Cls Jeead-18-19 Xii Phy Target-5 Set-2 Chapter-3

Chapter 3
Current Electricity
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions (One option is correct)
(Electric Current in Conductors)
1. Which of the following is different from the others?
(1) volt2ohm–1 (2) ampere2ohm (3) volt ampere (4) joule second–2
Sol. Answer (4)
Joule second–2 is not a unit of power, while other three are units of power.
2. The current i through a given cross-section varies with time t as i = 3 + 2t, where i is in ampere and t is in
second. The charge passed through this cross-section during t = 0 to t = 2 s is
(1) 7 C (2) 10 C (3) 14 C (4) 20 C
Sol. Answer (2)
q = ∫ idt
0
2
 ∫ (3  2t ) dt
0
 (3t  t 2 ) 02  10 C
3. Electric current is passing through a solid conductor PQ from P to Q. The electric current densities at P and
Q are in the ratio.
2R
R
Q
P
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2:1 (3) 1:4 (4) 4:1
Sol. Answer (3)
1 JP AQ R 2 1
J ⇒   
A JQ AP 4R 2 4
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168 Current Electricity Solutions of Assignment (Set-2)
4. Electric current is passing uniformly through a solid cylindrical wire of radius R. The current i passing through
circular cross-section of radius r measured from the axis of the cylinder (r < R) varies as shown in
i i i i
(1) (2) (3) (4)
r r r r
Sol. Answer (2)
i0 i0
i= r 2  r 2 thus i  r2
R 2 R2
5. When a steady current flows through a metal conductor of non-uniform cross-section, then drift velocity is
(1) Independent of area of cross-section
(2) Directly proportional to the area of cross-section
(3) Inversely proportional to the area of cross- section
(4) Inversely proportional to the square of area of cross-section
Sol. Answer (3)
For a given current, drift velocity is inversely proportional to area of cross-section.
6. The current i through a conductor varies with time t as shown in figure. The average electric current during
t = 0 to t = 10 s will be
(i)
(A)8
O t (s)
2 4 6 8 10
–8
(1) 5.6 A (2) 4A (3) 4.8 A (4) 8A

Sol. Answer (2)
1
∫ idt  area under i  t graph in first10 second 28 48
i avg = = 2 ⇒ 4 A.
∫ dt 10 10
7. In the circuit shown, the current drawn by the cell is
3 4
1 10 V 5
2 3
(1) 1.2 A (2) 2.5 A (3) 0.6 A (4) 3.8 A
Solutions of Assignment (Set-2) Current Electricity 169
Sol. Answer (2) 12 
4
10 6
i= A =
4
i = 2.5 A.
10 V 10 V
8. The drift velocity of free electron in a metal wire of a given potential gradient along it is Vd. If this potential
gradient is doubled the new drift velocity will be
Vd
(1) Vd (2) 2Vd (3) (4) 4Vd
2
Sol. Answer (2)
eE 
Vd =
m
Vd  E
Thus when E is doubled then Vd is also doubled.
dV
E= –
dr
9. A wire of length l and area A is connected to an ideal battery. The drift speed of electrons is v. If the wire is
twisted to half its length, what will be the new drift speed?
v v
(1) v (2) 2v (3) (4)
2 4
Sol. Answer (2)
Drift speed (v)  Electric field (E)
Potential difference
and E  Length of wire (l )
1
 v  v gets doubled
l
10. Half part of a wire of resistance R is stretched to make it 1% longer and remaining half is stretched to make
it 2% longer. The new resistance of the wire is nearly
(1) 1.04 R (2) 1.03 R (3) 1.06 R (4) R
Sol. Answer (2)
The wire is as shown
l l 2
∵ R  (Here V = volume)
A V 0.5 R 0.5 R
dR dl
 2 (for small percentage changes)
R l
 % change in resistance = % change in length.
Let R1 and R2 be the new resistances of the two parts. Then,
R1 = (1.02) × 0.5 R
R2 = (1.04) × 0.5 R
 Total resistance = R1 + R2 = 1.03 R
(Circuit Analysis)
11. In the situation shown each cell has e.m.f. 4 V and internal resistance 1 . The maximum power that can
be delivered to the variable load resistance R is
(1) 64 W (2) 32 W (3) 128 W (4) 16 W

Sol. Answer (4)
2 (16)2
Pmax =  ⇒ 16 W
4R 4  4
12. Two electric bulbs A and B rated 200 V~100 W and 200 V~60 W are connected in series to a
200 V line. Then the potential drop across
(1) Each bulb is 200 V
(2) 100 W bulb is greater than that across 60 W bulb
(3) 100 W bulb is smaller than that across 60 W bulb
(4) Each bulb is 100 V
Sol. Answer (3)
200 RA
VA = R  R
A B
A B
200 RB
VB = R  R
A B
VA RA

VB RB 200 V
V2 V2
P= ;R
R P
VA (200)2 60 6
   ⇒
VB 100 (200)2 10
VB > VA
13. Two bulbs A and B are connected as shown. When switch ‘S’ is closed then which of them will fuse?
(100 V ~ 50 W) (100 V ~ 40 W)
A B
200 V S
(1) Bulb A (2) Bulb B
(3) Both A and B will fuse (4) Neither A nor B will fuse
Sol. Answer (2)
On closing the switch same current will flow through both the bulbs.
P = i2R
40 W bulb has higher resistance thus power dissipation will be more. Thus it will fuse.
14. Which of the following is/are reversible?

(1) Joule’s effect
(2) Seebeck effect
(3) Both Joule’s effect and Seebeck effect
(4) Neither Joule’s effect nor Seebeck effect are reversible
Sol. Answer (2)
In Joule’s effect reversing the direction of current does not result in heat absorbtion. But in Seebeck effect
on changing the direction of current, the hot junction and cold junctions are reversed,
15. A resistor R1 dissipates power P when connected to a certain ideal generator. When a resistance R2 is put
in series, supply voltage remaining same, the power dissipated by R1 is
PR2 PR22 PR12

(1) P (2) (R1  R2 ) (3) (4)
(R1  R2 )2 (R1  R2 )2
Sol. Answer (4)
V2
∵ P
R1
Voltage across R1 in second case,
R1
V  .V
R1  R 2
 Power dissipated by R1 in second case,
V 2 R1.V 2
P  
R1  R  R  2
1 2
P R12
   P  R12
P R  R  2 .P
1 2
 R1  R 2  2
16. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the situation shown is
R
R R
R A R
B
R
6R 8R
(1)
5
(2)
3
(3) R (4) 2R
Sol. Answer (4)

It is a form of Wheatstone bridge.
17. In the situation shown, the currents through 3 and 2 resistances are in the ratio
1 2
3
i i
4 5
(1) 3 : 2 (2) 7:4 (3) 4 : 3 (4) 3:1
Sol. Answer (3)
9 3
Current through 2 = i   i
12 4
18. A current i passes through a metal wire of length l, radius of cross-section r and conductivity . The rate of
heat generation is
2 2 2 2
i l 2⎛ l ⎞ i l il
(1) (2) i ⎜ ⎟ (3) (4)
2 ⎜ 2⎟ 2 2
r ⎝ r ⎠ r r
Sol. Answer (1)
l
R=
r 2
2 i 2l
P = i R
r 2
19. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the following figure is

30 
A
30 
30  30 
B
(1) 120  (2) 40  (3) 30  (4) 22.5 
Sol. Answer (3)
20. In the situation shown, resistances R1, R2 and R3 are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1 then
R1
R2
R3
(1) The currents through R1, R2 and R3 are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3
(2) The rate of heat production in R1, R2 and R3 are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3
(3) The potential differences across R1, R2 and R3 are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1
(4) The rate of power consumption in R1, R2, are R3 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 6
Sol. Answer (4)
1 1 1 1 1 1
As potential drop is same across all three resistances thus i1 : i2 : i3 = : : = : :  6:3:1
R1 R2 R3 3 2 1
Same in the case with the power consumption.
21. In the situation shown, the potential difference across the cell of smaller e.m.f. is
2V
1
2
10 V
1
(1) 2 V (2) 4V (3) Zero (4) 6V
Sol. Answer (2)
10 – 2 8
i= ⇒  2A , V = 2 + 1 × 2 = 4 V.
1 1 2 4
22. Figure shows mixed grouping of identical cells each of e.m.f. 4 V and internal resistance 1 . This combination
can be replaced by an equivalent cell between A and B having e.m.f. E and internal resistance r, where
R
A B
(1) E = 72 V, r = 18  (2) E = 24 V, r = 18  (3) E = 72 V, r = 2  (4) E = 24 V, r = 2 

Sol. Answer (4)
1 6
Eeq = 6 × 4 = 24 V; req = 2 
3
23. The situation shown in figure is equivalent to
10 V
A 2 B
2
4V
6V1 14 V 4 
(1) (2)
A B A B
3V 1 6V 4
(3) (4)
A B A B
Sol. Answer (3)
1  2

r1 r2 1 1 1
Eeq = ;   ; Eeq = 3 V, req = 1 .
1 1 req r1 r2

r1 r2
24. Seven identical cells each of e.m.f. E and internal resistance r are connected as shown. The potential difference
between A and B is
B
A
(1) 7E (2) E (3) 6E (4) Zero

Sol. Answer (4)
7 
i= 
7r r
VA + ir –  = VB
VA – VB =  – ir
⎛ ⎞
=  – ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ r
r
=–
=0
25. The given circuit is the part of a certain circuit. The current through resistors are shown. The potential difference
VP – VQ is
10 V
1 3
P Q
1 3A
3
6A
(1) – 2 V (2) 19 V
(3) 22 V (4) – 19 V
Sol. Answer (2)
1 1 3
P Q
3A 3A 3A 3A
3
6A
C
VP – 10 + 3 × 1 – 3 × 1 – 3 × 3 = VQ
 VP – VQ = 19 V
26. The potential difference between A and B in the following situation is
2 10 V 1  5V 3A
B
C
A 5A
5 4
4A
D E
(1) 12 V (2) 7V
(3) 20 V (4) 14 V
Sol. Answer (1)
VA – 10 + 10 – 7 – 5 = VB  VA – VB = 12 V.
27. The current drawn by the battery in the situation shown in figure is
2 2 2
2 2
2
10 V
2
(1) 2.5 A (2) 5A (3) 7.5 A (4) 1A
Sol. Answer (2)
All external resistances are shorted.
10
i 5A
2
28. In the situation shown, the readings of ideal ammeters A1 and A2 are in the ratio
50 V R R R R R R R R
A2 A1
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1:3 (3) 3:1 (4) 1:2
Sol. Answer (2)

Current through all the resistors equals I.
Thus current through ammeter A1- = 2I
Current through ammeter A2 = 6I
I A1 2I 1
 ⇒
I A2 6I 3
29. In the situation shown, the current in arm PQ will be

10 A
P Q
7A 2A
5A
(1) 1 A from P to Q (2) 5 A from P to Q
(3) 7 A from P to Q (4) 2 A from Q to P
Sol. Answer (3)
Current in PQ branch is 7A from P to Q.
10A
7A
P Q
3A
7A 2A 2A
3A
5A
30. In the circuit shown, the potential differences, V1 (between A and B) and V2 (between C and D), are
R R R
i
2R R
A R C 3R D B
V2
V1
(1) 6iR, 3iR (2) 3iR, 3iR (3) 3iR, iR (4) 6iR, 6iR
Sol. Answer (1)
V1 = 2R × 3i = 6iR
By parallel distribution of current, current entering 3R can be calculated to be i.
V2 = i × 3R = 3iR
31. The potential difference between A and B in the circuit shown is
3V 2V
B
2 3
10 V
A 10 
(1) 10 V (2) 5V (3) 15 V (4) Zero

Sol. Answer (4)
15 V
i  1A . Now considering 10 V battery,
15 
VAB = +10 – 10 × 1 = 0 V
32. In the circuit shown, the current i will be zero when R is
10 V
i
10
0
R  2
50 V
(1) 10  (2) 100  (3) 2  (4) Zero

Sol. Answer (1) 10V
i
Loop 1 : 2i   10  0 i
i' = 5 R i=0 2
Loop 2 :  i R  50  0
R = 10  50V
33. For the determination of emf E and internal resistance ‘r’ of a cell, the graph is obtained between potential
difference V between the terminal of the cell against the current I, which was changed by adjusting the rheostat,
is as shown. The internal resistance of the cell is
V + –
V
y
A
x I
y x
(1) x (2) y (3) (4)
x y
Sol. Answer (3)

∵ V =  – Ir
 r is slope of V-I graph
y
 r=
x
34. The current flowing through the cell in the circuit shown is
10 V 2 
2 2
5 5 5
(1) A (2) 5A (3) A (4) A
3 4 2
Sol. Answer (4)
Equivalent circuit is as shown in the figure as no current flows through the resistor 2  for which both the
ends are grounded.
10V 2
2 (Potential = zero)
10V 5
i  A
4 2
35. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the network shown is figure is
20  2
B
A 20 
10  5 4 4
(1) 6  (2) 7.8  (3) 12  (4) 24 

Sol. Answer (1)
10  2
A B
10  5 2
It forms a Wheatstone bridge. 5  resistance will be removed.
Thus, Req = 6 .
36. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the situation shown is
10 
10 
10  10  10 
A 10  10  B
10  10 
10  10 
10 
(1) 8  (2) 16 
(3) 28  (4) 32 
Sol. Answer (1)
From symmetry middle junction is opened.
80/3 
20 
A B A B
80/3 
1 3 1 3
  
R eq 80 20 80
1 3  4  3 10
 
Req 80 80
Req = 8 
37. The resistance between the terminal point P and Q of the given infinitely long circuit will be (in )
1 1 1
P
A
1 1 1  upto infinity
1 1
Q
1
(1) 1 3 (2) 1– 3
(3) 3 –1 (4) 3 3
Sol. Answer (1)
x 1
 2 x P
x 1
x + 2x + 2 = x2 + x 1 x
x2 – 2x – 2 = 0
Q
2 48 1
x=
2
x  1 3
38. The effective resistance between A and B in the network shown is
30 
A
90 
30 
30 
4
B
(1) 34  (2) 30 
(3) 17  (4) 10 
Sol. Answer (1) 30 

A
The circuit could be redrawn as
45  90 90 15 
 RAB  4   34  
45  90
B
39. Calculate the net resistance between A and B. 4
R
R R
R R
A B
R R
R R
R
R
3R 5R
(1) (2)
4 6
4R
(3) (4) R
7
Sol. Answer (3)
Using symmetry argument A B
The equivalent circuit is as shown
This is a series and parallel combination of resistances.
4R
 RAB 
7
(DC Metering Circuits)
40. An ammeter and a milliammeter are converted from identical galvanometers. Which one has smaller resistance?
(1) Ammeter
(2) Milliammeter
(3) Both have equal resistances
(4) The resistance of ammeter may be more than or equal to that of milliammeter depending upon its range.
Sol. Answer (1)
Ammeter has smaller resistance than milliammeter.
41. A voltmeter has resistance 2000  and range 0-5 V. For increasing its range upto 20 V, a resistance of
(1) 8000  should be connected in series
(2) 6000  should be connected in series
(3) 8000  should be connected in parallel
(4) 6000  should be connected in parallel
Sol. Answer (2)
5 20
i   x = 8000 – 2000 = 6000  (connected in series)
2000 2000  x
42. In the situation shown in figure, an ideal ammeter is connected across 7  resistors. Select the correct
statement from the following
A
2 7
10 V
1
(1) The current drawn by the battery is 1 A
(2) The currents through 2  and 7  are equal
(3) The rate of heat production in 7  is less than that in 2 
(4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (3)
As ideal ammeter has zero resistance thus 7 resistance will be shorted and all the current will pass through
the ammeter.
43. In the circuit shown below, the ammeter reading will be independent of R2 when
E R1 R2
r
A
(1) R1 + R2 = r (2) R1 = 2r
(3) r = R1 – R2 (4) r=0
Sol. Answer (4)
If r = 0, potential difference across R1 = E = constant. Hence, in this case current through R1 does not
depend on R2.
44. What is the resistance of voltmeter shown in the circuit?

50 V
V
200  800 
3
100 V
800
(1)  (2) 800  (3) 1000  (4) 200 
3
Sol. Answer (2)
Voltage across 200  = 50 V
50V
So, equivalent resistance across voltmeter is also 200  V
800
.R 200  800 
i.e., 3  200
800 3
R
3
 R = 800  100 V
45. A galvanometer of resistance 95 , shunted by a resistance of 5 , gives a deflection of 50 divisions, when

joined in series with a resistance of 20 k and a 2.0 V accumulator. The current sensitivity of the ammeter, in
divisions per A, is
1
(1) (2) 1 (3) 5 (4) 10
2
Sol. Answer (1)
Equivalent resistance of circuit 20 k
95 20 k
2V –4 G
 i  20000   10 A
50 divisions 1 5
 Current sensitivity   divisions/A
100 A 2 2V
(Meter Bridge, Potentiometer)
46. In the meterbridge experiment, the null point is obtained at N. The value of unknown resistance X will be
R1 = 10  X
40 cm N
E
()
K
(1) 60  (2) 40  (3) 6  (4) 15 
Sol. Answer (4)
10 x
  x = 3 × 5 = 15 
40 60
47. In a potentiometer experiment, the balancing length for a cell was found to be 1.20 m. Now, a resistance of
10  is connected across the terminals of this cell and the balancing length becomes 80 cm. The internal
resistance of this cell is
(1) 2  (2) 5  (3) 1.5  (4) 15 
Sol. Answer (2)

i
10  r
  – ir

1.2 0.8
On solving r = 5 .
48. Two cells when connected in series are balanced on 6 m on a potentiometer. If the polarity of one of these
cell is reversed, they balance on 2 m. The ratio of e.m.f. of the two cells is
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 2:3 (3) 4:3 (4) 2:1
Sol. Answer (4)
1   2 1 –  2

6 2
1 
 1 3 1 – 3
2 2
1 2

2 1
49. In the potentiometer circuit shown, the galvanometer shows no deflection for AD = 35 cm. The resistance of wire
AB is 18  and its length is 50 cm. Calculate the emf E of the cell.
A
E
2
r
G
20 V D
B
(1) 10 V (2) 14 V (3) 12.6 V (4) 12 V
Sol. Answer (3)
Current through the wire AB,
20 V
i  1A
18  2 
R AD 35

R AB 50
7
 RAD   18
10
7  18
 E  i .RAD   1 = 12.6 V
10
(RC Circuit)
50. The power consumption by the circuit shown in figure at steady state is
5 4
3
5 4
9V
(1) 18 W (2) 4.5 W (3) 36 W (4) 9W

Sol. Answer (4)
At steady state, capacitor behaves 5 4
as open circuit.
V 2 92
P   9W
R 9
(Previous Year Questions)
9V
51. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness t, made of a material of resistivity . The resistance
between two opposite faces, shown by the shaded areas in the figure is [IIT-JEE 2010]
t
L
(1) Directly proportional to L (2) Directly proportional to t

(3) Independent of L (4) Independent of t
Sol. Answer (3)
l
R
A
L

tL

  Resistance is independent of L.
t
52. Incandescent bulbs are designed by keeping in mind that the resistance of their filament increases with the
increase in temperature. If at room temperature, 100 W, 60 W and 40 W bulbs have filament resistance R100,
R60 and R40, respectively, the relation between these resistance is [IIT-JEE 2010]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) R  R  R (2) R100  R40  R60 (3) R100  R50  R40 (4)  
R100 R60 R40
100 40 60
Sol. Answer (4)
V2
P
R
1
 P
R
1 1 1
  
R100 R60 R40
1 1 1
Normally R  R  R could have been correct. But small change in resistance due to temperature
100 40 60
change can destroy the equality.
53. Figure shows three resistor configurations R1, R2 and R3 connected to 3 V battery. If the power dissipated
by the configuration R1, R2 and R3 is P1, P2 and P3, respectively, then [IIT-JEE 2008]
1
1 1 1
1 1 3V
3V 1
1
1 3V 1 1
1
1 1
1
R1 R2 R3
(1) P1 > P2 > P3 (2) P1 > P3 > P2 (3) P2 > P1 > P3 (4) P3 > P2 > P1
Sol. Answer (3)
R1 = 1  (Balanced Wheatstone bridge)
R2 = 0.5 
R3 = 2 
V2 1
As P =  P 
R R
54. To verify Ohm’s law, a student is provided with a test resistor RT, a high resistance R1, a small resistance
R2, two identical galvanometers G1 and G2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct circuit to carry out
the experiment is [IIT-JEE 2010]
G1 G1
R2 R1
G2 G2
RT R1 RT R2
(1) (2)
V V
R1 R2
G1 G1
G2 G2
RT RT
R2 R1
(3) (4)
V V
Sol. Answer (3)
G1 is used as voltmeter by connecting it in series with high resistance and applying it across RT in parallel
G2 is used as ammeter by shunting it with small resistance and connecting in series with RT.
R1
G1
G2
RT
R2
55. A resistance of 2  is connected across one gap of a meter-bridge (the length of the wire is 100 cm) and
an unknown resistance, greater than 2 , is connected across the other gap. When these resistances are
interchanged, the balance point shifts by 20 cm. Neglecting any corrections, the unknown resistance is
[IIT-JEE 2007]
(1) 3  (2) 4  (3) 5  (4) 6 
Sol. Answer (1)
In first situation, the balancing length is at a distance ‘x’ from left end and 100 – x from other end. In second
case, balancing length is at a distance 100 – x from left end.  shift is (100 – x) – x = 20 cm
x = 40 cm, 100 – x = 60 cm
R 60
 (by Wheatstone bridge principle)
2 40
or R = 3 
56. During an experiment with a metre bridge, the galvanometer shows a null point when the jockey is pressed
at 40.0 cm using a standard resistance of 90 , as shown in the figure. The least count of the scale used
in the metre bridge is 1 mm. The unknown resistance is [JEE(Advanced)2014]
R 90 
40.0 cm
(1) 60 ± 0.15  (2) 135 ± 0.56 
(3) 60 ± 0.25  (4) 135 ± 0.23 
Sol. Answer (3)
R1 R2
 (Balanced Wheatstone)
x (100  x )
For R,
R 90 90  40
 ⇒R 
40 60 60
R x

90 100  x
For R,
ln R  ln x  ln(100  x )
R x (100  x )
 
R x (100  x )
R x x
 
R x (100  x )
⎛ 0.1 0.1⎞
R  ⎜  60
⎝ 40 60 ⎟⎠
R = 0.25 
 R = 60 ± 0.25 
57. A meter bridge is set-up as shown, to determine an unknown resistance X using a standard 10 ohm resistor.
The galvanometer shows null point when tapping key is at 52 cm mark. The end corrections are 1 cm and
2 cm respectively for the ends A and B. The determined value of X is [IIT-JEE 2011]
X 10
A B
(1) 10.2 ohm (2) 10.6 ohm

(3) 10.8 ohm (4) 11.1 ohm
Sol. Answer (2)
X 10

53 50
 X = 10.6 
58. A circuit is connected as shown in the figure with the switch S open. When the switch is closed, the total
amount of charge that flows from Y to X is [IIT-JEE 2007]
3 F 6 F
X
S
3 6
Y
9V
(1) 0 (2) 54 C
(3) 27 C (4) 81 C
Sol. Answer (3)
The circuit before closing switch is shown
3 F 6 F
+ – + –
–18 C +18 C
1A 3 6
9V
The circuit after closing the switch is shown
3 F 6 F
+ – + –
–9 C +36 C
3V 6V
3 6
1A 1A
9V
Initially, the charge in dotted region is zero
Finally, the charge in dotted region is +27 C (=36 – 9)
 27C charge flows from Y to X.
59. A parallel plate capacitor C with plates of unit area and separation d is filled with a liquid of dielectric constant
d
K = 2. The level of liquid is initially. Suppose the liquid level decreases at a constant speed V, the time
3
constant as a function of time t is [IIT-JEE 2008]
d R
d
3
6 0 R (15d  9V t ) 0 R
(1) (2) 2 2 2
5d  3V t 2d  3d V t  9V t
6 0 R (15d  9V t ) 0 R
(3) (4) 2 2 2
5d  3V t 2d  3d V t  9V t
Sol. Answer (1)
Time constant T = RC
0 A
Now, C  where x = vt.
d
x
2d
x 3
3 k
60. An infinite line charge of uniform electric charge density  lies along the axis of an electrically conducting infinite
cylindrical shell of radius R. At time t = 0, the space inside the cylinder is filled with a material of permittivity
 and electrical conductivity . The electrical conduction in the material follows Ohm's law. Which one of the
following graphs best describes the subsequent variation of the magnitude of current density j(t) at any point
in the material? [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
j(t) j(t) j(t) j(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

t t t t
(0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Sol. Answer (4)

It is an RC discharging circuit.
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions (More than one option is correct)
(Electric Current in Conductors)
1. Figure shows a conical conducting wire connected to a source of emf. Let E, vd , i represent the electric field,
drift velocity and current at a cross-section of the wire. As one moves from end A to end B of the wire,
A B

(1) E increases (2) E decreases (3) vd decreases (4) i remains same
Sol. Answer (2, 3, 4)
Since there is no source or sink of charge inside, so current (i) remains constant at each cross-section.
i
Current density, j  decreases as one moves from A to B.
A
j
∵ vd  ;  vd also decreases
ne
j = E
 E also decreases.
2. There are two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii a and b (a < b). The shells are being maintained
at a constant potential difference V. The medium between the shells is filled with a material of resistivity .
Select the correct alternatives. At a distance r (a < r < b) from the centre of the shells
Vab Vab
(1) Electric field is (2) Current density is
r 2 (b  a ) r 2 (b  a )
V V
(3) Electric field is (4) Current density is
(b  a) (b  a )
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
dr
Resistance of element, dR  .
4 r 2
Integrating,
b
a

∫ r 2 = 4 ⎡⎢⎣ a1 – b1 ⎤⎥⎦  4  ab 
dr  b–a r
R
4 a
dr b
V 4V ab
 i 
R   b – a
i 4 Vab 1 Vab
 j  . 
A   b – a  4  r 2 r 2  b – a 
∵ j = E
 E Vab
r b – a 
2
3. Figure shows a conical conducting wire connected to a source of emf. Let E, Vd , J, Qd represent electric field,
drift velocity, current density, thermal power density.
A B

(1) Qd at A will be greater than that of B
(2) Qd at A will be smaller than that of B
(3) Qd at A will same at B
(4) From A to B, Vd decrease, J decreases, E decreases
Sol. Answer (1, 4)
i 2dx 2
2
i dR
Qd   A  J 2
dV Adx
1 i
As A.Vd = constant (I is constant)
So, from A to B 2
Vd  decrease  E  decrease  J = decrease  Qd = decrease
Correct options are (1), (4) 1
4. A long conductor of circular cross-section of area S is made of material whose resistivity depends on radial

distance from axis as   2 where  is a positive constant. The conductor carries current I.
r
(1) The field intensity E will be same at all points of the cross section of given conductor
2I
(2) E would be
S2
2
(3) The resistance of a unit length of conductor would be
S2
(4) None of these
R R
E 2r 3
I ∫ jdS  ∫ .2 rdr  E ∫  dr
0 0
axis
2 R 4
IE .
 4
E 4
I ·R
2
R2 = S
S
R2 

E S 2
I 
2  2
2I
E
S2
E 2
RU   2
I S
5. Choose the correct option(s)
(1) The lines of vector j do not start or terminate anywhere in case of direct current

(2) ∫ j .ds  0 in case of direct currect where ds is a closed surface in a uniform conducting medium through
which currect in passing

(3) ∫ E.ds  0 where integral is performed over closed surface considered completely inside a uniform conductor
(4) Electric field in a steady current carrying conductor is a potential field
Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)
A current carrying conductor is electrically neutral thus charge enclosed in any closed surface is zero.
6. If all the resistors are identical, select the correct alternative(s).

R R
S2 R
S1 S3
(1) Any one of the switch may be closed, the power consumed by the circuit remains same in all three cases
(2) Power consumed remains same, when any two switches are closed
(3) Total power consumed becomes zero when only S1 is closed
(4) Power consumed becomes zero when any two switches are closed
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
If any one switch is closed, one resistance is short-circuited and the other two are in series. Hence power
V2
consumption in circuit is P  .
2R
If any two switches are closed at a time, then two resistance are short-circuited. Hence power consumption
2
is P  V .
R
7. A resistance R1 is connected to a source of constant voltage. On connecting a resistance R2 in series with

R1
(1) The total thermal power dissipated increases (2) Thermal power dissipated by R1 decreases
(3) Thermal power dissipated by R1 increases (4) Total power dissipated decreases
Sol. Answer (2, 4)
 i1 R1 i1 R1 R2
i1 
R1

i2 
R1  R2  
 i 2 < i1
Thermal power generated in R1 = i2R1

 i12 R1 > i22 R1
 Thermal power generated in R1 decreases.
Total thermal power generated in two cases,
2 2
  decreases.
R1 R1  R2
8. A cell supplies a current of 2 A to an external resistance of 2  and a current of 1 ampere to another external
resistance of 4.5  connected across the cell separately. Select the correct alternative(s).
(1) Emf of the cell is 5 V
(2) Emf of the cell is 4.25 V
(3) Internal resistance of the cell is 0.5 
(4) Internal resistance of the cell is 3.25 
Sol. Answer (1, 3)

i
Rr , r
 i
 2 …(1)
2r
R

and 1  …(2)
4.5  r
Solving (1) and (2) , we get

 = 5 V, r = 0.5 
9. Consider the circuit shown. Which of the following values is/are correct?
i1 8V 5
i2 3V i3 7V
10 
(1) i3 = 1 A (2) i1 = 1 A (3) i2 = 0 (4) i3 = 2 A

Kirchhoff’s loop theorem implies,
+7 + 3 – 10 i3 = 0
 i3 = 1A
–10 i3 + 7 – 5i1 + 8 = 0
 5i1 = 5
 i1 = 1A.
From Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule,
i3 = i1 + i2
 i2 = 0
10. Consider the following arrangement of resistors. The currents in various branches are shown. Select the correct
alternative(s).
A 10  5 C
i2
5 B 10 
21 V
i1 1

3
63
(1) i1 = 3 A (2) i1  A (3) i2 = – 1 A (4) VA – VB = 10 V
47
10  5 1 A 1A 2A
Equivalent resistance of circuit = 2  7 
10  5 3 i1 10 5
i2
5 10 i1
21
 i1   3 A 2A B 1A
7
Current distribution is shown in the diagram.

 i2 = 1 – 2 = –1 A
VA – VB = 1 A × 10  = 10 V
11. A current enters from A and leaves at B through the network shown. Select the correct alternative(s).
P
R R
R Q
R R
R R
R
A C R D B
R R
R T
R R
S
3R
(1) R AB 
4
5R
(2) R AB 
6
(3) Points P, Q, T and S are at same potential
(4) Points C and D are at same potential
Sol. Answer (1, 3)

From symmetry, points P, Q, T and S are at
R R
same potentials.
R R
 Equivalent circuit is
R R
This is a series and parallel combination of A B
resistors. R R
R R
3R
 RAB 
4
12. Choose the correct option(s)

R
C
R R R
R
A 2R
5 R
B R R
28 118
(1) RAB  R (2) RAC  R
17 179
59
(3) RAC = R (4) None of these
119
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
R R
2R
R R
5
2R
5 A 2R
A 2R 5
5 R R
B
B
R R
2R
5 R
R i2
R
A B
i1 – i2 i1 – i2
i1 – i2
R
2R
i2 5
2R
 i  R(i1  i 2 )  Ri 2  0
4 1
2R
 i  Ri1  2Ri 2  0
4 1
7
i  2i 2
5 1
2R 7R
VA  VB  i  Ri 2  R(i1  i 2 )  i  2Ri 2 = 4Ri2
5 1 5 1
10 ⎛ 17 ⎞
i1 + i2 = i2  i2  i2 ⎜ ⎟
7 ⎝ 7⎠
7
i2  (i  i )
17 1 2
28
VA  VB  R (i1  i 2 )
17
VA  VB 28
 R
i1  i 2 17
2R
C
R 2R
5
A
2R
5 R
7R
2R 5
C
A
2R
5
2R
C
7R
12
A
2R
5
2R
C
A
59 R
60
118
RAC  R
179
13. In the circuit shown, current in different branches are marked. Select the correct alternative(s).
i1 2
i2 i3
6 1
3V 1V
i4 2 
1 1
(1) i1  A (2) i4  A
2 2
1
(3) i 2  A (4) i3 = 1 A
2
Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)
i3 × 1 = 1  i3 = 1 A
1
i2 × 6 = 3  i 2  A
2
+3 – 2 × i1 – 1 × i3 – 2 × i4 = 0
 2i1 + 2i4 = 2
 i1 + i4 = 1 …(1)
Also, i1 = i4 … (2)
1
 i1 = i 4 = A.
2
14. In the circuit shown, R2 is varied from zero to infinity, keeping other values constant. Which of the following
graphs is/are correct?
 r
V
I1
R1
I2 R2
I1 I1
 
R1 + r R1 + r
(1) (2)
R2 R2
V V
R1 R1
R1  r R1  r
(3) (4)
R2 R2
Sol. Answer (1, 3)

At R2 = 0
No current passes through R1, all current passes through R2.
 V = i2 R2 = 0

At R2   , all current passes through R1 and I1 
R1  r
R1
 V  I1R1 
R1  r
Therefore, graphs are as shown in options (1) and (3).
15. In the circuit shown, reading of galvanometer is zero. Select the correct alternative(s).
i1
5V
15 V 1
2 V R
(1) Reading of ideal voltmeter is 10 V (2) i1 = 5 A

(3) R must be zero (4) R can have any value
15
i1   5 A (Since no current flows through galvanometer)
2 1
Voltmeter reading = i1 × 2 = 5 × 2 = 10 V
Potential drop across 1  resistor = 1 × 5 = 5 V
This is equal to emf of second cell. Hence no current passes through galvanometer irrespective of the value
of R.
(RC Circuit)
16. A capacitor (20 F) is charged to a potential difference of 100 V and is then connected across a resistor. The
potential difference across the capacitor decays exponentially with time. If after 1 ms from starting time, the
potential difference across capacitor becomes 80 V, then
(1) After 2 ms from start, the potential difference across the resistor is 64 V
(2) After 2 ms from start, the potential difference across the capacitor is 64 V
(3) After 2 ms from start, the potential difference across the resistor is 60 V
(4) After 2 ms from start, the potential difference across the capacitor is 60 V
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
In the discharging mode since R and C are in parallel, the voltage across capacitor = voltage across resistor
t
 V = V e – RC
0
At t = 1 ms,
–1 –2
80  V0e RC   80 2  V0 2e RC …(1)
and V  V0 e –2/RC …(2)

(2) ÷ (1), we have
V 1 6400 6400
   V   64 V
6400 V0 V0 100
17. In the circuit shown, the switch is closed at t = 0. Select the correct alternatives.
i
 +
– C
R
R

(1) At t = 0, i =
R S

(2) At t = 0, i =
2R
C
(3) At steady state, charge on the capacitor is
2

(4) The current at any instant is given by i  (1  e 2t / RC )
2R
At t = 0, all current passes through capacitor (Since capacitor acts as short circuit)

 i
R
In steady state, no current passes through capacitor, (it behaves as open circuit)

 i  i0
2R

At steady state, voltage across capacitor = iR 
2

 Charge on capacitor = C
2
RC
Time constant of circuit =
2
2t –2t
–  RC
 Instantaneous current = i 0e RC = e
R
18. An uncharged capacitor is connected to an ideal battery through a resistance R and a switch S. Initially the switch
is open. At an instant, the switch is closed. Taking this instant as t = 0, which of the following graphs represent
correct variation of the quantity taken along y-axis with time?
C
R
Energy stored in C
across capacitor
Voltage drop
Voltage drop
Voltage drop
across R
across R
(1) (2) (3) (4)

t t t t
⎛ –t ⎞
Voltage across capacitor, VC  V0 ⎜ 1– e RC ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
t
–
Voltage across resistor, VR  V0e RC
t 2
1 – ⎛ ⎞
Energy stored in capacitor, U  1 CVC 2 = CV0 2 ⎜ 1– e RC ⎟
2 2 ⎝ ⎠
19. The figure shows two capacitors connected in parallel with two resistance and a battery of emf 10 V, internal
resistance 5 . At steady state,
15 F 30 F
2 B 3
10 V, 5 
4 4
(1) VA – VB =  V (2) VA – VB =  V
3 3
15 75
(3) Energy stored in 15 F capacitor is  10  4 J (4) Energy stored in 30 F capacitor is  10 5 J
18 18
15 µF 30 µF
10 V
In steady state, i  1 A
 2  3  5  A
V1 = P.D. across 2  resistor = 1 × 2 = 2 V i

Potential difference across AB = 10  5  1 = 5 2 B 3
i
30 2 10
V2 = P.D. across 15 F capacitor = 5  5  V A B
15  30 3 3 10 V 5
10 4
 VA – VB  V1 – V2  2 – – V
3 3
2
1 1 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 15
2
Energy stored in 15 F capacitor = CV =  15  ⎜ ⎟  10 –6 =  10 –4 J
2 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 18
2
1 ⎛ 10 ⎞
Energy stored in 30 F capacitor =  30  10 –6  ⎜ 5 – ⎟
2 ⎝ 3⎠
1 25 75
=  30  10 – 6  =  10 –5 J
2 9 18
20. Two identical metallic balls of radius a are placed in a homogeneous poorly conducting medium with resistivity .
Distance between them is much larger than their size. If initially (t = 0) they have charge q0 and – q0 respectively.
Choose the correct option among the followings :

(1) The resistance of medium between balls under above consideration would be
2a
0

(2) q(t )  q0 e t where q is charge on the charged ball
t

0
(3) q(t )  q0 e where q is charge on positive charged ball
(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (1, 3)
At time t, charges on balls are + q, –q. since the balls are at large distance from one another, electric field
near the surface of each ball is practically determined by the charge of nearest sphere and its charge can
be distributed uniformly on the surface. Surrounding the positively charged ball by a concentric sphere
adjoining directly the balls surface, we write the expression for current through this sphere.
I = 4a2 J
where J = current density
E q
J and E 
 4 0a 2
q
I
 0
Let us now find the P.D. between balls
2a
V
4 0a
a q.40a
C  = 20A
V 2q
V 
R 
I 2a

T = RC = 2 0a  = 0
2 a
t
–
 0
q(t) = q0e

  RC  20a  = 0
2a
t

0
q(t )  q0e
(Previous Year Questions)

21. For the circuit shown in the figure [IIT-JEE 2009]
I
2 k R1
24 V
6 k R2 RL 1.5 k
(1) The current I through the battery is 7.5 mA

(2) The potential difference across RL is 18 V
(3) Ratio of powers dissipated in R1 and R2 is 3
(4) If R1 and R2 are interchanged, magnitude of the power dissipated in RL will decrease by a factor of 9
Sol. Answer (1, 4)
For mesh 1,
2000I + 6000I2 = 24 2 k
I
I1 + 4I2 = 0.012 ... (i) I
24 V (1) I1
I2 (2)
For mesh 2
6 k 1.5 k
1500I1 – 6000I2 = 0
I1 = 4I2 ... (ii) I
From (i) and (ii)

I2 = 1.5 mA
I1 = 6 mA
I = 7.5 mA
P.D. across RL = 6 × 10–3 × 1500 = 9 volt
(P )R1 (7.5)2  2 25
 
(P )R2 (1.5)2  6 3
(P )RL = 36 × 10–6 × 1500 = 54 mW
If R1 and R2 are interchanged

I × 6000 + I2 × 200 = 24
3I1 + 4I2 = 0.012
1500I1 – 2000I2 = 0
3I1 = 4I2
I2 = 1.5 mA
I1 = 2mA
(P )RL = 4 × 10–6 × 1500 = 6 mW
Power dissipated in RL finally 6 1

= =
Power dissipated in RL Initially 54 9
22. For the resistance network shown in the figure, choose the correct option(s). [IIT-JEE 2012]
P I2 2  S
2 2
1 1
4 4
I1 Q 4 T
12 V
(1) The current through PQ is zero (2) I1 = 3 A

(3) The potential at S is less than that at Q (4) I2 = 2 A
Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)
The network is an extension of balanced Wheatstone bridge, thus current PQ and ST is zero.
–1
⎛1 1⎞
⇒ Req = ⎜  ⎟ =4
⎝ 6 12 ⎠
I1 = 3A
12
Also, I2 = =2A
6
Now, VS + 2I2 + 2I2 – 4I3 = VQ

VS – VQ = 4I3 – 2I2 – 2I2
=4×1–2×2–2×2
=–4V
23. Heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to raise the
temperature of 0.5 kg water by 40 K. This heater is replaced by a new heater having two wires of the same
material, each of length L and diameter 2d. The way these wires are connected is given in the options. How
much time in minutes will it take to raise the temperature of the same amount of water by 40 K?
[JEE(Advanced)-2014]
(1) 4 if wires are in parallel (2) 2 if wires are in series
(3) 1 if wires are in series (4) 0.5 if wires are in parallel
Sol. Answer (2, 4)
H HR
t 
P V2
l
 t  R. R  l / A, R   (as d = 2d)
4A
R t
When wires are in series, R1  R   R   2R   ⇒ t    2 min
2 2
R R t
When wires are in parallel, R2   ⇒ t    0.5 min
2 8 8
24. Two ideal batteries of emf V1 and V2 and three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are connected as shown in the figure.
The current in resistance R2 would be zero if [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
V1 R1
R2
V2
R3
(1) V1 = V2 and R1 = R2 = R3 (2) V1 = V2 and R1 = 2R2 = R3

(3) V1 = 2V2 and 2R1 = 2R2 = R3 (4) 2V1 = V2 and 2R1 = R2 = R3
Using KVL, in ABCDEFA, we get
V1  V2
iR1  V2  iR3  V1  0  i
R1  R3
V1 i
Using KVL in ABCDA, 0  V1  iR1  0 ⇒ i 
R1 B C
V1 V1  V2
⇒  V1 R1
R1 R1  R3
R2
 V1R1  V1R3  V1R1  V2R1 A D
V1 V2 V2
 
R1 V3 R3
Now possible answers are (1), (2), (4). F E
25. In an aluminium (Al) bar of square cross section, a square hole is drilled and is filled with iron (Fe) as shown
in the figure. The electrical resistivities of Al and Fe are 2.7 × 10–8  m and 1.0 × 10–7  m, respectively.
The electrical resistance between the two faces P and Q of the composite bar is [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
Al
50 mm
Fe
2 mm P
7 mm
2475 1875 1875 2475
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
64 64 49 132
Sol. Answer (2)
2.7 108  50 103 2.7  50 27  50

RAl = =  105 =  10 6 = 30 × 10–6 = 30 
45 10 6 45 45
10 7
 50 10 3 5000 R1R2 1250  30 1875
RFe = 6 = 10 6 = 1250  R = R R =  = 
4 10 4 1 2 1280 64
26. Consider two identical galvanometers and two identical resistors with resistance R. If the internal resistance
of the galvanometers RC < R/2, which of the following statement(s) about any one of the galvanometers is(are)
true? [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
(1) The maximum voltage range is obtained when all the components are connected in series
(2) The maximum voltage range is obtained when the two resistors and one galvanometer are connected in
series, and the second galvanometer is connected in parallel to the first galvanometer
(3) The maximum current range is obtained when all the components are connected in parallel
(4) The maximum current range is obtained when the two galvanometers are connected in series and the
combination is connected in parallel with both the resistors
Sol. Answer (2, 3) RC
G
Range for voltmeter
Rc ⎞ 2Ig R R
⎛ G
(1) V1 = 2Ig ⎜⎝ 2R  ⎟
2⎠ RC
(2) V2 = Ig(2R + 2Rc) = 2Ig(R + Rc) V
⎛ Rc ⎞ Ig R R
Now, V1 – V2 = 2Ig ⎜⎝ 2R  – R – Rc ⎟
⎠ G G
2
Rc ⎞ V
⎛
 V1 – V2 = 2Ig ⎜⎝ R – ⎟  0  V1 > V2
2⎠
Hence maximum range will be obtained in Case-1
Range for ammeter Ig
G
(1) IgRc = I1 R RC
I = 2(Ig + I1)
Ig
⎛ R ⎞ G
 I = 2 ⎜ Ig  Ig c ⎟ I RC
⎝ R⎠
I1
⎛ R  Rc ⎞
 I = 2Ig ⎜
⎝ R ⎟⎠ R
(2) Ig(2Rc) = I1R I1
Range I = 2I1 + Ig
R
⎛ 2Ig Rc ⎞
= 2 ⎜⎝ ⎟ I
R ⎠ g RC RC
Ig
G G
⎛ R  4Rc ⎞
 I = Ig ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ I1
R
R
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ 4Rc ⎞ ⎡ 2Rc ⎤
Now, 2Ig ⎜ 1  c ⎟ – Ig ⎜ 1  ⎟⎠ = Ig ⎢1 – 0 I1 R
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎣ R ⎥⎦
R
As RC <
2
27. In the circuit shown below, the key is pressed at time t = 0. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?
40 F 25 k
–
V
+
50 k 20 F
A
+ –
Key 5V
(1) The voltmeter displays –5 V as soon as the key is pressed, and displays +5 V after a long time
(2) The voltmeter will display 0 V at time t = ln 2 seconds
(3) The current in the ammeter becomes 1/e of the initial value after 1 second
(4) The current in the ammeter becomes zero after a long time
Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)
C1 B R1
40 F 25 k
–
A D
V
+
50 k 20 F
A R2
C C2
R1C1 = 1s + –
R2C2 = 1s
5V
 R1C1 = R2C2
Considering voltmeter to be ideal, current through it will be 0.
⎡ t ⎤ t
 dQC1 V0  R C
QC1 (t )  Q0 ⎣⎢1  e R1C1 ⎦⎥ ⇒ iR1   e 11
dt R1
⎡ t ⎤ t t
 
⎢ R2C2 ⎥
dQC2 V0 R2C2 V  R2C2
QC2 (t )  Q0 ⎣1  e ⎦ ⇒ iR2   e  e
dt R2C2 R2
t
QC1 (t ) Q0 ⎡  ⎤ 5
Now, VB (t )  VA  5 ⎢1  e 1s ⎥  5e t  (at t  ln 2)
C1 C1 ⎢ ⎥⎦ 2
⎣
t

5
VC (t )  VA  i (t )R2  5  V2e R2C2
 5  5e t  (at t = ln 2)
2
 Vreading = 0
t
⎡1 1 ⎤ 1s
Now, iT (t )  iR  iR  V0 ⎢  ⎥e
1 2
R
⎣ 1 R 2⎦
1
So, current becomes of initial value after 1 second.
e
SECTION - C
Linked Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension-I
Superconductor is a material, which exhibits negligible resistance as compared to a conductor. As a result, to get a
particular flow of current, the emf necessary in a superconductor is much less than that needed for a conductor. Another
advantage of a superconductor is that heat generated is very less, since the emf required for a particular current is much
lesser in the case of a super conductor. Many materials become superconductor at temperatures close to zero kelvin.
But to get a material which can exhibit this characteristic at room temperatures has been a challenge. Some ceramics
do exhibit superconductivity at temperatures higher than zero kelvin, but they are not ductile and cannot be drawn into
wires.
1. The resistance of a superconductor is very small. Suppose that in a circuit having many resistance wires in
series, one of the resistance wires is replaced by a superconducting wire. The heat produced in the super-
conducting wire will be
V2
(1) Very large, as P 
R
(2) Very small, as P = i2R
(3) Zero
(4) Can be large or small depending on other components
Sol. Answer (2)
Due to low resistance, the heat produced in superconductors is very low. Since in series P = I2R and R is less.
2. Superconducting wire will be very useful for transmission of electric power because
(1) They need small emf for flow of current
(2) They produce less heat for a given current
(3) They work at very low temperatures
(4) The resistance increases with increase in temperature
Sol. Answer (2)
Due to small resistance the transmission and distribution losses in the case of superconductors will be very
small.
3. The major hurdle in the use of superconductors is that

(1) They are ductile
(2) They work at very low temperatures
(3) They produce very small heat
(4) Their resistance is high
Sol. Answer (2)
If is difficult to produce such low temperature. It limits the use of superconductors.
Comprehension-II
Figure shows the circuit of a flashing lamp, used at construction sites. The fluorescent lamp L, having negligible
capacitance, is connected in parallel across the capacitor C of an RC circuit. There is a current through the lamp
only when the potential difference across it reaches the breakdown voltage VL. In this event, the capacitor discharges
completely through the lamp and lamp flashes momentarily.
R
 C L
1. Consider an instant, when the capacitor has just discharged through the flash light. Taking this instant as
t = 0, the time after which the lamp flashes momentarily is given by
⎛  ⎞ ⎡ ⎛  ⎞⎤
(1) T0  RC ln ⎜⎜   V ⎟⎟ (2) T0  RC ⎢ 1  ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎝ L ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ VL ⎠⎥⎦
⎛ ⎞ ⎛   VL ⎞
(3) T0  RC ln ⎜  ⎟⎟ (4) T0  RC ln ⎜ ⎟
⎜V ⎝  ⎠
⎝ L ⎠
Sol. Answer (1)
The lamp flashes briefly when potential drop across the lamp becomes equal to breakdown voltage VL, then,
⎛ –t ⎞
VL   ⎜ 1– e RC ⎟
⎝ ⎠
–t
VL t ⎛ V ⎞ 
 e RC  1–  –  ln ⎜ 1– L ⎟  t  RC ln
 RC ⎝ ⎠  – VL
2. The number of flashes per second produced by the arrangement is (neglecting the time of flashing or discharging
of capacitor)
1 1 1 1
(1) ⎛  ⎞ (2) ⎛  ⎞ (3) (4)
⎛   VL ⎞ ⎡ ⎛  ⎞⎤
RC ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ RC ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ RC ln⎜ ⎟ RC ⎢1  ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎝   VL ⎠ ⎝ VL ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝ VL ⎠⎦⎥
Sol. Answer (1)


Time taken for one flash, t  RC ln
 – VL
1 1
 No. of flashes per second = 
t ⎛  ⎞
RC ln ⎜
⎝  – VL ⎟⎠
3. Which of the following graphs represents the variation of potential drop across the resistor?
V V
 
 – VL  – VL
(1) (2)
t t
T0 2T0 T0 2T0
V V
 
 – VL  – VL
(3) (4)
t
t T0 2T0
T0 2T0
Sol. Answer (2)
Voltage across resistor,
–t –t
⎛ ⎞
VR =  – VC =  –  ⎜ 1– e RC ⎟ =  e RC
⎝ ⎠
and minimum value of VR is =  – VL
Comprehension-III
Figure shows the circuit of a potentiometer. The length of the potentiometer wire AB is 50 cm. The emf of the
battery E1 is 4 volt, having negligible internal resistance. Values of resistances R1 and R2 are 15 ohm and
5 ohm respectively. When both the keys are open, the null point is obtained at a distance of 31.25 cm from end
A but when both the keys are closed, the balance length reduces to 5 cm only. RAB = 10 .
K1
E1
R1
A B
E2
G
R2 K2
1. The emf of the cell E2 is

(1) 1 volt (2) 2 volt (3) 3 volt (4) 4 volt
Sol. Answer (1)
VAB I  R 4 10 40 volt
Potential gradient =  =  
L L (15  10) 50 25  50 cm
40
 E2  KI   31.25  1 volt
25  50
2. The internal resistance of cell E2 is

(1) 4.5  (2) 5.5  (3) 6.5  (4) 7.5 
Sol. Answer (4)
When both keys are closed then R1 is short circuited to
E2 4  10 5 1 4
 R2  KI  5    5 ⇒ r  7.5 
R2  r 10  50 5  r 50
3. The balance length when key K2 is open and K1 is closed is given by

(1) 10.5 cm (2) 11.5 cm (3) 12.5 cm (4) 13.5 cm
Sol. Answer (3)
When K2 is open and K1 is closed. In this case R1 is short circuited and emf E2 is balanced against
potentiometer.
⎡ 4 10 ⎤ 10  50
E2  ⎢  ⎥  I ⇒ I   12.5 cm
⎣ 10 50 ⎦ 4  10
4. The balance length when key K1 is open and K2 is closed, is given by

(1) 10.5 cm (2) 11.5 cm (3) 12.5 cm (4) 13.5 cm
Sol. Answer (3)
When K1 is open and K2 is closed. In this case R1 is included in the potentiometer, circuit and terminal
potential difference of E2 is balanced by the potentiometer.
E2R2 4 10
  I
R2  r 25 50
1 5 4
 I
5  7.5 125
l = 12.5 cm
5. Which of the following can be a possible way to connect the batteries in the potentiometer setup above?
(1) Positive terminal of E1 and positive terminal of E2 connected to point A
(2) Negative terminal of E1 and negative terminal of E2 connected to A
(3) Positive terminal of E1 and negative terminal of E2 connected to A
(4) Positive terminal of E2 and negative terminal of E1 connected to A
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
As in potentiometer arrangement we equate potential differences thus batteries has to be joined with same
polarities.
Comprehension-IV
Consider the circuit in figure and assume the internal resistance of cell to be zero. Initially, both the switches are
open and the capacitor is uncharged. At some instant t = t, the switch S is closed, current in the battery is 2
A. It is observed that current in the battery reduces with time and then attains a constant value 1.5 A. In this
condition charge on the capacitor is 22.5 C. Switch S is then opened and S closes at t = t, so that, the
capacitor discharges. This condition is maintained till the capacitor is fully (almost) discharged.
R
S R
1.5 F
R
1. EMF of the cell is

(1) 12 V (2) 15 V (3) 18 V (4) 20 V
Sol. Answer (2)
2. Resistance R is
(1) 10  (2) 15  (3) 17.5  (4) 20 
Sol. Answer (1)
3. Resistance R is
(1) 22.5  (2) 27.5  (3) 30  (4) 35 
Sol. Answer (3)
4. Heat loss through resistor R after t = t.

(1) 144.64 J (2) 56.25 J (3) 84.375 J (4) 168.75 J
Sol. Answer (1)
Let i, i, i, ib be the current through different branches at any instant.
i R
S R
i
i R
S 1.5  F
ib E
at t = t, i = 0
ib = i + i
E E
 2  ...(i)
R R
When current attains a steady value
i = 0 at that instant
E
1.5  ...(ii)
R
and charge on capacitor is 22.5 C.
P.D. across capacitor.
22.5
 15 V  E ...(iii) (as current through that branch is zero at that time)
1.5
Using (iii) in (ii), we get
15
R  10 
1.5
Using (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
15
2  1.5 
R
15 1
   R = 30 
R 2
from t = t to t  , circuit is
C R
Total heat loss = Energy stored in the capacitor at that time
q 2 22.5  22.5  10 12

= 
2C 2  1.5  10 6
15  22.5
=  10 6
2
= 168.75 J.
This heat is lost in ratio of
in resistances R, R and R.
10 10
= 30 : :
4 4
= 120 : 10 : 10
168.75  12
So heat loss through R    144.64 J
14
Comprehension-V
In electric fish (eel), biological cells called electroplaques act as electric cells. Each electroplaque is a source of
emf and these are arranged along the body of eel in a large number such that a potential difference of many hundred
volts exists between the head and tail regions of eel. As a result the eel produces strong currents which could
kill the fish in the water surrounding the eel. In fact, the current could be upto 1 ampere and thus large enough
that it could be very painful to pass by the eel at a close distance while swimming. Electroplaques, the emf devices
on the body of eel, are arranged in a large number of parallel, rows that stretch along the length of eel. Each row
has a large number of electroplaques.
Thus, the arrangement is as in case of mixed grouping of cells. Consider 120 rows of electroplaques connected in
parallel on the body of an eel, each row has 6000 electroplaques connected in series and each electroplaque has
an emf 0.12 V and an internal resistance 0.2 . Water surrounding the eel offers external resistance R = 640  and
completes the circuit between the two ends of the electroplaque arrangement.
1. Current produced by this eel in water is nearly.

(1) 0.6 A (2) 0.83 A (3) 0.92 A (4) 1.1 A
Sol. Answer (4)
Emf of each row = 6000 × 0.12 = 720 V
Internal resistance of each row = 6000 × 0.2 = 1200 
1200
Total internal resistance of arrangement =  10 
120
Total emf = 720 V (as connected in parallel)
emf 720
i   1.1 A
r  Rext 640  10
2. Since the body of eel is also a part of total circuit the current produced in water that is large enough to kill
a fish, also passes in the body of eel. Which of the following is correct?
(1) The eel is not pained or killed due to this current because the outer part of body of eel is made of an
insulator so that total current in the body is much less than in water outside
(2) The eel is not pained or killed because large current in water, when it passes in the body of eel, divides
itself in a large number of rows and thus gets spread, so that current passing through any part of the
body is comparatively quite small
(3) The eel suffers a lot of pain although it is not killed due to its strength and, in fact, it is the pain that
stimulates the nervous system of eel to maintain emf across the electroplaques
(4) The eel is not pained or killed because heat produced by large current is immediately conducted away
by the surrounding water
Sol. Answer (2)
Total current i will get divided into 120 rows when it passes through body of eel. Current through any row is
k 551 1.1
  9.2  10 3 A
120 120
So current gets spread through the body of eel such that its value through any point is quite small. That is
why the eel is not pained or killed. So (2) is correct.
Suppose we have an equal number of cells (as on the eel’s body) in our laboratory. Each cell has the same emf
and the same internal resistance. We are asked to arrange the cells in a mixed grouping such that
(A) Current in an external resistance R = 640  that is connected across the arrangement of cells is maximum
(B) Power delivered to the external resistance R = 640  is maximum If there are m rows, each containing n
cells
3. In case (A), value of m and n are

(1) 15, 48000 (2) 20, 36000 (3) 18, 40000 (4) 120, 6000
Sol. Answer (1)
Total number of cells = 120 × 6000 = 720000
emf of a cell = 0.12 V
Condition for delivering maximum power or maximum current to an external resistance is the same, i.e.,
R r

n m
R = 640 
r = 0.2 
R r 640
    3200
n m 0.2
n = 3200 m
nm = 720000
3200m2 = 720000
m = 15
720000
n=  48000
15
4. In case (A) value of maximum current is

(1) 2.25 A (2) 3.5 A (3) 4.5 A (4) 5.2 A
Sol. Answer (3)
Value of maximum current
0.12  48000
imax   4.5 A
2  640
5. In case (B) value of m and n are

(1) 20, 36000 (2) 120, 6000 (3) 18, 40000 (4) 15, 48000
Sol. Answer (4)
m = 15 and n = 48000
6. In case (B) value of maximum power delivered to external resistance is

(1) 15320 W (2) 13450 W (3) 12960 W (4) 10500 W
Sol. Answer (3)
(0.12)2 ( 48000)2
Pmax = = 12960 W
4  640
Comprehension-VI
The Tolman-Steward experiment demonstrated that the free charges in a metal have negative charge and provided a
|q |
quantitative measurement of their charge to mass ratio, . The experiment, consisted of abruptly stopping a rapidly
m
rotating spool of wire and measuring the potential that is produced between the ends of the wire. In a simplified model

of this experiment, consider a metal rod of length L that is given a uniform acceleration a to the right. Initially the

free charges in the metal lag behind the rod’s motion, thus setting up an electric field E in the rod in the steady
state. This field exerts a force on the free charges that makes them accelerate along with the rod.
b c a
|q |
1. Find an expression for in terms of the magnitudes of the induced field E and the acceleration a
m
a 2a a 3a
(1) (2) (3) (4)
E E 2E E
Sol. Answer (1)
Fnet = ma
q a
 qE = ma  
m E
|q|
2. Find an expression for in terms of potential Vbc between the ends of the rod, if all the charges in the
m
metal rod have the same acceleration and the electric field E is same at all points of the rod
aL aL 2a 3aL
(1) V (2) (3) V (4)
bc E bc E
Sol. Answer (1)
Vbc = EL
Vbc | q | aL
E  
L m Vbc
3. If the free charges have negative charge, which ends of the rod b or c is at higher potential?
(1) b (2) c (3) Neither b nor c (4) Either b or c
Sol. Answer (2)
If the acceleration is to the right the force on the free charge must be to the right. For a negative charge,

the force and the electric field are in opposite directions. So E is to the left. E points from higher potential
so point C is at higher potential.
4. If the rod is 0.5 m long and the free charges are electrons. What magnitude of acceleration is required to
produce a potential difference of 1 mV between the ends of the rod?
(1) 3.5 × 108 (2) 3 × 107 (3) 5 × 107 (4) 7 × 108
Sol. Answer (1)
Vbc q
a  3.5  108
lm
Comprehension-VII
Consider a simple RC circuit as shown in Figure 1.
Process 1: In the circuit the switch S is closed at t = 0 and the capacitor is fully charged to voltage V0 (i.e.,
charging continues for time T >> RC). In the process some dissipation (ED) occurs across the resistance R. The
amount of energy finally stored in the fully charged capacitor is EC.
V0
Process 2: In a different process the voltage is first set to and maintained for a charging time T >> RC. Then
3
2V0
the voltage is raised to without discharging the capacitor and again maintained for a time T >> RC. The process
3
is repeated one more time by raising the voltage to V0 and the capacitor is charged to the same final voltage V0
as in Process 1.
These two processes are depicted in Figure 2.
v
Process 1
S V0
R 2V0/3
Process 2
C T >> RC
V + V0/3
–
T 2T t
Figure 1
Figure 2
1. In Process 1, the energy stored in the capacitor EC and heat dissipated across resistance ED are related by
(1) EC = ED In 2 (2) EC = ED
1
(3) EC = 2ED (4) EC = ED
2
Answer (2)
Sol. Final charge on capacitor = CV
Wb = CV2
1
Ec = CV 2
2
1 1
ED = Wb – Ec = CV2 – CV 2 = CV 2
2 2
EC  ED
2. In Process 2, total energy dissipated across the resistance ED is

1⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 2⎞
(1) ED  CV02 ⎟ (2) ED  3 ⎜ CV0 ⎟
3 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
1
(3) ED  3CV02 (4) ED  CV02
2
Answer (1)
Sol. ED = Wb – V
CV0 ⎡V0 2V0 ⎤ 1 CV0 ⎡V0  2V0  3V0 ⎤ 1

  V0 ⎥ – CV02 = ⎥ – 2 CV0
2
3 ⎢⎣ 3
=
3 ⎦ 2 3 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎦
CV0 1
= 2V0  – CV02
3 2
⎛ 2 1⎞ 2
= ⎜ – ⎟ CV0
⎝3 2⎠
CV02
=
6
SECTION - D
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. STATEMENT-1 : As we move across a resistor in the direction of current, current decreases.
and
STATEMENT-2 : As we move across a resistor in the direction of current, potential decreases.
Sol. Answer (4)
Current at each cross-section of resistor remains same.
2. Two cells of same emf but different internal resistance are connected in parallel so as to send current in same
direction.
STATEMENT-1 : The equivalent emf of the combination is equal to individual emf of each cell.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The equivalent emf is the arithmetic mean of the individual emfs.
Sol. Answer (3)
 1r 2   2r1   r1  r 2 
Equivalent emf  =  ;
r1  r 2 r1  r 2
∵  1 = 2 = 
3. STATEMENT-1 : When the plates of a charged capacitor are connected to a resistor, a current starts flowing
in the resistor.
and
STATEMENT-2 : A charged capacitor acts as a battery of steady emf.
Sol. Answer (3)
As the capacitor discharges, the voltage across it decreases. So, it cannot work as a battery of steady emf.
4. STATEMENT-1 : In the absence of current in a conducting wire, the random motion of electrons is zig-zag with
electrons moving in a straight line between two successive collisions.
and
STATEMENT-2 : When a current is set up, the path of electrons between two successive collisions becomes
curved.
Sol. Answer (2)
Statement-1 is independently correct.
As well as, in a current-carrying wire, there is electric field inside the wire which exerts force on free electrons.
Generally the force and velocity are in different directions. So, the path of electrons becomes curved.
5. Two ammeters are made from exactly similar galvanometers.

STATEMENT-1 : The ammeter with higher range will be the one with lower resistance.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The shunt resistance to be connected in parallel is inversely proportional to maximum current
to be measured.
Sol. Answer (3)
The value of shunt resistance is given by,
G
R where, G = Galvanometer resistance
I
–1 I = Range of ammeter
Ig
Ig = Full deflection current of galvanometer.
6. Consider the following statements related to the circuit shown.
I
5V 4.8V
24
1 R
STATEMENT-1 : The current I is zero for any value of resistance R.

and
STATEMENT-2 : The potential drop across 24  resistor is always 4.8 V for any value of R. So, current through
R remains zero.
Sol. Answer (1)
Statement-2 provides explanation for statement-1.
7. Consider the circuit diagram. The connecting wires are assumed to be perfectly conducting.
3 A 6
6 B 3
STATEMENT-1 : The current in branch AB is zero.

and
STATEMENT-2 : The potential difference between A & B is zero.
Sol. Answer (4)
Potential difference across A and B = 0 because they are short circuited.
Current through AB = i1 – i2
i1 3 A 6 i2
6
i1  i
9
i i
3
i2  i i2 6 B 3 i1
9
 i1 – i2  0
8. STATEMENT-1 : As temperature of a conducting wire increases, the slope of V-I graph (V on y-axis and I on
x-axis) increases.
and
STATEMENT-2 : For a conductor, the resistance increases with increase in temperature.
Sol. Answer (1)
∵ V = IR
 Slope of V-I curve represents R and R increases with increase in temperature for a conductor.
9. STATEMENT-1 : Electric appliances with metallic body have three connections whereas an electric bulb has
two pin connection.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Three pin connections reduce heating of connecting wires.
Sol. Answer (3)
Third pin grounds the electric appliance.
10. STATEMENT-1 : As the drift velocity increases, the current flowing through the conductor decreases.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to drift velocity.
Sol. Answer (4)
Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross-section A.
1
Time taken by the free electrons to cross the conductor t = V .
d
q A ln E
Hence current i = 
t I
Vd
 i = neAVd or i  Vd
Thus, current is directly proportional to drift velocity.
11. STATEMENT-1 : The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic wire will decrease, if the temperature of the wire
is increased.
and
STATEMENT-2 : On increasing the temperature of the wire, conductivity of metallic wire decreases.
Sol. Answer (2)
Drift velocity decreases on increasing the temperature because, increase in temperature results in decrease
in average relaxation time.
12. STATEMENT-1 : Fuse wire must have high resistance and low melting point.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Fuse is used for small current flow only.
Sol. Answer (3)
Fuse wire must have high resistance because in series heat produced will be high if R is high. The melting
point must be low so that wire may melt with increase in temperature.
13. STATEMENT-1 : An electric bulb is first connected to a DC source and then to an AC source having the same
voltage. Bulb glows with same brightness in both the cases.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The peak value of voltage for an AC source is 2 times the root mean square voltage.
Sol. Answer (4)
U2
In both cases average power is .
R
14. STATEMENT-1 : The drift speed of electrons in metals is small (of the order of a few mm s–1) and the charge
of an electron is also very small (= 1.6 × 10–19 C), yet we can obtain a large current in a metal.
and
STATEMENT-2 : At room temperature, the thermal speed of electrons is very high (about 107 times the drift
speed).
Sol. Answer (2)
The current in a metal depends not only on the charge of an electron and its drift speed, but also on the
number of free electrons per unit volume in a metal which is of the order of 1029 per m3.
15.
R1 R2
A x C B
STATEMENT-1 : In the meter bridge experiment shown in figure the balance length AC corresponding to
null deflection of the galvanometer is x. If the radius of the wire AB is doubled, the balance length becomes
4x.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of its radius.
Sol. Answer (4)

R1 RAC
Balance point is when R  R
2 CB
RAC
When radius of the wire is doubled R will remain unchanged.
CB
16. C1 R
E1
D
A B
E2
C2 G
STATEMENT-1 : In the potentiometer circuit shown in figure, E1 and E2 are emfs of cells C1 and C2 respectively
with E1 > E2. Cell C1 has negligible internal resistance. For a given resistor R, the balance length is x. If the
diameter of the potentiometer wire AB is increased, the balance length x will decrease.
and
STATEMENT-2 : At the balance point, the potential difference between AD due to cell C1 = E2, the emf of cell
C2.
Sol. Answer (4)

If the diameter of wire AB is increased, its resistance will decrease. Hence the potential difference between
A and B due to cell C1 will decrease. Therefore, the null point will be obtained at a higher value of x.
17. STATEMENT-1 : In the potentiometer circuit shown in question above, the wire AB is not changed but the
value of resistor R is decreased. Then the balance length x will decrease.
and
STATEMENT-2 : At the balance point, the potential difference between A and D due cell C1 = emf E2 of
cell C2.
Sol. Answer (1)
If the value of R is decreased, the potential difference between A and B due to cell C1 will increase. Hence
the balance length will be smaller than x.
18. STATEMENT-1 : In a meter bridge, if its wire is replaced by another wire having same length, same material
but twice the cross sectional area, then the accuracy of measurement decreases.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Accuracy of meter bridge depends on the length of wire.
Sol. Answer (4)
Accuracy of meter bridge is independent of the area of cross-section of wire.
19. E1
+ – r1
+ –r
E2 2
STATEMENT-1 : If two cells of emf E1 and E2 (E1  E2) and internal resistances r1 and r2 are joined together
as shown, then one cell will continuously supply energy to the other.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The potential drop across one cell will be larger than other.
Sol. Answer (3)
Potential drop across both of them will be equal.
20. STATEMENT-1 : In a chain of 50 bulbs connected in series, one bulb is taken out and remaining 49 bulbs
are again connected in series across the same supply then light gets decreased in the room.
and
STATEMENT-2 : More resistance in the circuit means lesser current drawn from source.
Sol. Answer (4)
V2
Total power dissipated is . When one bulb is taken out then R is decreased. Thus power dissipation
R
increases.
21. STATEMENT-1 : In a Meter Bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is measured. Now, the
unknown resistance is put inside an enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null point can be
obtained at the same point as before by decreasing the value of the standard resistance.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Resistance of a metal increases with increase in temperature. [IIT-JEE 2008]
Sol. Answer (4)
R1 l1 R1

R2 l 2 . To keep l1 and l2 same, R2 = constant.
If one resistance increases/decreases, the other must also be increased/decreased. Now, the unknown
resistance can have positive or negative temperature coefficient for resistance.
SECTION - E
Matrix-Match Type Questions
1. Match the following :
Column-I Column-II
2R
R C D 2R
(A) A B (p) R AB 
2R 3
3R
12R 2R 2R
(B) A C B (q) R AC 
3
12R
4R/5
2R
(r) RBC 
3
7R
(s) RBC 
6
7R
(t) R AC 
6
Sol. Answer A(p, q, r), B(p, s, t)
2R.R 2R
(A) RAB  
2R  R 3
2R.R 2R
RAC  
2R  R 3
2R. R 2R
RBC  
2R  R 3
4R
4R. 2
(B) RAB  5  16R  2R
4R 24R 3
4R 
5
⎛ 4R ⎞
2R. ⎜ 2R  ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
RBC 
4R
2R  2R 
5
14R
2R.
 5  2R.14R  7R
24R 24R 6
5
⎛ 4R ⎞
2R. ⎜ 2R  ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ 7R
RAC  
4R 6
2R  2R 
5

Column-I Column-II
R2 R3 R4 R5
(A) A B (p) R1 and R5 can be taken in series
R1
R2
A R3 B
(B) R4 (q) R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel
R5
(r) R4 and R5 are in parallel

Sol. Answer A(p, q), B(q, r)
(A) Circuit could be modified like this,
R3
R2
VA VB
R1 R5
R4
(B) Circuit could be modified like this,

B
R2 R3 R4 R5
Column-I Column-II
I1 1  1 1 1
I2 I3 I4 I5
(A) 2 2 2  to  (p) I1 = 16 A
32 V
3 4  I3 4
I1 I2 I4 I5
(B) 240 V 16  16  8 (q) I2 = 8 A
4 4 4
(r) I3 = 4 A
(s) I4 = 4 A
(t) I5 = 1 A
Sol. Answer A(p, q, r, t), B(p, q, s)
(A) Equivalent resistance of infinite circuit = x
2x
1 x
2 x 1
 x2 –x–2=0
x 2 x
 x=2
32 V
 I1  2   16 A
By parallel distribution of current
2
I2  .16  8 A
22
2
I3  .8  4 A
22
2
I4  .4  2 A
22
(B) Equivalent resistance of circuit = 15
240
 I1   16 A
15
16
I2  .16  8 A
16  16
I3 = 4 A
I3
I4   2A
2
I4
I5  1 A
2
4. Column I lists physical quantities for a uniform current carrying conductor. These quantities depend on quantities
given in column II. Match entries in column I to all the quantities in column II on which it depends.
Column I Column II
(A) Resistivity (p) Length of conductor
(B) Current through the conductor for a given (q) Electric field in conductor
potential difference across the conductor
(C) Current density in conductor for a given (r) Temperature of conductor
potential difference across the conductor
(D) Thermal power generated per unit volume (s) Nature of conductor
for given value of potential difference
across the conductor
(t) Area of conductor
Sol. Answer A(r, s), B(p, q, r, s, t), C(p, q, r, s), D(p, q, r, s)
Resistance depends upon nature, length area of cross section and temperature.
5. Current i is following through a wire of non-uniform cross-section as shown. Match the following columns.
1 2
i i
Column-I Column-II
(A) Current density (p) More at section 1 than 2
(B) Electric field (q) More at section 2 than 1
(C) Resistance per unit length (r) Same at both sections 1 and 2
(D) Potential difference per unit length (s) Data insufficient
Sol. Answer A(p), B(p), C(p), D(p)
1 1 1 1
J  , E  , R  , dV 
A A A A
6. Column I shows some electrical circuits with point A, B and C marked in the figures. Column II lists value of
electrical resistance between any two of these three points. Match incomplete statements given in Column I
to the entries in Column II.
Column I Column II
r
R R
(A) R R (p) R
A B
R
Equivalent resistance between A and B cannot be (r is variable)
R
A C
(B) R R (q) 2R/3

R
R
B
Equivalent resistance of circuit cannot be
R C
R
R
(C) R R (r) 5R/3
R
R
A R B
Equivalent resistance of circuit cannot be
R R R
(D) (s) 3R/5
A C B
R
Equivalent resistance of circuit about
A and B cannot be
(t) 8R/15
Sol. Answer A(p, q, r, s, t), B(q, r, s, t), C(p, r, s), D(p, q, r, t)
(A) No current will flow in ‘r’
1 1 1 1
  
Req R 2R 2R
2R R
Req = 
4 2
C
(B) A B
D
Req = R wheat stone
(C) Due to symmetry
R
R R
R R
R R
R
A B
8R 2R

3 3 8R
10R = Req =
15
3
(D) A C B
3R
 R 3R
2 
Req = 5R 5
2
7. Consider the circuit shown in figure. There are three switches S1, S2, S3. Match the columns.
C
r
S1
3r
S3
S2
2r
Column I Column II
VC
(A) If S1 and S3 are opened and S2 is closed then in (p)
4
steady state, charge on capacitor equals
2CV
(B) If S2 and S3 are opened and S1 is closed then in (q)
5
steady state, charge on capacitor equals
CV
(C) If S1 and S2 are closed and S3 is opened then in (r)
3
steady state charge on capacitor equals
2CV
(D) If all the switches are closed then in steady state, (s)
11
charge on capacitor is
(t) Zero
Sol. Answer A(q), B(p), C(s), D(t)

C
3r
2r CV 2 2CV
(A) Charge on capacitor in steady state = 
32 5
V
C
3r
r CV CV
(B) Charge on capacitor in steady state = 
3 1 4
V
C
3r
r 2r
CV
(C) Charge on capacitor in steady state  3  2CV
2r 2r 11
3r 
3
V
C
3r r
(D)
On closing all the switches capacitor will be shorted
and hence charge on it will be Zero.
2r
8. Consider the circuit shown ‘R’ is a variable resistance ‘e’ is some unknown emf with polarity as shown. Match
the following.
B C D
2 4
R
6V
A 4V F e E
Column I Column II
(A) Current passing through 4  resistance can be zero (p) Possible if e = 6
(B) Current passing through 4  resistance can be from (q) Possible if e > 6
F to C direction
(C) Current passing through 2  resistance will be from (r) Possible if e < 6
B to A direction
(D) Current passing through resistance R will be from (s) Possible for any value of e
E to D direction
(t) Possible for any value of resistance R
Sol. Answer A(p, q, t), B(p, q, r, s, t), C(p, q, r, s, t), D(p, q, r, t)

If equivalent of 4 V battery and e is greater than 6V with polarity same as 6V then current will flow from C
to F. If it is less than 6V then current will flow from F to C and if it is equal to 6V then current will be zero.
C
2 R 4
4 e 6V
SECTION - F
Integer Answer Type Questions
1. A potential difference of 22 V is maintained across a 1200  rheostat PR. The voltmeter has a resistance of
600  and PQ is one fourth of distance from P to R. What is the reading (in V) of the voltmeter?
22 V
Q
V
P
Sol. Answer (4)

600  300
R  900   1100
900 900
22 2 1
i  
1000 100 50 300 600
1
V  200  4 V
50
2. Consider the circuit shown with key opened. The key is closed at t = 0. Capacitance of one of the shown
capacitors is x F. For what value of x the galvanometer does not show any deflection?
4 F 4
key 2
x F
Sol. Answer (8)

R1C1 = R2C2 for no deflection
3. Consider the infinite ladder circuit shown. What is the value of current I (in A) shown in one of the 6  resistors?
1 1 1
27A
I
up to 
6 6 6
Sol. Answer (4)
Rxy = 3 
Current distribution is as shown.
2I ' 4I '
3 9
x 4I '
I' 2I '
9 27
3
I’
4. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery with an emf = 6 V. When a certain resistance
is connected in parallel with the voltmeter, the reading of the latter decreases  = 2 times, whereas the reading
of the ammeter increases the same number of times. Find the voltmeter reading (in volts) after the connection
of the resistance.
Sol. Answer (2)
Ammeter Voltmeter
rA rV
6V
Before connecting resistance
rV
⎛ 6 ⎞
Voltmeter reading = ⎜
⎝ rA  rV ⎟⎠
6
Ammeter reading = r  r
A V
rA rV
6V
After connecting resistance
⎛ 3rV ⎞ 6rA
⎜⎝ r  r ⎟⎠  6 – rR
A V rA  v
rV  R
12 6

rA  rV r R
rA  V
rV  R
On solving
rA 1

rV 2 and voltmeter reading = 2 volt
1
5. Consider a wire of length , area of cross-section A and resistivity  and resistance  . Its length is increased
5
by applying a force on it and its length increases by four times of its original length. Find the new resistance
in ohms of the wire.
Sol. Answer (5)

A11  A2 2
A
A2 
5

R
A
 R2 = 25R1
R2 = 5 
6. A current, 32 A, is made to pass through a conductor where the free electrons density is 4 × 1028 m–3 and
its area of cross section is 10–6 m2. Find out the value of the drift velocity (in mm/s) of free electrons.
Sol. Answer (5)
I
Vd 
ne A
32
28
 5  10 –3 m/s
4  10  1.6  10 –19  10 –6
n
7. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. The current (in Ampere) through 2  resistor is . Find n.
2
4 4
20 V
2 20 V
20 V 10 V
4 10 V
4
Sol. Answer (5)
Considering the potential at point A to be zero potential at different points can be shown as in figure
Now i1
4 V 4 –10
10
10 – i1 4 + 20 = V …(i) i (i – i1)
20 V
20 V
–10 – 4(i – i 1) = V …(ii) 20 V 2
V–0=i×2 …(iii) 10 V
4 10 V
–10 A –30
On solving we get O 4
i=5A
8. The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer falls from 50 divisions to 10 divisions when a shunt of 2  is
applied. What is the resistance (in ohms) of the galvanometer?
Sol. Answer (8)
1
Current falls to of the original current due to shunting
5
4i/5 2

G
i i/5
i 4i
 G   2
5 5
G=8
9. When two identical batteries of internal resistance 1  each are connected in series across a resistor R, the
rate of heat produced in R is J1. When the same batteries are connected in parallel across R, the rate is J2.
If J1 = 2.25 J2, then the value of R in  is [IIT-JEE 2010]
Sol. Answer (4)
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
In case 1, J1  ⎜ R
⎝ R  2 ⎟⎠
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
In case 2, J2  ⎜ R
⎝ 2R  1⎟⎠
J1 = 2.25 J2
 R=4
10. At time t = 0, a battery of 10 V is connected across points A and B in the given circuit. If the capacitors have
no charge initially, at what time (in seconds) does the voltage across them become 4 V? [IIT-JEE 2010]
[Take : ln 5 = 1.6, ln 3 = 1.1]
2M 2F
A B
2M 2F
Sol. Answer (2)
Resistance of circuit = 1 M
Capacitance of circuit = 4 F
Time constant = RC = 4 s
Voltage across capacitor at time 0 = 0 V
Voltage across capacitor at time  = 10 V
In general
–t
V  10(1 –  4 )
Putting V = 4 V
We get t = 2 s
11. Two batteries of different emfs and different internal resistance are connected as shown. The voltage across
AB in volts is [IIT-JEE 2011]
6V 1
A B
2
3V
Sol. Answer (5)
6 3

1 2  7.5  5
V= 1 1 3

1 2 2
12. In the following circuit, the current through the resistor R (= 2 ) is I amperes. The value of I is
R (= 2) 1
8
2
6 2
6.5 V 4
10
12 4
Sol. Answer (1)

The circuit is shown below.
R (2) 1 R (2) 1
8
2 2 2
6 2 4 6.5 V 6
⇒ 4
6.5 V 10 
12  10 
4 12  4
R (2)
2
6
6.5 V
12  4
SECTION - G
Multiple True-False Type Questions
1. Consider the following three statements for a current carrying conductor of non-uniform cross-section.
STATEMENT-1 : Current density at any cross-section of the conductor is proportional to electric field at the
cross-section.
STATEMENT-2 : If temperature of the conductor is increased, relaxation time of drifting electrons decreases.
STATEMENT-3 : Electrons in the conductor flow from low potential to high potential.
(1) F F F (2) F T F (3) FF T (4) TTT
Sol. Answer (4)
As we increase the temperature number of collision will increase so relaxation time decrease
As charge on e is – ve so flow from low to high.
2. Consider the following three statements for the circuit shown here. The key is closed at t = 0.
C R
t=0
STATEMENT-1 : Time constant of the circuit is RC/2.
STATEMENT-2 : Final charge on the capacitor is CV.
STATEMENT-3 : Final current drawn from the cell is 2V/R.
(1) F F F (2) TTT (3) FTT (4) F T F
Sol. Answer (4)
V
Current in the cell is
R
3. STATEMENT-1 : If a wire is stretched its resistance increases.
STATEMENT-2 : If a wire is stretched its resistance remains same.
STATEMENT-3 : If a wire is stretched its resistivity remains constant.
(1) T F T (2) TT T (3) TF F (4) FFT
Sol. Answer (1)

 2 V
R= l  2 when wire is streached its volume remain constant.
V A
4. STATEMENT-1 : Resistance of a conductor increases on increasing temperature.
STATEMENT-2 : Drift speed decreases on increasing temperature.
STATEMENT-3 : Relaxation time decreases on increasing temperature.
(1) F F F (2) TT T (3) TF T (4) FT T

Sol. Answer (2)
Due to increase in temperature electrons collide more frequently hence relaxation time increases.
5. STATEMENT-1 : Electromotive force is a type of force.
STATEMENT-2 : Electromotive force is work done per unit charge.
STATEMENT-3 : Electromotive force is same as potential difference.
(1) F F F (2) TT T (3) FTT (4) FT F
Sol. Answer (4)
Electromagnetic force is work done per unit charge.
6. STATEMENT-1 : Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting a large shunt in its series.
STATEMENT-2 : Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small shunt in its parallel.
STATEMENT-3 : Galvanometer cannot be converted into voltmeter or ammeter.
(1) F T F (2) TT F (3) T FF (4) FFT
Sol. Answer (2)
Voltmeter has high resistance and ammeter has very low resistance.
SECTION - H
Aakash Challengers Questions
1. You have a microammeter which reads 50 A at full scale deflection and the coil in the meter movement has
a resistance of 20 ohms. By adding two resistors, R1 and R2 and a 1.5 volt battery you can convert this into
an ohmmeter. When the two outcoming leads of this ohmmeter are connected together, the meter is to register
ohms by giving exactly full-scale deflection. When the leads are connected across an unknown resistance R,
the deflection will indicate the resistance value, if the scale is appropriately marked. In particular, we want half
scale deflection to indicate 15 ohms. What values of R1 and R2 are required, how should the connections be
made?
Sol. R1 R1
50 A
20  25 A 20  15 
1.5 V R2 1.5 V R2
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1.5 ⎥ R1
50  10 –6 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ R120  R ⎥ (20  R1) …(1)
⎢⎣ 20  R1 2⎥
⎦
1.5 R1
25  10 –6  
⎡ R120 ⎤ (20  R1)
⎢  R  R2  15⎥ …(2)
⎣ 20 1 ⎦
On solving the two equations
1
R1 = 
100
R2 = 14.8 
2. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Equivalent resistance between terminals ab, ac, bc equals 30 ,
60  and 70  respectively. Find the resistance R1, R2 and R3.
R1 R2
R3
a c
(R2  R3 )R1
Sol. Rab = 30  R  R  R …(1)
1 2 3
b
(R1  R2 )R3
Rac = 60 = R  R  R …(2) R1 R2
1 2 3
R3
(R1  R3 )R2 a c
Rbc = 70  R  R  R …(3)
1 2 3
On solving the three equations
R1 = 34 
R2 = 170 
R3 = 85 
3. Initially switch ‘S’ was open and the circuit has achieved its steady state at t = 0. Then, switch ‘S’ is suddenly
closed. Find the current through resistance R as a function of time.
 R
C1
C2 S
Sol. Answer
Q = C2(1 – e–t/) + C1 Q
(C1 + C 2) 
C2  – t / 
i= e

C1 
C2 
i e t / R (C1 C2 ) t
R(C1  C2 )
4. In the circuit shown the capacitance of each capacitor is equal to C and the resistance is R. One of the
capacitors was connected to a voltage V0 and then at the moment t = 0 was shorted by means of the
switch S. Find
(i) Current in the circuit as a function of time
(ii) The amount of generated heat provided a dependece I(t) is known
R
C C
Sol. (i) q0 = CV0 i R
q0 – q q
– iR –  0 q0 – q
C C + + q
–C – C
dq
i=
dt
On solving,
q0
q (1 e 2t / RC )
2
q0 2t / RC V0 2t / RC
i e  e
RC R
t
2
(ii) Heat generated = ∫i Rdt
0
t 2
⎡V0 –2t / Rc ⎤
= ∫⎢ e ⎥ Rdt
0⎣ ⎦
R
CV02
= ⎡1– e –4t / Rc ⎤
4 ⎣ ⎦
At t 
CV02
=
4
5. Two metal balls of the same radius ‘a’ are located in a homogenous poorly conducting medium with resistivity .
Find the resistance of the medium between the balls provided that the separation between them is much greater
than the radius of the ball.
Sol. At time t, charges on balls are + q, –q. since the balls are at large distance from one another, electric field
near the surface of each ball is practically determined by the charge of nearest sphere and its charge can
be distributed uniformly on the surface. Surrounding the positively charged ball by a concentric sphere
adjoining directly the balls surface, we write the expression for current through this sphere.
I = 4a2 J
where J = current density
E q
J and E 
 4 0a 2
q
I
 0
Let us now find the P.D. between balls
2a
V
4 0a
a q.40a
C  = 20A
V 2q
V 
R 
I 2a

T = RC = 2 0a  = 0
2 a
t
–
 0
q(t) = q0e

  RC  20a  = 0
2a
t

0
q(t )  q0e
6. A thin wire of length L and cross-sectional area A oriented in the x-direction is made up of an ohmic material
whose resistivity varies along the wire according to the empirical law  = 0e –x /L.
(i) Determine how the field with in wire varies with position if the end at x = 0 is at potential V0 greater than
the end at x = L.
(ii) How does potential varies as you move along the wire?
(iii) What is the resistance of the wire?
V0 ⎛ e ⎞ – x /L
Sol. (i) E e
L ⎜⎝ e – 1⎟⎠
dV V0 ⎛ e ⎞ – x / L
(ii) –  ⎜ e
dx L ⎝ e – 1⎟⎠
0L ⎡ 1 ⎤
(iii) R  1–
A ⎢⎣ e ⎥⎦
7. If all the energy lost from joule heating stays in a wire, and the temperature increases as a result the resistivity
also increase. The current will therefore change as a function of time, the joule heating will change and so
forth. If the wire material has constant heat capacity, the rate of energy loss in wire will be proportional to rate
of change of temperature. Assuming that potential stays constant set up a differential equation that describes
the rate of change of temperature. If this equation is solved, how can the current be found as a function of
time?
(Given m is the mass of the wire, V is the potential difference across the wire, C is the specific heat capacity
of wire,  is the thermal coefficient of resistance, R0 is the resistance of wire at initial temperature T0 )
dT K
Sol. dt  1  (T – T )
0
V2
Here K  mCR
0
V
I (t ) 
R0 (1  (T (t ) – T0 )
8. In a uniform solid cylinder of radius R conductivity increases linearly with the distance as we move from the
axis to the surface of cylinder from 1 to 2. Current i enters the cylinder from one end and leaves from the
other end. Find the current density as a function of distance from axis of the cylinder at any cross-section.
i i
Sol. J = E
⎛ r⎞
J  ⎜ 1  ( 2 – 1 ) ⎟ E
⎝ R⎠
R
E  R 2 (1  2 2 )
i  ∫ JdA 
0
3
Now J = E
⎛ r⎞ 3i
 J  ⎜⎝ 1  ( 2 – 1 ) R ⎟⎠
R 2 (1  2 2 )
9. At t = 0 K1 is closed and K2 (remains open)
R
K1
R C1 = C
C2 = C
E R
2E K2
RC
(i) Find the charge stored in capacitor C1 at t 
2
RC
(ii) If at t  K1 is open K2 is closed, find the charge stored in C2 as a function of time.
2
Sol. When switch K2 is open

R
RC
Time constant  
2
R C
Charge on capacitor in steady state = CE = qmax E E
2E
q = qmax (1 – e–t/)
q = EC (1 – e–2t/RC) R
at t = RC/2
⎛ 1⎞
q = EC ⎜ 1– ⎟
⎝ e ⎠
R R
When K1 is open and K2 is closed
RC E 2E E
Time constant = R
2
qmax = EC
R
⎡ –2( t – RC /2) ⎤
Thus q = EC ⎢1– e RC ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
10. At t = 0 switch S is closed. Find 3F 6F

(i) Charge flown through switch.
(ii) Charges flown through both cells S

(iii) Work done by both cells
(iv) Heat dissipated in circuit. 10 V 20 V
Sol. Before t = 0 After t = 0
3 F 6F 30 C 120 C
– + – + + – – +
20C 20C
10 V 20 V 10 V 20 V
(i) Total charge flown through switch = 30 + 120 = 150 C
(ii) Charge flown through 10 V battery = 30 – (–20) = 50 C
Charge flown through 20 V battery = 120 – 20 = 100 C
(iii) Work done by 10 V battery = 10 × 50 = 500 J
Work done by 20 V battery = 20 × 100 = 2000 J
(iv) Initial energy + work done by battery = final energy + heat produce
1
Initial energy =  2  10  10 ⇒ 100 J
2
1 1
Final energy =  3  100   6  20  20  150  1200  1350 J
2 2
Work done by battery = 2500 J
Heat produced = [100 +2500 – 1350]J = 1250 J.
11. The circuit shown in figure has resistance R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 . At what value of R0, will the thermal power P
generated in it be practically independent of small variations of that resistance? The voltage between A and B
⎛ dP ⎞
is constant. ⎜ Hint :  0⎟
⎝ dR0 ⎠
A
R1
R2 R0
B
Sol. Voltage across R0.
R2R0
.V
R2  R0 0
V  ; Here V0 is voltage applied between A and B.
R2R0
 R1
R2  R0
Power dissipated in R0,
V2 V 2R0 R22
P 
R0  R R  R R  R R 2
1 2 1 0 2 0
When power is maximum for a given value of R0, the condition is satisfied.
dP R1 R2 20  30
0  R0    12 
dR0 R1  R2 20  30
12. Determine the current drawn from the battery in the circuit shown.
4 10 
5
1 10 
18 V
Sol. By KVL for different loops,
i i–i1 4 (i–i1–i2)10
i1 – 5i2 – (i – i1) 4 = 0
 –4i + 5i1 – 5i2 = 0 … (1) i2
(i – i1 – i2)10 – 10(i1 + i2) – 5i2 = 0 i1 5

 2i1 – 4i1 – 5i2 = 0 1
… (2) i
+ 18 – i1 – 10(i1 + i2) = 0 i1+i2 10
 11i1 + 10i2 = 18 … (3)
Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get
18V
i = 3 A.
13. Find the potential difference between the points a and b. If the points a and b are joined by a resistance
of 5 , calculate the current through this resistance.
12 V, 1 
2 1
a b 10 V, 1 
3
2 1
8 V, 1 
12  4  8  4 12 V, 1 
Sol. V A – VB   10 V
44
2 1
or, VA – Vab – 10 = VB a b 10 V, 1 
A B
3
 Vab = 0 2 1
 Current through 5  resistance = 0

8 V, 1 
14. Find the resistance between A and B of the circuit shown in the figure.
r R
A r B
R r
Sol. By KVL for the loop shown,
i1r + (2i1 – i)r – (i – i1)R = 0 i1 r R (i–i1)
(2i1–i)
i r  R i i
A B
 i1  3r  R r
  …(1)
R r
(i–i1) i1
 – (i – i1) R – i1r = 0 …(2)
Putting the value of i,

 R 2 – r 2 3rR  R 2  R 2  r 2 r  r  3R 
R–  
i 3r  R 3r  R  3r  R 
15. A cylindrical tube of length L has inner radius a and outer radius b. What is the resistance of the tube between
its inner and outer surface? Given that the resistivity of its material is .
Sol. Consider an element (of radius x and thickness dx) as shown
in the figure
dx
dR  . x dx
2x.L L
Integrating within proper limits,
 b dx  ⎛ b⎞
R
2L ∫a x
= ln ⎜ ⎟
2L ⎝ a ⎠
16. Consider the potentiometer circuit arranged as in figure. The potentiometer wire is 600 cm long. If the jockey
touches the wire at a distance 560 cm from A, calculate the current through the galvanometer.
E r
+ –
R = 15 r
A B
E/2 r J
+ –
G
i  r
560 D C
Sol. Resistance of AJ   15r = 14r
600
By KVL, for loop ABCD, (i–i1) 14r J r B

A
 – (i – i1) 14r – 2ir = 0 i1
F G H
  + 14i1r – 16ir = 0 …(1)  r
2
And for AEHF,

– – i r  14r  i – i1   0
2 1

 – – 15i1r  14ir  0 …(2)
2
3E
Solving (1) and (2),  i1 
22r
17. A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2  is connected to a resistor of 100  through an ammeter.
4
The resistance of the ammeter is  . A voltmeter has also been connected to find the potential difference
3
across the resistor.
(a) The ammeter reads 0.02 A. What is the resistance of voltmeter?
(b) The voltmeter reads 1.10 V. What is the error in the reading?
Sol.
Let the voltmeter resistance be R.
V
1.4
0.02 
4 100R 100 
2 
3 100  R 4
A 3
 R = 200 
Voltmeter reading = 1.10 V
1.4V, 2
100 R
But voltage across voltmeter = i 
100  R
100  200 4
= 0.02  = V  1.33V
100  200 3
 error = 1.33 V – 1.10 V = 0.23 V.
18. Consider a spherical capacitor with inner and outer radii a and b respectively. The space between the plates is
filled with a non-conducting medium with dielectric constant k = 1. The charge on inner plate is +q and on outer
plates is –q. Suddenly, the medium between the plates becomes conducting with conductivity . Taking this
instant as t = 0, determine the charge remaining on the positive plate of the capacitor at a time t.
Sol.
Resistance of the spherical element, (as shown here)
1 dr –q
dR  .
 4 r 2
+q
Integrating, a
b r
1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤  b – a
1 dr dr
R
.4  ∫r2 = – 
a
.4 ⎢⎣ a b ⎥⎦ 4ab.
b
Capacitance, C  4 0 . ab
b–a
 b – a .4 . ab   0
 Time constant,   RC 
4 ab. 0
 b – a 
–t t
–
0
 Charge after time t = qe   qe
19. A capacitor of capacitance C, charged to a potential difference V, is discharged through a series combination
of two resistors R1 and R2. Find the heat generated in resistor R1 during discharging.
Sol.
1
Total heat generated = CV 2
2
Since heat generated in a resistor is proportional to its resistance.
⎛ R1 ⎞ 1
 Heat generated in R1  ⎜ CV 2
⎝ R1  R2 ⎟⎠ 2
20. Find the charge on 1 F capacitor in steady state in the circuit shown
8 2
3 F
8
20 V 12 V
1 F
7 2
2 F
4
Sol.
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop theorem.
20 = (i1 + i2) × 15 + 4i1
 20 = 19i1 + 15i2 …(1) 8 2
12 = 2i2 +8i2 + 15(i1 + i2) + 2i2. i 1+i 2
i1 +q1 i2
 12 = 15i1 + 27i2 …(2) 3F
8 –q1
Solving (1) and (2), we have
q2 –q1 q1 –q2 12V
20V
5
i1  A +q2
4
7 2F 2
+q2
–1
i2  A
4
Again applying Kirchhoff’s Loop theorem, 4
q1 q2
12  2i 2    2i 2
3 2
 2q1 + 3q2 = 78 …(3)
q2 – q1 q1
(i1  i 2 ) 8  –  8i 2  0
1 3
4q1
 – q2  6 …(4)
3
(3) and (4)
q1 = 16 F
46
q2  C
3
2
 Charge on 1F capacitor = q1 – q2  C
3
21. In the circuit shown in figure, the emfs of batteries are E1 and E2 which have internal resistances R1 and R2.
At what value of resistance R will the thermal power generated in it be the highest? What it is?
E1 E2
R
R1 R2
Sol. Equivalent circuit can be drawn as
E 1R 2 + E 2R 1
R1 + R2
E1 E2 R R
+
R1 R2 R1 R2
Eeq =
1 1 R1 + R2
+
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1 + R2
For maximum power transfer
R1 R2
R
R1  R2
22. The figure shows part of certain circuit, find
5A 1 2 4 2A
C B
12 V 3V
5 6
4A
(a) Power dissipated in 5  resistance

(b) Potential difference VC – VB
5A 1 6A 2 4 2A
Sol.
C B
12 V 3V
5 6
1A 4A
Power dissipated in 5 resistance = i2R

= 12 × 5 = 5 W
VC – 5 × 1 + 12 – 6 × 2 + 3 – 4 × 2 = VB
VC – VB = 10 V
23. Calculate the drift velocity of electrons in an aluminium wire of radius 2 mm when a current of 5 A passes
through it.
(Atomic weight of aluminium = 27 ; density of aluminium = 2700 kg/m3, Avogadro number = 6 × 1023 mol–1)
Sol. i = neAVd
⎛ N ⎞
n  ⎜ A ⎟  (number of electrons given by each aluminium atom)
⎝ M ⎠
3  6  1023  (2700  1000)


27
= 18 × 1028
5
Vd 
18  10  1.6  10 –19  (2  10 –3 )2
28
5

18  1.6  4  103
= 1.38 × 10–5 m/s
24. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Find the current in branch AO and OC. Potential of point A = 10 V,
of point B = 20 V and of point C = 30 V.
20 V
B
4
10 V
A 2 O
8
C
30 V
Sol. 20 – V = 4i2
30 – V = 8i1
V – 10 = 2(i 1 + i2)
⎡ 15 ⎡ 1 1⎤⎤ 20 V
 V – 10  2 ⎢5  – V ⎢  ⎥⎥
⎣ 4 ⎣ 4 8 ⎦⎦
i2 4
10 V i1+i2
⎡ 35 3V ⎤
V – 10  2 ⎢ – V
⎣4 8 ⎥⎦ 2 i1 8
4V – 40 = 70 – 3V
7V = 110 30 V
110
V
7
⎛ 110 ⎞
⎜⎝ 30 – ⎟
7 ⎠ 100 25
i1   ⇒ A
8 56 14
⎛ 110 ⎞
⎜⎝ 20 – ⎟
7 ⎠ 30 15
i2   ⇒ A
4 2  14 14
40 20
i1  i 2  A ⇒ A
14 7
25. In the circuit shown there are n repetitions of the same loop. What resistance R0 should be connected across
the end points so that the equivalent resistance between a and b may be independent of n ? What is this
equal to?
r r r
a
r r r R0 = ?
b
r r r
Sol. The equivalent resistance is independent of number of repetitions if the equivalent of this circuit equals to R0
r R0
r (2R  R0 )
 R0  3R  R
0
 R0  ( 3 – 1)r
26. Consider the circuit shown. Switch is closed at t = 0. Find the current through the battery as a function of
time. Initially capacitor was uncharged.
R1
V R2 C
⎛ R1 R2 ⎞
Sol. Time constant for C is ⎜ R  R C⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
i1 R1 (i1 – i)
( R  R2 )t
i
⎡ CV ⎤⎡ – 1 ⎤ q
q (t )  ⎢ R2 ⎥ ⎢1– e R1R2 C ⎥ V R2 C
⎣ R1  R2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ –q
q
V – i1R1 – 0
C
1 ⎡⎢
( R  R2 )t ⎤
⎛ VR2 ⎞ ⎛ – 1 ⎞
⎟⎥
R1 R2 C
i1  V –⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1– e
R1 ⎢ ⎝ R1  R2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( R1  R2 )t
1 ⎡ VR1 VR2 –
R1 R2 C
⎤
 ⎢  e ⎥
R1 ⎢ R1  R2 R1  R2 ⎥⎦
⎣
( R  R2 )t
V ⎡ – 1 ⎤
 ⎢R1  R2e R1R2 C ⎥
R1(R1  R2 ) ⎢ ⎥⎦
⎣
27. Potential difference across terminals of a cell were measured (in volts) against different currents (in ampere)
flowing through cell. A graph is drawn as shown. Determine
(a) The emf
(b) Internal resistance of cell
V
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.4
I
0.04 0.12 0.2 0.28
Sol.  – ir = V
 – (0.04)r = 1.2
 – 0.2r = 0.4
Solving the equations
r=5
 = 1.4 V
28. In the circuit shown switch S is closed at t = 0
20 
10 V
40  0.50 C
(a) What is the current leaving the battery at t = 0, immediately after switch S is closed?
(b) What is the current flowing through battery a long time after switch S is closed?
(c) What charge has accumulated on the capacitor after this long time?
(d) If finally switch S is opened again, how long will it take after reopening switch for the capacitor to lose
80% of its charge?
Sol. At t = 0; capacitor is uncharged thus it will be have as short-circuit
thus
10
20 10
i A  0.5 A
20
at t   capacitor behaves as open circuit then
20
10
10 1
⇒ i  A
40 60 6
Now potential drop across capacitor is
⎛1 ⎞ 20
⎜⎝  40⎟⎠ ⇒ V
6 3
Charge on capacitor equals
20 10
 0.5 C  C
3 3
40
Time constant for the capacitor is S
3
Thus
0.2Q0  Q0e – t / 
40
t  –  ln 0.2   (ln 5)
3
29. A 5 wire potentiometer (with each wire of 1 m) is connected to a storage cell of emf 2 V and resistance 1 .
A primary cell is balanced against middle of the second last wire. What resistance will be required in series
with the storage cell to push the null point to the centre of the last wire? The wire has 3  resistance per
meter.
⎛ 2 ⎞ 10.5
Sol. E  ⎜  (3.5)  3  V
⎝ 15  1⎠⎟ 8
10.5 2
  ( 4.5)  3
8 16  R
32
 R  4.57 
7
30. Consider the potentiometer shown in the diagram resistance of uniform wire AB = 10 , length of wire
AB = 1 m. Find
2V 15 
O
A B
1.2 
G
1.5 V
0.3 
(a) Potential gradient along AB.

(b) Length ‘AO’ where galvanometer shows zero deflection.
2
Sol. Current in wire AB = A
25
⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 4
Potential gradient = ⎜⎝  10⎟  ⇒ V/m
25 ⎠ 1 5
⎛ 1.5 ⎞
Potential drop on ‘AO’ = ⎜⎝ 0.3  1.2 ⎠⎟  0.3
 0.3 V
4
 0.3  
5
1.5
  m  37.5 cm
4


Cls Jeead-18-19 Xii Phy Target-5 Set-2 Chapter-3

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Cls Jeead-18-19 Xii Phy Target-5 Set-2 Chapter-3

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Chapter 3

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. Answer (2)

(1) 5.6 A (2) 4A (3) 4.8 A (4) 8A

7. In the circuit shown, the current drawn by the cell is

(1) 1.2 A (2) 2.5 A (3) 0.6 A (4) 3.8 A

Sol. Answer (2) 12 

(1) 64 W (2) 32 W (3) 128 W (4) 16 W

14. Which of the following is/are reversible?

PR2 PR22 PR12

Sol. Answer (4)

Voltage across R1 in second case,

 Power dissipated by R1 in second case,

16. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the situation shown is

Sol. Answer (4)

Sol. Answer (1)

19. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the following figure is

(1) E = 72 V, r = 18  (2) E = 24 V, r = 18  (3) E = 72 V, r = 2  (4) E = 24 V, r = 2 

(1) 7E (2) E (3) 6E (4) Zero

26. The potential difference between A and B in the following situation is

(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1:3 (3) 3:1 (4) 1:2

Sol. Answer (2)

29. In the situation shown, the current in arm PQ will be

31. The potential difference between A and B in the circuit shown is

(1) 10 V (2) 5V (3) 15 V (4) Zero

32. In the circuit shown, the current i will be zero when R is

(1) 10  (2) 100  (3) 2  (4) Zero

Sol. Answer (3)

(1) 6  (2) 7.8  (3) 12  (4) 24 

36. The equivalent resistance between A and B in the situation shown is

Sol. Answer (1)

38. The effective resistance between A and B in the network shown is

Sol. Answer (1) 30 

44. What is the resistance of voltmeter shown in the circuit?

45. A galvanometer of resistance 95 , shunted by a resistance of 5 , gives a deflection of 50 divisions, when

(1) 18 W (2) 4.5 W (3) 36 W (4) 9W

(1) Directly proportional to L (2) Directly proportional to t

Sol. Answer (4)

change can destroy the equality.

Sol. Answer (3)

(1) 10.2 ohm (2) 10.6 ohm

The circuit after closing the switch is shown

j(t) j(t) j(t) j(t)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. Answer (4)

which currect in passing

Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)

6. If all the resistors are identical, select the correct alternative(s).

7. A resistance R1 is connected to a source of constant voltage. On connecting a resistance R2 in series with

Thermal power generated in R1 = i2R1

Solving (1) and (2) , we get

(1) i3 = 1 A (2) i1 = 1 A (3) i2 = 0 (4) i3 = 2 A

Sol. Answer (1, 3, 4)

Current distribution is shown in the diagram.

Sol. Answer (1, 3)

12. Choose the correct option(s)

Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)

Sol. Answer (1, 3)

(1) Reading of ideal voltmeter is 10 V (2) i1 = 5 A

and V  V0 e –2/RC …(2)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. Answer (1, 3, 4)

V1 = P.D. across 2  resistor = 1 × 2 = 2 V i

(4) None of these