Manual For FrejaWin 6-2

FREJA Win 6.
2
Windows® Software for relay test equipment
FREJA 400 and FREJA 300
User’s Manual
WWW.MEGGER.COM
Art No. ZP-CF04E Doc. CF0904BE V02 2013

FREJA Win 6.2

Windows® Software for relay test equipment
FREJA 400 and FREJA 300
User’s Manual
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT & PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

© 2013, Megger Sweden AB. All rights reserved.
The contents of this manual are the property of Megger Sweden AB. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, except as permitted in written license agreement with Megger Sweden AB. Megger Sweden AB has made every reasonable
attempt to ensure the completeness and accuracy of this document. However, the information contained in this manual is subject to change
without notice, and does not represent a commitment on the part of Megger Sweden AB. Any attached hardware schematics and technical
descriptions, or software listings that disclose source code, are for informational purposes only. Reproduction in whole or in part to create
working hardware or software for other than Megger Sweden AB products is strictly prohibited, except as permitted by written license
agreement with Megger Sweden AB.
TRADEMARK NOTICES
Megger® and Programma® are trademarks registered in the U.S. and other countries. All other brand and product names mentioned in this
document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Megger Sweden AB is certified according to ISO 9001 and 14001.
Postal address: Visiting address:

Megger Sweden AB Megger Sweden AB
Box 724 Rinkebyvägen 19
SE-182 17 DANDERYD SE-182 36 DANDERYD
SWEDEN SWEDEN
T +46 8 510 195 00 seinfo@megger.com
F +46 8 510 195 95 www.megger.com
CF0904BE ZP-CF04E FREJA Win 6.2 3

Contents
1 Introduction 4 Distance instrument
____________________________________ 8 ___________________________________ 34
Service / Technical support......................................... 8 Basic........................................................................ 34
2 FREJA Win Start Distance – Toolbar.................................................... 35

___________________________________ 10 REL library .......................................................... 35
FREJA Win Installation ............................................. 10 XML/XRIO setting import.................................... 37
Before the installation. ....................................... 10 RIO Converter..................................................... 37
Proceeding with the installation.......................... 10 Config – menu......................................................... 38
After the installation........................................... 11 Connect – menu...................................................... 40
User manuals for FREJA Win............................... 11
RX-Ramp – menu..................................................... 41
Communication with FREJA..................................... 12 Resolution.......................................................... 41
Connect to FREJA without having Firewall switched Tolerance lines.................................................... 42
off...................................................................... 12
How to make a reach test................................... 42
Firewall settings.................................................. 13
RX Point – menu...................................................... 45
FREJA Win Control Center - menu........................... 13
RX – menu............................................................... 47
Configuration..................................................... 13
Automatic mode................................................. 48
Options - menu.................................................. 14
Manual mode..................................................... 48
Start test and save................................................... 15
Save position...................................................... 49
New test............................................................. 15
Whirlwind – menu................................................... 50
Report................................................................ 16
Second test......................................................... 16 Zt – menu................................................................ 51
Exit..................................................................... 16 How to make a time test.................................... 52
Power Swing (PSB) – menu...................................... 54
3 General instrument
___________________________________ 18 Input data to the test.......................................... 54
Basic........................................................................ 18 Running the test................................................. 56
Check list............................................................ 56
General – Toolbar..................................................... 18
Notes – menu..................................................... 56
General – Menu....................................................... 21
5 Current instrument
Config – menu......................................................... 21
___________________________________ 58
Test Conditions................................................... 21
Basic........................................................................ 58
Connect – menu...................................................... 23
Current – Toolbar..................................................... 59
Sequence – menu.................................................... 24
Config – menu......................................................... 60
State Settings..................................................... 24
Pick-up menu........................................................... 61
GPS Synchronisation................................................ 28
Time test – menu..................................................... 61
Ramp – menu.......................................................... 30
How to make a time test of an overcurrent relay.61
Ramp type.......................................................... 30
Start................................................................... 31 6 Voltage instrument
Stop................................................................... 31 ___________________________________ 64
Result................................................................. 31 Basic........................................................................ 64
Pass/fail settings.................................................. 31 Voltage – Toolbar..................................................... 65
Run Ramp........................................................... 31 Config – menu......................................................... 66
Check list................................................................. 32 Test of electromechanical relays.......................... 66
Notes.................................................................. 32 Pick-up – menu........................................................ 67
Running the test................................................. 67
Time test – menu..................................................... 67
4 FREJA Win 6.2 ZP-CF04E CF0904BE

How to make a time test of an under/over voltage 10 Transient instrument

relay................................................................... 67 ___________________________________ 86
7 Frequency instrument Basic........................................................................ 86
___________________________________ 68 Config – menu......................................................... 87
Basic........................................................................ 68 Fixed frequency.................................................. 87
Frequency – toolbar................................................. 69 External sync (GPS)............................................. 87
Config – menu......................................................... 70 Generators ........................................................ 87
BI (1 – 10)........................................................... 87
Manual – menu....................................................... 70
BO ..................................................................... 87
Sequence............................................................ 70
Manual............................................................... 70 Connect – menu...................................................... 87
Result................................................................. 70 Converter – menu.................................................... 88
Scan – menu............................................................ 71 Converter........................................................... 88
How to convert................................................... 89
Ramp – menu.......................................................... 72
Result................................................................. 72 Sequence menu....................................................... 90
Result................................................................. 90
8 Autoreclose instrument GPS Synchronisation........................................... 91
___________________________________ 74
Basic........................................................................ 74 11 Differential instrument
___________________________________ 92
Autoreclose – Toolbar.............................................. 75
Basic........................................................................ 92
Config – menu......................................................... 76
Differential – Toolbar................................................ 93
Connect - menu....................................................... 77
Config – menu......................................................... 94
Reclose – menu........................................................ 78
Entering power transformer data........................ 95
State settings/impedance.................................... 78
Entering current transformer data....................... 96
State settings/vector........................................... 79
Entering limit for injected currents...................... 96
Application example – Distance relay with
Entering basic relay settings................................ 97
synchrocheck function........................................ 79
Entering nominal frequency and reference voltage..
9 Auto300 instrument 97
___________________________________ 80 Entering pre-fault conditions............................... 98
Basic........................................................................ 80 Stabilizing – menu................................................... 99
Add Test............................................................. 81 Purpose of the test............................................. 99
Add Info............................................................. 81 Running the test................................................. 99
Edit..................................................................... 81
Time test – menu................................................... 101
Delete................................................................. 81
Purpose of the test........................................... 101
Copy.................................................................. 81
Fault level and fault duration............................ 101
Move up, Move Down........................................ 81
Pickup – menu....................................................... 104
Step.................................................................... 81
Tests................................................................... 81
Ramps.............................................................. 105
Pause after test................................................... 81
View Connect tab before start............................ 81 Bias Char. – menu.................................................. 107
Edit Notes after test............................................ 81 Purpose of the test........................................... 107
Execute Manually................................................ 81 Select bias definition......................................... 108
From, To............................................................. 81 Pseudo-continuous ramps................................. 108
Start................................................................... 81 Binary search (Ramp of shots)........................... 109
Print................................................................... 81 Manual test (single shots)................................. 110
Pass/Fail.............................................................. 82 Expected test results......................................... 111
Report configuration................................................ 82 Manual settings/reference graph creator for differen-

tial relays........................................................ 112
Harmonics – menu................................................. 114


No trip test....................................................... 114
Wizard – menu...................................................... 116
Entering your application data into Wizard....... 117
Expected test results......................................... 118
12 Reference graph
__________________________________ 120
Reference graph – Toolbar..................................... 120
Make a reference graph......................................... 121
Manual method................................................ 121
Semiautomatic method..................................... 124
Fully automatic method.................................... 124
Import from a text-file...................................... 125
Relay curves...................................................... 125
Making a reference graph from a table.................. 125
Using a built-in table......................................... 125
Editing/adding tables........................................ 126
13 Report
__________________________________ 128
Basic...................................................................... 128
Change logotype.............................................. 128
View the report...................................................... 128
Preview on screen............................................. 128
Print report....................................................... 128
Send the report via E-mail................................. 129
Templates (LST-files)............................................... 130
General ........................................................... 130
Distance........................................................... 130
Sync................................................................. 130
Current............................................................. 130
Transducer........................................................ 130
Evaluating reports.................................................. 131
Batch report........................................................... 132
Search for all tests – from one part of the directory
tree, and down................................................. 132
Search for all tests within a specific date range.133
Select and mark the test-files using the mouse.. 133
Save a report as a text file...................................... 134
14 Abbreviations and word

explanations_____________________ 136
A1 List & Label 6.0
Quick guide______________________ 138
A3 FREJA reports
Samples__________________________ 148
Index..................................................................... 154


1 Introduction
1 Introduction
The FREJA Win software holds a number of instru-

ment programs. You start the different programs at
Service / Technical support
the Control center, where you also save and recall For technical assistance please contact your local
results. Since the test set-ups/results are saved via a representative or direct your request to Megger in
regular Microsoft® Explorer display, you can create Sweden.
your own test object structures. E-mail: support-sweden@megger.com
Note This manual describes the functionality of
FREJA Win for FREJA 400-series.
Tel: +46 8 510 195 00
Regarding the FREJA Win functionality for the Fax: +46 8 510 195 95
FREJA 300-series, please refer to the manual
for the FREJA 300-series.
Internet: www.megger.com

2 FREJA Win Start

2 FREJA Win Start
2 FREJA Win Start
FREJA Win Installation By default the installation wiil take place in

"C:\PETOOLS\FrejaWin" folder, and it is recommended
The installer is designed to manage the installation of to keep this default installation folder.
FREJA Win onto a PC where there is already an older
version of FREJA Win installed or not.
Before the installation.

The installation of FREJA Win requires about 500 MB
of free disk space on your Hard Disk.
Please read the release note of your FREJA Win (avail-
able on the installation CD) before you install. There
may be requirements for an update of FREJA Local on 2] Select if FREJA Win should be installed for
your FREJA 400. FREJA 400 or for FREJA 300 test sets.
No matter what will be chosen, it is always
Note In order to have easier troubleshooting from possible to change this mode afterwards,
Megger technical support, it is recommended from FREJA Win Control Center.
to manually uninstall any already existing
version of FREJA Win before you proceed with
the installation of the new version. Manually
delete also the folder PETOOLS after the un-
installation. Remember to have a back-up of
the files that eventually can be stored under
PETOOLS folder.
To uninstall FREJA Win, you can either do it

from the Control Panel (ADD/REMOVE Pro-
The installation should smoothly go through all its
grams) or from the dedicated Uninstaller.
steps and at the end FREJA Win should be successfully
Freja Win can be installed on the following operative installed on your PC.
systems: If your version of FREJA Win requires a certain up-
▪▪Windows XP grade for FREJA Local on your FREJA, you will get the
following message:
▪▪Windows 7 (32 and 64 bits)
▪▪Windows 8
FREJA Win is tested on Windows XP and Windows 7
(32 and 46 bits).
Proceeding with the installation

1] Run the installation from the FREJA Win CD.
The installer should start automatically at the
CD insertion, in case it doesn’t, please manu-
ally start the following application:

2 FREJA Win Start
File compatibility FREJA 403, FREJA 406

and FREJA 409
FREJA 403, 406 and 409 have different performances
and flexibility in their output generation. Please keep
in mind the following compatibility restrictions at file
level:
For GENERAL Instrument

▪▪A FREJA 403 file can always be opened and run with
After the installation FREJA 406 and/or FREJA 409
Together with the software FREJA Win, also the
▪▪A FREJA 406 file cannot be opened and run with
manuals and the release note are installed. FREJA 403 but it can be opened and run with FREJA 406
In the MEGGER folder in your start Menu you can see ▪▪A FREJA 409 file can only be opened and run with
what is available now in your PC: FREJA 409.
Note Keep in mind that FREJA Win automatically

saves the file, so if you open a FREJA 403
file with a FREJA 406, you will not be able to
open it anymore with FREJA 403.
Always make sure you have a back-up of your

files before opening them with a different test
equipment!
For Differential instrument
User manuals for FREJA Win
▪▪FREJA 403 cannot start Differential Instrument
The manual is available in PDF format under the
(default) directory (C:\PETOOLS\FrejaWin\Frejawin → ▪▪A file from FREJA 406 can be opened from FREJA 409,
and a file from FREJA 409 can be opened from FREJA
"manual_FrejaWin6X.pdf").
406.
Note The manual, as PDF, for the FREJA 300 test For all other instruments
sets is also available under the same directory
They can be opened with any test equipment of the
with the name "manual.pdf".
FREJA 400 family.
Communication to FREJA 400 and
FREJA 300 File compatibility FREJA 400 and
You can set FREJA Win to run with a FREJA 300/306
FREJA 300
or with a FREJA 400-series. It is possible to open a file saved for FREJA 300 in
The communication with FREJA 300/306 is performed FREJA 400 mode.
via serial connection (RS-232 ) while the communica- Because of the different functionality of the two test
tion with FREJA-400 series use Ethernet. sets it is strongly recommended to go through the
From FREJA Win 6.2 you can select to install opened test in FREJA 400 mode and verify that the
FREJA Win in “FREJA 400 mode” or in “FREJA 300 test file corresponds to the desired test application,
mode”. No matter in which mode FREJA Win has especially if it is complex.
been installed, it is possible from the FREJA Win Con- In general, it is not possible to run a test file saved for
trol Center to change this mode, by following these FREJA 400 and run it with a FREJA 300/306.
instructions:
Note If you open a FREJA 300 file from FREJA 400
1] Go to the FREJA Win Control Center, “Con-
mode, keep in mind that FREJA Win auto-
figuration” menu.
matically saves the file, so that file cannot be
2] Select "Advanced Confifguration". opened anymore in FREJA 300 mode.
3] Select the type of FREJA you want to use. Always make sure you have a back-up of your
files before opening them with a different test
equipment!

2 FREJA Win Start
4] Start the instrument you intend to use.

Communication with FREJA You will get the following dialog.
Note The method to connect to FREJA may not
succeed depending on the firewall settings for
the PC hosting FREJA Win. It is recommended
to switch off the firewall or at least to en-
able the traffic and ports described in section
"Firewall settings".
If this is not possible, because of IT policy, an
alternative method is described furter below. If you click on “Auto discover FREJAs”, FREJA Win will
1] Connect the computer’s Ethernet port to automatically search for the FREJA Test set that is sup-
FREJA using the Ethernet cable. posed to be connected to the PC’s Ethernet port.
If the FREJA is found, the following message will ap-
pear:
2] Set the IP Address of your PC Ethernet port

to a compatible IP Address to the FREJA’s
port.
(Refer to the FREJA manual to see how to
read or modify the address of FREJA Ethernet
port from FREJA Local) 5] Choose your FREJA by clicking on the cor-
The network mask for FREJA is always responding button and the instrument will
255.255.0.0. open-up with a connection to the FREJA.
3] Start FREJA Win and activate the “FREJA 40x Note It is also possible to decide to run FREJA Win
Comm.” Button (it must be green). in off-line mode (Run Off-Line), in this case
the instrument will open without any connec-
tion to FREJA
Connect to FREJA without having

Firewall switched off
See also section “Firewall settings” for more informa-
tion about data traffic required by FREJA Win in order
to communicate to FREJA.
1] Verify that the button “Connect to X.Y.Z.Y”
shows the correct IP Address of FREJA. If not,
enter the IP Address of the FREJA, by clicking
on “Enter FREJA IP Address” button.
2] Once the button “Connect to X.Y.Z.Y” shows
the correct IP Address of FREJA, click on
it. The instrument will open with the con-
nection to the FREJA, without any need of
switching off or changing settings in the
firewall.
3] It is possible to start the instrument in off-
line mode by choosing any of the three
buttons: “Run Off-Line as FREJA-403”, “Run

2 FREJA Win Start
Off-Line as FREJA-406” or “Run Off-Line as

FREJA-409”
FREJA Win Control Center -
menu
Firewall settings
FREJA Win uses the following protocols and ports,
that need to be opened by the firewall on the PC
hosting FREJA Win in order to be able to run the com-
munication using button "Auto discover FREJAs:
▪▪Port 8000 for TCP/IP protocol

▪▪Port 8001 for UDP protocol
Configuration
Phase names Here you can change the default phase

names.
Default Phase Here you set the default phase rotation
rotation for the General Instrument.
Default fre- Here you can change the default
quency frequency.
Change lan- Here you select language, click the but-
guage ton to show available languages

2 FREJA Win Start
Note You must click the button “Save and exit” to

make these changes as default.
Options - menu
For FREJA 300 ONLY

Diagnose
The Diagnose will start Doctor FREJA. This will result
in a file “Diagnose.txt” saved under C:\PETOOLS\FRE-
JAWIN. In this file you can get information about the
system.
Note It is recommended to attach this diagnose.

txt file to the service department at Megger,
if your FREJA is not working correct
View
Here you select which instrument to be shown.
Register
Here you can fill in the User´s registration.
Import/Export
This menu option will only be visible if you have the
software “WinZip” with “Command Line Add-On”
installed on your computer.
This feature makes it easy to export/import complete tests.
Advanced configuration
From this menu you can choose to communicate
with FREJA 400 (FREJA 400 mode, FREJA 4xx) or with
FREJA 300/306 (FREJA 300 mode, FREJA 3xx).

2 FREJA Win Start
Start test and save

1] Start the instrument you want to use. For
more information see the respective instru-
ment. Fill in the report header information
for the test object.
2] Make the test in e.g. Distance, when you are
ready you can make a printout direct from
Distance or do it later on.
3] Close "Distance".
4] Go back to the "Control Center".
5] Click ”Save test”, check the information for
the report header.
Note It is important that you set the correct infor-

mation here, all your reports will have this
information in the header. This also includes
the date and time, press “Get system time” to
update the Date and Time fields.
7] Now you will see the directory structure of

your PC. You can save the test wherever you
want, you decide the file structure yourself.
Create the structure with the Windows Ex-
plorer or use the “Create Directory” button.
8] Select the directory where to save, click “Pro-
ceed”. On the screen you will see the content
of the selected directory, to help you avoid
overwriting an old file.
Note A FREJA icon will be shown on each directory

containing a FREJA test.
6] You can change the labels on the first four

fields, here "Station", "Line", "Relay" and
New test
"blank". This is done in the “Configuration” 1] To make a new test in "General", click the
menu. General button and wait until General have
started.
2] Start a new test by clicking the button “New
test”. This will delete the old test results, but
the settings will remain.
Note If you click the button ”Clear TEMP”
before starting General all settings and old

test results will be erased. You will then start
with the default values.
3] Make the test.
4] When the test is ready, close "General".
5] Go to the Control Center.

2 FREJA Win Start
6] Click “Save” and select a "New directory" to

store the test in. You will get a warning if you
try to overwrite an existing test directory.
Report
1] To make a report on an old test, click “Open
Test”.
2] Select the directory where you have saved
the test.
3] Click the printer button when the instrument
has opened.
Note In ”Configuration” you can select print out in

colour or black & white.
Second test
If you want to test the same object again e.g. one
year later.
1] Click “Open test” and select the test directory.
2] The instrument e.g. General will open with
the settings and results from last test.
3] Click the button “New test”. This will delete
the old test results, but the settings will
remain.
4] Make the test.
5] Close the instrument.
6] Go back to the "Control Center" and click
“Save”.
7] Click “Get system time” to update date and
time.
8] Select a new directory to store the test in.
You will get a warning if you try to overwrite
an existing test directory.
Note Every time you start an instrument, General

or Distance (without using “Open test”) the
program will use the last test settings (stored
in a temporary directory).
If you want to start the test with default
settings and delete the old tests result, click
“Clear Temp”.
Exit
1] To exit, click “Exit” or “X” after a test. If you
have not saved the results you will get a
question “Exit without saving?”.


Basic General – Toolbar

The General Instrument is like a big ”toolbox” were
you can control the generators as you like in ampli-
tude, phase angle and frequency. The General in-
strument is useful for many different types of relays. New test Start a new test by clicking the but-
Under the first tab you find the "Config" submenu. ton “New test”. This will delete the
old test results, but the settings will
remain.
Report Print -out of a report, see section
Report
Binary Out- In the Binary Output list you can set

puts list the status of the binary outputs of
FREJA. The status can be open or
closed, and it is associated to the state
of the generated sequence.
BO Set the Binary outputs manually.
Relations Set the relations in amplitude and

phase angle.
By clicking the button "Standard" the
following will be set as default values.
Amplitude: Equal voltage and current
magnitudes.
Phase: Phase displacement is set as a
balanced 3-phase system.
By clicking the button "None" you can
The box ”External sync (GPS)” should be checked change only the values required for the
if you want make End-to-end testing using two (or specific element under test.
more) FREJA. You need to use the optional GPS100
receiver from Megger. The general instrument can
generate sine wave and harmonics. If you want to
generate transients for End-to-end testing you should
use the Transient instrument from FREJA Win.

Generators This will show the measurement of the

output from the six generators. The
measurement uses a multiplex channel,
which means that it takes some time
to measure all channels. This means
that you will get no values if you try to
measure on a short time.
Powers This button will show the electric
power (active, reactive and apparent)
associated to each phase and the total
powers associated to the three-phase
system, according to the list below.
The power is calculated for the fun-

damental frequency of the injected
signals.
Phase U1-I1 P1, Q1, S1, |cosphi1|

3-phase system P, Q, S, |cosphi|
U123, I123
Voltage Phase U2-I5 P2, Q2, S2, |cosphi2|
Amplitude Phase U3-I6 P3, Q3, S3, |cosphi3|
3-phase system P, Q, S, |cosphi|
U1=U2=U3 The amplitude of the voltages U1, U2 U123, I456
and U3 will be the same
Note: Depending on the number of
None No relationship among voltage ampli-
voltage and current channels available
tudes U1, U2 and U3 is selected.
in the FREJA used, only some of the
Phase powers will be shown.
120 The phase angle will be 120 degrees

among the voltages U1, U2 and U3.
None No relationship among voltage phase
angles U1, U2 and U3 is selected.
Current
Amplitude
I1=I2=I3 The amplitude of currents I1, I2 and I3 DC power This button is used to drive the FREJA
(or I4, I5 and I6) will be the same. supply battery simulator channel. You can
choose one pre-selected DC voltage
None No relationship among current ampli- level or enter a user desired voltage.
tudes I1, I2 and I3 (or I4, I5 and I6) is
selected.
Phase
I1=I2=I3 All currents I1, I2 and I3 (or I4, I5 and
I6) will have the same phase angle.
120 The phase angle will be 120 degrees
among the currents I1, I2 and I3 (or I4,
I5 and I6). Analogue Shows the measurement of the ana-
inputs logue inputs. (Not available in Ramp.
None No relationship among current phase
angles I1, I2 and I3 (or I4, I5 and I6) is
selected.

Binary list When you have received a trip you can

see the trip time on the normal timer
but if you press the “BI list” button on
the toolbar you can get more informa-
tion. Amplitude and phase angle for
each generator together with the time
and state number. If there have been
any more event on the binary input this
is also shown here (normally bounces
from the relay). The event that caused This example shows 100% of the fun-
the trip is marked with green. damental + 33% of the third harmonic
with 0 degrees phase shift + 20% of
Graphic Graphic display of binary events and the fifth harmonic with zero degrees
waveforms. shift.
Note If you give long names for

the curves it can be hard to
see the full name, but it is
shown in its full length in
the yellow tooltips.
Log List of all trips. If you use the arrows

and change to another number, the
setting values on the screen will also
change to the value you had at that
trip.
Harmonic Here you can create a harmonic curve.

curve Up to the 25th harmonic and up to 5
components. You can save up to 6 dif-
ferent curves in one test. Here you only
define the waveform, the amplitude Trash can Using the trash can icon you can delete
and frequency you set later on in the or undo delete any trip results.
Sequence or Ramp page.
Click “Add curve”, fill in a name.
Click “Edit curve”
Select which generator to use for the

different curves. Specify for each state.
State 1 can e.g. be Prefault without
harmonics and State 2 with harmon-
ics and the state 3 with some other
harmonics curve.

General – Menu Config – menu

File Test Conditions
Report See section Report
Uref Sets the amplitude of the voltage refer-
New test See New test Toolbar ence generator. All generators refer to
Exit Exit the General this generator in phase angle. If you do
not use this, set the amplitude to 0 V.
Log
Fixed fre- You can select “NONE”, “16 2/3”,
The same functions as for
quency “50”, “60” Hz, "multiple". If you
the log in the toolbar.
select a fixed frequency, you can select
View time base, in ms or ccs. If you select
Here you can open the same fixed frequency as “NONE” or "multi-
function as from the toolbar. ple" you can only select ms (as in the
Useful when not using the picture above). This is used when testing
mouse. frequency relays. Select "multiple" if
you want to set individual frequency for
Window each generator. Multiple frequency does
Here you can jump between not work in the Ramp menu.
the pages, without using the External sync Select if you want to start two FREJA si-
mouse. multaneously either by GPS or external
Help signal.
About Shows the version of Gen- Generators In the drop down menu you can select
eral. “AC”, “DC” or “OFF”.
It is possible to set a maximum gener-
ated value in the right fields.
For FREJA 406 and 409 it is possible to

convert the voltage apmplifiers into cur-
rent amplifiers with the special button
shown close to the generators.
BI 1 to 10 Here you select which binary inputs to
use. You can select contact sense or
voltage sense with the button close to
any binary input or binary input group.
You can type in a name for each Binary

Input e.g. Trip or Start or Carrier Rec.
BO Select which binary outputs to use. You
can also type in a name for each Binary
output.
Note: The outputs BO5 and BO6 (SBO5

and SBO6) are static. Connect them only
to a relay binary input and never to a
higher load.
Phase rota- Select how to make settings for the
tion phase angle.

Note If you need to change the settings in the

"Config" menu after you have started a test you
must first press the button “Start new test” to
clear the data in log list.

Connect – menu
In the “Connect” submenu you can write informa-
tion on how to connect the relay. This information
will be saved together with the object. This means
that the connection information is ready next time
you shall test this object.
You can copy information, with text and pictures,
from another program e.g. from Word and then
paste it here with the command <Ctr> + <V>.
The picture shows a connection to a relay.

Sequence – menu
In “Sequence” you can have up to 28 states.
State Settings
Here you make the settings in amplitude and phase

angle for each generator individually. Max generation
time can be set. A normal time for the first state, the
pre-fault condition usually, can be suggested to be
1500 ms in order to bypass eventual automatic switch
onto fault detection or similar logics in the protection
relay.

If there are more than two states in the sequence, Binary Input(s)
the program will jump to the next state if the goal is
detected or after the “time out”, which is set to be 2
seconds in the above example.
You can enter a name for each state, e.g. "prefault"
for state 1 and "fault" for state 2.
If you want to continue to generate after the goal is
reached, it is possible to add states and simulate for
instance the circuit breaker opening or closing delays,
making the testing sequence more realistic.
You can make settings in the following ways:
A] Click in a field, type in the new value, press
<Enter>
B] Click in a field, type in the new value, press
<Tab>
C] Using the mouse, drag the vector of any
generator.
D] Click in the field, change the values using the The top left lamp shows the status of the Binary Input.
arrow keys, up /down. Red means closed contact or voltage from the relay.
This can also be done while generating (if manual Grey means open contact or no voltage from the
mode is selected). relay.
When the setting of state 1 is ready, change to state 2 The top right lamp shows the Binary Goal.
and make the setting for it. When Binary Goal = status, the goal is reached and
the timer stops. If there is another state after that,
Change dial speed FREJA will jump directly to the next state.
Binary Goal
Grey = OPEN : from closed to open (1 → 0)
Red = CLOSE: from open to closed (0 → 1)
1] Click to the lamps to change the speed.
The generated values are changed by press- Black = Not Used. This means that this Binary Input is
ing the “UP” and “DOWN” arrows on your not part of the GOAL logic
keyboard. The most common BI Goal is “Close” (0 → 1)
Note The Binary Goal is an AND function, this

means all signals on the Binary Inputs must
come before the goal has reached. But you
can use Black = Not used, this signal is not
used to check if Binary Goal = status.
Binary output(s)
By marking this option the binary output(s) will be

activated at each transition in the sequence.

Note Keep in mind that the binary outputs 1 to 4

are electromechanical outputs, with a re-
sponse time between 5 and 8 ms. If you need
to simulate with FREJA some high speed pro-
To prepare a “Test all” sequence in advance
tection signals (carrier receive for instance) or You can prepare a “Test all” without any relay.
fast blocking signals (Fuse Failure Blocking for
1] Make the settings for the first shot.
instance), it is recommended to use the static
outputs (BO5 and BO6) that have a response 2] Click the “Add test” button.
time below 1 ms. Remember to connect the
static outputs only to relay binary inputs, as
3] Make the settings for the second shot and
they have limited braking capacity and may be click the “Add test” button again. Repeat this
damaged when interrupting inductive loads. for all your shots.
4] Select “Test all” and click “Start” to try it out.
It is possible to use the special MEGGER leads
with built-in fuses 5] Store the test.
Now you have a test sequence ready to run
Start button whenever you want. Just open the test, select
You can start in two different modes. “Test all” and click “Start”.
A] Sequence, starts with State 1 then State 2, Note If you do not get a trip when running “Test
then State 3 etc. all” the Log list will be erased. To restore the
B] Manual, means start of the setting in the Log list, click the button ”Get back log”.
selected State, here you can also change the
setting values while generating.
When you click “Start” and the relay trip you will add Vector diagram
this test to the Log list. You can then change settings The vector diagram shows the amplitude and phase
and run a new shot, which will also be added to the angle for each generator. Red for phase 1, yellow for
Log list if the relay trips. Use the Log list arrows to phase 2, blue for phase 3. The thicker vectors are for the
move up and down in the list. The corresponding set- currents. If you right-click the mouse you can change the
tings and trip times will be shown. colours of the vectors and background. You can drag
When you have more then one shot in the Log list a the vectors using the left mouse button and then change
button marked “Test all” will appear. If you click this the amplitude and phase angle. The number in the up-
button and then the ”Start” button, all shots from per left corner shows the actual state.
the Log list will run in a sequence.

In the sequence menu you can set up a pass-fail con-

dition. If the triptime is between “min. triptime” and
“max. triptime” it will be judged as “Pass” and shown
with a green lamp, if it fails there is a red lamp. This is
done for each state.
Multiple frequency
1] Go to the "Config" menu. Under "Test condi-
tions" select "multiple".
2] Back in the "Sequence" menu, click the "Fre-

quency" button and set the frequency for
each generator.

GPS Synchronisation.
It is possible to start the generation of FREJA from a
synchronization pulse that usually is given by a GPS clock.
1] Select ”External sync (GPS)” in the "Config" tab.
In the Sequence tab you can select if the generation will

start on the GPS signal transition 0 → 1 or 1 → 0 (usually
it is 0 → 1) and if you want to add an additional time
delay to the generation, in case you need to synchronize
the test set with a test set from a different manufacturer:
The synchronizing signal can be connected to any of the
available (and free) 10 binary inputs.

In the figure the extra time delay is set to 4 ms. It

means that the second test set has an internal delay
of 4 milliseconds from when the starting signal (GPS)
is received, to when the output is really generated.
Usually this time delay can easily be measured in
practice by using the disturbance recorder of the
relays under test, if they record the remote and local
quantities.
Note End-to-end tests are intended to be commis-

sioning tests, and not type tests.
At 50 Hz generation frequency, two FREJA
400 series are generating a phase angle of
about 15 degrees from each others, due to
frequency drift, after 3 minutes of genera-
tion from reception of the synchronization
starting signal (GPS).
Use simple pre-fault and fault tests to verify relay
operation and use short sequences to verify relay sta-
bility (where you consider the relay stable if no trip is
given within 5 seconds).
Note When using GPS start the sequence cannot

have more than 26 states.

Ramp – menu
In the Ramp instrument can you ramp all variables, like the
voltage amplitude dU/dt, voltage phase dUf/dt, current
amplitude dI/dt, current phase dIf/dt and the frequency
df/dt.
The values are changed every approx. 100 ms, so the
ramps are intended to be slow and to be used for bor-
der tests (start value, reset value, etc.).
To ramp the frequency, the “Fixed frequency” in the
"Config" menu must be set to “None“.
Ramp type
Select different types of ramp.

A] Standard ramp Start - Stop
A ramp from start values to stop values.
B] Start - Stop - Start ramp
This ramp will go from start value to stop value
(or when it reach BI-goal) and then back to
start again.
The speed of the ramps and BI-goals are set in-
dividually in ”Ramp 1” and “Ramp 2”. This type

of ramp can for example be used for pick-up Pass/fail settings

and dropout test.
The possibility to select pass/fail criteria in ramping
C] Standard ramp with on and off delay simplifies automatic testing of Pick Up/Drop Out test-
This is a ramp from start to stop values, but it ing.
is possible to set a delay in start. This means it
1] Click the button "Pass/Fail settings" to get win-
will generate the start values a definite time
dow below (example from FREJA 409).
before the ramp starts. The stop delay means
it will generate stop values (or the values
when BI-goal reaches) a definite time before
generation stops.
D] Start - Stop - Start ramp with on and off
delay
The same as in B but with on and off delay as
in C.
Start
Set the start value of the ramp.
2] Select pass/fail criteria. You can select mini-

mum and maximum values or values based
on percentage deviation of setting.
Stop
Run Ramp
1] When all settings are done click button
"Start".
Set the stop value of the ramp.
Speed
The speed of the ramp, from start to stop.
Note For ramp type B and D the speed are set

individually for “Ramp 1” and “Ramp 2”.
Result
The result is shown as yellow figures below the stop
values.

Check list
When testing a relay not all parts needs measuring,

some parts can be done by a visual inspection. Here
you can create your own “Check list” and tick the
check-box when it is done. This will also be printed
out in the report. When you select “New test” the
check marks will be removed but the text will remain.
Notes
In the ”Notes” menu you can make notes (but only as
text, no pictures) about the specific test e.g. if some
part of the relay is broken and need repairs. This infor-
mation will then be printed in the report.

4 Distance instrument

Basic
The Distance instrument is designed for testing distance relays. Distance contains Zt for time test and RX-Ramp
and RX-point for testing the reach, whirlwind and RX for manual/semiautomatic test in the impedance plane.
Under the first tab you find the "Config" submenu.

Distance – Toolbar U, I, phi Shows the faulty state settings.

Normally you do not need to
change these values. You can not
set higher value than maximum
fault value from the "Config"
menu. The Uphi is the angle when
the fault starts, normally 90 de-
grees because then the amplitude
is at maximum value.
Click on any icon to open it, click on it again to close it. Import a graph Here you define the path to the
Report
reference graphs. These reference
See section headed ”Report”
graphs will be saved together with
the object. The reference graph is
Binary Outputs In the Binary Output list you can set used to detect PASS, FAIL in RX-
list the status of the binary outputs of Ramp and in RX-point.
FREJA. The status can be open or Edit/create This open up the reference graph
closed, and it is associated to the a reference program where you can create or
state of the generated sequence. graph edit a reference graph. For more
BO Set the Binary outputs manually. information see the Reference
graph section.
Add a new To manually add a new ramp in RX-
ramp ramp, RX-point and PSB. For more
Powers Shows the electric power (active,
reactive and apparent) associated information, see section RX-Ramp,
to each phase and the total pow- Add manual ramp.
ers associated to the three-phase Edit ramp Change start/stop position of the
system. This button is disabled in selected ramp
this instrument.
DC Power Sup- This button is used to drive the
ply FREJA battery simulator channel.
You can choose one pre-selected
DC voltage level or enter a desired
voltage. Log List of all trips in RX. If you use
the arrows and change to another
number, the setting values on the
screen will also change to the value
you had at that trip.
REL Library This button allows creating the
reference graph for relays that do
not support RIO file export. See next
pages for a more detailed descrip-
Generators Shows the measurement of the
tion.
output from the six generators.
Only possible in the RX mode. RIO Converter This button allows to create the
reference graph by importing them
Analogue Shows the measurement of the
inputs
from the RIO file. See next pages for
analogue inputs.
a more detailed description.
Binary list Shows the events on the binary

inputs.
Delete With the trashcan icon you can

Grid Grid on/off in the oscilloscope.
delete any trip.
Clear osc. Clear the oscilloscope. If you click REL library

this in RN you will delete all test Manual settings/reference graph creator for relays that
points in 1-phase faults. If you
click it in RS you will delete all test
do not support RIO.
points in 2-phase faults. This tool gives the possibility to create the test set-
Adjust axis Click this button and use the tings and the reference graph for e.g. ABB 650 or 670
mouse to move the origin. series.
1] Click the REL icon in the tool bar
2] Chose relay model
3] Transfer manually the relay settings, zones

configuration and CT/VT data by entering
the values in respective field:
The reference graph for all phase faults can be made

visible by choosing desired phase fault on the top of
the graphics:
->
Toggles between primary and secondary values.
4] Click on “export to Freja” button.

Note For details on relay settings and configuration
please see relay manufacturer user’s manual.

XML/XRIO setting import

You can
1] Click on REL icon
2] Chose relay model
3] Click on "File" and "Import settings from file"
4] Click on “Export to Freja” button.
RIO Converter
The RIO converter converts RIO files to FREJA reference graphs.
RIO files contains information about the settings of the relay.
You can get the RIO files out of e.g. SIEMENS ”Digsi”, and
some other relays (mostly in Germany).
1] Click this button to import the RIO-file in FREJA Win.
The settings from RIO-file will automatically be filled into the

fields. The reference graph will also be created from the RIO-
file
2] Start the test.

Note When you use RIO-files you will not be able to find out
if you have made wrong settings for the relay, since
you test directly against the downloaded settings.
Make sure that you also compare with the selectivity
plan.

Config – menu
Frequency You can select; 50, 60, or 16 2/3 Hz. (It is also
possible to select a default frequency in the
“Control Center”.)
Network You should start by selecting a network
Model model since the protective relay system will
normally be set for ohms per phase, but
FREJA must generate ohms per loop in order
to supply the system correctly. This means
that a factor of 2 must be included (for
2-phase faults), either by generating half the
current or double the voltage.
Network model 3PZSTD2A
In network model 3PZSTD1A, a factor of

2 is already included in the current. Con-
sequently only half the current set on the
screen will be generated.
This network model is useful when you want

to generate high impedances in situations
In network model 3PZSTD2A, a factor of 2 is where it is difficult to provide high enough
included in the voltage. Consequently, twice voltage.
as much voltage as that set on the screen will
be generated. Note However, if you want to test a
protective relay system equipped
with overcurrent starting, you
MUST select 3PZSTD2A.
This network model is the most frequently

used, although problems can arise if you
want to generate high impedances because
there is not high enough voltage. In such case
select network model 3PZSTD1A.
Network model 3PZSTD1A

2PH_RAIL Max. Fault These are the maximum values that will be
Settings generated. These values are used in the
instruments. It is used to calculate the maxi-
mum impedance.
Uref Sets the amplitude of the voltage reference
generator. All generators refer to this genera-
tor in phase angle. If you do not use this set
the amplitude to 0 V.
BI 1 to 10 Here you select which binary inputs to use.
You can select contact sense or voltage sense
with the button close to any binary input or
binary input group.
You can type in a name for each Binary Input

The network model 2PH_RAIL simulates a e.g. Trip or Start or Carrier Rec.
two phase system. This network model is
typical for Railway applications. If the trip signal is a dry contact
The two phase voltages are generators U1 you select contact sense with this
and U3. The two phase currents are genera- button.
tors I1 and I3.
If the trip signal is a wet contact
Single phase and two phase faults are simu-
you select voltage sense with this
lated.
button.
For single phase faults the impedance domain
is ohm/loop, for two phase faults the imped- BO Here you select which binary outputs to use.
ance domain is ohm/phase You can also type in a name for each Binary
output.
Time You can select ms or ccs (cycles, not imple-
mented yet).
Note If you want to make a new test or need to
change the settings in the "Config" menu
after you have started a test you must first Check this box and set the value if your relay
click the button “Start a new test” to clear setting has the definition of Z related to the
the data in log list. nominal current.
Current Change the direction with 180°, forward or Ground fac- The ground factor can be defined in two
Direction backward direction. tor ways. One way is to define Ke and the other
way is to unmark “Use standard” and define
Re/RI and Xe/XI.
If your relays have different times for single

and multiple phase faults, check this box.
No. of Zones Select the number of zones for the relay you
will test.
1.Set the theoretical trip time.

It is possible to have the same time on two
different zones, normally one in forward and
one in reverse direction.
2. Set the time tolerance. lKel Ground fault factor, used in the net-
3. Set the impedance tolerance. work models. This factor is used for
some manufactures distance relays
Prefault set- Prefault settings, normally 0 A, 63 V, 200 ms to get the 1-phase fault values into
tings and 0°. For older electromechanical relays ohm/phase. If Ke = 0 the 1 phase
you might need to increase the duration to fault is presented as ohm/loop.
2000-4000 ms.
Kphi The ground factor angle.
Off-delay Defines the time FREJA will continue gener-
ate after trip, a normal value in reality is 4 – 5
ccs. or 80 – 100 ms. It will stop on next zero-
crossing, from negative to positive, of Uref.

Re/RI
Xe/Xl
This is an alternative setting pos-
sibility to lKel and Kphi that is used
Connect – menu
by some protection manufacturers.
Hereby the protection's ground
impedance determination is done
via resistance and reactance ratio.
In that case the protection settings
must be entered here. This setting
possibility should only be used when
the protection to be tested is using
this definition. In all other cases lKel
and Kphi should be use.
In the “Connect” submenu you can write information on

how to connect the relay. This information will be saved
together with the object. This means that the connection
information is ready next time you shall test this object.
You can copy information, with text and pictures,

from an other program e.g. from Word and then
paste it here with the command <Ctrl> + <V>.

RX-Ramp – menu
The RX-Ramp menu is for reach test of the distance relay.
Normally when you are testing relays you test one phase
at a time. But here you can select to test all seven fault
types automatically
1] Mark the fault types you want to test (as de-
fault all are marked).
2] Import a reference graph.
3] Click the “Start” button.
FREJA will now test the selected fault types automatically
and then compare the values with the theoretical values
(the reference graph) and check against the tolerance
you have set in the "Config" menu. If the values are
within the tolerances there will be a green lamp, if not a
red lamp. You can also make the test without the refer-
ence graph, then without PASS/FAIL.
Resolution
FREJA use a binary search to find the zone border. The
smallest step is defined in the “Resolution” field. If you
test a relay with a short reach (small impedance settings)
you might need to decrease the “Resolution” value.
This is most important if two zones are very close to
each other. If two test points are closer than five times
the resolution the program will delete the last test point
since it calculate that it was in the same zone. The test shown as a red ring.
point which is not within the tolerance will get a red
2] Define which reference graphs to use, by
ring around the test point and the phase fault with
clicking “Import a graph”. Select LN.GRH
this test point will be marked with a red point.
(Line-Neutral) for 1-phase, and LL.GRH (Line-
Line) for 2-phase and LL.GRH or LLL.GRH for
3-phase.
For information on how to create reference graphs,
see section Reference graph.
Tolerance lines
3] Adjust the scale if it is not correct. The scale

is the same for all 1-phase faults so if you
change for AN it will also effect the other
1-phase faults. The same is valid for 2- and
3-phase faults. If you change the scale for AB
it will effect the other 2-phase faults.
4] Adjust origin, by clicking on the “Adjust axis”,
then drag the red square origin to the cor-
rect position.
Note If you only want to run one fault type, unmark

To display the tolerance lines the rest of the fault types, before starting.
1] Mark the ”Tolerance lines” check box (to the 5] Click the “Start” button. Each (selected) fault
right of the ”Start” button). type is now tested automatically.
FREJA Win will display the tolerances for the imped- FREJA 300/306 will show the different test results with
ance from the "Config" page. The colours of the lines different colours and the zone number for each zone.
are the same as the colours of the zones. Colours can Test points which are not within the specified toler-
be changed in the "Config" page. ance will have a red ring around that point.
The tolerance lines will use the zone order of the
Reference graph, so it is important that you create the Delete ramps in the ramp test
reference graphs with the correct zone order. This can 1] To delete a ramp, click with left mouse but-
however be changed afterwards, see chapter Reference ton on the ramp until the ramp gets red
Graph, section Make a reference graph, Manual meth-
2] Then right click on it and select “Delete ramp”.
od, for more information.
Select zones in the ramp test
Definition of the tolerance borders.
1] Right-click on a ramp to select which zones
FREJA Win calculate the tolerance from the (R+X)/2
the ramp shall test.
for each zone. If it is a circle it will calculate the toler-
This will speed up the test since you do not
ance from the diameter instead.
need to search for a border of zone 3 if you
know that zone 3 is in the reverse direction.
How to make a reach test The selection will be copied into all faults. If
1] Select Start angle, Stop angle, and delta Phi you do a selection in one of the single-phases
for all fault types. it will be copied to all single-phase faults.
The length of the ramps are calculated from The same will go for two-phase and three-
the max current and voltage you have set phase faults.
in the "Config" menu. The maximal length is

Results
1] The result for each fault type can be seen in
the “BI” list by clicking on the BI list ikon.
You will only see one fault type in each list.
Report
3] Click on the "Ramp Start" button
Report, see section Report.
4] Use the mouse to get the position (in the
Pause oscilloscope) for the start of the ramp, then
click the left mouse button.
1] You can make a pause in the testing by click-
ing the “Pause” button. 5] If you want the ramp to stop some where
This is used for a short break, if it is going else than the origin.
to be a long break it is better to close the Click on the "Ramp Stop" button
instrument ad later start it again.
6] Use the mouse to get the position for the
stop of the ramp, then click the left mouse
button.
You can also set the values exactly by typing
the figures in the fields; R, X, lZI or ZΦ.
Add manual ramps

1] Click the icon “Add ramp” or click the
right mouse button in the black oscilloscope,
select “Add a ramp”.
2] This window will show up.
A ramp could look like this.

Note The ramp you add in AN will be copied to all

single phase faults and those added in AB will
be copied to all 2-phase faults.
7] You can now run a single ramp, if it is marked
(red). If it is not marked, click on it. To start,
click button, “Start”.
8] If you want to add one more ramp, start from
no. 3 again.
Run ramps
A] You can select one ramp to run by clicking
on the ramp, it will then be red, or by using
the arrows at the bottom of the “Ramp Points”
window.
B] To run all the ramps. Unmark all marked
ramps by clicking somewhere in oscilloscope
without marking any ramp.
Origin offset
A] To move the origin outside of the oscilloscope
type in the desired values.
B] To move the origin inside the oscilloscope use
the “Adjust axis” in the toolbar.

RX Point – menu
The RX Point works very much the same as RX Ramp

but it will test only at the max and min. value of the
tolerances (from "Config" menu). If there is a trip on
the min. value (inside the zone) and no trip at the
max value (outside the zone) the test is passed.
The report for RX-Point will show the triptime inside
the zones. Outside the zones there shall not be any
trip, it is shown as “----”.

If the test is passed it will be marked with a green circle, if it

failed thee will be a red square.

RX – menu
The RX page is either an alternative to ZT to find the

trip time or a tool to test the relays in detail at differ-
ent points. You can run RX either in an automatic or
manual mode.

Automatic mode
Specify test points
When you select “Automatic” you first have to specify

the test points you want to test. This can be done in Manual mode
two ways:
A] Double click left mouse button were you
want to create the test points.
B] Insert the values for R, X, Z or Zϕ and then
click “Create test point”
The points you create in AN will be copied to the
other 1-phase faults.
The points you create in AB will be copied to the other
2-phase faults.
ABC is a separate group.
Sequence
To test a single test point.
1] Select “Manual” and “Sequence”.
2] Click on desired test point, it will be marked
Run the test as a square.
1] Select fault types to test. 3] Click “Start”.
2] Click “Start”. Sequence will generate Prefault and Fault, Prefault as
The test points will have a brown colour before they long as described in the "Config" menu and Fault until
are tested, when they are tested they will get a colour trip or the time for last zone. You can toggle between
corresponding to the zone time. Prefault and Fault using the buttons Page Up and
Page Down on the keyboard.
E.g. a trip time in 428 ms it will get a pink colour since
the time is within 400 ±10% ms in this example. If
the time is outside the tolerance it will get a red ring
around the test point.

Fault This will be shown as a blue marker both in the oscil-

1] To use the dial and change the value while loscope and in the binary list.
generating you must select the Fault mode.
You can not use the sequence mode, . To save the marker position
1] Select “Manual” and “Fault”.
Import ramp results 2] Create and select a test point (it will then
1] To import Ramp Results, click this button: change to a square symbol).
3] Click the “Start” button. The button “Save
Position” appears.
You will import the result from RX-Ramp, this will be 4] To move the marker, use the dial to change
shown as small dots. the values of R, X, Z or ZΦ.
5] When you want to save a marker position,
click the button “Save Position”.
6] Repeat 4 and 5 above to save more positions.
7] Click the “Stop” button, all marked positions
will be show in the oscilloscope.
Log list
With the log list you can jump between the test points
to view the results or to delete this test points from
the results that will be shown in the BI list and the
report. For report, see section Report.
Save position
In some cases you might want to save the position of

the marker even if the relay do not send a trip signal.

Whirlwind – menu
The Whirlwind instrument works like RX but it tests the

complete oscilloscope. The test starts in the center of
the oscilloscope and continues round like a whirlwind.
The test points will have different colours, correspond-
ing to the trip time, and the zone number in the test
point. If the trip time is not within the tolerance there
will also be a red ring around the test point. This test
can as well be done without a reference graph, which
is a good way to check the form of the characteristic.

Zt – menu
The submenu Zt is used for time test of distance relays.
Normally when you are testing relays you test one phase
at a time. But here you can select to test all seven fault
types automatically
1] Mark the fault types you want to test (as de-
fault all are marked).
2] Adjust the scale in “Z” and “Time”
3] Click the “Start” button.
FREJA will now test the selected fault types automati-
cally and then compare the values with the theoretical
values, which are set in the "Config" menu.
If the values are within the tolerances there will be a green

lamp, if not a red lamp.
The test point which is not within the tolerance will

get a red ring around the test point. The test can start

before zero ohm in the 3rd quadrant to check the 4] Adjust the scale for “Z “and “Time” if they
reverse direction. are not correct. The scale is the same for
all 1-phase faults so if you change for AN
As default ZF is 90°, this means the test will go along
it will also effect the other 1-phase faults.
the x-axis.
The same is valid for 2- and 3-phase faults. If
you change the scale for AB it will effect the
other 2-phase faults.
5] Click “Clear all results”.
If you have imported a reference graph to the RX-Ramp, you
can use this button to automatically create the Zt reference 6] Click the “Start” button again.
graph. Sometimes some of the test points close to
the zone borders fails and get a red ring
around. This is natural because the time is
not stable close to the borders.
Another way of testing is to use the border test. This

will test the trip time, e.g. ±2% of the border. If the
test is OK you will also know that the border is within
±2%.
For test around zero ohm the test is done with an
absolute value, ”Min. test area”, (you can't calculate 7] To delete any test points click with left
2% of zero ohm). mouse button on the test point until the test
points gets blue. Then right lick on it and
select “Remove test point”
Tip If the test result is reversed, try

to change the direction in the “Config”
menu.
If you want to delete all the test points in

all phases, click “Start new test”.
If you want to remove the test points in

only one phase e.g. ABC, select “Phase
Fault ABC” and click the button “Clear
all results from the oscilloscope” on the
toolbar. To run this phase again, unmark
the other phases and click “Start”.
Zoom
If you want to zoom some specific details:
How to make a time test
1] Decrease the scale.
1] Set the Binary goal to normally close (red
"lamp") 2] Change the origin offset.
2] Select test points/division (normally 2) or 3] If necessary also increase the number of test
select border test. points/division.
3] Click the “Start” button 4] Click “Start”.

Results
1] To view the results for the fault type shown in
the oscilloscope, click “BI list” on the toolbar.
Report
See section Report.

Power Swing (PSB) – menu
The PSB page is designed for testing the power swing

detection function, which often is used to block dis-
tance protection relays. The used test method allows
to test power swing detection functionality based on
the speed of the apparent impedance trajectory.
Note This method cannot be used for testing power

swing relays based on a different approach,
for instance using pattern recognition on
voltage and current waveforms. The power
system simulated by FREJA Win is not realistic
enough for testing this approach.
In these cases a good solution is to use COM-
TRADE files representing a probable power
swing that can be seen at the location where
the power swing function is installed. Usually
the files are generated from power network
simulator based on system studies of the
network where the power swing is supposed
to be detected.
In the PSB page it is possible to test the first power
swing that generally occurs in the network. The
method to test the second power swing, that may oc-
cur after the first power swing, is under development
at the moment.
Input data to the test
1] Enter the resistive value and the value of

the impedance is automatically calculated The power swing transfer time or

considering the “power swing ramp” that is the power swing speed between the
simulated. detection zones
Horizontal position (resistance) of the inner
and outer impedance detectors:
The “power swing ramp”
3] The speed of the apparent impedance can be

set as time needed by the impedance to cross
the detection borders or as mathematical
value of speed, in ohms per second.
If "Prioritize dZ/dt over Power Swing transfer

time" is not selected, when the transfer time
2] The ramp can be entered graphically, in the is entered, the speed will be calculated.
same way the ramps in distance protection
testing are entered. If “Prioritize dZ/dt over Power Swing trans-
Consider that the power swing is in princi- fer time” is selected, the impedance speed
ple a “horizontal” phenomenon, from the is considered as reference, and the transfer
apparent impedance point of view, the ramp time will be calculated.
is limited to the reasonable inclination of 15
degrees. Accuracy
The choice of an angle of zero degrees will It is recommended to use the “Default” ac-
make the test easier to understand and fol- curacy for the detection of the power swing
low. functionality.
The beginning of the ramp represents the Should the test give strange results, even
simulated load point. when the connections to the relay, the relay
The vertical line associated to the ramp rep- settings and the FREJA Win settings have
resents the minimum load resistance, usually been checked, it is worth to try again with a
a value known when testing distance protec- less accurate test by choosing “Reduced Ac-
tion. By adjusting the ramp to have the verti- curacy”.
cal line to the known minimum load value,
automatically the power swing load point is Binary input
placed into the load.
The end of the ramp cannot be selected. It
always passes by the origo of the impedance
plane.

4] The relay signal “Power swing detected” Check list

must be available and connected to FREJA
Binary Input in order to perform this test,
as in this example, where it is connected to
Binary Input 3.
Running the test

1] Press “START” to begin the test.
Several ramps are generated, to verify that
power swing is not detected for a “fault”
(simulated power swing faster than settings)
and that it is detected for a power swing
(simulated power swing slower than the set-
tings).
While the ramps are generated, FREJA Win
will represent them on the impedance plane
with their classical representation. The part
of the ramp indicated in red shows where
the area where the test of the power swing
functionality occurs.
When testing a relay not all parts needs measuring,

some parts can be done by a visual inspection. Here
you can create your own “Check list” and tick the
check-box when it is done. This will also be printed
out in the report. When you select “New test” the
check marks will be removed but the text will remain.
Notes – menu
In the ”Notes” menu you can make notes about the
specific test e.g. if some part of the relay is broken
and need repairs. This information will then be printed
in the report.
Several possible test results are considered aiming to

present the best information about the positive and/or
negative test results, see example below.


Basic
The current instrument is designed for testing over cur-
rent relays. Here in the "Config" menu you set up the
conditions for the test.

Current – Toolbar Edit/create Edit/create a reference graph

a reference
graph
Log list List of all trips. If you use the arrows

and change to another number, the
Report Preview on screen or print out. setting values on the screen will also
trip.
Binary out Set the Binary out list.
Binary out, Manual control of the Binary output

manually
ON/OFF.

reactive and apparent) associated
to each phase and the total powers
associated to the three-phase system.
This button is disabled in this instru-
ment.
DC Power This button is used to drive the FREJA
Supply battery simulator channel. You can
level or enter a desired voltage.
Generators Show the measured values of the

generator.
Analog Show the measured values from the

inputs. analog input
Binary List Show the events on the Binary inputs

for the selected fault type.

Tip! If the relay requires a reset pulse
between the test shots you can set
the binary out active in Prefault (state
1) to reset the relay.
Clear the This will clear the results from the se-
results lected fault type. If you want to clear
the result from all fault types, use the
”Clear all results” button.
Import Define a reference graph for import.
reference
graph

Config – menu The value where the Trip signal is deactivated is the
pickup value. The value will be compared with the I>
value (in "Config" page) to find out the percentage
difference (and set Pass or Fail depending on the Max
pickup field in the "Config" page).
Pass/Fail settings
1] Set up the tolerance, in percent, for the time
test and as an absolute minimum value in
milliseconds. The time is compared with the
reference graph.
2] Set up the I>, the tolerance for the pick-up
and the hysteresis.
Test of electromechanical relays

1] In the "Config" page you set the following
parameter values.
Test of El. Mech. relays

Tap setting The relay setting
Ramp multiplier The initial phase voltage multiplier
Startup time The length of the initial phase
In the "Pickup" page you set the wait time.
Wait time (ms) The duration of each step to find
the value
Principle of operation
Pickup test will start with an initial energizing phase.
The Tap setting current multiplied with the Ramp
multiplier value will be the initial current during the
specified time.
Then the current level will be 1.5 times the Tap set-
ting stepping down towards 0.5 times the Tap setting
(in 25 steps). The duration of each step is set in the
pickup page, "Wait time (ms)".
When the trip signal is deactivated the procedure
above is repeated (from 2 steps before the trip was
deactivated) towards 2 steps below the deactivation.
The procedure is divided into 25 steps (but not lower
than 1 mA per step) to get a better resolution.
Normally the BI input goal should be set to “open” (if
the Trip signal is a closing contact).

Pick-up menu Time test – menu
In this menu you test the pick-up and dropout values, In the time test you will test the trip time of the over-
then the program calculate the hysteresis. The test is current relay and display the result with current and
done automatically. time on the axis.
1] Define the ”I start”, ”I stop” and the speed

(dI/dt). How to make a time test of an
2] Click the ”Start” button. overcurrent relay
The current will now slowly increase until the 1] Select the fault types to test.
pick-up value, then the current will decrease until 2] Set start and stop value for the current.
the dropout value and the program will calculate
the hysteresis. 3] Adjust the scale.
4] Click ”Start”.
Note If you have no electrical signal ”Start” from
FREJA will now start to generate the start value, in this
case 1.5 A and generate this until max time, which
the relay you can press the button
depends on the time scale. If there is no trip there will
when the ”Start lamp” on the relay goes on
to define the pick-up, and then press it again be an ”X”. Then FREJA increase the current, and if
when the lamp goes off to define the drop- there is a trip there will be a yellow mark.
out. The time is compared with the reference graph. If the
time is within ±10% or ±100 ms, the test is passed
and a green lamp is shown.

It is also possible to select logarithmic scale.

1] Check the boxes for Istart times the test
points that you want, e.g. 3, 5 and 8 (see
picture above). The value Istart is taken from
the ”"Config" page.

6 Voltage instrument

Basic
The voltage instrument is designed for testing over/
under voltage relays. Here in the "Config" menu you
set up the conditions for the test.

Voltage – Toolbar Import refer- Define a reference graph for import.

ence graph
Edit/create Edit/create a reference graph

a reference
graph
Report Preview on screen or print out.
Log list List of all trips. If you use the arrows

Binary out Set the Binary out list. and change to another number, the
setting values on the screen will also
trip.
Binary out, Manual control of the Binary output.
manually ON/
OFF

reactive and apparent) associated
to each phase and the total powers
associated to the three-phase sys-
tem. This button is disabled in this
instrument.
DC Power This button is used to drive the
Supply FREJA battery simulator channel.
You can choose one pre-selected
DC voltage level or enter a desired
voltage.

generator.

inputs analog input.


Tip! If the relay requires a reset pulse
between the test shots you can
set the binary out active in Prefault
(state 1) to reset the relay.
Clear the This will clear the results from the
results selected fault type. If you want to
clear the result from all fault types,
use the ”Clear all results” button.

Config – menu The value where the Trip signal is deactivated is the
pickup value. The value will be compared with the U>
value (in "Config" page) to find out the percentage
difference (and set Pass or Fail depending on the Max
pickup field in the "Config" page).
Pass/Fail settings
1] Set up the tolerance, in percent, for the time
test and as an absolute minimum value in
milliseconds. The time is compared with the
reference graph.
2] Set up the U>, the tolerance for the pick-up
and the hysteresis.
Test of electromechanical relays

1] In the "Config" page you set the following
parameter values.
Test of El. Mech. relays

Tap setting The relay setting
Ramp multiplier The initial phase voltage multiplier
Startup time The length of the initial phase
In the "Pickup" page you set the wait time.
Wait time (ms) The duration of each step to find
the value
Principle of operation
Pickup test will start with an initial energizing phase.
The Tap setting voltage multiplied with the Ramp
multiplier value will be the initial voltage during the
specified time.
Then the voltage level will be 1.5 times the Tap set-
ting stepping down towards 0.5 times the Tap setting
(in 25 steps). The duration of each step is set in the
pickup page, "Wait time (ms)".
When the trip signal is deactivated the procedure
above is repeated (from 2 steps before the trip was
deactivated) towards 2 steps below the deactivation.
The procedure is divided into 25 steps to get a better
resolution.
Normally the BI input goal should be set to “open” (if
the Trip signal is a closing contact).

Pick-up – menu Time test – menu
In this menu you test the pick-up and dropout In the time test you will test the trip time of the un-
values, then the program calculate the hysteresis. der/over voltage relay and display the result like this
with voltage and time on the axis.
Running the test

1] Define the “U start”, “U stop” and the speed
How to make a time test of an
(dU/dt). under/over voltage relay
2] Click the “Start” button. The test is done 1] Select the fault types to test.
automatically. 2] Set start and stop value for the voltage.
The voltage will slowly decrease to the pickup value, 3] Adjust the scale.
then the voltage will increase until the dropout value
4] Click “Start”.
is reached and after that the program will calculate
the hysteresis. FREJA will now start to generate the start value, in this
case 30 V. If there is no trip there will be an “X”. Then
Note If you have no electrical signal “Start” from FREJA increase the voltage, and if there is a trip there
the relay you can click the button when the will be a purple mark.
“Start lamp” on the relay goes on to define
the pick-up, and then click it again when the The time is compared with the reference graph. If the
lamp goes off to define the dropout. time is within ±10% or ±100 ms, (from the "Config"
page) the test is passed and a green lamp is indicated.

7 Frequency instrument
Basic
The frequency instrument is designed for testing fre-
quency relays. To use the frequency instrument, you set
a fixed voltage and vary the frequency, either slowly to
check the frequency limit or by switching rapidly from
a prefault frequency to a faulty frequency to measure
tripping time.
Here in the "Config" menu you set up the conditions for
the test.

Frequency – toolbar Edit/create Edit/create a reference graph

a reference
graph
Log list List of all trips. If you use the arrows and
change to another number, the setting
Report Preview on screen or print out. values on the screen will also change to
the value you had at that trip.
Binary out, Manual control of the Binary output.

manually
ON/OFF
Powers Shows the electric power (active, reac-

tive and apparent) associated to each
phase and the total powers associated
to the three-phase system. This button
is disabled in this instrument.

generator.

inputs analog input.

Binary out Set the Binary out list. Tip! If the relay
requires a reset pulse between the test
shots you can set the binary out active
in Prefault (state 1) to reset the relay.
Clear the This will clear the results from the
results selected fault type. If you want to clear
the result from all fault types, use the
”Clear all results” button.
Import Define a reference graph for import.
reference
graph

Config – menu Manual – menu
In this menu you switch from a prefault frequency to a

faulty frequency to measure the trip time.
The test is done manually for each frequency value,
either in “Sequence” with Prefault and Fault frequen-
cies. Or “Manual” with only one frequency.
Maximum voltage to generate is 150 V between
phase-neutral (L-N). But if you connect between
phase-phase (L-L) you can get up to 150 •3=259.
Sequence
1] Select “Sequence”.
2] Select state 1 and set the Prefault values.
Select state 2 and set the Fault values. Do not
forget to set BI-goal for each state.
3] Connect the relay between phase-neutral
(L-N) or phase-phase (L-L) depending on the
voltage level.
Manual
1] Select “Manual”
2] Select the settings from state 1 or state 2
voltage level.
4] Click “Start”
Note You can jump between the states with
<PgUp> and <PgDn>, while generating. Time
test – menu.
Result
You can jump between the results using the arrows in
the log.

Scan – menu
In the report (click the Printer icon) you will see all the
results.
The “Scan” menu works the same as “Manual”

sequence menu, but in an automatic mode. The
program will measure the trip times for the defined
frequencies span.
1] Set the voltage to generate.
2] Connect the relay (Line-Line or Line-Neutral,
depending on the required voltage).
3] Set the "Prefault" values.
4] Set "Scan settings".
5] Adjust the scale.
6] Set BI-goal.
voltage level.

Ramp – menu
The “Ramp” menu is used to search for a frequency
border.
1] Enter the duration of steady state.

2] Connect the relay (Line-Line or Line-Neutral,
depending on the required voltage). Connect
the BI signal to a contact without any delay.
3] Set "Ramp settings".
4] Adjust the scale.
5] Set BI-goal.
voltage level.
Result
If you run more than one test you can jump between
the results using the arrows in the log.
In the report (click the Printer icon) you will see all the
results.

8 Autoreclose instrument

Basic
The autoreclose instrument is designed for testing of re-
lays with built in autoreclose and synchrocheck function.
Here in the configuration menu you set up some of the
start conditions for the test.

Autoreclose – Toolbar Graphic Graphic display of binary events and

wave fors.
Clear osc. Clear the oscilloscope, in RX mode.
New test Start a new test by clicking the button Adjust axis Click this button and use the mouse to
“New test”. This will delete the old test move the origin
results, but the settings will remain.
U, I, phi Shows the faulty state settings. Normally
Report Preview on screen or printout you don’t need to change these values.
You can’t set higher value than maximum
settings from the "Config" menu. The
Binary out Set the Binary out list Uphi is the angle when the fault starts,
normally 90 degrees because then the
amplitude is at maximum vale.
Binary out, Manually control of the binary outputs
manually Import a Here you define the path to the reference
ON / OFF graph graphs. These reference graphs will be
Relations Set the relations in amplitude and phase saved together with the object.
angel. Edit / create This start the reference graph program
a reference where you can create or edit a reference
Powers Shows the electric power (active, reac- graph graph. For more information see the
Reference graph section.
phase and the total powers associated
to the three-phase system. This button is
disabled in this instrument.
DC Power This button is used to drive the FREJA Log List of all trips. If you use the arrows and
values on the screen will also change to
Trashcan Using the trash can icon you can delete

or undo delete of any trip results.
RIO con- Click this button to import RIO-file into
verter FREJA. The settings and end the refer-
Generators This will show the measurement of the
ence graph will automatically be created.
output from the six generators. The
measurement uses a multiplex channel,
which means that it takes some time to
measure all channels. This means that
you don’t get any values if you try to
measure on a short tie.
Analogue Shows the measurement of the analogue
inputs inputs.
Binary list When you have received a trip you can

see the trip time on the normal timer but
if you press the “BI list” button on the
toolbar you can get more information.
Amplitude and phase angle for each
generator or impedance for the differ-
ent fault types together with the time
and state number. If there have been
more than one event on the binary input
list, will it also be shown here (normally
bounces from the relay). The event that
caused the “trip” is marked with green.

Config – menu
Frequency You can select; 50, 60 or 16 2/3 Hz.

(It is also possible to select a default fre-
quency in the Control Center.)
Network Model
You should start by selecting a network
model since the protective relay system Ground Factor
will normally be set for ohms per phase, The ground factor can be defined in two
but FREJA must generate ohms per loop in ways. One way is to define Ke and the other
order to supply the system correctly. This way is to unmark “Use standard” and de-
means that a factor of 2 must be included fine Re/Rl and Xe/Xl. For more information
(for 2-phase faults). Either by generating see ground factor under Distance instru-
half the current or double the voltage. For ment "Config" menu.
more information see network model under
Distance instrument "Config" menu.
Correction factor
Check the box if your relay settings have
the definition of Z related to the nominal
current.
Time You can select ms or ccs (cycles, not imple- BI 1 to 10
mented ye). Here you select which binary inputs to use.
You can select contact sense or voltage
sense with the button close to any binary
input or binary input group.
You can type in a name for each Binary
Input e.g. Trip or Start or Carrier Rec.
Load settings
These are the normal settings for the
healthy phases when using impedance dia-
gram on the Reclose page. If the “trip” signal is a dry contact select
contact sense with this button.
If the “trip” signal is a wet contact select

voltage sense with this button.
Max settings BO (1-4) Here you select which binary outputs to use.
These are the maximum values that will be You can also type in a name for each Binary
generated. output.

Connect - menu
In the connect submenu you can write information on

how to connect the test equipment to the relay. This
information will be saved together with the object.
This means that the connection information is ready
next time you shall test this object.
Tip
You can copy text and pictures from an-
other program e.g. Word and paste it into
the Connect page. Use the normal copy
and paste commands.

Reclose – menu
In this Reclose menu you can run up to 14 states in a

row and with settable duration for each state. You can
choose between Impedance plane and Vector diagram
for each state.
Number of states
Set the number of states you will generate
State settings/impedance
By using Impedance you can set the type of fault and

your impedance values. You can either type the values
or use the mouse and click in the Impedance plane
for your test point. You can also choose what state
that should be your reference time (the clock will start
counting from 0 in this state). If you are testing relays
with synchrocheck function you can use Uref. For Uref Application example – Distance
it’s possible to change amplitude, phase angle and
frequency.
relay with synchrocheck function
State Generator Uref Duration Binary
State settings/vector settings (ms) inputs
Trip AR
1 Vector diagram, used 10000
pre-fault values
such as normal
load conditions
2 Impedance dia- used 2000 close
gram, fault values
in zone 1
3 Circuit breaker used 20-40
opening time. Im-
pedance diagram,
fault values in
By using Vector you can set the type of fault the same zone 1
way as in the General instrument. Type in your values, 4 Vector diagram, used 200-500
it’s easier if you use the relation function. You can also zero state (line
choose what state that should be your reference time not energized)
(the clock will start counting from 0 in this state). If 5 Vector diagram, used 2000 close
only voltage
you are testing relays with synchrocheck function you applied and with
can use Uref. For Uref it’s possible to change ampli- the same ampli-
tude, phase angle and frequency. tude, phase angle
and frequency as
U ref
6 Circuit breaker used 60-150
closing time. Vec-
tor diagram, only
voltage applied
and with the
same amplitude,
phase angle and
frequency as Uref
7 Vector diagram,
post fault condi-
tions such as
normal load.
For verification of the synchrocheck function run this
test and change the settings for Uref in state no. 5.
You can otherwise add a couple of states instead of
state no. 5, first with Uref outside the limits (ampli-
tude, phase angle and frequency) and then for each
state closer and closer to the limits.

9 Auto300 instrument
Basic
The AUTO300 is an instrument where you can create
an automatic sequence without any knowledge in
programming. You simply “Add test” or “Add info”
to a list. The tests are normally tests that you have run
before in one of the other instruments e.g. General.
The “Info” can be a normal Word file or any other
file e.g. an EXE-file or an XLS-file to open up an Excel
application.

Add Test Pause after test

1] Click “Add Test” and browse to the test direc- Check this box if you want FREJA to stop and make a
tory. There will be a FREJA icon on each test pause after the test.
directory.
2] In the “Test name” field you can fill in the View Connect tab before start
name that will be shown on the test Tab. Check this box to view the “Connect tab” before the
3] Select the “Type of test”, this means which tab test starts.
in the instrument you want to run, e.g. “RX”
in the “Distance” instrument. Edit Notes after test
Check this box to write any comments in the “Notes
Add Info tab” after the test.
1] Click “Add Info”, browse to the file to open.
Execute Manually
Note Normally this is a word processor file e.g. a
Click this button to open up the selected test, either
doc-file from Word. But it can be any file, this
means you can open up any other program if just to look at it or to make any changes in the test.
you want. This can e.g. be to change the reference graph or to
change any other settings.
2] The name of the “Tab” will be “Information”,
but you can click “Edit” and change “Test
name” to write an other name on the “Tab”. From, To
When you click the “Start” button, the test will run
Note See “Advanced settings”, “Add info using From this “Tab” To this “Tab”. This is also used when
external path” below in this section.
you print a report. The printout will be From - To.
Edit
Start
1] Select the “Tab” you want to edit, and click
“Edit”. Here you start the test which will run “From – To” (see
above). Each instrument will now start up and a “Test
info” slide bar will be shown. If you want to stop the
Delete complete test, click “Stop” here. If you only want to
1] Select the “Tab” you want to delete, and click stop the actual test, click the “Stop” button in the
“Delete”. instrument.
Copy
You can use “Copy” instead of “Add Test” if you
want to use the same test directory, by use an other
tab in this instrument.
1] Select the “Tab” to copy
2] Click “Copy”
3] The new “Tab” will now be placed in the end
of the list.
Move up, Move Down

With these buttons you can move the position of the
selected “Tab”.
Step
This shows the actual number of the “Tab”.
Print
This will open the Print dialogue, where you can
Tests
select:
This shows the number of “Tabs” in the test.

A] Design – design the first page in the

AUTO300 report. For more information how
Report configuration
to do, see section “Quick guide for report
generator”.
B] Info – edit the report information on the first
page of the AUTO300 report (Station name,
Relay etc.).
C] Print – this will start the printout. The prin-
tout range will be From – To (see above).
D] Configuration – configure your printout
Note There is no Preview for AUTO300 tests. You
can however look at the result for a specific
test if you click the “Execute manual” button. Under “File” in the “Auto300” instrument you find
“Report configuration”. Here you select the report
Pass/Fail templates for each instrument. You can also select to
Each test will be indicated with these icons include header page(s) which is the first page with the
information about name of the Station, Relay etc.
Fail
Advanced settings
Pass
Not tested
If any of the tests will fail, “Pass/Fail” will show a Fail

icon.
Delay after test

Here you specify the delay after your own program.
The time is set in seconds. If you set 0 = No delay.
Extra parameter
Here you can send an extra parameter. This can be
useful if your own program needs special command
lines (switches). Example “/read only”
Max wait time

If your external program not closes you can close it
automatically after a max time that you can set here.
The time is set in seconds. If you set 0 = infinite time.

Max wait action Run only failed and untested tests

If your external program not closes. When this button is clicked, only failed and untested
0 = noting tests will be run. The report will contain all tests,
1 = Send ALT+F4 including the passed one.
2 = Try 1 then Abort task.
Edit sendkeys
No clear before test start With this button you can control the keyboard com-
Normally the previous test result are deleted when you mands in the program (normally if you select to start
start a new test. an external program). This means you can control the
0 = Delete program e.g. change setting or anything as long as
1 = Do not delete. you use the keyboard.
Hide progress indicator for this test Syntax for SendKeys

0 = Not hide Keywords
1 = Hide.
If the line begins with
Hide progress indicator for all tests
Delay nnnn Delay nnnn milliseconds
0 = Not hide
SendKeys xxxx The string xxxx will be sent to the
1 = Hide. application
Stop action SetCharDelay nnnn A delay of nnnn milliseconds will
be done after each character (if
Possible to make a loop no “(“ or “{“ in the string).
0 = Stop ▪▪One or several <Space> or <Tab> characters after the
1 = Restart from step 1 “keyword” (Delay, SendKeys, SetCharDelay) can be used.
2 = Restart from step 2
▪▪Each key is represented by one or more characters.
...and so on
▪▪To specify a single keyboard character, use the character
Append to logfile itself.
Normally all steps are written in a logfile (AUTO30. ▪▪To represent more than one character, append each
LOG) additional character to the one preceding it.
0 = Erase before start Comments
1 = Append to logfile (this will grow for every start….)
A line which start with a <Tab> or <Space> will be
External info path ignored. Can be used as comments.
With the “Add info” button you can start up another Special keys (code used in SendKeys xxxx
program. This program is normally copied into the string)
test file, which is good if the test is run from another
To specify characters, such as <ENTER> or <Tab>,
computer. This computer do not need to have the
that are not displayed when you press a key and keys
same program or file installed. But on the other hand
that represent actions rather than characters, use the
this will increase the size of the test file.
codes shown in the following table:
In this field you can insert the path to the specific file
to use if you do not want the file to be copied into Key Code
the testfile. Escape key {ESC}
Add information using external path BACKSPACE {BACKSPACE}, {BS}, or {BKSP}

BREAK {BREAK}
When this button is clicked, the test will use a link to
the “External info path” described above. If the but- CAPS LOCK {CAPSLOCK}
ton is not clicked the “Add info” will use a copy of the DEL or DELETE {DELETE} or {DEL}
program or file used in “Add info”. DOWN ARROW {DOWN}
END {END}
Stop if fail
ENTER {ENTER}or ~
Click this button if you want the test to stop if a test
ESC {ESC}
has failed.
HELP {HELP}
HOME {HOME}

INS or INSERT {INSERT} or {INS} Example of SendKey file

LEFT ARROW {LEFT}
Next line will give 0.3 seconds SetCharDelay 300
NUM LOCK {NUMLOCK} delay after each character send
PAGE DOWN {PGDN} to the application (makes it more
visible).
PAGE UP {PGUP}
Next line will “Press right arrow SendKeys {RIGHT}
PRINT SCREEN {PRTSC}
key 5 times” {RIGHT}{RIGHT}
RIGHT ARROW {RIGHT} {RIGHT}{RIGHT}
SCROLL LOCK {SCROLLLOCK} Next line will type the number 25 SendKeys 25
TAB {TAB} Next line will press <Enter> SendKeys {ENTER}
UP ARROW {UP} Next line will press <Alt> + <F4> SendKeys %{F4}
F1 {F1} (close the window)
... ... Note Comments must have an indent to prevent
F12 {F12} them from being interpreted as code.
Combination of keys Workflow
To specify keys combined with any combination of the 1] Make sure you are placed on the desired Tab
<SHIFT>, <CTRL>, and <ALT> keys, precede the key you want to assign the SendKey file to.
code with one or more of the following codes.
2] Click the “File”, “Edit Advanced settings for this
Key Code test”
SHIFT + 3] Click the “SendKey” button
CTRL ^ 4] A template will open up, you can delete all
ALT % and write your own file based on the key-
words described above.
The plus sign (+), caret (^), percent sign (%), 5] Close the editor. It will be saved together
tilde (~), and parentheses (( )) have special with the specific test. The SendKey file will
meanings to SendKeys. To specify one of these be started when the test is run. If you do not
characters, enclose it in braces ({}). For exam- want the SendKey file to run you must delete
ple, to specify the plus sign, use {+}. it.
Brackets ([ ]) have no special meaning to SendKeys,
but you must enclose them in braces. To specify brace
characters, use {{} and {}}.
Example of special codes

Code Explanation
+(FX) Holding down shift while pressing F and X
%FX Alt F and then X (without alt)
^X Control X
{LEFT 35} Left arrow 35 times
{+} The + button (only + is the ALT key!)
{{} The { button
{F4} The function key F4
{TAB} The tab key
{UP} The “up arrow” key
{DEL} The delete key
{PGDN} The “page down” key
{ENTER} The enter key

10 Transient instrument

Basic
The Transient instrument is used to generate transient
waveforms from a disturbance recorder.

Config – menu Connect – menu

In the connect submenu you can write information on
Fixed frequency how to connect the test equipment to the relay. This
You can select “NONE”, “50”, “60”,“16 2/3” Hz. information will be saved together with the object.
This is only used for the prefault or post fault states This means that the connection information is ready
when you select “Sine”. You must select fixed fre- next time you shall test this object.
quency as “NONE” if you want to set the frequency
yourself. Tip
You can copy text and pictures from an-
External sync (GPS) other program e.g. Word and paste it into
The box ”External sync (GPS)” should be checked
the Connect page. Use the normal copy
if you want make End-to-end testing using two (or and paste commands.
more) FREJA. You need to use the optional GPS100
receiver from Megger.
Generators
In the drop down menu you can select “AC”, “DC”
or “OFF”. This is only used for the prefault or post
fault states when you select “Sine”. It is possible to
set a maximum generated value in the right fields.
BI (1 – 10)
Here you select which binary inputs to use. You can
select contact sense or voltage sense using the button
close to any binary input or binary input group
BO
Select which binary outputs to use. You can also type
in a name for each Binary output.

Converter – menu
Converter
Before you can generate the transient file with FREJA
you must convert it into a format that FREJA can un-
derstand. It will be converted to SDF files (Sample Data
Files).
Select the converter you want to use.
Name Works with files

COMTRADE .DAT and .CFG
Ascii .DAT
Emtp .PL4
COMTRADE
COMTRADE is probably the most used converter. The
file can be in an Ascii or binary format. To convert a
COMTRADE file you need the following information and
files:
▪▪DAT file, contains the data.

▪▪CFG file, contains the channel list and sampling frequency.
The CFG and DAT files must be stored in the same directory.

▪▪CT and VT ratio for the recorded data. This is the ratio
between the data in the file and the output FREJA shall
generate. Sometimes the values for the voltage are in
kVolt sometimes in Volt. This means it can e.g. be a
conversion factor of 385 to 110 or 385 000 to 110.
Ascii
Ascii format is normally a text file. The columns repre-
sent the different generators and the lines represent
each sample (up to 2000). The text file must only
contain numbers with data. If the text file contains
additional text information as in the picture below
(the text marked), you can use a normal text editor to
delete it. Then save it with extension DAT.
3] In the window, click the button
You can also use Excel to create your own data file. to look at the waveform before converting.
Insert the data in 6 columns (one for each generator) Now you can see the waveform. If the values to gener-
and max 2000 lines. Save it as text file. Use Explorer ate seem too big (if the lines are dashed on the wave-
form, you have reached the maximum values), this is
to rename it with extension DAT.
probably because you have not filled in the conversion
factors for the file (normally the CT and VT ration).
How to convert But it might also mean that you need to connect an
external current amplifier.
1] Select the file you want to convert.
Note For COMTRADE, the CFG and DAT files must
be stored in the same directory.
2] Select field number for the generators.
4] The conversion factors can some times be

in kV already in the file, as in this case for a
385.000/110 V. Then you set 385000 V in the
input.

5] Click the button Sequence menu

The intstrument contains two states. The first state
should be used to enter prefault waveforms and the
second state to playout the SDF-file.
and you will see a waveform without any
dashed lines. The white field is the field that
will be converted. You can increase or de-
crease it with the mouse
6] Finally click the “CONVERT” button.
1] Select if you want to generate Sine wave or

Transient for each state. If you select “Tran-
sient“ you browse for the SDF-file you have
converted. If you want to set a post fault, go
to state 2 and select “Sine“.
2] If you want to change the SDF-file you must
click the “import an SDF-file” icon in the tool-
bar.
Note You can mix Sine and Transient waveforms as

you like. Example state 1 Sine, state 2 Tran-
sient, state 3 Sine, state 4 Transient,…but the
Transient waveform is always the same, it can
only load one SDF-file, but it can be used in
different states.
3] You can look at the waveform before you
generate it by clicking the “binoculars” icon,
“show the sequence to be generated”.
4] Set up the binary goal.
5] Click ”Start“ to generate the sequence.
Result
Graphic
1] Click on “a graphic presentation…” in the
toolbar to show the graphical result.

1 → 0 (usually it is 0 → 1) and if you want to add an

additional time delay to the generation, in case you
need to synchronize the test set with a test set from a
different manufacturer:
The synchronizing signal can be connected to any of
the available (and free) 10 binary inputs.
Table
1] Click on the BI-list icon
in the toolbar to view the result as a table.

In the above figure the extra time delay is set to 4 ms,
GPS Synchronisation which means that the second test set has an internal
delay of 4 milliseconds from when the starting signal
It is possible to start the generation of FREJA from a
(GPS) is received, to when the output is really gener-
synchronization pulse that usually is given by a GPS
ated.
clock.
Usually this time delay can easily be measured in prac-
1] Select ”External sync (GPS)” in the "Config" tice by using the disturbance recorder of the relays
tab.
under test, if they record the remote and local quanti-
ties.
In the "Sequence" tab you can select if the genera-

tion will start on the GPS signal transition 0 → 1 or

11 Differential instrument
Basic
The Differential instrument is mainly designed to test
numerical transformer protection relays, where the
auxiliary CTs for vector group correction and zero-
sequence current subtraction are “simulated” in the
protection relay algorithms.
The instrument makes use of 6 current generators.
The Differential instrument can also be used to test

static and/or electromechanical transformer protection
relays, with injection from the auxiliary transformers,
as shown in the figure below.

Protected Differential – Toolbar

Power Transformer
Main CTs Main CTs
Aux. CTs Aux. CTs New test Start a new test by clicking the button
“New test”. This will delete the old test
results, but the settings will remain.
Differential Relay
Report Print -out of a report, see section Report
With some simplifications in the data input, the instru- Binary In the Binary Output list you can set the
ment can also be used to test differential relays where Outputs status of the binary outputs of FREJA. The
list status can be open or closed, and it is
injection is done after the auxiliary CTs.
associated to the state of the generated
Protected sequence.
Power Transformer
BO Set the Binary outputs manually.
Main CTs Main CTs
Powers Shows the electric power (active, reac-

Aux. CTs phase and the total powers associated
Aux. CTs to the three-phase system. This button is
disabled in this instrument.
Differential Relay Supply battery simulator channel. You can
choose one pre-selected DC voltage level
or enter a desired voltage.
Freja Differential can also be used to test differential

generator protection relays, line differential protection
relays and static/electromechanical differential relays.
Analogue Shows the measurement of the ana-

inputs logue inputs.
Binary list Shows the events on the binary inputs.
Clear osc. Clear the oscilloscope. If you click this

in RN you will delete all test points in
1-phase faults. If you click it in RS you
will delete all test points in 2-phase
faults.

Import a
graph
Here you define the path to the refer-
ence graphs. These reference graphs will
Config – menu
be saved together with the object. The
reference graph is used to detect PASS,
FAIL in RX-Ramp and in RX-point.
Edit/ This open up the reference graph

create a program where you can create or edit a
reference reference graph. For more information
graph
see the Reference graph section.
Log List of all trips. If you use the arrows and

values on the screen will also change to
By clicking on the picture “Connections:” you can see

Trash can Using the trash can icon you can delete
or undo delete any trip results.
how FREJA 406 and 409 are supposed to be con-
nected to the differential relay.
View With this button it is possible to show

primary/ the quantities injected and/or reported
secondary by Differential as primary values or as
quantities
secondary values. The button itself shows
if primary or secondary quantities are
reported. The conversion factor from pri-
mary to secondary quantities is calculated
by FREJA Win Differential from the CT
data entered in the "Config" menu.
REL This button allows creating the reference
Library graphs (templates) for different relays,
based on relay settings.
See the next pages for a more detailed
description

It will also assume as base current either the rated current

for W1 or for W2 (there is no difference, in the per unit or
percentage reference system).
➍ Connection (star or delta) of the windings (both for W1
and W2).
and the connection group of the power transformer, ac-

cording to clock number definition
Entering power transformer data

2] Once the vector group has been chosen (be-
1] In the "Config" menu you enter the data for
tween 0 and 11), Differential will show the
the protected power transformer as de-
lagging phase angle between the rated LN
scribed below.
voltage in Winding1 and rated LN voltage in
Winding2. In the example above, where vec-
tor group “1” is chosen, Differential shows
➌ “30”, which means that the LN rated voltage
in winding2 is lagging the rated LN voltage
in winding 1 by 30 degrees.
➊ ➋
➊ Rated phase-phase primary voltage of the high voltage

winding (Winding1, W1), in kV.
➋ Rated phase-phase primary voltage of the low voltage
winding (Winding2, W2), in kV.
➌ Rated power of the power transformer in MVA.
From these data Differential will calculate and display the
rated currents in primary values for each winding.

Note Some relays do not use the rated power of Note These data should be entered by consider-
the power transformer to calculate the base ing the actual connection of the relay to the
current reference (Ibase), but use the primary system, and NOT just by copying the relay
rated current of the CTs (depending on the settings (that might be wrong!). By doing this
reference winding it can be Winding1 or way, if there is a mismatch between as-built
Winding2). In this case, the entered power drawing of the relay connection and the relay
should be modified, considering as rated settings of the CTs, the tests with FREJA Dif-
current of the power transformer the rated ferential will show problems and the engineer
current of the current transformed of the ref- will be forced to investigate this issue, which
erenced winding. If for instance the reference is very often the cause of several unwanted
winding is W1, then the rated power will be trips by transformer differential protections.
modified according to the formula:
Rated Power = √3∙U_W1rated ∙ I _ CT_ W1 Example: If CTs are connected as in the figure
In this example it will be: below the setting in FREJA Win Differential
Rated Power = √3 ∙ 140000 ∙ 1200 = 291 MVA should be the corresponding.
Entering current transformer data

1] In the "Config" menu you enter current trans-
former data in form of CT ratios and earth-
ing points.
In modern numerical relays with several protection functions

integrated, the same current transformer can serve different
protection functions, and the wrong orientation in the cur-
rent transformer earthing can cause unwanted trips in other
➋ functions, for instance directional overcurrent protection,
served by the same current input of the relay.
3] When the CT data are entered, Differential will

calculate and show the secondary rated currents
for both windings of the power transformer.
➊
Arrows indicate the directional relationship between primary

currents and secondary currents for each current transform-
er.
2] By clicking on the CT button, the picture

showing different directions between pri-
mary and secondary current is shown.
Entering limit for injected currents

Most of the protective relays can handle a continu-
ous current injection equal to 3 or 4 times the rated
current of the protective relay. This means that for 1
A rated relay, it can be considered safe to continu-

ously inject 3 or 4 ampere, while the value is 15 or 20

ampere for a 5 A rated relays. Please verify this with
the relay manual, anyway.
Tip
During troubleshooting or at the begin-
ning of the testing, it is recommended to
set these values in the "Config" menu,
and Differential will not allow to inject
0.2 p.u.
currents that are exceeding the entered 20%
limits.
1] For instance, for 1 A rated relay, with con-
tinuous current withstand of 4 A, the settings
will be the following.
2] Expected tolerance for the described point

should also be given, to allow the pass / fail
algorithm in Differential (pick-up test).
If Differential is asked to inject fault currents above
The expected operate time of the relay (usu-
the entered limits, the following message will appear.
ally instantaneous trip time, 0 ms) should be
entered in the "Config" menu.
Together with the allowed error, with particular care

2] Once the connections are okay, and you are to the absolute error, that should be large enough to
sure that the relay will successfully trip by cope with the “reaction time” of the relay.
switching off the injection from FREJA, you
can increase the settings in "Config" and per- Note An instantaneous relay might have the trip
form more advanced tests. time set to 0 ms, if it exists. This means that
the relay will not create any additional delay
Note Be careful for the static accuracy tests of bias from the moment when the relay has de-
characteristic, if you are going to use the tected the fault. The fault detection (“reaction
pseudo-continuous ramp. They might take a time”) can require from 20 ms to 40 ms, de-
pending on the algorithm. It is not correct in
very long time if the ramp speed is slow.
principle to enter “20 ms” in the “Trip time”,
because the relay has no setting like that. In
Entering basic relay settings this case it should be entered “zero”, as in
1] Basic relay settings, as the minimum oper- the shown example, and the absolute error
ating differential current (pickup, or relay tolerance could be 30 ms. Remember that it
sensitivity) are supposed to be entered in the is normal that the instantaneous operate time
"Config" menu. of a relay shows different values if different
fault conditions are injected, which in simple
In the example below the relay is set to trip for
words might mean depending on “how far
a measured differential current at least equal or
the measured fault is from the border of the
larger 20% of the base current. bias characteristic”.
Entering nominal frequency and

The indicated setting is the following point in the bias reference voltage
(or restrained) characteristic of the relay: 1] In the "Config" menu, enter the value of the
frequency of the fundamental component
and the values of the reference voltage that
is outputted by FREJA from the reference
channel (U-REF).

With the values indicated in the picture above, if “Uref

on” is checked, then FREJA will generate a constant
voltage of 100  = 57.73 V at a frequency of 50 Hz from
√3
channel U-REF.
Tip
This voltage signal can be connected to
voltage input of relays that make use of
frequency tracking algorithms, based on
voltage measurement, or simply because
some relays use a voltage signal (usually
voltage in the first phase, UL1) as zero
reference for the phase angle of all the
measured analog quantities.
Entering pre-fault conditions

Simulating fault conditions without generating the pre-
fault means, in principle, testing a Switch Onto Fault
situation.
Special algorithms are activated in this particular case,
and if you does not correctly inject the pre-fault before
simulating the fault injection, you might probably test
other properties of the relay.
1] Pre-fault conditions are entered here.
With the settings above, FREJA will simulate a 100%

through load in the transformer (6 current injection) for
1.2 seconds, before simulating any fault injection.

Stabilizing – menu
Purpose of the test

This test verifies that the relay is stable for external
three phase faults.
Main purpose of the test is to verify that the con-
nection FREJA – Relay is correct, that the CT settings
in the relay match the FREJA settings and that the
correct power transformer data are entered into FREJA
compared to what is set in the relay.
Running the test

1] Enter "Through-fault level", in this example
200%.
2] By entering 200%, FREJA will inject in wind-

ing1 a balanced three-phase system equal
to 200% the rated current of the winding1,
and in winding2 it will inject a three-phase
current equal to 200% of the rated current of
winding 2.

Note Remember that FREJA CT settings have been

entered according to plant information, and
are not supposed to be taken from relay set-
tings. This because if relay settings are wrong,
FREJA will simulate the wrong CT connections
and the mistake will not be detected.
3] By clicking on START button a three phase
external fault is simulated according to data
entered in “Through-fault level” (200% of Ibase
in this example)
4] Phase displacements between currents in
winding1 and currents in winding2 are calcu-
lated according to transformer group infor-
mation available under the "Config" menu.
5] By clicking on the button "Secondary" in the
tool-bar the current values shown below will 2] Click on the button SAVE to send the report-
be injected as secondary values. ed values to the test report.
3] Click STOP to stop FREJA injection.
If the relay trips, it is useless to perform any other test
and troubleshooting needs to be done, for instance.
1] Check relay settings, verify CT settings and
earthing positions both in the relay and in
Note Considering as protected power transformer FREJA Differential.
the data shown in the chapter "Config"
menu. 2] Verify the connections between the relay and
6] By clicking on the button "Primary" in the FREJA.
tool-bar Differential will show the equivalent
value of the injected currents, as primary cur-
rent values.
Expected test results

For this test the relay is not supposed to trip.
1] Verify that the “relay is alive”. For instance,
the relay may not trip because the differ-
ential function is set to OFF. Enter manually
into the "Observed values from relay" fields
the relay measured values and if available,
the measured differential currents and the so
called bias or restrained current.

Time test – menu
Purpose of the test

This test verifies the operate time (trip time) of the
relay, by simulating internal three-phase faults or in-
ternal phase-earth faults. By testing the operate time
for three-phase and also for single phase faults, you
will be able to verify that the relay is able to indepen-
dently detect faults in each phase.
Fault level and fault duration

1] Enter the desired fault level.
2] Where 200% of "Ibase" means that for

winding1 FREJA will simulate a faulty pri-
mary current of 200% the value of the rated
current of winding1, entering the Power
transformer, and for winding2 FREJA will
simulate a faulty primary current of 200%
the value of rated current of winding2, also
entering the power transformer. This means
that FREJA will simulate a differential cur-
rent of 400% , if the fault level is requested
to be 200%.
The fault is always injected after the pre-

fault, set in the "Config" menu.

The "Fault duration" sets the time-out for de-
claring that the relay has not tripped. In the
given example, if after 1.5 second from fault
injection the trip signal has not been received,
FREJA Differential will report “no trip” for
this test, declaring “FAILED”.
Phase angles are calculated according to transformer
3] Select Phase Faults. group, and are shown by FREJA Differential in both
Three-phase test primary or secondary values using the "P/S" button.
For three phase faults, FREJA will inject the
faulty values in all the six phases.
4] By selecting the option “Repeated tests” it

is possible to perform the fault injection several
Freja Differential will report the injected quantities in
times (5 times per fault type, according to this
this way, for primary values and for secondary values.
example). FREJA will perform in sequence all the
20 tests, and for each fault type will report the
minimum recorded operate time, the maximum
operate time and the average time.
Single-phase test 5] Click the button START and a three phase

For single phase faults, only the selected phase fault(s) internal fault or single phase internal fault is
will be injected according to the fault type choice. simulated and the "Trip Time" is reported.
In this example, where RN is chosen, phase1 of wind-

ing1 and winding2 of the power transformer will be Expected test results
injected with a value of 200% of the base current. For the trip time tests, of course the relay is supposed
The other phases, will be injected according to the to trip for all fault injections.
entered data for the pre-fault (in our example, 100%).
The picture below shows the generation of a single The measured operate time can vary, depending on
phase fault (RN). the fault level. The higher the fault level, the shorter
trip time, as it is more far away from the theoretical
biased characteristic.

Always consider a statistical approach for judging

the trip time, and in case of doubts contact the relay
manufacturer.

Pickup – menu
Purpose of the test

This test verifies the minimum operating current of
the differential protection relay, or in other words, its
maximum sensitivity for three phase and single phase
faults for each winding individually.
Graphically speaking, this test will search for the fol-
lowing point of the biased characteristic.
0.2 p.u.
20%
While for three-phase faults, the searched point is

determined by a well defined setting in the relay char-
acteristic (IMinOp, IDeltaMin, etc.), for single phase

faults the relay is usually less sensitive (it requires more

differential current in order to trip) because of the so
called zero-sequence subtraction, a necessary filtering
to achieve stability. FREJA Differential uses a special
coefficient to describe this phenomenon.
Ramps
The test is performed by injection of pseudo-continu-
ous ramps, in the attempt to search the static accu-
racy of the most sensitive part of the biased character-
istic. 2] Select Phase Faults.
The current (or the currents, depending if the test is Three-phase test
In the three-phase tests, FREJA injects in
single-phase or three-phase) is increased by a small
the selected winding a pseudo-continuous
quantity after a small amount of time. The ramp stops
3-phase current ramp from the defined start-
when FREJA receives the trip signal.
ing point to the defined end point (if no trip
1] Select "Ramp type". is received), at the defined speed.
Different ramps are available, usually the
Single-phase test
“slow” ramp is okay. In the single-phase tests, FREJA injects in the
selected winding a pseudo-continuous cur-
rent ramp in the selected phase. The current
ramps from the defined starting point till the
defined end point (if no trip is received), at
the defined speed.
3] Enter "Relay factors" for three-phase / single-
phase for each winding.
A] The data entered will affect the minimum

operating current of the differential relay
to single phase injections, compared to the
three-phase value, that can be directly calcu-
lated from the relay settings (in the example
of this manual, 20% of base current).
Numerical transformer differential protec-

tion relays need to remove the zero sequence
In the pre-defined ramps, FREJA Differential ap- component from the measured currents in
proximates where the expected trip point should be, the windings, depending on the power trans-
according to the settings given in "Config" menu, former winding connections and also from
and starts the ramp a little bit below the expected trip the power transformer application.
point, and stops after pre-set values.
The zero sequence subtraction is necessary to
If the trip point is unknown, or if the setting given in ensure stability of the differential protection
the "Config" menu is wrong, the pre-defined ramp for external phase to earth faults.
might stop without that any trip point has been
detected. In this case it is better to use the “Custom” The zero sequence subtraction feature is
ramp, where the user can adjust all the parameters at sometimes settable by the user, for each
his choice. winding, and sometimes it is automatically
calculated (or not) by the relay depending on
the power transformer data and application.
Here are some possible general indications:

B] If the relay has no zero sequence subtraction,
the factor is 1. This means that the minimum
operating current for single phase injections
is the same as the three-phase value.
C] If the relay performs the zero sequence sub-
traction, the single-phase pickup value will be
higher than the three-phase value, and with
very high probability the factor will be:
– For STAR connected windings, low imped-

ance earthed, the factor will be 1.5. This
means that the single phase pickup value will
be 1.5 times higher than the three phase.
– For DELTA connected windings, the factor

can be 1 (no subtraction) or 1.73. This means
that the single phase pickup value will be re-
spectively the same or 1.73 times higher than
the three phase.
Similar factors will need to be considered

when testing non numerical differential
relays connected to main CTs via auxiliary
current transformers when the injection is
done on the primary side of the auxiliary CTs The expected trip point, calculated from the settings
and not on the secondary side (which would given in the "Config" menu, is shown in “Exp. Pickup”
mean the injection is done directly on relay (Expected pickup).
CTs).
4] Click the button START.
When trip is received, FREJA stops the injec-
tion and reports the trip value.
In this example the setting value is 20% (see "Config"

menu). The secondary rated current (base current) for
winding1 is 0.73 A (= 886.64 A primary).
The “1phase/3phase factor” is 1.5 (zero-sequence
subtraction on Winding1, because of its star connec-
tion with neutral low impedance grounded).
Expected pickup value is 0.2 x 0.73 A x 1.5 = 0.22 A.
FREJA Differential shows a green lamp close to the
tested point if the measured pickup value corresponds
to the expected one within the error given by the
tolerance in the "Config" menu.

The three-phase pick-up value is expected to be equal
to the set value for the relay.

For single phase injections, the pickup value depends

on how the relay manufacturer has implemented
Bias Char. – menu
the zero-sequence subtraction feature, which it also
depends on the application. Even if practical guide-
lines could be given, Megger recommend to refer
to the commissioning manual of the relay, to ex-
actly understand what should be expected from the
relay, especially for those relays where this feature is
settable by the user. Eventually it can be suggested to
run the Wizard, to have important indication on the
stability (security) of the relay for external faults. This
stability is very much depending on the zero sequence
subtraction for the relevant windings.
Purpose of the test

This test verifies that the relay biased characteristic is
according to the settings. For numerical relays, this is
very often the case, unless the relay is damaged (but
this is indicated with high probability from the relay
self supervision). The meaning of this test is then to
verify that the relay settings are correct, and for this it
is very important that the reference graph, or anyway
the theoretical characteristic, is entered in FREJA Win
Differential from the setting report, which is usually
available in paper format .
Note Please consider that most unwanted trips

caused by correctly commissioned transformer
relays have been caused by the fact that the
relay was tested, but it was in the wrong
setting group, or the relay was tested but the
relay settings were wrong compared to the
formal setting document.
The bias characteristic is defined for numerical relays
for three-phase faults, as single phase faults might be
affected by the zero sequence subtraction which af-
fects both the calculated differential and bias currents.
For testing the characteristic in commissioning situa-
tion, it is enough to use the binary search algorithms.
For testing the so called “static accuracy” of the relay,
it is necessary to perform the pseudo-continuous
ramp. This concept will be better described in the next

paragraphs.
Select bias definition

1] First you must select the “Bias definition”.
You choose how the relay calculates the bias
(restrained) current.
2] Select "ramp type" (very slow, slow etc) or in

a customized way (Custom).
2] How the relay calculates the bias current is

described in the relay manual.
Pseudo-continuous ramps
Testing the static accuracy of the relay means to ener-
gize the measuring circuits (or measuring algorithms)
of the relay with a “quasi stationary” quantities (cur-
rents). This test should be performed if there are some
doubts on the accuracy of the measuring elements of
the relay.
The test is performed by injection of pseudo-contin-
uous ramps, in both windings, where the differential
current is increased while the bias current is kept
constant.
1] Define how many ramps should be tested
"No. of ramps". That means how many Note In general the test should be carried with a
very low speed of the ramp; this means that
points on the characteristic are tested, the
the test time for each ramp can be quite long,
starting point (Ibias start) and the end point
and you have to be careful to not thermally
(Ibias stop). overload the input circuits of the relay.
3] As a rule of thumb, most numerical relay
can manage a continuous current of 3 or
4 times the relay rated current. If you are
unsure about the thermal capability of the
relay inputs, set these values as max values
in the configuration menu to make sure that
FREJA Win Differential will not inject cur-
rents above the max values, when defining
the ramps.

4] The test is started by pressing the START but- Binary search (Ramp of shots)
ton. The binary search “ramps” are defined in the same
The test can be run without reference graph way as the pseudo-continuous ramps.
or with reference graph where it is possible
to show the tolerance lines or not, see pic-
1] Enter "No. of ramps" and "Ibias".
In the this example 5 “ramps” are defined
tures below.
between 0.5 pu and 4 pu of bias current.
1] The speed is not defined because this test is

based on sequences of steady-state pre-fault
injections followed by the steady-state fault
Without reference graph injection. The fault injection is defined by
the value of the differential and bias currents
that have to be simulated.
FREJA Win Differential will search for the
border of the characteristic, by using a binary
search algorithm.
With reference graph
Show the tolerance lines or not
Note: When performing the ramp tests, the result

shown in the field “Test time” represents the
ramp duration (in seconds) for that particular
test. It gives no indication on the operate time
of the relay.

Note So far, same results have been obtained by

using the binary search algorithm (sequences
of steady state simulations) and the pseudo-
continuous ramping. It has to be observed
that while the pseudo-continuous ramps have
a meaning in the relay testing community
(testing the static accuracy of the measuring
elements of the relay), the sequence of shot
tests in principle stimulates the relay in a non
realistic way, as the dc-transient (decaying
dc component) that always associates any
fault current, is not simulated. Considering
that relays with instantaneous operate time
(like transformer differential protection) are
designed to operate during the transient, the
sequence of steady-state fault injections might
be recognized as “non realistic” by the relay,
with unexpected results. With reference graph
Due to the instantaneous trip time of differ-

ential relays, the fault currents are injected for
a very short time, as the injection is stopped
by FREJA when the trip signal is received. This
test can be performed with fault currents
higher than the continuous current accepted Show the tolerance lines or not
by the relay according to its thermal with-
stand, without risking to damage the input
circuits of the tested relay. Manual test (single shots)
2] The test is started by pressing the START but- Sometimes it is necessary to simply verify if the relay
ton. trips or not in certain position of the characteristic
The test can be run without reference graph plane, without performing any ramp. This is useful for
or with reference graph where it is possible instance in case of troubleshooting.
to show the tolerance lines or not, see pic- 1] Enter test points in the characteristic plane
tures below. by using the mouse. You can enter more
points by clicking several times, see picture
below. It is possible to use the reference
graph or not.
Without reference graph

If the reference graph is not available, the test is used

probably for troubleshooting and the correct response
of the relay for the simulated fault has to be decided
by the test engineer.
Please keep in mind that for faults very close to the
border of the characteristic, the relay will show higher
trip times than the typical ones, and this test should
be avoided, unless it is a border check.
2] Start by clicking on button START.

FREJA Win Differential will generate the
sequence of pre-fault and fault for any test
point available on the graph, and will report
OK for trip above the characteristic and for
NO TRIP below the characteristic, outside of
the tolerance lines. Inside the tolerance lines
FREJA Win Differential accepts both trip or
no-trip response from the relay.
When performing the manual tests, the re-
sult shown in the field “Test time” represents
the measured relay operate time, in seconds.

Supposing that the reference graph has been drawn
from the relay settings available on the setting report
document, the ramp tests (pseudo-continuous or
shots with binary search) should give results that
match the theoretical biased characteristic, within the
given tolerances.
If the reference graph has not been drawn, the above
tests will give the measured characteristic of the relay,
and the values found by FREJA Win Differential can be
compared with the reference graph available probably
on the setting document. The accuracy will not be the
same, but usually this method brings to satisfactory
results.
For single shots (Manual mode), if the reference graph
is available, FREJA Win Differential will give OK result
for trips received above the theoretical characteristic
and for NO trips below it. For faults within the accu-
racy lines, it is accepted both trip or NO trip.

Manual settings/reference
graph creator for
differential relays
1] Click the REL icon in the tool bar
2] Chose relay type.
3] Enter the differential relay settings.
4] Exit
The reference graph will be drawn into the
FREJA Win screen.
In the figure below you see one example for ABB
RET670 differential relay:
1] Click on REL, and choose RET670:
2] Enter the correct settings.

3] Click on to exit.
The reference graph is drawn on FREJA Win
screen.

Harmonics – menu
Purpose of the test

This test verifies the relay capability of not issuing the
trip signal for faults in the trip area of the restrained
characteristic, when a certain level of harmonics is
superimposed on the fault currents, for each winding
of the power transformer.
The purpose of this feature is to keep the relay stable
during transformer energising or during transformer
overexcitation
No trip test
1] Enter your settings in the “No trip expected
for harmonics”.
In this example you can see that a fault current at

fundamental frequency with a superimposed second

harmonic of 25% is injected in winding1. Fundamen-

tal current and second harmonic are in phase, as they
have the same angle (0).
The harmonic level should be higher than the relay

setting. 5] Start by clicking on button START.
The relay is expected not to operate for this
2] The fault current level is entered in the fault
simulation.
level field, in this case it has been set to
100% of the base current.
Trip test
1] Enter your settings in the “Trip expected for
harmonics”.
3] By clicking on the button it is possible

to graphically visualize the waveform of the
defined curve.
2] Where it can be seen that a fault current of

value 100% of Ibase, at fundamental fre-
quency with a superimposed second har-
monic of 15% is injected in winding1. Funda-
mental current and second harmonic are in
phase, as they have the same angle (0).
3] The harmonic level should be chosen lower

than the relay setting, which is 20% in the
given example.
The test is performed by injection of the steady-state
pre-fault currents (no harmonics content) followed by 4] By clicking on the button it is possible
injection of the steady-state fault current in one or in to graphically visualize the waveform of the
all the phases of the selected winding. defined curve.
4] Select "Phase Faults.

The fault current is injected according to
chosen fault type.

Wizard – menu
The test is performed by injection of the steady-state

pre-fault currents (no harmonics content) followed by
injection of the steady-state fault current on one or in
all the phases of the selected winding.
5] Select "Phase Faults. Purpose of the test
In which phases the fault current is injected Purpose of the tests carried by the Wizard is to verify
depends on the chosen fault type. the stability of the protective relay for external faults,
and capability to trip for internal faults, taking into
consideration the actual Power Transformer applica-
tion.
Note It can be discussed if this test is a commission-

ing test or not, as it might appear more like
a “performance” test. Megger has decided
to insert this test in the FREJA software
because of experience with several unwanted
trips of transformer differential protection
relays caused by wrong settings in the zero
6] Start by clicking on button START. sequence subtraction (e.g. zero sequence
The relay is expected not to operate for this current elimination) or, for older generation of
relays, because of wrong winding connection
simulation.
of the chosen auxiliary CTs.
Expected test results If this test had been available when these
The relay is supposed not to trip for fault waveforms relays were commissioned the commission-
with harmonic content higher than relay setting, and ing engineer would have received a warning
it is supposed to trip if the harmonic content is below that could triggered further investigation
the relay settings. and probably the unwanted trip had been
avoided.
Please notice the importance of the pre-fault injection,
The test algorithm is based on how sequence compo-
because running the tests without pre-fault injection
nents are transferred across three-phase power trans-
means to run a switch onto fault test: relay algo-
formers. It is also a known fact that any internal or
rithms may recognize this situation and “disable the
external fault (three phase system unbalanced) can be
harmonic blocking” in order to trip the circuit breaker
expressed as linear combination of sequence current
if the power transformer is energized when it is faulty.
components (positive, negative and zero sequence).
The same is valid for voltages, but they are not im-
portant for transformer differential protection. Thus,
if the differential relay is stable for external faults for
containing one sequence component at the time, it
will be stable for any linear combination of them. At
the same time this test method proves that relay will
operate correctly for most internal faults .

Note The Wizard cannot prove stability/instabil-

ity for ALL internal/external faults, as several
other parameters, not testable during com-
missioning will affect the reliability of the
relay. For internal faults, the relay settings and
sensitivity should be considered (bias charac-
teristic); for external faults -for instance- the
handling of current transformer saturation or
the implementation of digital filters / algo-
rithms in the relay has to be considered as
well. For these last properties, the test engi-
neer has to trust the relay manufacturer.
The mathematical background of the algorithm im-
plemented in the Wizard is available in the following
paper:
“Easy and Intuitive Method for Testing Transformer
Differential Relays” – Earthing transformer is available, but it is positioned
outside the CTs supplying the relay.
Presented at the 62nd annual Georgia Tech Protective
Relaying Conference on May 2008.
Important
The Wizard will not replace all the other
tests that relay manufacturers recommend
for the commissioning of their relays. The
Wizard has to be intended as complemen-
tary test, which Megger strongly recom-
mends to perform.
Entering your application data into

Wizard
1] When the Wizard is started, you will get the
first question on page 1. 3] After having answered to the first applica-
tion question, your will be prompted to the
second question.
2] You are asked if there is a low impedance

grounding point between the CTs supplying
the differential protection from Winding1 The second application question is referred to winding
and the winding itself. 2, and all the considerations given for winding1 are
Examples are also given in the picture, like a still valid.
zig-zag transformer or a STAR/DELTA trans- When you have answered the second question, you
former to generate a “virtual” grounding. If proceed with the proposed tests by the Wizard.
you have similar applications, you will answer
“Yes”, otherwise you will answer “No”.
Examples where the answer is “No” have
similar situations.
– Isolated winding


Passed
Expected results from the Wizard is that the final
report from the wizard will show for all the steps
“passed” without any warning.
Warnings
Warnings are generated in the report when you are
prompted with a message like this below. The test
is repeated (click on YES) and the message appears
again, or if you decide to continue (click on No).
Important
If you are not able to solve such warnings,
for instance because you are not allowed
to change settings that have already been
approved, or you do not know how to
do it, it is strongly recommended to take
the issue up with the one responsible for
the setting because the probability that
the relay will trip for external earth faults
is quite high. Eventually consider also to
inform Megger or the relay manufacturer
for support in solving this issue.

12 Reference graph

12 Reference graph
12 Reference graph
Reference graph – Toolbar About Shows information on the reference

graph
New Create a new reference graph
Relay Shows relay curves
types
Open Open a reference graph
Save Save a reference graph
Display
all zones
on/off
Grid on/
off
Create
zone
Adjust Click this button and move the origin

axis using the mouse
Show Hide or show tolerances

toler-
ances
Define Change the zone order for the refer-

zone ence graph.
order
Clear tol- Clear tolerance curves

erances
Copy Copying a zone (This is useful since

zone most of the zones have equal shapes
and angles)
Paste Paste a zone that you have copied

zone 1. Paste the zone
2. Edit the values. If you have copied
zone 1, change “Current zone #”
to zone 2. Click with the left mouse
button on the element you want to
edit. Normally you only need to change
the horizontal (R-axis) and the vertical
(X-axis).

12 Reference graph
Make a reference graph Note It is very important to create the zones in the
correct order for the reference graph. How-
You can create a reference graph in five ways: ever it is possible to change the zone order by
clicking the button:
A] Manual method. Draw the lines, circle, lenses
etc. by defining each element (a reference
graph consists of several elements).
B] Semiautomatic method. Select among the list
of sample reference graphs for distance relays
in FREJA (C:\PETOOL\FREJAWIN\REFGRAPH)
and change the desired elements manually.
C] Fully automatic method. Calculate the refe-
rence graph automatically with the optional
ProGraph (an application for Excel). Insert or
import the setting values for the relay . This
can be done more accurately by taking values
from the selectivity plan. For this, you must
have the software Excel installed on your PC. Recommended sequence for entering elements
D] Import a current vs. time reference graph
from a text-file (.txt).
E] Use the ready made relay curves stored in the
reference graph editor library.
Manual method
1] Click on the ion “Edit create reference graph”
on the toolbar.
This will open the “Reference graph editor”
Not permitted sequence for entering elements
You can select different types of elements (LINE,

CIRCLE, LENS etc.) using the icons to the left or in the
“Element” box.
LINE
Defined as an angle and
a point on horizontal or
vertical xis.
A reference graph consists of several “elements”. You

can make the reference graph in “counter-clockwise”
or “clockwise” direction, normally use counter-clock-
wise. Normally you shall use the correct angle. This
means if you select 0 degrees this will point in right
direction, if you select 180 degrees this will point in
left direction. The direction will be shown, at the sec-
ond line, as a red line, you can change the direction
by clicking the button,

12 Reference graph
CIRCLE INVERSE
Can be defined this in These are different types
two ways: 1) Alpha, “a” of inverse character-
and “b” or 2) Alpha and istics for e.g. overcur-
Radius. rent relays. There are
The circle can then also several different types
be moved with an offset specified in the IEEE,
named “corr” along IEC, ABB RI (on ABB
Alpha. RI k = s/10), ABB IDG,
This is used for e.g. US IEEE C37.112 -1996
Mho-characteristics. and ANSI C37.112. All
Define Alpha and Radius of these can be defined
(reach/2). a follows:
CIRCLE VIA 0
This is used if you want
a circle, which goes
through the origin.
Define it with ”VER” and
“HOR”.
ARC VIA 0
This is used if you want
an arc, which goes
through the origin.
Define it with “VER”
and “HOR”. (e.g. for a Example 1
RAZOA).
If we want to create a reference graph like this:
LENS
Define this with Alpha,
“a”, “b” and “d”.

12 Reference graph
Start with the first element 1 4] Click on the element to edit (e.g. element no
2), the line becomes red.
5] Change the value on “Hor” to e.g. 5.
6] Move to next element by clicking on it, or
use the arrows in “Edit element”.
7] Change the value on “Ver” to 4.
1] Select “Line” as the Element 8] Move to next element with the arrow.
2] Set “Alpha” to 315, press <Enter> 9] Change the value on “Hor” to –3.
3] Click “Save element” Now the second zone is ready.
Third zone
Mark the second zone by clicking on it, copy and
paste, make the changes the same way as for zone 2.
Example 2
Second element 2
Mho characteristic
4] Set “Alpha” to 75, press <Enter> Setting of the relay
5] Set “Hor” to 4, press <Enter Z1 = 4
Z2 = 6
6] Click “Save element”
Z3 = 8
Third element 3 Phi = 80
7] Set “Alpha” to 180, press <Enter>
8] Set “Ver” to 3, press <Enter>
Fourth element 4
10] Set “Alpha” to 255 or 75 press <Enter>
11] If you selected 75 you can add 180 degrees
by clicking the button “New-> Previous” the
direction is shown as the red part of the line.
12] Set “Hor” to -2, press <Enter>

14] Click “Create zone”
Now the first zone is ready, normally the other zones
have the same angles, but other values on horizontal
and vertical axis. To make the second zone you can
start from No.1 again, but we can instead copy the
Start with the first zone:
first zone and paste it as second zone and then edit it. 1] Select “Circle” as the Element
In this way it is very easy to make the other zones. 2] Set "Radius" to 2 (half of Z1), press <Enter>
Second zone 3] Set "Alpha" to 80, press <Enter>
1] Mark the zone to copy by clicking on it (some 4] Click “Save element”
line becomes red).
5] Click “Create zone” (since this zone is only
2] Click the Copy icon on the toolbar one element)
3] Click Paste icon on the toolbar

12 Reference graph
Second zone
6] Click on the circle in the oscilloscope (gets
red)
7] Click the “Copy” icon
8] Click “Paste”
9] Change Radius for zone 2 to 3 (half of Z2)
Third zone
10] Click on zone 2 in the oscilloscope (gets red)
11] Click the “Copy” icon
12] Click “Paste”
13] Change Radius for zone 3 to 4 (half of Z3)
Now the Mho reference graph is ready.
Save
Save the reference graph by clicking the diskette icon
on the toolbar. Exit the program and you will come
back to the instrument program you started from and Semiautomatic method
the reference graph will follow. When you exit the Make a selection from the list of relays in FREJA (C:\
instrument program the reference graph will be saved PETOOLS\FREJAWIN\REFGRAPH) and change some
together with the object. elements manually.
If you already have made a reference graph for the 1] Select one of the relay types in the list e.g.
object you can directly point out them if you click the REL511.
“Import a refgraph” icon in the toolbar.
2] Select LN one phase fault (ohms/loop) or
Tolerances LL 2-phase (ohms/phase). For some relays,
however, you must select a special LLL (ohms/
You can show the tolerance lines for the reference
phase) for 3-phase faults.
graph in RX-Ramp and RX, by marking this:
3] Change the scale and origin so that you can
see the complete reference graph.
4] Click on the element you want to edit (the
selected element will get a red colour) and
The program will get the tolerance values from
change the value e.g. the “Hor” or “Ver”
”Config” page and put them into the graph in the
value.
respective zone. This is done in the same zone order
as the graph was made. 5] Click on next element or use the arrow but-
tons in the “Edit element” area.
To change the zone orders 6] Change the value in the “Inputs” area.
1] Select “Define zone order” in the “Refgraph”
menu.
7] Select next zone to edit.
2] Click in the zones in the right order: zone 1, 8] Save the graphs.
zone 2, on 3 and so on.
Fully automatic method
With the optional software ProGraph for Excel you
can select the type of relay e.g. REL511.
1] Insert the setting values for the relay.
2] Select where to save and click the “Create
reference graph” button.
Excel will now calculate the elements for the reference
graph and it will be ready for use.

12 Reference graph
Import from a text-file Making a reference graph

You can import a current vs. time reference graph
from a text-file (.txt). The file shall have two columns, from a table
the left for current and the right for time (in seconds). There are number of ways to make tables for building
1] Select “File”, “Import”. reference graphs. In FREJA Win you can find tables
that can be used as they are or edited as you wish.
2] Select the txt-file to import. It is also possible to import data from e.g. Microsoft
Excel.
Tip In "FREJA Win Control Center" open "Table editor for
You can create the file in Excel and save it current voltage curves".
as a txt-file.
Note You must not have any text or comments in

the beginning of the text-file.
If you want to change the settings of the im-

ported reference graph, you must create a new
txt-file and make a new import.
Relay curves
In the reference graph editor library you can find a
number of ready made relay curves.
1] Click the button
2] Choose relay in the "Element" drop down list.
Using a built-in table

1] Select the relay entry from the list.

12 Reference graph
2] Click the "Read" button.

The reference graph is shown and ready to
be used.
3] Click "Load in Current" (or "Load in Voltage" if
Voltage is selected).
Now the reference graph is activated in the
selected instrument.
Note To be able to activate a curve in a test it is

necessary that a test is prepared in the Cur-
rent/Voltage instrument.
Editing/adding tables
Use the buttons "Paste", "Copy" and "Clear" to edit
tables. This enables to copy and paste data from/to
other tables e.g. Microsoft Excel. You can also enter
new values directly into the table.
Other buttons
Remove Delete selected entry in the list.
Update Writes back the table data to
the selected entry.
Add new Makes a new entry.
Import time test Imports the latest opened time
test

13 Report

13 Report
13 Report
Basic View the report

To make reports you use different templates depend- 1] Click the “Report” icon on the toolbar.
ing on from which instrument you make the report.
Reports can contain a summary page, tables and
graphical pictures of the result. There are also tem-
plates with only summary or only summary and tables.
The templates are different types of list files (LST-files).
You can edit the templates your self, some parts is
Preview on screen
quite easy to edit some parts is not that easy. 1] Click the Report button and you will see this
picture:
Change logotype
Exchange the file logo.bmp in C:\PETOOLS\REPORT
This is normally the only change of the templates
you need to do. To do some more changes yourself is
possible but it will take more time. Read the separate
manual from List & Label for more information.
2] Click “Preview” and you will see a picture like
this:
3] Click on “Info” to edit the report information

or to change to monochrome printout.
4] Select a printer (if no printer is connected
select a printer that have LPT1 as the port,
even if no printer is physically connected to
LPT1), and click ”Start”.
Print report
1] Click the “Report” button.

13 Report
2] Click on “Info” to edit the report information

or to change to monochrome printout.
3] Click “Print”.
4] Select printer and click “Start”.
Send the report via E-mail
Note If you get problems sending the file, check the

settings in “Control panel”, “Internet”, Proper-
ties”, “Programs”, “E-mail”.
You can send the report directly via E-mail. The re-
ceiver does not need to have the FREJA Win installed,
you just attach a viewer to the E-mail.
1] Select the report to send.
2] Click the “Send to...” icon in the “Preview”
window.
The report-file will now be attached to the
mail.
3] The first time you send a report you must at-
tach a viewer as well (if the receiver does not
have the FREJA Win software). Select the file
“LLVIEW6.EXE” that should be located in C:\
PETOOLS\REPORT\.
4] When the mail receiver has installed the
viewer the report will be shown like this:

13 Report
Templates (LST-files)
Depending on from which instrument program you
make the reports there will be different templates
(LST-files) to select, here is a description of the different
templates.
General
GENERAL.LST This template contains tables and
summary, no graphical pictures.
GENERALL.LST This template contains tables and
summary, no graphical pictures.
Paper size landscape.
Distance
DISTANCE.LST This template contains the full
report with summary page, ta-
bles and graphical pictures. From
RX there is however no graphical
picture.
TABLES03.LST This template contains the full
report with summary page and
tables.
Note The printout is not working if there is no

printer driver installed. You can also get prob-
lem if the selected printer is a network printer
and the PC is not connected to the net. This is
quite natural that you can’t make printouts on
paper without a connected printer, but this is
however also valid for Print Preview. To solve
this select a local printer (even if there is no
local printer connected) when you make Print
Preview.
Sync
ASYNC.LST Full report template with summary
page, tables and graphics.
TABLES01.LST Tables and summary template.
Current
CURRENT.LST Full report template with summary
TABLES02.LST Tables and summary template.
Transducer
TRANSD.LST Full report template with summary

13 Report
Evaluating reports
On the first page in the report from Distance, the sum-

mary page, you can see if the test was PASS or FAIL.
PASS is indicated with a “”
FAIL is indicated with “FAIL”
“- - means not tested.
In the tables:
PASS is indicated with a “”
FAIL is indicated with “F”.
In Zt there can also be a “X”, this means time out, no
trip within the defined time.
In the graphical:
Fail is indicated with a red ring around the test point.

13 Report
Note If this test point is on the border between two

zones in Zt, this is normally not a fault of the
Batch report
relay. The reason is that the time is not that To make an automatic print out of several tests.
stable close to the borders. If you want you
can go back to ZT and mark this point with 1] Click the button “Batch report”.
the left mouse button (blue mark), click with You will now have a screen like this (see
right mouse button and select Remove test below).
point.
There are three different ways to define the tests that

you want to make report of.
A] Search for all tests – from one part of the
directory tree, and down.
B] Search for all tests within a specific date
range – from one part of the directory tree,
and down.
C] Select and mark the test-files using the
mouse.
Search for all tests – from one part

of the directory tree, and down
1] Make sure that the FREJA Win is in “Off-line”
mode.
Each report will start up the used instrument
and this will be faster if FREJA Win is in “Off-
line” mode.
2] The reports will be printed on the printer
selected as the default printer in Windows. If
the printer is a colour printer make sure you
have not marked “Monochrome printer” in
the “Control center”, “Configuration”.
3] Click on the directory you want to start the
search from.

13 Report
You can make the window a bit wider and tests. The selected test is indicated with “an
easier to see the tree structure by dragging open FREJA icon”. The description of each
the right edge with the mouse. selected test is shown in the “Test info view”
(if you have filled them in).
4] Click “Check all”. Each FREJA test, which will
be reported, will now be marked “”. 7] You can unmark a test or more, if you do not
You can see how many tests found, up in the want to report it/them. Click on these tests
left corner. If you click on this “bar” and then with the mouse, or use the “Uncheck all”
press an“ arrow key” (left or right) on the button if you have selected the wrong part
keyboard, you can toggle between the tests. of the directory.
The selected test is indicated with “an open Each instrument will use the shown report
FREJA icon”. The description of each selected templates.
test is shown in the “Test info view” (if you
8] Fill up the printer with paper.
have filled them in).
9] Click “Start print” to print all.
5] You can unmark a test or more, if you do not You can see how many reports that have
want to report it/them. Click on these tests
been printed on the “bar” up in the left
with the mouse, or use the “Uncheck all”
corner.
button if you have selected the wrong part
of the directory.
Each instrument will use the shown report Select and mark the test-files using
templates. the mouse
6] Fill up the printer with paper. 1] Click on the tests you want to report.
Each instrument will use the shown report
7] Click “Start print” to print all. template
You can see how many reports that have
been printed on the “bar” up in the left 2] Fill up the printer with paper
corner. 3] Click “Start print” to print all.
You can see how many reports that have
Search for all tests within a specific been printed on the “bar” up in the left
date range corner.
1] Make sure that the FREJA Win is in “Off-line”

mode.
Each report will start up the used instrument
and this will be faster if FREJA Win is in “Off-
line” mode.
2] The reports will be printed on the printer
selected as the default printer in Windows. If
the printer is a colour printer make sure you
have not marked “Monochrome printer” in
the “Control center”, “Configuration”.
3] Click on the directory you want to start the
search from.
You can make the window a bit wider and
easier to see the tree structure by dragging
the right edge with the mouse.
4] Mark “Enable date selection”.
5] Define Start and stop date.
6] Click “Scan for date”. Each FREJA test, which
will be reported, will now be marked “”.
You can see how many tests found up in the
left corner. If you click on this “bar” and
then press an” arrow key” (left or right) on
the keyboard, you can toggle between the

13 Report
Save a report as a text file

When you want to have the report as a text-file.
1] Run the test as normal and close the instru-
ment
2] Save the test as normal as a directory.
A “Result.txt” is now created in that direc-
tory.
Below is an example of a report text file.
3]

14 Abbreviations and word explanations

14 Abbreviations and word explanations
14 Abbreviations and word

explanations
”.” Indication that test was passed
”1st” First state, normally Prefault
”2nd” Second state, normally Fault
BI Binary Input
Binary Goal Goal for Binary Input.
Timer stops when BI = Binary Goal
Binary In Distance and Differential is it a technique
search for locating a particular value by beginning
with a wide interval. If the searched value is
below the middle of the interval FREJA Win
will narrow the interval to the lower half.
Otherwise the interval will be narrowed to
the upper half. This will be repeated until
the value is found or the interval is empty.
BO Binary Output
DUT Device Under Test = Relay
Prefault Generated values before the fault
Ramp In General, Current, Voltage, Frequency
and Differential the respective unit will be
increased continuously and constant with
a predefined or user defined speed (delta
"unit"/delta seconds) from start value to
stop or until trip.
If the difference between two steps is very
small the ramp can be considered continu-
ous, hence the word pseudo-continuous.
REFGRAPH Library (directory) for reference graphs.


A1 List & Label 6.0 Quick guide
A1 List & Label 6.0

Quick guide
Report design
With the report generator it is possible to change the design of the reports.
It is quite easy to change the layout of the report by adding lines, text and pictures.
But it is more job to edit the tables and the graphs. We recommend the ”normal
user” to edit base and first page only and leave the rest of the pages as they are. In
this way you can easily get the first page as you like with your logotype and text
information.
Here is a short introduction in how to use the List&Label report generator. For
more detailed information see the List&Label manual (in English or German
language only).
Templates
To make reports you use different templates depending on from which instrument
you make the report. Reports can contain a summary page, tables and graphical
pictures of the result. There are also templates with only summary or summary and
tables.
The templates are different types of list files (LST-files). You can edit the tem-
plates your self, some parts are quite easy to edit some parts not so easy.
Change logotype
Exchange the file ”logo.bmp” in C:\PETOOLS\REPORT to your logo file in bmp
file format.
How to edit the layout of the report

Click the ”Design” button to start the List&Label report generator. You will see
the picture below.
This example will show the Distance report, but it is the same way of working for
the other reports.

Layers
In the ”Layers” window you can open or close the different layers. We recommend
you to work only with the ”Base” and ”First page” layers.
Base layer
The ”Base layer” shows the objects that will be printed on every page.
Note! All objects you

create on the
“Base” layer will
be shown on all
pages. If you want
it only to be shown
on the first page,
make sure you
have only selected
the “First page”
layer. You can also
mark an object,
right click and
select “Assign to
layer”

First page
The first page shows the objects that will be printed on the first page.
ZT FP1 – layer
This layer shows the objects for the first page of the Zt test.

4
ZT_FP2 – layer
This layer shows the object for the second (and following) page(s) of the Zt test.
RX_FP – layer
This layer shows the object for the RX test.
RAMP_FP1 – layer
This layer shows the object for the first page of the RX_Ramp test.
RAMP_FP2 – layer
This layer shows the object for the second (and following) page(s) of the
RX_Ramp test.
Notes Page
This layer shows the object for the ”Notes page”.
Tools
Objects > Select
Objects > Insert > Text
Objects > Insert > Line
Objects > Insert > Rectangle
Objects > Insert > Ellipse/Circle
Objects > Insert > Picture
Objects > Insert > Barcode
Objects > Insert > Table
Objects > Insert > Formatted text
Move objects
Use the ”Select” button and click on the object. Put the pointer to the square in the
centre of the object and drag it into the new position.

5
Add text fields

1. Click the ”Insert text” button.
2. Mark an area where to place the text.
3. Right click and select ”Properties”.
4. Click the ”Insert paragraph” button, or double click on the ---(blue line).
5. Select the ”Text” tab.

6. Insert the text in the upper field.
7. Click the ”Insert” button.
8. Click ”OK”.
9. Select font.
10. Click ”OK”.
6
Insert lines
Use the ”Insert line” button, drag the line from start to end.
Insert rectangles
Use the ”Insert rectangles” button, drag the rectangle with the mouse.
Multiple copies
Multiple copies are good to use e.g. when you want to make a table.
1. First create a rectangle.
2. Select it with the ”Select” button.
3. Right click and select ”Multiple copies”.
4. Define the number of copies, in columns and rows.
Group
1. Select the objects to group.
2. Click the ”Select” button and use <Shift>+left mouse button to mark the objects, or mark several objects
in an area using the mouse.
3. Right click and select ”Group” This can be very good when you e.g. have used ”Multiple copies”.
Ungroup
Select the object to ungroup. Right click and select ”Ungroup”.
Align
Using these buttons you can align different objects. Align to the left, right, up or
down. You can also get the same size for horizontal and vertical.
Click the ”Select” button and use <Shift>+left mouse button to mark the objects,
or mark several objects in an area using the mouse.
7
Edit text in tables

Normally you only edit ”Base” and ”First page”. However you can edit the
column name in the tables for Zt, RX-Ramp and RX, e.g. to write it in your own
language.
1. Select the ”ZT_FP1” layer.
2. Select the table.
3. Right click and select ”Properties”.
4. Select the line (column name) you want to edit.

5. Click the ”Edit line” button.
6. Change the text within the ”brackets”.

7. Click ”OK”.
9
Save
The report template you have created should be saved as an LST-file in
C:\PETOOLS\FREJAWIN\
REPORT\DISTANCE . By doing this you can later on select it from the Distance
instrument in Freja Win when you want to make a report. Another way is to click
the button ”Select as default” when you make the report next time.
Design help for report templates

For more information on how to make report templates you can use the built in
help from List&Label or look in the manual after this chapter (only available in
English or German language).
Do you need any help to design your report templates, Programma Electric can
offer this on consultant bases. Please contact your local representative for more
information.
10

A3 FREJA reports Samples
A3 FREJA reports
Samples

2010-08-27 Page 1
Freja Report
1. Relay ID
Station Hagby Linje Hagby-Letsi
Relä Fack
Type Distance Serial No Demo 1
Manufacturer ABB Model REL 511
2. Test ID
Company Megger Sweden AB Operator Mark Mitrica
Test type Demo Date: 2010-08-27 Time: 08:47:56
Description Test every 90 degrees
Program Distance
3. Config
Frequency 50.000 Hz Network Model 3PZSTD2A Current Direction LI->NI
4. Summary 
Zt
RX Ramp RN:  SN:  TN: 
RS:  ST:  TR:  RST: 
Rx Point
Whirlwind
RX 0 test points  PSB 0 test points

© Programma Electric AB
Approved by Rev.B Remarks
Signature

2010-08-27 Page 2
Freja Report
X
RAMP RN 82.5
66.0
6
5
49.5
4
33.0
2
16.51
12 45
6 3 1 2 33.0
4 5 49.5 666.0
-82.5 -66.0 -49.5 -33.0 -16.5 16.5 82.5
-16.5 R
-33.0
3
-49.5
6
-66.0
No. R X |Z| Z phi |Z| |Z| Zone 

(Ohm) (Ohm) (Ohm) tol.(%) diff.(%) 
1 21.340 13.152 25.067 31.7 10.0 % 1.0 % 1 
2 26.403 13.382 29.600 26.9 10.0 % 1.0 % 2 
3 36.216 13.828 38.766 20.9 5.0 % 0.1 % 4 
4 41.263 14.058 43.592 18.9 5.0 % 0.1 % 5 
5 19.629 0.000 19.629 0.0 10.0 % 1.9 % 1 
6 24.888 0.000 24.888 0.0 10.0 % 0.5 % 2 
7 34.717 0.000 34.717 0.0 5.0 % 0.7 % 4 
8 39.244 0.000 39.244 0.0 5.0 % 1.6 % 5 
9 60.070 0.000 60.070 0.0 5.0 % 0.1 % 6 
10 0.000 19.727 19.727 90.0 10.0 % 1.4 % 1 
11 0.000 25.606 25.606 90.0 10.0 % 1.6 % 2 
12 0.000 45.295 45.295 90.0 5.0 % 1.8 % 4 
13 0.000 57.903 57.903 90.0 5.0 % 0.2 % 5 
14 0.000 60.205 60.205 90.0 5.0 % 0.3 % 6 
15 -29.785 0.000 29.786 180.0 10.0 % 0.7 % 3 
16 -60.298 0.000 60.299 180.0 5.0 % 0.3 % 6 
17 0.000 -34.082 34.083 270.0 10.0 % 0.3 % 3 
18 0.000 -51.527 51.528 270.0 5.0 % 0.7 % 6 

2010-08-27 Page 3
Freja Report
X
RAMP SN 82.5
66.0
6
5
49.5
4
33.0
2
16.51
12 4 5
6 3 1 2 33.0
4 5 49.5 666.0
-82.5 -66.0 -49.5 -33.0 -16.5 16.5 82.5
-16.5 R
-33.0
3
-49.5
6
-66.0
No. R X |Z| Z phi |Z| |Z| Zone 

(Ohm) (Ohm) (Ohm) tol.(%) diff.(%) 
1 21.413 13.156 25.132 31.6 10.0 % 1.4 % 1 
2 26.525 13.388 29.712 26.8 10.0 % 1.4 % 2 
3 36.598 13.846 39.129 20.8 5.0 % 1.0 % 4 
4 42.089 14.095 44.386 18.6 5.0 % 1.8 % 5 
5 19.825 0.000 19.825 0.0 10.0 % 0.9 % 1 
6 24.757 0.000 24.757 0.0 10.0 % 1.0 % 2 
7 34.751 0.000 34.751 0.0 5.0 % 0.7 % 4 
8 39.912 0.000 39.912 0.0 5.0 % 0.2 % 5 
9 60.274 0.000 60.274 0.0 5.0 % 0.3 % 6 
10 0.000 20.020 20.020 90.0 10.0 % 0.1 % 1 
11 0.000 25.878 25.878 90.0 10.0 % 0.5 % 2 
12 0.000 45.422 45.422 90.0 5.0 % 1.5 % 4 
13 0.000 57.574 57.574 90.0 5.0 % 0.9 % 5 
14 0.000 60.723 60.723 90.0 5.0 % 0.8 % 6 
15 -29.882 0.000 29.883 180.0 10.0 % 0.4 % 3 
16 -60.353 0.000 60.354 180.0 5.0 % 0.4 % 6 
17 0.000 -34.082 34.083 270.0 10.0 % 0.3 % 3 
18 0.000 -51.784 51.785 270.0 5.0 % 0.5 % 6 

2010-08-26 Page 1
Freja Report
1. Relay ID
Station Linje
Relä Fack
Type Overcurrent Serial No
Manufacturer ABB Model RXIDG
2. Test ID
Company Operator Mark Mitrica
Test type Normal test 2-10A Date: 2010-08-26 Time: 15:13:49
Description
Program Current
3. Config
Frequency : 50.000 Hz Network Model : 3PZSTD2A Current Direction : LI->NI
4. Summary 
I > Pickup RN: 
Time test RN: 

Approved by Rev.B Remarks
Signature

2010-08-26 Page 2
Freja Report
Time test RN t
18
16
14
12
10
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I
Time test (RN)

No. I Trip time Theoretical Time Time Time 
(A) time tol. (%) tol. (ms) diff. (%) 
1 1.500 14.175 13.500 10 100 5.1 ·
2 2.500 4.697 4.500 10 100 4.4 ·
3 3.500 2.801 2.700 10 100 3.8 ·
4 4.500 2.006 1.929 10 100 4.1 ·
5 5.500 1.555 1.500 10 100 3.7 ·
6 6.500 1.274 1.227 10 100 3.8 ·
7 7.500 0.198 0.200 10 100 -0.8 ·
8 8.500 0.192 0.200 10 100 -3.6 ·
I > Pickup (RN)

Phase I> Pickup Pickup Pickup Drop out Hysteresis Hysteresis Hysteresis 
setting (A) tol.(%) diff.(%) (A) min.(%) max.(%) (%) 
RN 1.000 1.005 10 0.5 0.954 80 99 95.0 ·

Index Distance instrument

Config menu................................................. 38
Symbols Connect menu.............................................. 40
- -.................................................................. 131 Network model 3PZSTD1A........................... 38
|Z| tolerance.................................................... 39 Network model 3PZSTD2A........................... 35
Dry contact..................................................... 39
A
E
Add manual ramps......................................... 43
Adjust axis...................................................... 35 Elements...................................................... 121
ARC VIA 0.................................................... 122 Evaluation of reports.................................... 131
Ascii................................................................ 89 F
Automatic mode............................................. 48 FAIL.............................................................. 131
Autoreclose.................................................... 74 FREJA Win Control Center............................. 13
Autoreclose instrument................................... 74 Freja Win software......................................... 10
B Installation.................................................... 10
Batch report.................................................. 132 G
Bias Char. – menu........................................ 107 GENERAL.LST............................................. 130
Binary Goal..................................................... 25 General instrument......................................... 18
Binary Input.................................................... 25 Binary Goal................................................... 25
Binary list........................................................ 20 Connect........................................................ 23
Binary output(s).............................................. 25 Notes............................................................ 32
C Ramp............................................................ 30
Change logotype.......................................... 128 Result........................................................... 31
Check list........................................................ 56 Sequence..................................................... 24
CIRCLE........................................................ 122 Speed........................................................... 31
CIRCLE VIA 0............................................... 122 Start......................................................... 30,31
Comtrade........................................................ 88 Start button................................................... 26
Connect.......................................................... 23 State Settings............................................... 24
Connect menu................................................ 40 Stop.............................................................. 31
Control Center................................................ 13 Vector diagram............................................. 26
Convert........................................................... 88 Generated value............................................. 21
Converter........................................................ 88 Green lamp..................................................... 51
Copy zone.................................................... 123 H
Create zone.................................................. 123 Harmonics – menu....................................... 114
Current - Toolbar............................................. 59
Current Direction............................................ 39 I
Current instrument Import a graph........................................... 35,94
Config - menu............................................... 60 Import Ramp Results...................................... 49
Pickup - menu............................................... 61 Installation...................................................... 10
Time test - menu........................................... 61 INVERSE...................................................... 122
D K
Delete all log data........................................... 22 Ke................................................................... 39
Differential instrument..................................... 92 Kphi................................................................ 39
DISTANCE.LST............................................ 130

L Tolerances.................................................. 124
LENS............................................................ 122 Remove test point.......................................... 52
LINE............................................................. 121 Report........................................................... 128
Local Mode Report as a text file...................................... 134
General instrument....................................... 10 Report configuration....................................... 82
Log list............................................................ 49 Report via E-mail.......................................... 129
LST-files....................................................... 128 Result............................................................. 31
RIO Converter................................................ 36
M Run ramps...................................................... 44
Make a reference graph............................... 121 RX.................................................................. 45
Fully automatic method.............................. 124 Automatic mode............................................ 48
Manual method........................................... 121 Log list.......................................................... 49
Semiautomatic method............................... 124 Manual mode................................................ 48
Manual ramps................................................. 43 RX-Ramp........................................................ 41
Maximum generated value............................. 21 RX Point – menu............................................ 45
Measurement................................................. 19
S
Mho characteristic........................................ 123
Save a report................................................ 134
N Save a report as a text file............................ 134
Network Model............................................... 38 Save element............................................... 123
Network model 3PZSTD1A............................ 38 SendKeys....................................................... 83
Network model 3PZSTD2A............................ 38 Sequence....................................................... 24
Notes.............................................................. 32 Single ramp.................................................... 44
O Speed............................................................. 31
Stabilizing - menu........................................... 99
Origin offset.................................................... 44
Start........................................................... 30,31
P Start button..................................................... 26
PASS............................................................ 131 State Settings................................................. 24
Pickup............................................................. 61 Stop................................................................ 31
Pickup – menu.............................................. 104
T
Power Swing Blocking.................................... 51
TABLE.LST................................................... 130
Print.............................................................. 128
Templates.............................................. 128,130
Printer driver................................................. 130
Text file......................................................... 134
ProGraph...................................................... 121
Time................................................................ 39
R Time test......................................................... 61
Ramp.............................................................. 30 Time test – menu.......................................... 101
Ramp Start..................................................... 43 time test of an under/over voltage relay......... 67
Ramp Stop..................................................... 43 Time tolerance................................................ 39
Reclose – menu............................................. 78 Tolerances.................................................... 124
Red ring........................................................ 131 Tolerance lines............................................... 42
Reference graph...................................... 81,120 Transient.................................................... 86,88
Change logotype........................................ 128 Transient instrument....................................... 86
Make a reference graph............................. 121
U
Report......................................................... 128
U 35
Semiautomatic method............................... 124

W
Wet contact..................................................... 39
Whirlwind – menu........................................... 50
Wizard – menu............................................. 116
X
X 131
Z
Zones............................................................. 39
Zoom.............................................................. 52

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Postal address: Visiting address:

Megger Sweden AB Megger Sweden AB
Box 724 Rinkebyvägen 19
SE-182 17 DANDERYD SE-182 36 DANDERYD
SWEDEN SWEDEN
T +46 8 510 195 00 seinfo@megger.com
F +46 8 510 195 95 www.megger.com
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Manual For FrejaWin 6-2

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FREJA Win 6.

Art No. ZP-CF04E Doc. CF0904BE V02 2013

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT & PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

Postal address: Visiting address:

CF0904BE ZP-CF04E FREJA Win 6.2 3

2 FREJA Win Start Distance – Toolbar.................................................... 35

4 FREJA Win 6.2 ZP-CF04E CF0904BE

How to make a time test of an under/over voltage 10 Transient instrument

Report configuration................................................ 82 Manual settings/reference graph creator for differen-

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Purpose of the test........................................... 114

14 Abbreviations and word

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The FREJA Win software holds a number of instru-

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FREJA Win Installation By default the installation wiil take place in

Before the installation.

To uninstall FREJA Win, you can either do it

Proceeding with the installation

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File compatibility FREJA 403, FREJA 406

For GENERAL Instrument

Note Keep in mind that FREJA Win automatically

Always make sure you have a back-up of your

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4] Start the instrument you intend to use.

2] Set the IP Address of your PC Ethernet port

Connect to FREJA without having

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Off-Line as FREJA-406” or “Run Off-Line as

▪▪Port 8000 for TCP/IP protocol

Phase names Here you can change the default phase

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Note You must click the button “Save and exit” to

For FREJA 300 ONLY

Note It is recommended to attach this diagnose.

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Start test and save

Note It is important that you set the correct infor-

7] Now you will see the directory structure of

Note A FREJA icon will be shown on each directory

6] You can change the labels on the first four

Note If you click the button ”Clear TEMP”

before starting General all settings and old

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6] Click “Save” and select a "New directory" to

Note In ”Configuration” you can select print out in

Note Every time you start an instrument, General

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Basic General – Toolbar

Binary Out- In the Binary Output list you can set

Relations Set the relations in amplitude and

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Generators This will show the measurement of the

The power is calculated for the fun-

Phase U1-I1 P1, Q1, S1, |cosphi1|

120 The phase angle will be 120 degrees

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Binary list When you have received a trip you can

Note If you give long names for

2 FREJA Win Start Distance – Toolbar.................................................... 35