Transition To 4G-HSPA LTE Advanced Rysavy 2010

Transition to 4G
3GPP Broadband Evolution to IMT-Advanced (4G)
Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research

2010
This presentation is based upon the white paper written by Peter Rysavy, Rysavy
Research, which is available for free download at www.3gamericas.org
All figures Rysavy Research or 3G Americas member contributions unless otherwise noted.
Key Conclusions (1)
• The wireless technology roadmap now extends to IMT-Advanced with LTE-
Advanced being one of the first technologies defined to meet IMT-Advanced
requirements.
i t LTE
LTE-Advanced
Ad d will
ill b
be capable
bl off peakk th
throughput
h t rates
t th thatt
exceed 1 gigabit per second (Gbps).
• Future networks will be networks of networks, consisting of multiple-access
technologies multiple bands,
technologies, bands widely-varying coverage areas areas, all self-
organized and self-optimized.
• GSM-HSPA has an overwhelming global position in terms of subscribers,
deployment, and services. Its success will continue to marginalize other
wide-area wireless technologies.
• In current deployments, HSPA users regularly experience throughput rates
well in excess of 1 megabit per second (Mbps) under favorable conditions,
on both
b th d
downlinks
li k andd uplinks,
li k with ith 4 Mb
Mbps d
downlink
li k speedd commonly l
being measured. Planned enhancements such as dual-carrier operation will
double peak user-achievable throughput rates.
2
Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research
2010 white paper
Key Conclusions (2)
• HSPA+ provides a strategic performance roadmap advantage for incumbent
GSM-HSPA operators. Features such as multi-carrier operation, Multiple
I
Inputt Multiple
M lti l Output
O t t (MIMO),
(MIMO) and d higher-order
hi h d modulation
d l ti offer
ff operators
t
multiple options for upgrading their networks, with many of these features
(e.g.,multi-carrier, higher-order modulation) being available as network
software
so a e upg
upgrades.
ades With aall p
planned
a ed features
ea u es implemented,
p e e ed, HSPA+
S pea
peak
rates will eventually reach 168 Mbps.
• HSPA+ with 2x2 MIMO, successive interference cancellation, and 64
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is more spectrally efficient than
competing technologies including Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) Release 1.0.
• The 3GPP OFDMA approach used in LTE matches or exceeds the
capabilities of any other OFDMA system
system. Peak theoretical downlink rates
are 326 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel bandwidth. LTE assumes a full Internet
Protocol (IP) network architecture, and it is designed to support voice in the
packet domain.
3
2010 white paper
Key Conclusions (3)
• LTE has become the technology platform of choice as GSM-UMTS and
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)/One Carrier Evolved, Data
Optimized (EV-DO)
(EV DO) operators are making strategic, longlong-term
term decisions on
their next-generation platforms.
• GSM-HSPA will comprise the overwhelming majority of subscribers over the
next five to ten years, even as new wireless technologies are adopted. The
deployment of LTE and its coexistence with UMTS/HSPA will be analogous
to the deployment of UMTS/HSPA and its coexistence with GSM.
• 3GPP has made significant progress on how to enhance LTE to meet the
requirements of IMT IMT-Advanced
Advanced in a project called LTE LTE-Advanced.
Advanced LTE
LTE-
Advanced is expected to be the first true 4G system available.
Specifications are scheduled to be completed in March of 2011, with earliest
availability for deployment in 2012.
• HSPA-LTE has significant economic advantages over other wireless
technologies.
• WiMAX has developed an ecosystem supported by many companies, but it
will
ill still
till only
l representt a very smallll percentage
t off wireless
i l subscribers
b ib over
the next five years.
4
2010 white paper
Key
y Conclusions ((4))
• EDGE technology has proven extremely successful and is widely deployed
on GSM networks globally. Advanced capabilities with Evolved EDGE can
double and eventually quadruple current EDGE throughput rates
rates, halve
latency and increase spectral efficiency.
• EPC will provide a new core network that supports both LTE and
p y with legacy
interoperability g y GSM-UMTS radio-access networks and non-
3GPP-based radio access networks. Policy-based charging and control
provides flexible quality-of-service management, enabling new types of
applications, as well as billing arrangements.
• I
Innovations
ti suchh as EPC and d UMTS one-tunnel
t l architecture
hit t will
ill “fl
“flatten”
tt ”
the network, simplifying deployment and reducing latency.
5
2010 white paper
1G to 4G
Generation Requirements Comments
No official requirements.
1G Deployed in the 1980s.
Analog technology.
First digital systems.
Deployed in the 1990s.
No official requirements. New services such as SMS and
2G
Digital Technology. low-rate
low rate data.
Primary technologies include IS-
95 CDMA and GSM.
Primary technologies include
ITU’s IMT
ITU’ IMT-2000
2000 required
i d 144 CDMA2000 1X/EV-DO
1X/EV DO and UMTS-
UMTS
3G kbps mobile, 384 kbps HSPA.
pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors WiMAX now an official 3G
technology.
ITU’s IMT
ITU’ IMT-Advanced
Ad d No technology meets
requirements include ability to requirements today.
4G operate in up to 40 MHz radio IEEE 802.16m and LTE-Advanced
channels and with very high being designed to meet
spectral
p efficiency.
y requirements.
6
Sept 2010 white paper
Relative Adoption of Technologies
LTE
Relativve Subscrriptions
UMTS/HSPA
GSM/EDGE
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
7
Wireline and Wireless Advances
FTTH 100 Mbps

100
Mbps
ADSL2+
S 25
5 Mbps
bps
10 Mbps LTE 10 Mbps
ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps HSPA+ 5 Mbps

1 Mbps ADSL 1 Mbps HSDPA 1 Mbps
ISDN UMTS 350 kbps

100 kbps 128 kbps EDGE 100 kbps
GPRS 40 kbps
10 kb
kbps
2000 2005 2010 8

CAPEX+OPEX For 1 GByte of Data
9
UMTS-HSPA Voice and Data Traffic
Relative Network Load
WCDMA/HSPA
Speech + Data
WCDMA
Speech
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2007 2008 2009

2010 white paper
Global Mobile Data Growth
4000
3500
Petabytes Per Month
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
S
Source: Ci
Cisco, “Ci
“Cisco Visual
Vi lNNetworking
t ki IIndex:
d Gl
Global
b lMMobile
bil DData
t TTraffic
ffi FForecastt U
Update,”
d t ”F February
b 10
10, 2010
2010.
11
Deployments as of 2Q 2010
• Over 4.4
4 4 billion GSM
GSM-UMTS
UMTS subscribers
• Most GSM networks now support EDGE
• More than 478 commercial EDGE networks
• 500 million UMTS customers worldwide across 347

commercial networks
• 324 operators in 137 countries offering HSDPA services
12
2010 white paper
Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (1)
Typical
Technology Typical
Type Characteristics Downlink
Name Uplink Speed
Speed
Most widely deployed
cellular technology in the
GSM TDMA world. Provides voice and
data service via
GPRS/EDGE.
Data service for GSM
networks. An
70 kbps 70 kbps
EDGE TDMA enhancement to original
to 135 kbps to 135 kbps
GSM data service called
GPRS.
175 kbps to
350 kbps
Advanced version of EDGE expected
th t can d
that double
bl and d (Single 150 kbps to
Evolved eventually quadruple Carrier)
TDMA 300 kbps
EDGE throughput rates, halve
350 kbps to expected
latency and increase
spectral
p efficiency.
y 700 kbps
expected
t d
(Dual Carrier)
13
2010 white paper
Characteristics of 3GPP Technologies (2)
Technology Typical Downlink Typical Uplink
Type Characteristics
Name Speed Speed
3G technology providing voice
and data capabilities
capabilities. Current
UMTS CDMA 200 to 300 kbps 200 to 300 kbps
deployments implement HSPA
for data service.
Data service for UMTS networks.
1 Mbps to 500 kbps
HSPA CDMA An enhancement to original
4 Mbps
p to 2 Mbps
p
UMTS data service.
service
Evolution of HSPA in various
stages to increase throughput 1.9 to Mbps to 1 Mbps to
HSPA+ CDMA
and capacity and to lower 8.8 Mbps 4 Mbps
latency.
New radio interface that can use
wide radio channels and deliver
5.9 to 21.5 Mbps
LTE OFDMA extremely high throughput
in 2 X 10 MHz
rates. All communications
handled in IP domain.
Advanced version of LTE
LTE Advanced OFDMA designed to meet IMT-Advanced
requirements.
Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research 14

2010 white paper
15
2010 white paper
3GPP Releases (1)
• Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.

Enhancements to GSM data ((EDGE). ) Majority
j y of deployments
p y today
y are
based on Release 99. Provides support for GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA
radio-access networks.
• Release 4: Completed.
p Multimedia messaging
g g support.
pp First steps
p
toward using IP transport in the core network.
• Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to use
IP-based transport
p instead of jjust Asynchronous
y Transfer Mode ((ATM))
in the core network.
• Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support through
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services ((MBMS).) Performance
specifications for advanced receivers. WLAN integration option. IMS
enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
16
2010 white paper
3GPP Releases (2)
• Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved
EDGE. Specifies HSPA Evolution (HSPA+), which includes higher order modulation
and MIMO. Provides fine-tuning g and incremental improvements
p of features from
previous releases. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “always-
on” service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity as well as reductions in call set-
up delay for PoC. Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 QAM in the downlink DL
and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through
the multicast/broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.
• Release 8: Completed. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as
simultaneous use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA)
wherein
h i ttwo WCDMA radio di channels
h l can bbe combined
bi d ffor a d
doubling
bli off th
throughput
h t
performance. Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPC.
• Release 9: Completed. HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrier
operation
p in combination with MIMO,, EPC enhancements,, femtocell support,
pp ,
support for regulatory features such as emergency user-equipment positioning and
Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and evolution of IMS architecture.
• Release 10: Under development. Expected to be complete in 2011. Will specify
LTE Advanced that meets the requirements set by ITU’s
LTE-Advanced ITU s IMT-Advanced
IMT Advanced project
project.
Also includes quad-carrier operation for HSPA+.
17
2010 white paper
Operator Spectrum Requirements
Operator Spectrum Requirement
Ope a o Spec u equ e e
Busiest Markets
250
200
MHz oof Spectrum
150
100
50
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Rysavy Research 2010
Source: Rysavy Research, “Mobile Broadband Capacity Constraints And the Need for
Optimization,” February 24, 2010.
18
LTE Spectral Efficiency as Function of Radio Channel Size
100
90
% Efficieency Relative too 20 MHz
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.4 3 5 10 20
MHz
19
Parlay X Specifications
Part Title Functions
1 Common Definitions common across Parlay X specifications
2 Third Party Call Creates and manages calls
3 Call Notification Management of calls initiated by a subscriber
4 Short Messaging Send and receive of SMS including delivery receipts
5 Multimedia Messaging Send and receive of multimedia messages
6 Payment Pre-paid and post-paid payments and payment
reservations
7 Account Management Management of accounts of prepaid customers
8 Terminal Status Obtain status such as reachable,
reachable unreachable or busy
9 Terminal Location Obtain location of terminal
10 Call Handling Control by application for call handling of specific
numbers
11 Audio Call Control for media to be added/dropped during call
12 Multimedia Conference Create multimedia conferences including dynamic
management of participants
13 Address List Manage subscriber groups
Management
14 Presence Provide presence information
15 Message Broadcast Send messages to all users in specified area
16 Geocoding Obtain location address of subscriber
17 Application-driven QoS Control quality of service of end-user connection
18 Devices Capabilities and Obtain device capability information and be able to push
Configuration device configuration to device
19 Multimedia Streaming Control multimedia streaming to device
Control
20 Multimedia Multicast Control multicast sessions, members, multimedia stream
Session Management and obtain channel presence information
20
Expected Features/Capabilities
Year Features
Evolved EDGE capabilities
p available to significantly
g y increase EDGE throughput
g p
rates and announced deployments.
HSPA+ peak speeds further increased to peak rates of 42 Mbps based on
Release 8.
2010
LTE introduced
odu d for
o next-generation
g a o throughput
oug pu performance
p o a using
us g 2X2 MIMO.
O
Advanced core architectures available through EPC, primarily for LTE, but also
for HSPA+, providing benefits such as integration of multiple network types
and flatter architectures for better latency performance.
LTE enhancements such as 4X2 MIMO and 4X4 MIMO available.
available
2011 LTE-Advanced specifications completed.
HSPA+ with MIMO and dual-carrier available.
LTE-Advanced potentially deployed in initial stages.
2012 and
d
HSPA+ with MIMO and quad-carrier available.
later
Most new services implemented in the packet domain.
21
2010 white paper
Peak Rates Over Time DL LTE (20MHz) 300M
MIMO 4X4
Downlink Speeds DL LTE (20MHz) 140M
MIMO 2X2, 4X2
100 Mbps 20 Mbps

MIMO/64QAM 42M
UL LTE (10MHz) 50M
MIMO 2x2 28M 64 QAM
UL LTE (10MHz) 25M
HSDPA 14.4M 16 QAM
10 Mbps HSUPA/16QAM 11M 10 Mbps

HSDPA 7.2M
HSDPA 3.6M HSUPA 5.6M

Uplink Speeds
HSDPA 1.8M
HSUPA 1.5M • HSPA DL and UL peak throughputs expected
1 Mbps to double every year on average. 1 Mbps
• Limitations not induced by the technology itself,
but time frames required to upgrade
DL R’99-384k UL R’99 384k
infrastructure and transport networks, obtain
devices with corresponding capabilities, and
perform interoperability tests.
100 kbps 100 kbps
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Sept 2010 white paper 22
Different LTE Deployment Scenarios
Today Medium term Long term
3G1X 3G1X 3G1

3G1x
Scenario A EV-DO RevA/B
EV-DO RevA EV-DO RevA/B LTE
CDMA to 3G1X 3G1x 3G1x

Scenario B EV-DO RevA/B EV-DO RevA/B
LTE EV DO RevA
EV-DO R A LTE LTE
Scenario C 3G1x 3G1x 3G 1X

LTE LTE
GSM GSM GSM

Scenario A WCDMA
WCDMA
W- CDMA WCDMA LTE
to LTE GSM
Scenario B GSM GSM
WCDMA WCDMA
WCDMA
LTE LTE
GSM to GSM
GSM
GSM
LTE LTE
LTE
WiMAX WiMAX.16e evol WiMAX

WiMAX some 16m features
to LTE 23 | LTE
Presentation Title |
Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research Month 2008
2010 white paper
Radio Resource Management
1xRTT/1xEV-DO versus UMTS/HSPA
Speech
S h Unavailable
U il bl Hi
High-
h Efficient
Effi i t Allocation
All ti off R
Resources
Blocking Speed Data Capacity Between Voice and Data
EV-DO
Hz Channels
hannel
Three 1.25 MH
One 5 MHz Ch
1xRTT
1xRTT
High-Speed Data
Voice
24
Throughput Comparison
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Network And/Or Network And/Or
Speed Typical User Speed Typical User
Rate Rate
EDGE (type 2 MS) 473.6 kbps 473.6 kbps
200 kbps 200 kbps
EDGE
G (type 1 MS)S) peak peak
236 8 kbps
236.8 kb 236 8 kbps
236.8 kb
(Practical Terminal) 70 to 135 70 to 135
kbps typical kbps typical
1 Mbps peak
400 kbps
350 to 700 peak
kbps typical
Evolved EDGE expected 150 to 300
1184 kbps 473.6 kbps
(type 1 MS) kbps typical
(Dual expected
Carrier)
Evolved EDGE
1894.4 kbps 947.2 kbps
(type 2 MS)
Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates, Green Typical

25
Throughput Comparison (2)
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Rate Rate
UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 2.048 Mbps 768 kbps
350 kbps 350 kbps

UMTS WCDMA Rel’99 peak peak
384 kbps 384 kbps
(Practical Terminal) 200 to 300 200 to 300
kbps typical kbps typical
HSDPA Initial Devices > 1 Mbps 350 kbps

1.8 Mbps 384 kbps
(2006) peak peak
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 kbps
> 5 Mbps
b > 1.5 Mbps
b
peak peak
HSPA Initial
7.2 Mbps 700 kbps to 2 Mbps 500 kbps to
Implementation
1.7 Mbps 1.2 Mbps
typical typical
26
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Rate Rate
HSPA Current 7.2 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
Implementation
HSPA 14 4 Mbps
14.4 5 76 Mbps
5.76
HSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL 21.6 Mbps 1.9 Mbps to 11.5 Mbps 1 Mbps to 4
16 QAM, 2 X 5 MHz) 8.8 Mbps Mbps
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 28 Mbps 11.5 Mbps

DL 16 QAM,
QAM UL 16 QAM,
QAM
2 X 5 MHz)
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 42 Mbps 11.5 Mbps

DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM,
2 X 5 MHz)
)
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 84 Mbps 23 Mbps

Dual Carrier, 2 X 10 MHz)
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 168 Mbps 23 Mbps

Quad Carrier, 2 X 20 MHz)
27
Downlink Uplink
Peak Peak Peak Peak
Rate Rate
LTE (2X2 MIMO, 2 x 10 70 Mbps 5.9 to 21.5 35 Mbps
MHz) Mbps
LTE (4 X 4 MIMO, 2 x 20 326 Mbps 86 Mbps

MHz)
28
Downlink Uplink
Peak Network Peak And/Or Peak Network Peak And/Or
Speed Typical User Rate Speed Typical User Rate
CDMA2000 1XRTT 153 kbps 130 kbps peak 153 kbps 130 kbps peak
CDMA2000 1XRTT 307 kbps 307 kbps
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev 0 2.4 Mbps > 1 Mbps peak 153 kbps 150 kbps peak
> 1.5 Mbps peak > 1 Mbps peak

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev A 3.1 Mbps
p 600 kbps to 1.4
14 1.8 Mbps
p 300 to 500 kbps
Mbps typical typical
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B (3 radio

14.7 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
channels MHz)
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B

73.5 Mbps 27 Mbps
Th
Theoretical
ti l (15 radio
di channels)
h l )
WiMAX Release 1.0 (10 MHz TDD, 1 to 5 Mbps

46 Mbps 4 Mbps
DL/UL=3, 2x2 MIMO) typical
WiMAX Release 1.5 TBD TBD
802.16m TBD TBD
29
Throughput Distribution
6.0
5.0
4.0
s]
oughput [Mbps
3.0
Thro
2.0
10
1.0
0.0
0%
5%
0%
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
10
30
2010 white paper
HSDPA Performance in 7.2 Mbps Network
Good Coverage Bad Coverage

Median bitrate Median bitrate
3.8 Mbps 1.8 Mbps -106 dBm
Mobile
Performance
Median bitrate
measured in a
1 9 Mb
1.9 Mbps
commercial
network
31
HSUPA Performance in a Commercial Network
100
Mobile
90
80
Median bitrate 70
1.0 Mbps 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
70
700
770
980
840
910
280
420
490
630
140
210
350
560
1120
1260
1330
1400
1050
1190
32
2010 white paper
HSPA+ Performance, 2 X 5 MHz
Indoor coverage
RSCP: -98 dBm
100 72
7.2 21 28
80
Median
60 MIMO: 8.2 Mbps
ccdf, %
64QAM: 7.2 Mbps

HSPA7.2: 6.0 Mbps
40
20
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Throughput
g p ((kbps)
p )

2010 white paper
Drive Test of Commercial European LTE Network, 2 X 10 Mhz
Mbps

2010 white paper
LTE Throughputs in Various Modes
35
LTE Actual Throughput Rates Based on Conditions
Source: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative, “Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb 2009,”
http://www.lstiforum.org.
36
Latency of Different Technologies
700
600
500
Miillisecondss
400
300
20
0
100
GPRS EDGE EDGE WCDMA Evolved

E l d HSDPA HSPA LTE 37
Rel’97 Rel’99 Rel’4 Rel’99 EDGE
2010 white paper
Performance Relative to Theoretical Limits
6
Shannon bound
Shannon bound with 3dB margin
5 HSDPA
EV-DO
hievable Efficiency (bps/Hz)
IEEE 802.16e-2005
802 16 2005
4
2
Ach
0
-15
15 -10
10 -5
5 0 5 10 15 20
Required SNR (dB)
38
Comparison of Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Future
2.5 improvements
2.4
LTE
2.3 4X4 MIMO
2.2 SIC
2.1
2.0
or)
ectral Efficiiency (bpss/Hz/secto
1.9
1.8
1.7 LTE
4X2 MIMO
1.6
15
1.5 Future
1.4 Future LTE improvements
improvements 2X2 MIMO
1.3 Future Rel 1.5
HSPA+ 4X2 MIMO
1.2 SIC, 64 QAM improvements
11
1.1 Rel 1
1.5
5
HSPA+ Rev B 2X2 MIMO
1.0 2X2 MIMO Cross-Carrier
0.9 Scheduling
0.8 HSDPA Rel 1.0
MRxD, Rev A, 2X2 MIMO
0.7 Equalizer
Spe
MR D
MRxD,
0.6 Equalizer
0.5
0.4 HSDPA EV-DO Rev 0
0.3
0.2
0.1 UMTS R’99
UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research WiMAX
Comparison of Uplink Spectral Efficiency
1.0
LTE 1x4
0.9 Receive
Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz/ssector)
Diversity
Future
0.8 Improvements
Rel 1.5
0.7 1X4
Receive
LTE 1X2 Diversity
0.6 Receive Future
Future
Improvements Diversity Improvements
0.5 Rel 1.5 1X2
HSPA+ EV-DO Rev B, Rx Div
Interference Interference
0.4 Cancellation, Cancellation Rel
16
6QQAM
10
1.0
0.3
HSUPA Rel 6 EV-DO
0.2 Rev A
UMTS R’99
R 99
0.1 to Rel 5 EV-DO
Rev 0

Comparison of Voice Spectral Efficiency
500
Future
Improvements
450
LTE AMR 5.9 kbps
400 LTE AMR 7.95

Hz
kbps
10+10 MH
Future
Future Improvements
350 Improvements LTE VoIP EV-DO Rev A VoIP, IC,
HSPA VoIP, AMR 12.2 kbps EVRC-B 6 kbps
300 Interference
Erlangs, 1
Cancellation Future
F t
AMR 5.9 kbps 1xRTT QLIC
Improvements
250 EVRC-B 6 kbps
UMTS MRxD Rel 1.5
200 AMR 5.9 kbps EVRC-B
UMTS 1xRTT 6kbps
AMR 5.9 kbps EVRC 8 kbps
kb
150 Rel 1.0
UMTS EVRC
AMR 7.95 kbps 8 kbps
100
UMTS
50 AMR 12.2 kbps

LTE and WiMAX Features
Feature LTE WiMAX WiMAX Impact

Release 1.0 Release 1.5
Multiple Access OFDM in downlink, OFDM in downlink OFDM in downlink DFT-spread OFDM reduces
Discrete Fourier and uplink and uplink the peak-to-average power
Transform (DFT)- ratio and reduces terminal
spread OFDM in complexity, requires one-tap
uplink equalizer in base station
receiver.
Uplink Power Fractional path-loss Full path-loss Full path-loss Fractional path-loss
Control compensation compensation compensation compensation enables
flexible tradeoff between
average and cell
cell-edge
edge data
rates
Scheduling Channel dependent Channel dependent Channel dependent Access to the frequency
in time and in time domain in time and domain yields larger
frequency domains frequency domains scheduling gains
MIMO Scheme Multi-codeword Single codeword Single codeword Horizontal encoding enables
(horizontal), closed (vertical) (vertical), with rank- per-stream link adaptation
loop with pre- adaptive MIMO and successive interference
coding (TDD) and with cancellation receivers.
closed-loop pre-
coding (FDD)
42
LTE and WiMAX Features (2)
Feature LTE WiMAX WiMAX Impact

Release 1.0 Release 1.5
Modulation and Fine granularity (1- Coarse granularity Coarse granularity Finer granularity enables
Coding Scheme 2 dB apart) (2-3 dB apart) (2-3 db apart) better link adaptation
Granularity precision.
Hybrid Incremental Chase combining Chase combining Incremental redundancy is

Automatic redundancy more efficient (lower SNR
Repeat Request required for given error rate)
(ARQ)
Frame Duration 1 msec subframes 5 msec subframes 5 msec subframes Shorter subframes yield
lower user plane delay and
reduced channel quality
feedback delays
Overhead / Relatively low Relatively high Relatively high Lower overhead improves
Control Channel overhead overhead overhead apart from performance
y
Efficiency reduction in p
pilots
43
Relative Volume of Wireless Subscribers Across Networks
7.6 B Total Global
8,000 7.3 B Subscriptions
Milllions
7.0 B
6.6
6.6 B 6.4 B
7,000
7 000 6.2
6 2 B
6.0 B
5.8 B 3GPP
6,000 5.4 B 5.4 B Subscriptions
B
4.8
4 8
5,000 GSM-HSPA
B
CDMA
4,000
TD-SCDMA
3,000 Other
2,000
1,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Informa Telecoms & Media Forecast, WCIS+, June 2010
2010 white paper
UMTS FDD Bands
Operating Band UL Frequencies DL frequencies
UE transmit, Node B receive UE receive, Node B transmit
I 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 -2170 MHz
II 1850 -1910 MHz 1930 -1990 MHz
III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz
IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz
V 824 - 849MHz 869-894MHz
VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz
VII 2500
500 - 2570
5 0 MHz 2620
6 0 - 2690
690 MHz
VIII 880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz
IX 1749.9 - 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 - 1879.9 MHz
X 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHz
XI 1427.9 - 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 - 1495.9 MHz
XII 698 - 716 MHz 728 - 746 MHz
XIII 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz
XIV 788 - 798 MHz 758 - 768 MHz
XV Reserved Reserved
XVI Reserved Reserved
XVII Reserved Reserved
XVIII Reserved Reserved
XIX 830 – 845 MHz
MH 875 -890
890 MHz
MH
XX 832 - 862 MHz 791 - 821 MHz
XXI 1447.9 - 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 - 1510.9 MHz
Source: 3GPP Technical Specification 25.104, V9.4.0
45
LTE FDD and TDD Bands
E-UTRA Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex
Operating BS receive BS transmit Mode
Band UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
1
9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD
15 Reserved Reserved FDD
16 Reserved Reserved FDD
20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz
...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
Note 1: Band 6 is not applicable.
Source: 3GPP Technical Specification 36.104, V9.4.0.

46
Throughput Requirements
• Microbrowsing (for example, Wireless
Application Protocol [WAP]): 8 to 128 kbps
• Multimedia messaging: 8 to 64 kbps
• Video telephony: 64 to 384 kbps
• General-purpose Web browsing: 32 kbps to
more than 1 Mbps
• Enterprise applications including e-mail,
database access
access, and VPNs: 32 kbps to more
than 1 Mbps
• Video and audio streaming: 32 kbps to 2 Mbps
47
2010 white paper
GPRS/EDGE Architecture
Mobile Base
Station Transceiver Public Switched
Mobile Station Circuit-Switched Telephone Network
Station Traffic
Base Base Mobile
Mobile Transceiver Station Switching
Station Station Controller Center
Home
Location
IP Register
g
Traffic
GPRS/EDGE Data
Infrastructure Serving Gateway
GPRS GPRS External Data
Support Support Network (e.g., Internet)
Node Node
48
2010 white paper
Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGE Timeslot Structure
4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots

577 S
per timeslot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Possible BCCH BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
carrier configuration
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Possible TCH carrier PBCCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
configuration
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel – carries synchronization, paging and other signalling information
TCH: Traffic Channel – carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-rate
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel – Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGE
PBCCH Packet
PBCCH: P k t Broadcast
B d t Control
C t l ChChannell – additional
dditi l signalling
i lli ffor GPRS/EDGE
GPRS/EDGE; used d only
l if needed
d d
49
Evolved EDGE Objectives
• A 100 percent increase in peak data rates.
• A 50 percent increase in spectral efficiency and capacity in C/I-limited
scenarios.
scenarios
• A sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data.
• A reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time, thereby enabling
support for conversational services such as VoIP and PoC.
• To achieve compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus facilitating
deployment in existing networks.
• To coexist with legacy
g y mobile stations by y allowing
g both old and new stations
to share the same radio resources.
• To avoid impacts on infrastructure by enabling improvements through a
software upgrade.
• To be applicable to DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb mode
interface. The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core network, so this
goal is required for full backward-compatibility with legacy GPRS/EDGE.
50
2010 white paper
Evolved EDGE Methods in Release 7
• Downlink dual-carrier reception to increase the number of timeslots that
can be received from four on one carrier to 10 on two carriers for a 150
percentt increase
i iin th
throughput.
h t
• The addition of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and

32 QAM as well as an increased symbol rate (1.2x) in the uplink and a
new set of modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximum
throughput per timeslot by up to 100 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-
PSK modulation.
• A reduction in overall latency. This is achieved by lowering the TTI to 10

msec and by including the acknowledge information in the data packet.
These enhancements will have a dramatic effect on throughput for
many applications.
applications
• Downlink diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the

obust ess in interference
robustness te e e ce and
a d to improve
p o e the
t e receiver
ece e sesensitivity.
s t ty
Simulations have demonstrated sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease
in required C/I of up to 18 dB for a single cochannel interferer. 51
2010 white paper
Evolved EDGE Two-Carrier Operation
Slot N + 1
Slot N (Idle Frame) Slot N + 2 Slot N + 3
Rx1
Rx2
Tx (1)
Neighbor Cell Measurements

Uplink Timeslot
Downlink Timeslot
52
Evolved EDGE Theoretical Rates
• Type 2 mobile device (one that can support simultaneous

transmission and reception) using DBS DBS-12
12 as the MCS and a
dual-carrier receiver can achieve the following performance:
– Highest
g data rate p
per timeslot ((layer
y 2)) = 118.4 kbps
p
– Timeslots per carrier = 8
– Carriers used in the downlink = 2
– Total downlink data rate = 118.4 kbps X 8 X 2 = 1894.4
kbps
• This translates to a peak network rate close to 2 Mbps and a
user-achievable data rate of well over 1 Mbps!
53
2010 white paper
Evolved EDGE Implementation
54
2010 white paper
UMTS Multi-Radio Network
Packet-Switched
GSM/EDGE
Networks
UMTS
WCDMA, Core Network Circuit-Switched
HSDPA (MSC, HLR, Networks
SGSN GGSN)
SGSN,
Other Other Cellular

e.g., WLAN Operators
Common core network can support

pp multiple
p radio access networks
55
2010 white paper
High
g Speed
p Downlink Packet Access
• High speed data enhancement for WCDMA/UMTS
• Peak theoretical speeds of 14 Mbps
• Current devices support 7.2 Mbps throughput
• Methods used by HSDPA
– High speed channels shared both in the code and
time domains
– Short transmission time interval (TTI)
– Fast scheduling and user diversity
– Higher-order
Hi h d modulation
d l ti
– Fast link adaptation
– Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ)
56
2010 white paper
HSDPA Channel Assignment - Example
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
odes
elization Co
Channe
2 msec
Time
Radio resources assigned both in code and time domains 57
2010 white paper
HSDPA Multi-User Diversity
User 1
High data rate
Signal Qualiity
User 2
S
Low data rate
Time
User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1
Efficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditions

58
2010 white paper
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
• 85% increase in overall cell throughput on the uplink

• Achievable rates of 1 Mbps on the uplink
• Reduced packet delays to as low as 30 msec
• Methods:
– An enhanced dedicated physical channel
– A short TTI, as low as 2 msec, which allows faster
responses to changing radio conditions and error
conditions
– Fast Node B-based
B based scheduling,
scheduling which allows the
base station to efficiently allocate radio resources
– Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves the efficiency of
error processing
59
2010 white paper
HSPA+ Objectives
• Exploit the full potential of a CDMA approach before moving to an
OFDM p platform in 3GPP LTE.
• Achieve performance close to LTE in 5 MHz of spectrum.
• Provide smooth interworking between HSPA+ and LTE, thereby
f ilit ti th
facilitating the operation
ti off b both
th ttechnologies.
h l i A
As such,
h operators
t
may choose to leverage the EPC/SAE planned for LTE.
• Allow operation in a packet-only mode for both voice and data.
• Be backward-compatible with previous systems while incurring no
performance degradation with either earlier or newer devices.
• Facilitate migration from current HSPA infrastructure to HSPA+
infrastructure.
60
2010 white paper
HSPA Throughput Evolution
Downlink (Mbps) Uplink (Mbps)

Technology
Peak Data Rate Peak Data Rate
HSPA as defined in Release 6 14.4 5.76

Release 7 HSPA+ DL 64 Q
QAM,,
21 1
21.1 11 5
11.5
UL 16 QAM
Release 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO,
28.0 11.5
DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM
Release 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO
42.2 11.5
DL 64 QAM
QAM, UL 16 QAM
Release 8 HSPA+ (no MIMO)
42.2 11.5
Dual Carrier (2 X 10 MHz)
Release 9 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, Dual
84.0 23.0
Carrier (
(2 X 10 MHz)
)
Release 10 HSPA + 4X4 MIMO, Quad
168.0 23.0
Carrier (2 X 20 MHz)
61
2010 white paper
Dual-Cell Operation with One Uplink Carrier
Uplink Downlink
1 x 5 MHz 2 x 5 MHz
UE1
1 x 5 MHz 2 x 5 MHz
UE2
62
2010 white paper
Dual-Carrier Performance
100
Ped A, 10% load
90
80
70
60
C DF [%]
50
40
30 RAKE, single-carrier
RAKE, multi-carrier
20 GRAKE, single-carrier
single carrier
GRAKE, multi-carrier
10
GRAKE2, single-carrier
GRAKE2, multi-carrier
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
A hi
Achievable
bl bitrate
bit t [Mbps]
[Mb ]
63
HSPA/HSPA+ One-Tunnel Architecture
Traditional HSPA HSPA with One-Tunnel Possible HSPA+ with

Architecture Architecture One-Tunnel Architecture
GGSN GGSN GGSN
User Plane
SGSN SGSN SGSN
Control Plane
RNC RNC
Node B Node B Node B
64
Summary of HSPA Functions and Benefits
Uplink DTX + downlink Lower UE power consumption
DRX
CS voice
i over HSPA Higher voice capacity
Downlink 64QAM, MIMO Higher downlink peak data

and Dual carrier rates and higher data capacity
Uplink 16QAM Higher uplink peak data rates
L2 optimization Higher L2 throughput and less

(Flexible RLC) processing requirements
High speed FACH + High Lower latency = better

speed RACH response times
More efficient common

channels = savings in channel
elements
Flat architecture Less network elements

optimization
65
CS Voice Over HSPA
Scheduler prioritizes CS mapped to R99 or HSPA bearer AMR adaptation
voice packets depending on terminal capability possible
Transport AMR
queues etc p
adapt.
CS R99
IuCS
HSPA scheduler HSPA
Combined
to one
carrier
IuPS
PS R99
NodeB RNC
66
Smooth Migration to VoIP over HSPA
1.4
VoIP
1.2
CS
1
CS + VoIP
0.8
pacity
06
0.6
ative Cap
0.4
Rela
02
0.2
0
0 Power
2 reserved
4 6 for PS
8 traffic
10 (W)
12 14
PS Evolution
67
LTE Capabilities
• Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Uplink
p p
peak data rates up p to 86.4 Mbps
p with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Operation in both TDD and FDD modes.
• Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20
MHz
• Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two to
four
• Reduced latency, to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment and
the base station
station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to
active
LTE Configuration Downlink (Mbps) Uplink (Mbps)

Peak Data Rate Peak Data Rate
Using 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16 172.8 57.6

QAM in the Uplink
Using
U i 4X4 MIMO in
i the
th Downlink
D li k and
d 64 326 4
326.4 86 4
86.4
QAM in the Uplink
68
Migration
HSPA to LTE to 4G, Rysavy
Advanced, Research
Rysavy Research
2010
Sept white
2009 paper
white paper
LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource Assignment
g in
Time and Frequency
User 1
User 2
User 3
Frequency
User 4
Time
Minimum resource block consists of

14 symbols and 12 subcarriers
69
Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTE
Carrier bandwidth
Resource block
Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded
70
2010 white paper
LTE Antenna Schemes
Source: 3G Americas’ white paper “MIMO and Smart Antennas for 3G and 4G Wireless
Systems – Practical Aspects and Deployment Considerations,” May 2010.
71
Evolution of Voice in LTE Networks
72
TDD Frame Co-Existence
Between TD-SCDMA and LTE TDD
73
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
Release 10 LTE-Advanced
LTE Advanced UE resource pool
Rel’8 Rel’8 Rel’8 Rel’8 Rel’8
100 MHz bandwidth

20 MHz Release 8 UE uses a
g 20 MHz block
single
Source: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access,”
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley, 2009.
74
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
gg g
at Protocol Layers
Source: “The Evolution of LTE towards IMT-Advanced”,

St f Parkvall
Stefan P k ll anddD David
id A
Astely,
t l E Ericsson
i R
Research
h
75
IMT-Advanced and LTE-Advanced
IMT-Advanced LTE-Advanced
Item
Requirement Projected Capability
Peak Data Rate Downlink 1 Gbps

p
Peak Data Rate Uplink 500 Mbps
p
Spectrum Allocation Up to 40 MHz Up to 100 MHz
Latency User Plane 10 msec 10 msec
Latency Control Plane 100 msec 50 msec
Peak Spectral Efficiency DL 15 bps/Hz 30 bps/Hz
Peak Spectral Efficiency UL 6.75 bps/Hz 15 bps/Hz
Average Spectral Efficiency DL 2.2 bps/Hz 2.6 bps/Hz
Average Spectral Efficiency UL 1.4 bps/Hz 2.0 bps/Hz
Cell-Edge Spectral Efficiency DL 0.06 bps/Hz 0.09 bps/Hz
Cell-Edge Spectral Efficiency UL 0.03 bps/Hz 0.07 bps/Hz
76
LTE-Advanced Relay
Direct Link
Relay Link Access

Link
77
IP Multimedia Subsystem
SIP Application
IMS Server
Home Subscriber
Server ((HSS)) Media Resource
SIP
Function Control
DIAMETER
Media Resource
Call Session Control Function (CSCF) Gateway Control
(SIP Proxy)
UMTS/HSPA
Packet Core DSL Wi-Fi
Network
M li l P
Multiple Possible
ibl AAccess N
Networks
k
78
2010 white paper
Heterogeneous Networks
79
Efficient Broadcasting with OFDM
LTE will leverage OFDM-based broadcasting capabilities

80
Evolved Packet System
Rel’7 Legacy GSM/UMTS
GERAN
SGSN
UTRAN
One-Tunnel
Option
PCRF
MME
Control
IP
Evolved RAN, User Plane Serving PDN Services,
e.g., LTE Gateway Gateway IMS
EPC/SAE Access Gateway

Non 3GPP
N
IP Access
81
2010 white paper
Evolved Packet System Elements
• Flatter architecture to reduce latency

• Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks
connected via SGSN.
• Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.
• The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface
toward the 3GPP radio-access networks.
• The PDN gateway that controls IP data services
services, does
routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, and
provides access for non-3GPP access networks.
• The MME that supports user equipment context and
identity as well as authenticates and authorizes users.
• The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
th t manages Q
that QoS S aspects.
t
82
2010 white paper
Conclusion
• 2010 saw the success of smartphones as mobile broadband industry established
itself.
• Through constant innovation, the EDGE/HSPA/LTE family provides operators and
subscribers a true mobile broadband advantage.
• UMTS/HSPA provides for broadband services that will deliver increased data
revenue and provide a path to all-IP architectures.
• LTE is now the most widely chosen technology platform for the forthcoming
decade and with deployment imminent, LTE offers a best-of-breed, long-term
solution that matches or exceeds the performance of competing approaches.
• UMTS/HSPA and/or LTE offer an excellent migration path for GSM operators, as
well as an effective technology solution for greenfield operators.
• HSPA+ has peak theoretical rates of 168 Mbps, and in 5 MHz will largely match
LTE capabilities. Expected throughput typical throughput rates will be between 1.9
and 8 8.8
8 Mbps in early versions of the technology (based on 64 QAM
QAM.))
• EDGE/HSPA/LTE is one of the most robust portfolios of mobile-broadband
technologies and is an optimum framework for realizing the potential of the
wireless-data market.
83
2010 white paper

Transition To 4G-HSPA LTE Advanced Rysavy 2010

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Transition to 4G

3GPP Broadband Evolution to IMT-Advanced (4G)

Peter Rysavy, Rysavy Research

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

FTTH 100 Mbps

ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps HSPA+ 5 Mbps

ISDN UMTS 350 kbps

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research

Relative Network Load

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research

• Most GSM networks now support EDGE

• More than 478 commercial EDGE networks

• 500 million UMTS customers worldwide across 347

• 324 operators in 137 countries offering HSDPA services

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research 14

• Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.

100 Mbps 20 Mbps

10 Mbps HSUPA/16QAM 11M 10 Mbps

HSDPA 3.6M HSUPA 5.6M

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research

3G1X 3G1X 3G1

CDMA to 3G1X 3G1x 3G1x

Scenario C 3G1x 3G1x 3G 1X

GSM GSM GSM

WiMAX WiMAX.16e evol WiMAX

Blue Indicates Theoretical Peak Rates, Green Typical

350 kbps 350 kbps

HSDPA Initial Devices > 1 Mbps 350 kbps

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 28 Mbps 11.5 Mbps

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 42 Mbps 11.5 Mbps

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 84 Mbps 23 Mbps

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, 168 Mbps 23 Mbps

LTE (4 X 4 MIMO, 2 x 20 326 Mbps 86 Mbps

CDMA2000 1XRTT 307 kbps 307 kbps

> 1.5 Mbps peak > 1 Mbps peak

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B (3 radio

CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev B

WiMAX Release 1.0 (10 MHz TDD, 1 to 5 Mbps

WiMAX Release 1.5 TBD TBD

802.16m TBD TBD

Good Coverage Bad Coverage

64QAM: 7.2 Mbps

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research

Migration to 4G, Rysavy Research

GPRS EDGE EDGE WCDMA Evolved

UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000

UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000

400 LTE AMR 7.95

UMTS/HSPA LTE CDMA2000

Feature LTE WiMAX WiMAX Impact

Feature LTE WiMAX WiMAX Impact

Hybrid Incremental Chase combining Chase combining Incremental redundancy is

Source: 3GPP Technical Specification 25.104, V9.4.0

Source: 3GPP Technical Specification 36.104, V9.4.0.

4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots

• The addition of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, and

• A reduction in overall latency. This is achieved by lowering the TTI to 10

• Downlink diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the

Neighbor Cell Measurements

• Type 2 mobile device (one that can support simultaneous

Other Other Cellular

Common core network can support