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A scientist must have scientific attitudes and noble values such asa
being curious in stating a problem statement, being honest and
accurate in recordibg and validating data, being responsible for the
safety of oneself, others and the environment when conducting an
experiment, being critical and analytical thinking when proposing a
hypothesis and being objective when making a conclusion.
Body Coordination
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Body coordination is a life process that involves harmonious
fuctioning of interrelated organs and parts in the body to
produce a coordinated response
Two body systems that control and regulate coordination are:
o The nervous system
o The endocrine system
A stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external
environment.It evokes a response.
Response is an action or movement as a result of a stimulus.
The nervous system handles fast and short responses which
involve the transmission of electrical impulses
nervous system
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A neurone is a nerve cell which is the basic functional unit of
the nervous system
The central nernous system consists of the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves and
spinal nerves.
The brain is an organ that is the centre of control and
coordination in the nervous system
The spinal cord controls reflex action
The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves which
connect the central nervous system with other parts of the
body.
Cranial nerves composed of 12 pairs of nerves which
orogonate from the brain and are connected to sense organs
in the head and neck, and also to effectors such as the
muscles or glands in the body cavity.
Spinal nerves are composed of 31 pairs of nerves which
originate from spinal cord and are connected to sense organs
and effectors in the whole body including hands and legs.
Neurones
Types of neurones
Nervous Coordination
Receptors and effectors
Nerve Impulses
Reflex action
Reflex arc
Pathway of impulses
Proprioceptors
Kinaesthesis
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Kinaesthesis is the ability to sense the position, location,
orientation and movement of the body and its part without
looking at ourselves.
Human Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Testis
Types of drugs
Drug abuse
We know that our bodies built from millions Tues In this cell there
is a center of activity known as the nucleus. There are
chromosomes in the nucleus that contains genes. Gen, this is
the nature of our control. For example it controls whether our
hair curly or not.
SUCCESSION CHARACTERISTICS
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Scientists already know that organisms typically have a pair of
chromosomes that carry a pair of genes. Genes may be
different or the same. There are two types of genes and gene
dominant gene resesif.
Sex determination
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Male chromosomes
Female chromosomes
Non-identical twins
Identical twins
Mutation
Type of mutation
Examples of mutation:
Klinefelter's syndrome
down's syndrome
Albinism
Colour blindness
Haemophilia
Causes of mutation
Disadvantages of mutation
Selective breeding
Disadvantages
Variation in humans
Family tree
States of matter
Sublimation
Brownian motion
Pure substances
Purifying substances
Distillation
o is the process of boiling the liquid and condensing the
vapour into pure liquid
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Crystallisation
Preparing crystals
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*physical changes
*Chemical changes
Physical Changes
*Melting of chocolate.
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(b)Freezing:
(e)Condensation:
(a)Sublimation:
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~CHEMICAL CHANGES~
respiration:
Respiration
Oxygen + glucose --------> carbon dioxide + water vapour +
energy
neutralisation:
exothermic reactions.
endothermic reactions
~Exothermic reactions~
1. exothermic reactions is defined as a reaction which releases
energy in the form of heat into the surrounding (heat loss),and
causes the surrounding temparature to increase.
2. the characteristics of exothermic reactions are:
heat is absorbed.
Energy is aborded.
surrounding temperature decreases and temperature of the
mixture increases.
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energy content of the reactant(s) is lower than energy content
of the product(s)
boiling water.
heating copper sulphate crystals.
melting wax.
dissolving ammonium chloride in water.
photosynthesis.
decomposition of mercury oxide by heat and decomposition
of copper carbonate by heat.
haber process
ammonia is produced by the haber process on a large scale.
catalyst(iron)at atemparature of 450-500°C and a pressure of
200 atmospheres.
the process is reversible.
heat is released in the forward reaction (exothermic).
5.3 The reactivity of metals .
Activity a chemical reaction.
the reactions metals with water.
The reactivity of metals with water.
Highly reactive metals.
less reactive metals
The reactivity of metals with oxygen.
metal+oxygen=metal oxide
the metal oxide produced a different colour compared to the
original metal as shown in table 5.6.
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TABLE 5.6
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH
WATER,ACIDS AND OXYGEN.
The reaction of metals with water,dilute acids and oxygen will
individually produce different chemical substances.
table 5.8 shows the comparison of the reactivity of metals with
water,dilute acids and oxygen:
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TABLE 5.9
TABLE 5.12
Two methods of extraction of metals from their ores:
Electrolysis of the molten more.
reducation of metal ore using carbon
A Suitable method to extract a metal from its ore is based on the
position of the metal in the reactivity series of metals as shown in
table 5.13.
Table 5.13
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The importance of the reactivity series are:
Flotation.
Tin extraction Process is carried out in two main stages as
follows:
impurities,Removed
mixed with coke (carbon) and limestone (Calcium carbonate)
Electrolysis
Electrodes
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Eloctrode Conductor.
Carbon rods.
anode.
Cathode.
Electrical Source
Extraction of metals
Purification of metals
Electroplating of metals
Extraction of metals
Electrolysis
Extraction of metals.
Extraction of aluminium:
bauxite
melted
Mixed with cryolite
Cathode
Anode
Purification of metals
table 6.2
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Table 6.3
Correct ways of handling radioactive substances and radioactive
wastes.
Symbol represent radioactive substances:
Figure 6.6
Low-level wastes
Intermediate-level wastes
High-level waste
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Table 7.2
o Table 7.4 shows the comparison of images formed by a
convex and a concave lens .
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Table 7.4
Ray diagram
o A ray diagram shows the path of light rays passing
through a lens.
o A ray diagram is drawn using two rays from a point on the
object as shown in table 7.5:
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o The ray diagram and the characteristic of images formed
by convex lens is different according to the object
distances as shown in table 7.6.
Focal length.
o Focal length is defined as the distance between the
focal point and the optical centre.
o The symbol for local length is 'f '.
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7.2 Formation of images by optical instruments
Identifying parts of optical instruments involved in image
formation
Periscope:
Table 7.9
o Film capture the image of the object.
o Real,inverted and smaller.
The human eye as an optical instrument.
Table 7.12 shows the analogy between the structure and function of
the eye and a camera.
Table 7.14
Subtraction of coloured lights by coloured filters.
o Enables a particular coloured light to pass through it.
Primary filter.
o Red,green,and blue filters.
o Allows lights of the same colours to pass.
Secondary filter.
o Yellow,magenta and cyan filters.
o allows lights of the same colours and primary colours that
from them.
Table 7.29
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7.6 Using the principle of substraction of coloured lights to
explain the appearance of coloured objects.
o Primary coloured reflect its own colour.
o Secondary coloured reflect its own colour and the colours
that form it.
Table 7.16 shows the summary of the principle of subtraction of
coloured lights in the appearance of an object.
Table 7.16
Function of rod and cone cells in the eye.
o Rod cells:
Sensitive to low intensity light.
Red
Green
Blue
o Cone cells:
Sensitive to coloured light.
7.7 The Effects of Mixing Pigments.
Pigments.
o Substract and reflects certain colours in light.
o Living things such as plants and animals.
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Uses of pigments.
o Textile industry
o Food industry
o Cosmetics industry
o Printing industry
o Painting industry
o Natural world
Effects of mixing pigments.
o Primary colours:
Red
blue
Yellow
Except white.
Mixing of coloured pigment produces colours as shown in table
7.17.
Table 7.17
Coloured lights reflected by different coloured pigments in
white lights as shown in table 7.18.
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Table 7.18
Comparison between the coloured pigments and coloured
light from different aspects as shown in table 7.19.
Table 7.19
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7.8 The importance of colour in daily life.
oColour printing.
o Electrical wiring.
o Traffic lights.
o Symbols and signals.
o Survival of living things.
o Colour television.
Colour printing
o Yellow,magenta,cyan,and black.
o Colour separation.
o Printing plates.
o Black ink to sharper clearer.
Electrical wiring
o Brown for live wires.
o Blue for neutral wires.
o Yellow and green stripes for earth wires.
Figure 7.35
Traffic lights
o Red.
o Yellow.
o Green.
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Figure 7.36
Symbols and signals.
o Two white lines in the middle of the road indicate that no
overtaking is permitted.
o Yellow line painted side of the road ,Cars cannot be
parked along the side of the road.
o Yellow box painted with yellow stripes,Cannot stop inside
the box.
o Small red flag is raised when an event is being is being
prepared,Small green flag is raised when the event is
ready to begin.
o Ambulance red light indicates an emergency.
7.9 Appreciating the benefits of various types of optical
instruments of to mankind.
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Table 8.1
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Alloying Changes the properties of metals.
o Weakness and structure of a pure metal are improved by
alloying.
o Pure metals become more resistant to
corrosion,shinier,more attractive appearance and harder.
Prevents corrosion of metals.
o Alloying.
Improves the appearance of metals.
Figure 8.1
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2.The layers of atoms slide easily over one another when a
force is applied.as a result,it becomes ductile as shown in
figure 8.2.
Figure 8.3
In an alloy,substances added which are smaller or bigger fill the
shapes between the pure metal atoms and the new
arrangement is formed as shown in figure 8.4.
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Table 8.2
The importance of alloys in industry.
o Carbon steel.
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o Stainless steel resistant to
corrosion.
Supercondutor alloys.
o Differences ordinary conductor(Normal conductor) and
superconductor.
Figure 8.5
Table 8.3
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8.2 Production and uses of ammonia in industry.
Ammonia.
o Pungent smell,colourless and very soluble in water.
o ammonium hydroxide.
Uses of ammonia and its compound in daily life.
o Table 8.4 shows uses of ammonia and its compounds in
daily life.
Table 8.4
Production of ammonia in industry.
o Haber process produce ammonia.
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o Nitrogen and hydrogen.
o Hydrogen is produced by reacting methane with steam or
from the cracking oil.
o Reversible.
o Ammonium sulphate
o Ammonium phosphate
Production of urea.
o Urea is produce through the following processes:
Heated 200ºC and pressure of 200 atmospheres.
Separated
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dried
o The reaction between chemicals which produce urea is
shown below.
figure 8.9
Acid rain
Figure 8.11
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The effects of acid rain:
o Disturbs the equilibrium of nature
o Acid rain affects lakes,streams,rivers,bays,ponds and other
sources by increasing their acidity.This leads to the death
aquatic organisms and plants.
o Destroys plants and trees as the soil becomes too acidic.
Chemical industry.
o Toxic chemicals,oils and untreated waste.
o Pollutants also affect quantity of dissolved
oxygen,affecting aquatic animals and plants.
Nuclear power stations and research institutions.
o Radioactive produced nuclear research centres,nuclear
reactors and manufactring products contain radioactive
substances.
o Radioactive radiations released by these sources into the
surrounding.
Agriculture industry.
o Oil palm industry
Oil palm industry are stalks of fruit branches,fibre
wastes and oil spill.
Oil palm wastes are disposed off by burning them or
leaving them to rot.
o Rubber industry
Rubber wastes are made up of phospate
salt,ammonia and rubber protein.
These wastes encourage the growth of bacteria.
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Table 8.5 shows the types of pollutants,their sources and effects on
living organisms.
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Table 8.5
Disposal drum
o Radioactive waste is radioactive material which may be
left after a commercial or laboratory process has been
carried out.
o Radioactive wastes disposal drums which are made of
strontium.
o Disposal drums placed 200 metres below the soil surface.
Using electrostatic precipitor.
o Electrostatic precipitator two collection plates:
Positive plate
Negative plate
Using a scrubber.
o Scrubber is used to filter the poisonous gases by sparing a
liquid onto the poisonous gases.
o The toxic-free gas is then released.
o figure 8.14 shows an air scrubber.
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