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DESIGN CONCEPTS
PART-A
The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal
stress exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.
The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain of 0.2 percent of the
original gauge length on unloading.
The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack.
8. Define Debonding. (May/June 2008)
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete.
In this type, no limit is imposed upon the magnitude of the tensile stresses at working
loads. According to Leonhardt, this form of construction is not really prestressed concrete but is
to be regarded as reinforced concrete with reduced cracking and the sections should be analyzed
according to the rules of reinforced concrete, as a case of bending combined with axial force.
2. Within the range of working stress, both concrete and steel behave elastically,
notwithstanding the small amount of creep which occurs in both the materials under sustained
loading.
3. A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending, which implies
a linear strain distribution across the depth the member.
The approach based on load balancing concept is used for a member with curved or
harped tendons and in the analysis of indeterminate continuous beams. The moment, upward
thrust and upward deflection (camber) due to the prestress in the tendons are calculated. The
upward thrust balances part of the superimposed load.
Compatibility of the strains in concrete and in steel for bonded tendons. This
assumes a perfect bond between the two materials. For unbonded tendons, the compatibility is
in terms of total deformation.
Equilibrium of internal forces with the external loads at any point of the load versus
deformation behaviour. The internal forces in concrete and steel are evaluated based on the
respective strains, cross-sectional areas and the constitutive relationships.
20.. Draw the anchorage arrangements. (May/June 2011)
21. Explain the force concept. (Nov/Dec 2010)
The approach based on force concept is analogous to the study of reinforced concrete.
The tension in prestressing steel (T) and the resultant compression in concrete (C) are considered
to balance the external loads. This approach is used to determine the dimensions of a section and
to check the service load capacity. Of course, the stresses in concrete calculated by this approach
are same as those calculated based on stress concept. The stresses at the extreme edges are
compared with the allowable stresses.
1. a) What is meant by partial prestressing? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when
partial prestressing is done . (Nov/Dec 2014)
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited degree are
permitted in concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to tensioned steel, a
considerable proportion of untensioned reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of
cracks developed under service load.
ADVANTAGES:
Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service loads with controls on the
maximum width of cracks and depending upon the type of prestressing and environmental
condition.
Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-section of a prestresseed member for
various reasons, such as to resist the differential shrinkage, temperature effects and
handling stresses.
Hence this reinforcement can cater for the serviceability requirements, such as control of
cracking, and partially for the ultimate limit state of collapse which can result in
considerable reduction in the costlier high tensile steel.
Saving in the cost of overall structure.
DISADVANTAGES:
The excessive upward deflections, especially in bridge structure where dead loads from a
major portion of the total service loads, and these deflections may increase with time of creep.
1. Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in prestressed concrete
section (Nov/Dec 2011)
2.
1. 3. Discuss about the anchorage zone reinforcement. The end block of a
post tensioned PSC beam 300mm x 300mm is subjected to concentric
anchorage force of 800KN by a Freyssinet anchorage of area 10000mm2.
Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement for the block.
Partial safety factors, are therefore used for each limit state being reached.
The values of partial safety loads recommended in the British, Indian
and American codes.
IS code:
Load combination Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability
DL LL WL DL LL WL
DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -
DL+WL 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8
Partial safety factor for materials has a values which depends on the
important of limit states being materials to which is applies difference between
strength of materials when tested and when incorporated in construction during the
service life.
Design load (P) versus strain (εp) values for the prestressing wire are given for the range
under consideration.
Solution
Strain difference
Δεp = 0.0073
The effective depth of the CGS (d ) is 120 mm.
The strain compatibility method is shown in a tabular form. Here,
8. A concrete beam prestressed with a parabolic tendon is shown in the figure. The
prestressing force applied is 1620 kN. The uniformly distributed load includes the self
weight. Compute the extreme fibre stress at the mid-span by applying the three
concepts. Draw the stress distribution across the section at mid-span. (Nov/Dec 2013)
Solution
a) Stress concept
Area of concrete, A = 500 × 750
2
= 375,000 mm
3
Moment of inertia, I = (500 × 750 ) / 12
1
04
= 1.758 × 10 mm
Bending moment at mid-span, M = (45 × 7.32) / 8
= 299.7 kNm
b) Force concept
The analyses at transfer and under service loads are similar. Hence, they are presented
together. A prestressed member usually remains uncracked under service loads. The concrete
and steel are treated as elastic materials. The principle of superposition is applied. The
increase in stress in the prestressing steel due to bending is neglected.
There are three approaches to analyse a prestressed member at transfer and under service
loads. These approaches are based on the following concepts.
a) Based on stress concept.
b) Based on force concept.
c) Based on load balancing concept.
Stress concept
The following sketch shows the internal forces in concrete at a section and the corresponding
stress profiles. The first stress profile is due to the compression P. The second profile is due
to the eccentricity of the compression. The third profile is due to the moment. At transfer, the
moment is due to self weight. At service the moment is due to service loads.
The resultant stress at a distance y from the CGC is given by the principle of superposition as
follows
For a curved tendon, P can be substituted by its horizontal component. But the effect
of the refinement is negligible.
Based on Force Concept
The approach based on force concept is analogous to the study of reinforced concrete. The
tension in prestressing steel (T) and the resultant compression in concrete (C) are considered
to balance the external loads. This approach is used to determine the dimensions of a section
and to check the service load capacity. Of course, the stresses in concrete calculated by this
approach are same as those calculated based on stress concept. The stresses at the extreme
edges are compared with the allowable stresses.
The following figures show the internal forces in the section.
Force concept
The resultant stress in concrete at distance y from the CGC is given as follows.
Substituting C = P and C ec = M – Pe, the expression of stress becomes same as that given by
the stress concept.
The moment at the centre from the prestressing force is given as M = Pe. The expression of
wup is calculated by equating the two expressions of M. The upward deflection (Δ) can be
calculated from wup based on elastic analysis.
The moment at the centre due to the upward thrust (Wup) is given by the following equation.
It is equated to the moment due to the eccentricity of the tendon. As before, the upward
thrust and the deflection can be calculated.
fc = stress in concrete
fs = stress in non-prestressed reinforcement
εs = εc
For prestressed tendons
εp = εc + Δεp
Here,
The strain difference (Δεp) is the strain in the prestressed tendons when the
concrete has zero strain (εc = 0). This occurs when the strain due to the external tensile
axial load balances the compressive strain due to prestress. At any load stage,
The stress versus strain curve for prestressing steel is as shown below.