1.

At the beginning of compression an ideal dual combustion cycle  2   1 

r  r    147.72    12.310
using air has a pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75F and a 2 1

 1 S  12 
specific volume of 13.2 ft3 per pound. For a compression ratio of
12 and a heat addition of 176 Btu/lb at constant volume and 176 State T h pr u vr
Btu/lb at constant pressure. Calculate the following: 2S 1391 340.55 41.84 245.20 12.315

(A) The pressures and temperatures at the end of isentropic T2s  1391R
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat P   41.84 
P2s  p1  r 2   15    467.8 psia
addition process  Pr 1 S  1.3416 
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejectionR (B) u T3  u T2  q23  245.20  176  421.2
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb T h pr u vr
State 3
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 2253 575.53 283.0 421.09 29.49
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second. T3  2253R
 T   2253 
P3 = P2  3   467.80    757.7 psia
P1 = 15 psia 5  1  13.2 ft 3 / lb  2
T  1391 
T1  75F 1/2 = 12.0 P4 = P3 = 757.7psia
Heat Added: h T4  h T3  q34  575.53  176  751.53
176 Btu/lb at constant volume State T h pr u vr
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure 4 2866 751.54 774.9 555.08 1.3700
See Figure: T4  2866R
k  T4  13.2  2866 
  4  3    1.40 ft 3 /lb
(A) P2  P1  1   15(12)1.4 = 15(32.4) = 486 psia  T3  12  2253 
 2 
k 1    13.2 
  (C ) r 5  r 4  5   1.3700    12.92
T2  T1  1   535 12    1.4 
0.40
 1446R  4

 2 T h pr u vr
q 176 State 5
1367 334.31 39.16 240.60 12.931
(B ) T3  T2  23  1446   2475R
Cv 0.171 T5  1367R
T   2475  P   39.16 
P3 = P2  3  =486   =832 psia P5  P4  r 5   757.7    38.3 psia
 T2   1446  P
 r4   774.9 
P4 = P3  832 psia (D) qR  u T5  u T1
q 176  240.60  91.19  149.41Btu / lb
T4  T2  34  2475   3208R
Cp 0.24 w k (net )
(E)  qs  qR  352  149.41  202.59 Btu/lb
 T  13.2  3208  J
(C) 4  3  4    1.426 ft 3 / lb q  qR 202.59
 T3  12  2475  (F) et  s =  57.6%
qs 352
k 1
 
0.40
 1.426  202.59(0.50)(60)
T5  T4  4   3208    1317R (G) w k '   143 hp

 5  13.2  42.42
(D ) qR  Cv T5  T1   0.1711317  535  = 134 Btu/lb 3. A boiler produces 250,000 pounds of steam per hour at 1200 psia
w(net) and 1050 F from feed water entering the boiler at 1500 psia and
(E)  qs  qR  352  134  218 Btu/lb 300F. Fuel oil having a higher heating value of 18,000 Btu/lb is
J
q  qR 218 supplied to the burners at a rate of 20,500 lb/hr. Furnace volume is
(F) e t  s   61.9% 1500 cubic feet. Calculate:
qs 352
'
218(0.5)(60) (A) Boiler capacity, MB/hr
(G ) w k   154.2 hp
42.42 (B) Factor of Evaporation
(C) Equivalent Evaporation, lb/hr
2. At the beginning of compression an ideal dual combustion cycle (D) Furnace heat-release rate, Btu/hr.ft3
using air has a pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75F and a (E) Boiler efficiency, %
specific volume of 13.2 ft3 per pound. For a compression ratio of

12 and a heat addition of 176 Btu/lb at constant volume and 176
from: Steam Tables
Btu/lb at constant pressure. Calculate the following (using air
table): hsteam = 1528.9 Btu/lb
h for water = hf 300 Fand 1500 psi = 272.39 Btu/lb
(A) The pressure and temperature at the end of isentropic
(A) Capacity = 250,000(1528.9 - 272.4) = 314.1mB/hr
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat h - h 1528.9 - 272.4
(B) FE = out in = = 1.295
addition process hfg 970.3
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejection process
(D) Equivalent Evaporation =1.295(250,000)
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb  323,750 lb/hr
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 250,000(18,000)
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on (D) Furnace heat release rate =
1500
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second.
 = 246,000 Btu/hr.ft 2
20,500(1528.9-272.4)
Note: This solution is based on table attached with (E) eboiler   85%
interpolation to the nearest degree.  20,500 18,000 
P1 = 15 psia 1  13.2 ft 3 / lb
T1  75F 1 / 2  12.0
Heat Added: 176 Btu/lb at constant volume
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure

State T h pr u vr
1 535 126.78 1.3416 91.19 147.72
4. A Rankine steam power cycle operates with steam at 600 psia and (A) NA = 240 rpm
850 F from the boiler and a condenser pressure of one inch of (SHP)A = 35,000hp
mercury absolute. Sketch the cycle on h-s and T-s coordinates and
em = 0.95
determine for the cycle:
SHP 35,000
IHP A = = =36,840hp
(A) Enthalpies for the steam leaving the boiler, leaving the em 0.95
turbine, leaving the condenser and leaving the pump, Btu/lb (MLHP)A =IHP-SHP=36,840-35,000=1840hp
(B) The pump work, Btu/lb 2
N 
2
(C) Heat supplied , Btu/lb  122 
(MLHP)B =(MLHP)A  B  =1840   =475hp
(D) Heat Rejected, Btu/lb  NA   240 
(E) Net work, Btu/lb
(F) The turbine work, Btu/lb (B) SHP=4750, MLHP=475,
(G) The thermal efficiency, % IHP=4750+475=5225
(H) The average temperature of heat receipt as determined by the SHP 4750
heat added divided by the change of entropy during addition em = = = 0.909 = 90.9%
IHP 5225
of heat, F
(C) Refer to figure 9-10: P1 = 1250 psia ; t1  940F ; Pa=0.70psi
h1 = 1462.6 ; s1 = sa = 1.5994
ha = 876.0
(A.E.)t = h1 - ha = 1462.6 - 876 = 586.6 Btu/min
wk  shaft  2545 xSHP 2545 x 4750
 = = 376 Btu/lb
J m' 32150

ees 
 Wshaft   376  0.641  64.1%
J(A.E.)t 586.6
(wk )t 2545 xIHP 2545 x 5225
(D )   = 413.6 Btu/lb
J m' 32150
wk t 413.6
eei    0.705  70.5%
J ( AE )t 586.6
ees 64.1
eei    0.705  70.5%
em 90.9

from: Steam Tables and Mollier Chart;
6. In a simple impulse stage, steam leaves the nozzles with a velocity
h1 = 49.4 (from table 4)
of 1200 ft/s. The nozzle angle is 15 deg. Assume the bucket
h2 = 1435.4 ; s2 =1.6559 entrance and exit angles are to be the same and that the bucket
h3 = 890 velocity coefficient is 0.88. The wheel speed is 580 ft/s, and steam
h4 = 47.1 ; s 4 = 0.09146 = s1 is supplied to the turbine at the rate of 6000 lb/hr. Find
w k (pump)
(B) = h1 - h4 = 49.4 - 47.1 = 2.3 Btu/lb (A) The required bucket entrance angle for the given conditions
J (B) The bucket work, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(C) qs = h2 - h1 = 1435.4 - 49.4 = 1386.0 Btu/lb (C) The power developed in the buckets, hp
(D) qR = h3 - h4 = 890 - 47.1 = 842.9 Btu/lb (D) The available energy to the buckets, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(E) The diagram efficiency.
(E) Net Work = qs - qR  1386.0  842.9 = 543.1 Btu/lb
(F) Turbine Work = h2  h1  1435.4  890.00 = 545.4 Btu/lb 
q  qR 1386.0  842.9 Refer to Fig. 12-2:
(G ) e t  s   39.2%
qs 1386.0 V1 = 1200 ft/s  = 15
output Wturbine  Wpump 545.4 - 2.3 Vb = 580 ft/s Cb  0.88
et  = = = 39.2%
input qs 1386.0 1   2
q
 s  460 
1386.0
 460  426F V1 sin  1200 sin15
(H) t AV (A) tan 1  
s 1.5644 V1 cos   Vb 1200 cos15  580
1 =  2  28.2
5. A geared turbine propulsion unit delivers 35,000 shaft horsepower
at full power with a shaft speed of 240 rpm. The mechanical V cos   Vb 1200 cos15  580
Vr1  1  = 657.1 ft/s
efficiency of the unit under this conditions is 95%. At 122 rpm the cos 1 cos 28.2
unit delivers 4750 shp, receiving steam at the throttle at 1250 psia Vr2  Cb Vr1 = 0.88(657.1) = 578.2 ft/s
and 940F at the rate of 32,150 lb/hr and exhausting to a condenser
580  657.1cos 28.2  578.2cos 28.2 
(B)  wk b 
at 0.7 psia. Assuming the mechanical losses vary as the square of
the rotative speed, find the 122-rpm condition: 32.2
A. The estimated mechanical loss, hp  Btu 
B. The mechanical efficiency,%  wk b  19,610 ft-lb   = 25.2 Btu/lb
C. The shaft engine efficiency,%  778 
D. The internal engine efficiency, % (C) Wk ' =m'(w k )  where : m '= 6000 lb/hr = 100 lb/min
 100(19,610)
Wk ' = 100(19,610) = = 59.4 hp
 33,000
or:Alternate Solution:
6000 x 25.3
Wk ' = 6000 x 25.2 Btu/hr =  59.4 hp
2545
V12 (1200)2
(D) (A.E.)b =  = 22,360 ft-lb/lb
2g c 2(32.2)
22,360
or: ( A.E )b = = 28.74 Btu/lb
778
(w k )b 19,610
(E) eb    0.877  87.7%
 A.E.b 22,360
7. Steam enters a simple impulse bucket wheel with an absolute V22
velocity of 450 m/s and a relative velocity of 270 m/s. It leaves the D) h2' = h2 
2g c J
blades with relative velocity of 230 m/s and an absolute velocity of
 350 
2
105 m/s. Find: = 1184.7  = 1187.1 Btu/lb
2  32.2  778 
(A) The bucket velocity coefficient (E) P2 ' = 140 psia
(B) The available energy, kJ/kg
h g - h 2' 1193.8  1187.1
(C) The bucket loss, kJ/kg m2 ' =   0.77%
(D) The unused kinetic energy at exit, kJ/kg hfg 868.7
(E) The diagram efficiency.


9. The first stage of a 50% reaction groups receives steam with a
V1 = 450 m/s Vr2 = 230 m/s negligible approach velocity at a pressure of 300 psia with a
Vr1 = 270 m/s V2 = 105 m/s temperature of 520F. The available energy to the stage is 10
1   2 Btu/lb, the fixed blade efficiency is 96%, the velocity coefficient for
the moving row is 0.88, the reactive effectiveness is 90%, and the
Vr2 230
(A) Cb    0.85 relative inlet and absolute exit velocities are 146 ft/s and 160 ft/s,
Vr1 270
respectively. Assume the stage efficiency is the same as the
combined blade efficiency and calculate the following:
V12 (450)2 x10 3
(B) (A.E.)b =  = 101.25 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (A) The steam velocity leaving the fixed blades, ft/s
(B) The relative exit velocity from the moving blades, ft/s
Vr12  Vr22  270    230 
2 2
(C) The stage work, Btu/lb
(C) bucket loss   x10 3  10 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (D) The combined blade efficiency, %
(E) The enthalpy of the steam entering the succeeding stage,
V2 2 105  x10
3 2

(D) KE 2 
Btu/lb for complete velocity carryover
 = 5.51 kJ/kg
2g c 2


(E) eb 
V1
2
 
 V2 2  Vr 12  Vr 2 2  P0 = 300 psia t o = 520°F (AE)st  10 Btu/lb
V 2 en = 0.96 ; Cm = 0.88 ; eR = 0.90
1
Vr1  146 ft/s
 450    270    0.847  84.7%
V2 = 160 ft/s
 105    230 
2 2 2 2

eb 
 450   AE st
2
10
(A)  AE n   AE R    5 Btu/lb
w k b  AE  b losses 101.25  10  5.51 2 2
or : eb     84.7% V1   2gc J en  AE n
 AE b ( AE )b 101.25
  2  32.2  778    0.96  5  = 490 ft/s

 Vr2   Cm Vr2 
2 2

8. The impulse stage of a turbine receives steam at 220 psia with a (B) = = eR  AE R
temperature of 420F when the stage pressure is 140 psia. Under 2gc J 2gc J
these conditions the available energy to the stage is 38.5 Btu/lb,  Cm Vr1    2g c J  eR  AE R
2
Vr2 
the nozzle-bucket efficiency is 85% and the absolute blade
 0.88 146     2 32.2 778   0.90 5 
2
entrance and exit velocities are 1350 f/s and 350 ft/s respectively. 
Assume the stage efficiency is equal to the nozzle-bucket
 492 ft/s
efficiency and calculate:

(A) The enthalpy of the steam after isentropic expansion to the

(C)
 wk  =
V 1
2
 
- V2 2 + Vr2 2 - Vr12 
stage pressure, Btu/lb
J 2gc J
(B) The enthalpy of the steam entering the blades, Btu/lb
(C) The enthalpy of the steam leaving the blades
(D) The enthalpy of the steam leaving the stage if there is =
 490  - 160   +  492 - 146   = 8.69 Btu/lb
2 2 2 2

negligible carryover velocity, Btu/lb 2  32.2  778 

(E) The state of the steam leaving the stage, pressure (psia) and
moisture (%) for the conditions postulated (D) above
 w k st 8.69
(D) ecb = = = 0.869 = 86.9%
 J  A.E.st 10
  w k st  v 2 2
h2 = ho  
Refer to Fig. 12-2: J  A.E.st 2g c J
P0 = 220 psia t o = 420°F
160 
2

 AE st = 38.5 Btu/lb h2 = 1269.4 - 8.7 -  1260.2 Btu/lb

2  32.2  778 
P1 = P2 = P2' = 140 psia
nozzle-bucket efficiency = 85%
V1 = 1350 ft/s ; V2 = 350 ft/s 10. A solid brick wall separates two rooms. The surface temperature
on one side of the wall is 50C, the surface temperature on the
(A) ha = ho - (AE)st = 1219.8 - 38.5 = 1181.3 Btu/lb opposite side is 15C, k for the brick is 1.32 W/m.C and the wall is
20 cm thick. Calculate the heat transfer for a wall surface are of 10
1350 
2
V1 m2:
(B) h1  ho   1219.8  = 1183.4 Btu/lb
2g c J (2)(32.2)(778)
 w k st 
(C) = emeb  AE st = 0.85(38.5) = 32.7 Btu/lb
J
 w k st  V2 2 t a  50C ; t b  15C
h2  ho  
J 2gc J A = 10 m2 ; k = 1.32 W/m.C ; L =0.20 m
 350 
2
kA  ta  t b  (1.32)(10)(50  15)
= 1219.8 - 32.7 - = 1187.1 Btu/lb Q=  = 2310 W
2  32.2  778  L 0.20
11. A typical furnace side wall is constructed of a 1-in layer of 1 1 LP La Lm 1
diatomaceous earth insulating block, and 2 ½ in high temperature =    +
U r   
r r  r  h
insulating brick faced with 4 ½ in. Firebrick with a 1/8-in steel h1  1  k p  p  k a  a  k m  m  2
casing. Average values of thermal conductivities are:  4
r  4
r  4
r  r4 
diatomaceous earth insulating block, 0.063; insulating brick, 0.62 ;
1 1 0.30
firebrick, 4.0; and steel casing 26 Btu/hr.ft.F. Average film = 
U  1.45   1.60 
coefficients are 3.0 and 2.2 Btu/hr.ft.2F for inner and outer surface
films, respectively. The wall area is 50 ft2 , the average gas
 40    12  26   4.25 
 4.25   
temperature is 2100F and the ambient air temperature is 100F.
1.50 1.0 1
Calculate :   +
 2.42   3.73  1.2
(A) heat transfer coefficient, U, for this furnace wall, and
12  0.08    12  0.04   4.25 
(B) the heat transferred by the wall because of the conduction.  4.25   
(C) Calculate the temperature at the interface between the
insulating brick and diatomaceous insulating block.
U = 0.1659 Btu/lb.ft 2 F(external area)
'
 2 r4 
(B) Q  UA  t1  t 2   U  x  (t 1 t 2 )
  12 
(A) k fb = 4.0 ; k IB = 0.62; k DE = 0.063  2  4.25  
k s = 26 Btu/hr.ft.F Q =  0.1659   180   (800  100)  46,516 Btu/hr
 12 
h1 = 3.0 ; h2 = 2.2 Btu/ft 2.hr.F
1 1 L fb LIb LDE LS 1 13. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for tubular heat
=     + exchanger wherein the liquid carried in the tubes is heated by
U h1 k fb kIb k DE k s h2
steam which surrounds them. The tubes are 5/8 in. Admiralty
1 1 4.5 2.5 1 0.125 1 metal with a wall thickness of 0.049 in. The steam surface film
=     
U 3.0 12  4  12  0.62  12  0.063  12  26  2.2 coefficient is 1250 Btu/hr.ft2.F and the liquid surface film
coefficient is 20 Btu/hr.ft2.F.
U = 0.394 Btu/hr.ft 2 .F 
'
(B) Q  UA  t1  t 2   (0.394)(50)(2100  100) 

Q = 39,400 Btu/hr h1=20; h2 =1250 Btu/hr.ft 2.F

(C) for parallel Surfaces; A = A 1= A FB = A IB r2 = 0.3125 in. ; r1 = 0.2635 in; k = 70 Btu/hr.ft.F
0.333 0.094 0.336 2.54 r1 + r2 0.2635 + 0.3125
R1= ; RFB = ; RFB = ; Rt = rt = = =0.288
A1 A FB A IB A 2 2
1 1 L 1
t1 = 2100F and t 2 = 100F =  +
U  r1   rt  h2
 R + RFB + RIB  h1   k t  
t to interface =  1   t1  t 2   r2   r2 
 Rt  1 0.0490 1
A  0.333 + 0.094+ 0.336  =  + = 0.0602
 0.2635   0.288  1250
= 
A   2100  100   600F  20    12  70   0.3125 
2.540   0.3125   
Temperature at interface = 2100 - 600 = 1500F 1
U = = 16.61Btu/ hr.ft 2 .F
0.0602
12. A high temperature steam line is covered with two successive
layers of insulation. The layer in contact with the pipe is 1 ½ in
thickness of asbestos for which k is 0.08 Btu/hr.ft.F. The asbestos 14. In the first stage of gas turbine, air enters a group of nozzles at
is covered with a 1-in thickness of magnesia insulation, which has 1200 F and leaves at 950F. The entering velocity, ft/s is
a value of 0.04. The internal pipe diameter is 2.90 in., the pipe wall negligible.
thickness is 0.30 in and k for the pipe is 26 Btu/hr.ft.F. The steam A. Find the kinetic energy; Btu/lb.
temperature is 800F, and the internal surface film coefficient is 40 B. The velocity of air leaving the nozzle.
Btu/lb.ft2 .F, while the ambient outer temperature is 100F and the 
outer surface film coefficient is 1.2.Calculate : V22
(A) KE2   h1  h2 ; where: h1- h2 = Cp (T1-T2 )
(A) the value of U based upon the external area of magnesia 2g c J
covering, KE2 = Cp (T1 - T2 ) = 0.24(1660 - 1440) = 60 Btu/lb
(B) the heat loss from the steam for a length of 180 feet of pipe,
Btu/hr V22
(B)  h1  h2  Cp (T1-T2 )
2g c J

h1 = 40 V2  2gc JCp T1  T2   2  32.2  778  0.24  250  = 1734 ft/s
ka = 0.08
t1 = 800F 15. A propulsion turbine receives steam at the throttle at 875 psia
and 940F at the rate of 100,000 lb/hr. After an irreversible
2 expansion process, the steam exhausts from the turbine at a
h2 = 1.2 Btu/hr.ft .F
km = 0.04 pressure of 0.60 psia with a moisture content of 10%.Assume
t2 = 200 F difference between the entrance and exit kinetic energies is
negligible and find:
A. Work done, Btu/lb.
kp = 26 Btu/hr.ft.F
B. The power developed, hp
x = 180 ft length

r2 - r1 1.75-1.45
(A) rp = pipe mean radius = = = 1.60 in. P1 = 875 psia ; t1 = 940F
 r2   1.75 
ln   ln  1.45  P2 = 0.60 psia ; m2  0.10
 r1   
from:steam tables: h1 = 1475.6 and
r3 - r2 3.25 -1.75
ra = pipe asbestos radius = = = 2.42 in. h2 = 1098.6 - 0.1(1045.4)=994.1
 r3   3.25 
ln   ln  1.75  w
 r2    (A) k12 =  h2 - h1  = 1475.6 - 994.1 = 481.5 Btu/lb
J
r4 - r3 4.25 -3.25
rm = mean magnesia radius = = = 3.73 in. m'wk12 10,000(481.5)
 r4   4.25  (B) W'k12    18,920 hp
ln   ln   2545 2545
 r3   3.25 