236 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-23, NO.

2, MARCH/APRIL 1987

Generalized Functional Model for Three-Phase

PWM Inverter/Rectifier Converters
EDUARDO P. WEICHMANN, PHOIVOS D. ZIOGAS, MEMBER, IEEE, AND
VICTOR R. STEFANOVIC, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE

Abstract-The traditional circuit-based analysis of static power con-
verters has proven to be unsuitable for handling the design requirements
of the ever-growing number of circuit topologies. This situation has
prompted the introduction and use of analysis rnethods based on
converter function rather than circuit configuration. Such a method is
presented, the novel feature of which is that it is simultaneously
applicable to a group of converter families instead of individual
converters. The resulting advantages are obvious, and they are conclu-
sively demonstrated here.
I. INTRODUCTION
A NALYSIS of static converters such as voltage source
inverters (VSI's), current source inverters (CSI's), and
controlled rectifiers (CR's) has been mainly based on their
respective circuit topologies and associated switching patterns
[1], [2]. The same is also true for general-purpose circuit
simulation programs such as ATOSEC5, SACSOTR, EMTP,
SPICE2, etc. Consequently., each type of converter has been
treated individually, making it difficult to simplify their
analyses and design and improve their performance. However,
recent work in the general theory of switching power
converters [1] has demonstrated that classifying power con-
verters according to function (instead of circuit topology)
permits better understanding of converter behavior and rela-
tionships. Moreover, it allows for the development of analyti-
cal concepts that are applicable to families of converters
instead of individual ones. Within this framework it has also
been shown that the transfer function concept [4], [5] is a
powerful tool in understanding and optimizing converter
performance. Similar concepts have led to novel approaches in
optimizing converter switching functions [6] and in converter
computer-aided design [7]. By using principles postulated in
[3] and concepts presented in [4], this paper develops a
generalized analysis and design technique for the seemingly
unrelated families of PWM voltage and current source
Paper IPCSD 86-31, approved by the Static Power Converter Committee of
the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1985 Industry
Applications Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, October 6-11.
Manuscript released for publication October 3, 1986.
E. P. Wiechmann was with Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
He is now with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Conception, Conception, Chile.
P. D. Ziogas is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Concordia
University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard, West, Montreal, PQ, Canada
H3G IM8.
V. R. Stefanovic was with Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, Canada. independent converter variable. For example, the input
He is now with the Emerson Electric Company, 12301 Bottom Road,
Hazelwood, MO 63042, USA.
IEEE Log Number 8612699.
inverters, and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) controlled recti-
fiers, as follows.
The transfer characteristics of each converter family are
first established qualitatively by considering the available
inputs and expected outputs. Next, the analytical expressions
(i.e., transfer function (TF)) for these transfer characteristics
are derived as ratios of expressions representing relevant
converter inputs and outputs. Comparison among respective
transfer functions for each converter family shows that they
are identical. Since a common converter transfer function
suggests a common converter configuration, voltage source
invertion, current source invertion, and rectification are
"seen" as different modes of operation of the same "general-
ized" converter (instead of independent power conversion
processes). This common transfer function is then realized by
using a pulsewidth modulating function which has been
selected to obtain excellent voltage/current utilization and low
harmonic distortion at reasonable switching frequencies [61.
Analytical results are finally converted into generalized
converter design data presented on per unit basis and grouped
according to each VSI, CSI, and CR "modes" of operation.
II. THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SWITCH MODE CONVERTERS
The transfer function concept is widely used in electrical
engineering in connection with the input-output transfer
characteristics of linear systems and for the investigation of
their respective static and dynamic behaviors. Naturally, the
classical definition of the transfer function of linear systems is
not applicable to the study of the highly nonlinear switch mode
converters. However, the idea of describing the input-output
behavior of a system, regardless of its internal structure, is
very useful because it allows the designer to decompose the
synthesis of a power converter system into three major steps:
1) the derivation of the converter transfer function from the
task to be performed by the converter,
2) the synthesis of topologies to realize the required
transfer function,
3) the determination of the gating strategy required to
produce the transfer function with the topology derived
in 2).
More specifically, a converter transfer function can be used
to compute a dependent variable in terms of its respective
current of a voltage source inverter (dependent input) depends
on the converter transfer function and the converter output

0093-9994/87/0300-0236$01.00 © 1987 IEEE

WEICHMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER/RECTIFIER CONVERTERS 237

TABLE I
ELECTRICAL VARIABLE CLASSIFICATION FOR VSI, CSI, AND CR 1-
CONVERTERS
t7 t IB t9 tie ti I t12
tI t2 t3 t4 tst6J t

CONVERTER PORT CURRENT VOLTAGE _1 -

TYPE VARIABLE VARIABLE

(a)
controlled input dependent independent
rectifier output independent dependent .57 *63

current source
inverter
input
output
independent
dependent
dependent
independent
1
I
5
.25
1
13
.13
A
23
.11
A
31 f/f Cpu'
voltage source input dependent independent
inverter output independent dependent (b)
Fig. 1. (a) SPWM transfer function waveform. (b) Respective harmonic
spectrum.
phase currents (independent output). A summary of converter
independent and dependent variables is presented in Table I. matical expression derived from Fig. 1(b) as the Fourier series
This table conveniently considers the port connected to the expansion of x(t) as follows:
source of power (e.g., utility, batteries) as the input converter ao

port, and the port connected to the load as output port.

Consequently, with the definition of dependent variables the n= I
Y.
x(t) = a, cos (nwt). (3)
transfer function of a switch mode converter is defined as
The Fourier series expansion of x(t) is useful in frequency * r z. * I * r
,s *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 - .

converter dependent electrical variable domain-type analysis and has been extensively used to predict
TF
converter independent electrical variable
(1) steady-state converter behavior [1], [6], [7].
III. PULSEWIDTH MODULATION OF CONVERTERS IV. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTION
The practical realization of a switch mode converter transfer Considering (1) and Table I it can be concluded that each
function is accomplished using pulsewidth modulation. PWM converter type (VSI, CSI, CR) can have at least two
in power converters [81, [9] refers to the synthesis of a desired expressions for its respective transfer function. One in terms
voltage/current waveform by pulses of variable width in such a of voltage and the other in terms of current variables. For
way that the average value of the modulated waveform has the VSI's the voltage transfer function relates output ac voltage to
same shape of a given reference waveform. Consequently, a input dc voltage. Also, the current transfer function relates
sinusoidal reference will produce a modulated waveform output current to respective input dc link current. By choosing
which has a sinusoidal "average" shape (but also containing the specific independant and dependant variables in a particu-
some inherent but undesirable harmonics). lar way (i.e., phase currents and line voltages in a VSI) it is
The waveform to be modulated is considered the indepen- possible to find a common transfer function valid for both
dent variable (e.g., input voltage in a voltage source inverter). currents and voltages, thus simplifying the analysis. This
The resulting modulated waveform is the dependent variable transfer function is called bidirectional because it relates input
(e.g., the output voltage of a voltage source inverter). to output voltages and output to input currents.
Therefore, the relationship between modulated and unmodu- A. VSI Voltage Transfer Function
lated waveforms can be analytically described by the transfer
function (1). Fig. 1(a) and (b) show a typical PWM realization From Table I the VSI voltage transfer function can be
of transfer function waveform and its associated harmonic defined by the ratio between the PWM output voltage and the
spectrum. The specific modulation technique employed to input voltage. Fig. 2 shows a 34-VSI schematic diagram and
determine the waveform of Fig. 1(a) (x(t)) is called sine PWM respective input-output variables. By choosing line voltages
[8]. (Symbols defined in the Nomenclature at the end of the
are the voltage transfer function of a VSI becomes
paper.)
= [ Vab, Vbc, Vca l
VI
Fig. 1 suggests two possible mathematical representations SVd = =
(4)
for x(t). The first based in Fig. 1(a) is as follows:
12
Specific simplifying assumptions for steady state are consid-
X( t) = (- ) U (t_tk),
k +r
I <k.6, r=1 ered next. Since modern PWM VSI's work at relatively high
k =I
7(k< 12, r=0 switching frequencies, the dc link voltage can be assumed
almost ripple-free. Consequently,
(2)
Vd=E (5a)
This approach of specifying x(t) is convenient for time domain
analysis and therefore can be used with the converter model and
whenever transient analysis is required. The second mathe- [Vab Vbc, vca I=E SU. (5b)
238 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-23, NO. 2. MARCH/APRIL 1987

B. VSI Current Transfer Function

By applying (1) (and choosing phase currents) the current
transfer function becomes
Vd

id-Si v X (6a) ,I P C

or, by components,
I

id-=[ Sia, Sib Sic I [Iipa, ipb, ipc>IT. (6b) input output
port port

Furthermore, assuming a converter without losses, the input Fig. 2. Three-phase VSI schematic diagram.
instantaneous power is equal to the output instantaneous
power. Therefore,
0^
a
'T 3
Vd * Id= VI * Ip. (7) 1

Substituting (6a) and (4) into (7), ICld da current -

Z / X

I source z
Vd * , ' p-Ud S . ip (8) mnverter III

Inspection of (8) reveals that Si in (6a) is identical to Sv in (4). nput output

Therefore, there is a VSI transfer function S valid for current port port
and voltage variables Fig. 3. Three-phase CSI schematic diagram.

S = Si= Su. (9) A. CSI Current Transfer Function

Also, using (9) and (4) the VSI transfer function S can be From Table I the CSI current transfer function can be
defined as defined as the ratio between the PWM line output current and
the input current. Fig. 3 shows a 3q-CSI schematic diagram
(10) and respective input-output variables.
Vd 7
I/ [ia 9 ib, icl
ci --= (13)
C. VSI Steady-State Input Current id Id
The input current is determined next by using (6) and the To obtain typical CSI line currents under steady state, the dc
output phase currents (Fig. 2). This equation can be used for input current is assumed constant. Basically, this is the same
transient and steady-state analysis. The steady-state analysis is assumption justified for VSI under steady state in the previous
performed with the assumption that the independant phase section (i.e., constant dc input voltage).
current (ip) is sinusoidal (perfectly filtered). This assumption
is valid because the high-order harmonics present in the VSI id=I (14a)
PWM line voltages are naturally filtered by the typically
inductive converter loads. Next, the fundamental of the output and therefore
phase current (ip,,) is obtained with reference to Fig. 2 and [ia. ib, id =I Ci- -
(14b)
(10) as follows:
B. CSI Voltage Transfer Function
io,l- 00 -(Ila) Using Table I (and choosing phase voltages) the voltage
P'IZ(WO) transfer function C, becomes
S1 E C T (15a)
-
ip, I = ,(lib)
bo
Z(6O)
Vd = Cua, Cubs C7c I [pa, Up,s VP, T
(15b)
and the input current id in (6a) becomes
Assuming a converter without losses, the input instantaneous
SI * E T power is equal to the output instantaneous power. Therefore,
idS-3 l , =S3 (12)
G Cdoo- (16)
Id(1Vd3)
i (16Vp
V. CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER TRANSFER FUNCTION Substituting (15a) and (13) into (16),
The method employed in the previous section to derive the id * Cv * VpT= id Ci U.
T
(17)
voltage and current transfer functions for VSI is used next to
determine the current and voltage transfer functions for the By inspection of (17) it can be concluded that the C, in (15a) is
CSI type of converters. identical to the C, in (13). Therefore, there is a transfer
WEICHMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER/RECTIFIER CONVERTERS 239

function C valid for current and voltage variables:

C=Cv=Ci. (18)
Using (18) and (13) the CSI transfer function C is defined as

C=- (19)
Id

C. CSI Steady-State Input Voltage

input output
The input voltage can be determined using (1Sa) and the port port
output phase voltages. When computing the CSI steady-state
Fig. 4. Three-phase CR schematic diagram.
input dc link voltage, the phase output voltages are assumed
sinusoidal for the same reasons given in the VSI case [4], [9].
Therefore, considering only the fundamental of i4,j and the substituting (24a) and (22) into (25),
circuit of Fig. 3,
id * v T=iddR,
p PT. (26)
p=i,, * Z oo) (20a)
Inspection of (26) reveals that RA in (24a) is identical to Ri in
up,j=c* I Z(coo) (20b) (22). Therefore, a transfer function R valid for current and
voltage variables is given by
and the steady-state dc link input voltage (1Sa) becomes
R = RU = fRj (27)
VdC Z(oo). (21)
and using (27) and (22) the PWM-CR transfer function
VI. PWM CONTROLLED RECTIFIER TRANSFER FUNCTION becomes
A. Controlled Rectifier Current Transfer Function
The CR current transfer function can be defined by the ratio R= . (28)
between the PWM input ac current and the dc output current. id
Fig. 4 shows a 34+-CR schematic diagram and respective C. Controlled Rectifier Output DC Link Voltage
input-output variables. The CR output current is represented
in Fig. 4 by an ideal current sink of magnitude id. The output voltage of a CR can be determined using (24a)
In this case the current transfer function becomes and the input phase voltages (normally the utility).
It is finally noted that the CR just described is a regenerating
Ri = ll = [ ia, lb, ic] CSI type of CR. The dual of this rectifier also exists which
(22) functions as a regenerating VSI type of converter [12], and
id id
whose transfer characteristics are identical to the characteris-
In the analysis of VSI and CSI converters it has been assumed tics of the VSI described in Sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
(for steady state) that the independent variable of the dc side of
the converter is ripple-free. Correspondingly, in PWM CR VII. GENERALIZED CONVERTER MODEL FOR VSI'S, CSI'S, AND
steady-state analysis the dc output current can be assumed CR's
constant (ripple-free dc). Therefore, for steady state, The set of input-output relations derived in Sections IV, V,
and VI is used in this section to obtain a generalized converter
id-=I (23a) model that can be used to describe the behavior of VSI, CSI,
and therefore and CR switch mode converters in a unified manner.

[ia, ib, id =I Rfi- (23b) A. Generalized Transfer Function

The PWM technique selected to demonstrate the existance
B. Controlled Rectifier Voltage Transfer Function of a generalized converter model is shown in Fig. 5(b).
By applying the transfer function definition (1) and Table I, Moreover, Fig. 5(a) and (c) show the respective waveforms of
the voltage transfer function RV can be defined as the independent and resulting dependent converter variables.
In particular, for a VSI converter Fig. 5(a) and (c) represent
Vd Rv
p
T (24a) the input dc link voltage Vd and one of the three output line to
Vd=[Rua, Rvb, R,c] * [Vpa, Upb, vpc T. (24b) line voltages of V1. By applying (10) to Fig. 5, the resulting
waveform for the VSI transfer function S becomes as shown in
Also, assuming a converter without losses, the input instanta- Fig. 5(d). Also applying the same reasoning with the CSI and
neous power is equal to the output instantaneous power. CR converters it can be shown that Fig. 5(d) also represents
Therefore, the CSI (C) and CR (R) transfer functions. Consequently,
i d=
Id V= 1 . * T2
p
(25) H= S= C= R (29)
240 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICAT'IONS. VO-. IA-23, NO. 2. MARCH/APRIL 1987

60 120 180 240 300 360 wt

(a)

240 300 360

60 120
wt
- 1-
(b)

60 120 wt

(C)

1.
240 300 360
It-

60 120 wt
'LJL

-1_.

(d)
Fig. 5. Converter transfer function definition. (a) Independent dc link variable. (b) Modified sine PWM technique. (c) Dependent ac
variable component. (d) Converter transfer function.

TABLE II converter-dependent variables is illustrated in Table IV. In

PER-UNIT SYSTEM particular, the first column of blocks in Table IV shows how
the output line voltages, output line currents and input line
E= 1 pu [V] VSI input voltage currents are obtained for the VSI, CSI, and CR converters,
I= 1 pu CSI input and CR output current respectively. The second column of blocks of the same table
Z(wo)=l [O
pu load impedance (Fig.2 and 3 )
at fundamental frequency shows how the independent phase variables are computed.
Vp= a, A./\ magnitude of mains phase voltage These phase variables have been assumed sinusoidal (perfectly
where a (SPWM,M=1)= 3/2
filtered or ideal ac mains). The third column of blocks on the
a (MSPWM,M=1)= 1 table shows how the input dc link current, input dc link
voltage, and output dc link voltage are obtained for VSI, CSI,
and CR converters, respectively. Table IV also shows that, as
which demonstrates the existence of a common (i.e., general- claimed earlier, the process of deriving respective VSI, CSI,
ized) transfer function for VSI, CSI, and CR converters. and CR dependant variables is simultaneous. For example, in
Finally, it is noted that for analysis and design purposes all deriving the VSI input dc link voltage one can also derive the
three types of converters now merge into one. CSI and CR dc link currents (also see Figs. 6(c), 7(c), and
8(c)). Consequently, the model proposed enhances under-
B. The Functional Model standing of converter behavior and relationships, and simpli-
The common transfer function H (29) established and the fies multiconverter analysis and design methods.
expressions developed in Sections IV, V, and VI relating
dependent and independent variables can now be used to C. Generalized Converter Input-Output Waveforms
establish a generalized converter model. An additional step is Figs. 6-8 show generalized input-output waveforms for the
to define a per-unit system which allows the computation of dependent variables (analytically specified in Table IV) which
per-unit generalized input-output waveforms and converter have been computed considering the modified sine PWM
ratings. This per-unit system is shown in Table II. control scheme shown in Fig. 5. In particular, Figs. 6(a), 7(a),
The use of this model (Table III) in obtaining required and 8(a) show the ac dependent converter variable H(wt) and
WEICHMANN el al.: THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER/RECTIFIER CONVERTERS 241
TABLE III
GENERALIZED CONVERTER MODEL FOR RECTIFIER/INVERTER STRUCTURES

VS I CS I CR

eqn.(1o)
a v ,(0)-l(t(t)" ) i(t) t i(t) iQ=Tt(t) *id (t) ( 19 )
(22) GENERRL
MODEL
b idP (t)0_1(t) v((t)=R
vd(tl (t)v T(t) vd(t)=11
d (t)
()*v(5(t) 1 6)
(24)

(1 0)
C v1(t)=1((t) i,1 (t)=11(t) (19) STEADY
(22) STRTE

d 1 (t)=%l (t-T)
- -
V (t)=II(t+-r) vp(t)=H
-
(t) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(ii1)
GENERAL
(20) MODEL

e e ~~~~~~
id(t)I *1(t-T) vd(t)=1I- -T
(t) H(tlT) vd(0=B1. .~ ~ ~ H~ I1(t)
~~T (6)
(1 5)
(2 4)

X L *+: displacement angle introduced by the load impedance.

0

TABLE IV
GENERALIZED STEADY-STATE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONVERTER MODEL IN TABLE III
- T~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~
~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

vSI I H Cwt) H (wt) OHwt PHwti H(wt)-H1(wt-9')

LOAD - X
INPUT LINE PHASE INPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTRGE CURRENT CURRENT

CS I I H(wt) H(wt) FILTER

H,((w t H(wt (wt) H.(wt+9')
LOAD

INPUT LINE PHASE INPUT

CURRENT CURRENT VOLTAGE VOLTRGE

CR H(wt) HCwt) wHt) H(wt) H,(wt)

OUTPUT INPUT PHASE OUTPUT

CURRENT CURRENT VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

Figs. 6(c), 7(c), and 8(c) show the dc link dependent variable identification of the voltage and current ratings of the
[H(ot)][H(wt- 40. respective bridge switches. Such ratings, obtained through the
use of the generalized converter model presented in Table III
VIII. CONVERTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ASPECTS are shown in Table V. In particular, the VSI switch current
In addition to the generalized TF, VSI, CSI, and CR, ratings have been computed by also considering the circuit of
converter design requires the knowledge of the specific power Fig. 2, the bridge of Fig. 9 and the per-unit system of Table II.
circuit configuration employed. For three-phase applications, The magnitude of the steady-state line currents is
the six-switch bridge configuration shown in Fig. 9 possesses
a number of advantages over all alternative possibilities. For
this reason the bridge configuration has become a standard 3 VI I (30) ,

- 4 configuration for rectifiers and inverters [10], [11]. The

most important design aspect for such power circuits is the VSI switches conduct, with a 50-percent duty cycle, the
242 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-23, NO. 2. MARCH/APRIL 19187

1-
n rH I IT1 n
1 vjjJ
II6Ve10jl JIIIjjJj1
(a)

.26 .26

17 19 23 25 37 f Epul
(b)

60 120 16 0 1 4 3b 60 wt

(c)
.81
i .49 .53
0f lE 2 [u.25
3

0 ~~~~18 24 36 f Epu)
(d)
Fig. 6. Generalized per-unit input-output converter waveforms. MSPWM control technique; M = 1, k < 0. (a) VSI output line
voltage, CSI output line current or CR line current. (b) Spectrum of (a). (c) VSI input current, CSI input voltage or CR output
voltage. (d) Spectrum of (c).

1-
7111 2 H111I 111177
n 111 n
1 111 11240 300 360
so6' 120 l11 wt 01 l1~1 l1

(a)

.26 .26
1l .11 2 e ~ ~11 .1 2
1 17 19 23 25 37 f Lpul
(b)

60 120 ISO 240 360 360 wt

(C)
1.5

.22 .22 .11 .17

0 18 24 36 42 f Ltu2
(d)
Fig. 7. Generalized per-unit input-output converter waveforms. MSPWM control technique; M = 1, 0 = 0. (a) VSI output line
voltage, CSI output line current, or CR line current. (b) Spectrum of (a). (c) VSI input current, CSI input voltage, or CR output
voltage. (d) Spectrum of (c).
WEICHMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER/RECTIFIER CONVERTERS 243

1H : 246 300 360

s6 120 - ULLLL11Jwt-

(a)

.26 .26
.'e g.11 .12
17 19 23 25 37 f Lpu)
(b)

1 60 ~~~1z0 i ae 24 0 3 360 wt
(c)
.6I
.49 .53

0
_I - I *25
18 24 36
f (pu3
(d)
Fig. 8. Generalized per-unit input-output converter waveforms. MSPWM control technique; M = 1, 0 > 0. (a) VSI output line
voltage, CSI output line current, or CR line current. (b) Spectrum of (a). (c) VSI input current, CSI input voltage, or CR output
voltage. (d) Spectrum of (c).

share the same circuit configuration. Similarly, considering

t1sts s
Figs. 3 and 4, the bridge configuration of Fig. 9 and the per-
I1 SS3 55 unit system of Table II the steady-state line currents are
Vd
ia lb
52 ii(t) H(t).
=
(32)
X 54 X S6
1- These line currents waveforms are of the type shown in Fig.
1. The duty cycle of a line PWM waveform is 2/3. Therefore,
Fig. 9. Generalized bridge configuration.
a switch of a CSI or CR will have a duty cycle of 1/3 (note that
two switches are connected per line). Consequently, the
sinusoidal output line currents. Therefore, current ratings for a switch with a PWM waveform of
amplitude I = 1 pu and duty cycle of 1/3 are
1
isav = ial = -a pu isav = 3 - pu
7r 'z

-ala4
-sms = 2 al - pU (31)
is rms = N13 pu (33)
Ispek=io2
pu. Is pek = 1
Is peak= a I V-3 a, pu The voltage rating for these converters (peak voltage) is
The a1 values for SPWM and modified SPWM are given in identical to the peak current rating for a VSI (see Figs. 6-8)
Table II. Furthermore, the switch peak voltage of the VSI
bridge of Fig. 7 can be determined by inspection and is equal Vs peak =V3 vUp,II =-,3 (I i/9l, 1Z)
to the input voltage (E = 1 pu).
For the computation of CSI and CR switch ratings it has
been considered that both CSI and CR are current-type ='I3H1 =V3 a1 pu. (34)
converters and have identical switch ratings whenever they A comparison between (30) and (34) shows the ratings
244 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-23, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 1987

TABLE V
GENERALIZED CONVERTER SWITCH RATINGS AND UTILIZATION FACTORS
PERK
VOLTAGE
PERK
CURRENT
RVERRGE
CURRENT
RMS
CURRENT
PO,
POWER
Suf
SWITCH
SPWM
MtPWM SPWM MSPhM _P__ MSPWM SPWM MSPHM sPJM MSPWM SPWM MSPWM

VSI I I 1.51.57L3 .48 .55 .75 .87 1.25 1.50 .39 .455

CsI
CR
1.5 1.'3 1 1 .33 .33 58 .58 1.25 1.50 .375 .438

(a)

(b)
Fig. 10. Experimental CSI line current and phase voltage waveforms and their respective spectra. Modulation factor M = 1; output
frequencyfo = 60 Hz; power factor ¢ = 0.8 lagging. (a) Inverter line current waveform (5 A/div) and i, frequency spectrum (/1 =
2340 Hz). (b) Phase load voltage V,,p waveform (100 V/div) and V,, frequency spectrum (J, = 2340 Hz).

reciprocity between these dual converter modes.
substituting the a, values for SPWM and MSPWM into (34),
the CSI-CR voltage ratings are defined.
To compare the switch ratings obtained for VSI, CSI, and
CR, the switch utilization factor can be defined as
Suf = .r
Ns(vsav ' isav)
The SUf values for the bridge structure Fig. 9, operating with
SPWM and modified SPWM, are summarized in Table V.
From this results it can be concluded that the modified SPWM
Again, technique offers a significantly better switch utilization SUf for
VSI, CSI, and CR converters when compared with the
standard SPWM.
IX. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The main contribution of this paper is summarized in (29).
This equation demonstrates the existence of a common transfer
(35) (or switching) function for VSI's, CSI's, and CR's. The
implicit assumption in deriving (29) has been that such
switching functions do exist and, moreover, that they are
realizable on practical converters. To prove this assumption
experimental results obtained with a 2-kVA CSI breadboard
WEICHMANN et al.: THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER/RECTIFIER CONVERTERS 245

(a)

(b)
Fig. 11. Experimental CSI phase load currents and dc link input voltage waveforms and their respective spectra. Modulation factor
M = 1; output frequency f, = 60 Hz; power factor 4> = 0.8 lagging. (a) Output load current I, waveform (5 A/div) and i,
frequency spectrum (f, = 2340 Hz). (b) Inverter input voltage Vd waveform (100 V/div) and Vd frequency spectrum (Cf = 2340
Hz).

[6] are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Comparison between made possible the simultaneous analysis of the VSI, CSI, and
predicted CSI line current waveform (Fig. 6(a) and (b)) and PWM-CR family of static power converters. This analysis has
the experimental CSI line current waveform (Fig. 10) show an subsequently been employed to obtain generalized input-
exact one-to-one correspondence. This proves that the CSI output per-unit waveforms and design data. Selected predicted
switching function C employed in (29) does exist and it is results have been verified experimentally.
realizable. Also based on the concept of the generalized
NOMENCLATURE
converter circuit (shown in Fig. 5) it is obvious that, if C is
realizable for CSI's, it is also realizable for VSI's and CR's. x(t) SPWM transfer function waveform.
Consequently, it has been shown experimentally that (29) is Vd Converter input dc link voltage.
valid. ea, eb, ec Utility phase voltages.
Finally, additional voltage and current waveforms obtained E Average dc link voltage.
on the same CSI breadboard are shown in Figs. 10(b), 11 (a) id Converter dc input current.
and (b). These results further demonstrate the principle of ip Load phase currents.
duality between CSI's, VSI's, and CR's. For example, the CSI il Switch current.
phase voltage waveform shown in Fig. 10(b) is indistinguish- H Bidirectional generalized transfer function for
able from respective line current waveforms of VSI's and VSI, CSI, and CR.
input line voltage waveforms of CR's. Similar statements can S, C, R Bidirectional transfer functions for VSI, CSI,
be made with respect to the experimental CSI phase load and CR, respectively.
current and input voltage waveforms shown in Fig. 1 (a) and Su, Cu, RU Voltage transfer functions for VSI, CSI, and
(b), respectively. CR, respectively.
Si, Ci, Rj Current transfer functions for VSI, CSI, and
X. CONCLUSION CR, respectively.
A novel generalized analysis approach for switch mode fo Fundamental frequency (fo = 60 Hz).
converters has been proposed in this paper. This approach has Z( jW) Load impedance at fundamental frequency.
246 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL.
Phase displacement between voltage and cur-
rent.
M Modulation factor.
a,, Magnitude of the nth harmonic component of
a PWM waveform.
Por Rated output power.
N, Number of switches.
Suf Switch utilization factor.
S.,uf Switch components utilization factor.
Superscript denotes a I x 3 matrix.
Fundamental component of S.
S,
REFERENCES
[I] P. D. Ziogas and P. Photiadis, "An exact input current analysis of ideal
static PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. AppI., pp. 281-295, Mar./
Apr. 1983.
[2] P. D. Ziogas, S. Manias, and E. P. Wiechmann, "Application of
current source inverters in UPS systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
pp. 742-752, Jul./Aug. 1984.
[3] P. Wood, "General theory of switching power converters," in Proc.
IEEE Power Electronics Specialists' Conf., 1979, pp. 3-10.
14] P. D. Ziogas, "Synthesis of optimum gain functions for static power
converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., pp. 401-408, May/June 1983.
[51 E. P. Wiechmann, "Improved power supply topologies for fixed and
variable frequency operation," Ph.D. dissertation, Concordia Univ.,
June 1985.
[6] E. P. Wiechmann, P. D. Ziogas, and V. R. Stefanovic, "A novel
bilateral power conversion scheme for variable frequency static power
supplies," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, pp. 1226-1233,
Sept./Oct. 1985.
[7] P. D. Ziogas, E. P. Wiechmann, and V. R. Stefanovic, "A computer
aided analysis and design approach for static voltage source inverters,"
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, pp. 1234-1241, Sept./Oct.
1985.
[8] A. Shonung and H. Stemmler, "Static frequency changers with
subharmonic control in conjunction with reversible speed ac drives,"
Brown Boveri Rev., Aug./Sept. 1964.
[9] T. Ohnishi and H. Okitsu, "A novel PWM technique for three phase
inverter-converter," in Proc. IEEE IPEC, 1983, pp. 384-395.
[10] Lye et al. Power Converter Handbook. Canadian General Electric
Company, 1976.
[11] B. R. Pelly, Thyristor Phase Controlled Converters and Cyclocon-
verters. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1971.
[12] G. Klinger, "Toleranzbandgeregelte Einphasen-Stromrichterschaltung
mit optimaler Stellgrossenanswahl," ETZ-A, vol. 97, pp. 87-90,
1976.
Eduardo Wiechmann received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
from Santa Maria University, Valparaiso, Chile, in 1975 and the Ph.D. degree
from Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, in 1985.
From 1976 to 1981 he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of
Concepcion University, Concepcion, Chile where he taught mainly in the area
of power electronics. From 1981 to 1985 he developed expertise in the
analysis, design, and development of forced and line commutated static power
IA-23, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 1987
converter circuits. Since 1985 he has rejoined the Department of Electrical
Engineering at University of Concepcion where he is currently teaching and
conducting research in his areas of expertise.
Phoivos D. Ziogas (S'75-M'78) received the B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1973, 1974, and
1978, respectively.
Since 1978 he has been with the Department of
l m Electrical Engineering of Concordia University in
1| Montreal, PQ, Canada, where he is engaged in
teaching and research in the area of static power
converters. He has also participated as Consultant in
several industrial projects.
Victor R. Stefanovik (S'70-M'75-SM'79) was
born in Beograd, Yugoslavia. He received the
Dipl.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Beograd and the M.Eng. and Ph.D.
degree from McGill University, Montreal, PQ,
Canada, in 1964, 1969, and 1975, respectively.
He was with the Canadian General Electric
Company from January 1966 to October 1967,
working on electric drives for the steel, paper, and
cement industries. In September 1969 he began
teaching at Loyala College, NMontreal. After the
college became part of Concordia University, he continued teaching there,
developing a graduate program and a research laboratory in power electronics
and variable speed drives. He became an Assistant Professor in 1970 and
Associate Professor in 1978. In 1979 he joined the University of Missouri as a
Professor of electrical engineering while continuing the research in power
electronics at Concordia University. In August 1981 he joined the Industrial
Electronics Development Laboratory, General Electric Company, as Manager
of Control Electronics, working primarily on high-performance drives for the
machine tool industry and on various controllers for factory automation. In
February 1985 he became Vice President and General Manager for the
Electronic Systems Division of the Electro-Craft Corporation, Minneapolis,
MN, with responsibility for all motion-control products. Currently he is with
the Emerson Electric Company Electronic Speed Control Division in St.
Louis, MO, where he is Vice President.
Dr. Stefanovic is Past Chairman of both the Industrial Drives Committee
and the Industrial Power Conversion Systems Department of the Industry
Applications Society and is Past Chairman of the Motor Controls Committee
of the Industrial Electronics Society. He has three patents in the field of static
power conversion and motor drives.