sampling of the actions the Nepali government and NGOs are

currently doing to combat child trafficking in Nepal. There are main successes and weaknesses of each

entity to draw from.

The Nepali government has many programs and policies in place that have the potential to

significantly decrease child trafficking. However, their success will depend on the availability of funds

and other resources, and the stricter implementation of policies

The American Himalayan Foundation in partnership with RHEST have been able to make

education possible for many girls who it otherwise is not. They have quarterly check-ins with each of

their schools to assess the success of their project implementation. To improve, they could widen their

partnership networks to include other NGOs and the government.

We can extend Goodweave’s view of child trafficking as a business and efforts to decrease

demand for child labor to trafficking itself. This connection has not yet been made so in order to do so

partnerships will have to be made with other organizations and the government to create economic

pressure.

The extensive community work CWIN has conducted allows them to understand local realities

and therefore focus on education through child involvement. They also are able to bring this local

knowledge up to the government level and work for policy and advocacy within the government. They

have an extensive network of partnerships both nationally and internationally. But they require more

resources to operate up to their full potential.

5.2. Suggestions

We can work towards decreasing child trafficking by building off the strengths of the NGOs and the

Nepali government and fostering increased collaboration, cohesion, and transparency between them.

There are different ways in which the Nepali government and NGOs could do this.

Recommendations for the Nepali Government

The government mainly needs to dedicate more funding and resources towards child trafficking.

By doing this they will be able to enforce the laws they already have in place and be more available to
work with and back the efforts of NGOs. They will also get closer to complying with international

standards which, in turn, will help them access more international support.

Additionally, the government needs to massively increase the risk traffickers face for

participating in the trafficking industry. Firstly, with more resources and manpower they should have

more checkpoints and police presence to catch traffickers. Next, there should be a greater punishment in

the form of larger financial penalties or longer prison sentences when traffickers are caught. This could

help to dissuade traffickers from participating.

The government should not only work on policy but also programmatic elements to prevent child

trafficking. They should partner with NGOs to support their efforts and assist with increasing awareness

and educating the Nepali population.

Recommendations for NGOs

NGOs should continue the work they have been doing to educate children and their families of

the risks of trafficking. At the same time, they should aim to scale up their efforts to deepen the impacts

of their work. They could do this through increased eradication campaigns and education for families and

children surrounding the risks of trafficking. Currently organizations are using schools as the main

channel to spread information. I think it is important to find additional means of disseminating

information in order to reach people more extensively. They could utilize technology more to create

transparency in information on the motives of traffickers. Today smartphones have reached the hands of

those even in rural areas. Films, photography and other media can also be used to raise awareness of the

issue. For example, photographs can be exhibited publicly in areas of risk to initiate a dialogue around

child trafficking. Fostering increased awareness on child trafficking will empower Nepal’s internal civil

society to hold their own government accountable. Nepal’s new constitution and redistribution of power

to local governments could also be an asset in the fight against child trafficking. It has the potential to

increase civilian influence on local governments and spur government action.

NGOs could also use the boomerang technique, often used in instances of human rights

violations, to create outside pressure on the Nepali government. The NGOs would have to partner with
international NGOs to raise awareness of the violations within Nepal. The INGOs would then have to

motivate international civil society to convince their international governments to pressure the Nepali

government. The boomerang has the potential to work well with child trafficking because people sitting at

their kitchen tables abroad tend to be more sympathetic towards issues like child trafficking, where they

can hear about individual’s stories and put a face to the atrocities.

Additionally, NGOs should collaborate to decrease the profitability of the industry. They could

work towards creating transparency in the industries that exploit children, alerting the public to which

products and services depend on child trafficking and encourage the public to use alternatives. They could

advocate for fair wages within the industries to decrease demand. Furthermore, they could raise

awareness within businesses about the role businesses play in anti-trafficking efforts. NGOs can create

alternative opportunities for children at risk through the creation of social enterprises and entrepreneurial

training to decrease victims susceptibility to child trafficking.

Plan of Action

In order to achieve these recommendations I propose a plan of action with some concrete first

steps for Nepal to combat child trafficking. Child trafficking is a global issue and Nepal could benefit

from using the unique efforts of other countries as precedents for their own initiatives. Within the first

year there would be two goals for the government and NGOs to complete.

Goal 1: Research & Defining the Problem

The Government and NGOs need to conduct further research to increase clarity on the current

situation of child trafficking in Nepal. Building upon this knowledge, they should create a precise

definition of child trafficking, in line with international definitions. Next they should use

institutional mapping to identify locations within Nepal where interventions would have the most

impact to ensure the government’s limited resources are used effectively. This is a top down

approach to the issue.

Goal 2: Pilot Project Initiation

The Nepali Government and NGOs should initiate pilot projects inspired by successful

international solutions to trafficking. Examples of several potential year 1 pilot

projects/approaches are outlined below.

2.1 There are multiple anti-trafficking apps that have been developed and proven to be

successful that should be introduced to Nepali society.

Apps geared towards people at risk

- Child Trafficking Awareness

o Provides a series of modules about trafficking to raise awareness.

- Redlight Traffic

o Helps people recognize and report signs of human trafficking.

Apps geared towards consumers

- Slavery footprint

o Asks questions about your lifestyle and calculates how many slaves work to

support that lifestyle.

- Free2Work

o Users can search different products to see if they have links to human

trafficking.

Apps geared towards officials

- Human Trafficking Toolkit

o Provides trafficking definitions, prevention tools, designed especially for law

enforcement, social workers and attorneys (Apisa, 2018).

These apps appeal to different audiences and if they were to be heavily promoted in

Nepal they could be effective in distributing information on child trafficking. It could put

valuable information in the hands of those that are not able to go to school or those that have the

ability to help others but don’t know how.

 2.2 International and Nepali prominent figures can be utilized to gain funding through

social media campaigns. For example Brandon Stanton who started Humans of New York created

a photo fundraiser for a woman trafficked into a brick factory in Pakistan. He was able to raise $2

million in less than twenty days. Famous people can use their status as leverage to gain sympathy

from the public and raise lots of funds (Long).

2.3 Operation Underground Railroad is an organization of ex US government and

military officers who partner with computer software companies to pursue and prosecute child

traffickers in at risk nations. They are currently developing an online tool that will be provided to

governments for free. They have had successes globally including in India, Thailand, and

Cambodia. This could be an important partnership for the Nepali government to make as this

organization is able to empower local law enforcement and assist them in gaining a strong footing

to prosecute traffickers on their own (Mateo).

2.4 There are also organizations trying to appeal to traffickers and try to dissuade them

from participating in the business. There is a gym in Cambodia where traffickers can work out for

free. Instead of calling the police the staff try to build relationships with the traffickers and learn

why they participate in the industry. They talk to them about the effects of trafficking and try to

discuss steps on how to leave the industry behind. This is an attempt at directly preventing the

traffickers themselves. This could also be constructive in gaining more knowledge on the motives

of traffickers within Nepal which can be used to create other prevention techniques. (Reyes)

These precedents suggest bottom up approaches to solving child trafficking.

After the first year the long term goals of the action plan would support the convergence and

interconnection of bottom up pilot initiatives and top down efforts to generate data on child trafficking

and enforce child trafficking policies. Potential longer term goals would be within five years to have a

firm idea of the number of children being trafficked in Nepal and ensure that enough funding is provided

to committees, and police units for effective operation. Within ten years a formalized strategy for

partnership and collaboration between the Government and NGOs should be in place. Within that
network the goal should be to continue to increasingly recognize vulnerable children and be proactive

about creating a safe environment for them where they will no longer be vulnerable. The number of

children trafficked should be markedly less than it was at the 5 year mark.

6. Conclusion

It is daunting to tackle the issue of child trafficking because of its growing magnitude, but it is

necessary to stop this form of modern day slavery. Multidimensional partnerships between NGOs, the

government, businesses, youth, and families are key in making progress for several reasons. First,

cohesion is necessary to make sure there is not too much overlap between competing organizations.

Second, transparency is important between organizations and the public so that information is a collective

resource and the realities of child trafficking are understood by all in the same way. Finally, partnerships

have the potential to facilitate the cooperative formulation of attainable, realistic goals and the systematic

break down of the trafficking complex. Through partnership, I believe the chaos and disorganization that

trafficking thrives within will decrease and the number of children trafficked each year will start to

decrease as well. These are not groundbreaking new concepts rather they are realistic ideas built upon the

understanding of existing assets within Nepal.

Works Cited

Apisa, Christy. "Anti-Trafficking Apps of Interest." 29 July 2015. End Slavery Now. 28 May 2018.

Baumann, Ginny. “Modern Slavery in Nepal: Understanding the Problem and Existing Responses .” Walk

Free Foundation , 2014.

Groves, Stephen. “Nepal Earthquake Survivors Are Falling Prey to Human Trafficking.” Public Radio

International, Global Post, 25 Nov. 2016, www.pri.org/stories/2016-11-15/nepal-earthquake-

survivors-are-falling-prey-human-trafficking.

Guthrie, Jeannine. “RAPE FOR PROFITTrafficking of Nepali Girls and Women to India's

Brothels.” Human Rights Watch, Oct. 1995, www.hrw.org/reports/1995/India.htm.

“Human Trafficking on Rise after Earthquakes.” The Himalayan Times, 9 Sept. 2016,

thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/human-trafficking-rise-earthquakes/.

Kara, Siddharth. Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia. Columbia University

Press, 2014.

Kara, Siddharth. Sex Trafficking: inside the Business of Modern Slavery. Columbia University Press,

2017.

Long, Mariah. "Social Media Raises $2 Million to End Bonded Labor." 8 September 2015. End Slavery

Now. 28 May 2018.

Mateo. "Operation Underground Railroad ( OUR)- a Vanguard in the Fight Against Child Trafficking." 3

February 2015. End Slavery Now. 28 May 2018.

Rai, Bhrikuti. “Time to Prey | Nation.” Nepali Times, 5 June 2015,

archive.nepalitimes.com/article/nation/escaped-traffickers-back-in-business-luring-quake-
survivors,2279.

Reyes, Cazzie. "Trafficker Prevention ." 30 November 2015. End Slavery Now. 28 May 2018.

Shaw, Steve. “Exploiting Nepal's Children.” The Diplomat, The Diplomat, 27 Apr. 2017,

thediplomat.com/2017/04/exploiting-nepals-children/.
Simkhada, Padam. “Sex Trafficking in Nepal.” Child Slavery Now: A Contemporary Reader, edited by

Gary Craig, Policy Press at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Portland, OR, USA, 2010, pp.

243–256. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgxmk.22.

"Slavery Footprint." n.d. Made in a Free World . 28 May 2018.

UNICEF. "Trafficking of Children and Women in Nepal ." 2012.

US State Department. "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017." Annual Report. 2017.

Yonzon, K. C., & Calsado, C. F. A. (2015). ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE PREVENTION OF

CHILD TRAFFICKING IN NEPAL. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 8(7), 49-60.

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1768593712?accountid=14784

Interviews

Bhattarai, Kumar. CWIN Program Director Emma Schnee. 20 May 2018.

Dhungel, Surakshya. RHEST Emma Schnee. 17 May 2018.

Moore, Bruce. American Himalayan Foundation Regional Field Director Emma Schnee. 10 April 2018.

Trauner, Kimberly. Goodweave Strategic Annitiatives Officer Emma Schnee. 12 April 2018.