Problem 3.

65 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) for the circuit
in Fig. P3.65.

V 2.5 Ω a
+
3Ω Voc
b _
4A 4Ω 6Ω +
_ 2V

Figure P3.65: Circuit for Problem 3.65.

Solution:
V V V −2
+ + =4
4 6 3
56
Hence, V = 9 V.
56
VTh = Voc = V − 2 = − 2 = 4.22 V.
9
Suppressing the sources:
2.5 Ω a

3Ω RTh
b
4Ω 6Ω

2.5 Ω a

4 RTh
Ω
3
b
4
RTh = + 2.5 = 3.83 Ω
3
Thévenin equivalent circuit:
3.83 Ω a

+
4.22 V _
b

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Problem 3.66 The circuit in Fig. P3.66 is to be connected to a load resistor RL
between terminals (a, b).
(a) Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b).
(b) Choose RL so that the current flowing through it is 0.5 A.

4A

I3
4Ω c 6Ω d a
+
8Ω
I1
4Ω + I2 10 Ω Voc
_ 48 V
b _

Figure P3.66: Circuit for Problems 3.66 and 3.67.

Solution:
(a) Mesh current method gives:

16I1 − 8I2 − 4I3 = −48

−8I1 + 24I2 − 6I3 = 48
I3 = −4 A

Solution gives: I1 = −4.2 A, I2 = −0.4 A.

VTh = Voc = 10I2 = 10 × (−0.4) = −4 V.

Suppressing the sources:

4Ω 6Ω a

4Ω 8Ω 10 Ω Req

5Ω Req

(b)
5Ω a

_
4V + RL
I

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 4
I= = 0.5 A
5 + RL
It follows:
RL = 3 Ω.

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Problem 3.68 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) for the circuit
in Fig. P3.68.

8V
4Ω
+_
I3
2Ω d 2Ω a
+
4Ω 4Ω Voc
b _
+ I1 2Ω I2 +
_ 6V 12 V _
e c

Figure P3.68: Circuit for Problems 3.68 through 3.70.

Solution: Since all sources in the circuit are voltage sources, the mesh current by-
inspection method can be applied:
    
8 −2 −2 I1 6
−2 8 −2 I2  = −12
−2 −2 8 I3 −8
Matrix inversion yields:
I1 = −0.1 A, I2 = −1.9 A, I3 = −1.5 A.
VTh = Voc = 4I2 = 4(−1.9) = −7.6 V.
Suppressing sources:
4Ω

2Ω 2Ω
a

4Ω Req
4Ω 2Ω
b

Y ∆

4Ω

6Ω
a

6Ω 6Ω
4Ω 4Ω Req

Further simplification leads to

RTh = 1.6 Ω.
Hence, the Thévenin circuit is:

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 1.6 Ω
a
+
−7.6 V _
b

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Problem 3.77 Obtain the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b) in
Fig. P3.77.
2Ω 8Ω 6Ω
b a
+ +
1V _ 4Ω _ 5V 4Ω

Figure P3.77: Circuit of Problem 3.77.

Solution: We start by choosing a ground node as shown.

2Ω 8Ω 6Ω
b a
+ +
1V _ 4Ω _ 5V 4Ω

Fig. P3.77 (a)

Thévenin Voltage:
Node b is at Vb = 1 V.

Through voltage division

5×4
Va = = 2 V.
4+6
Hence,
VTh = Vab = Va −Vb = 2 − 1 = 1 V.

Equivalent Resistance
Suppressing sources, the circuit becomes

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 2Ω d 8Ω c 6Ω
b a

4Ω 4Ω

b c c

8
2 Ω || 4 Ω = Ω 8Ω
6 c 6 Ω || 4 Ω = 2.4 Ω
b a

c 2.4 Ω
b a

Fig. P3.77 (b)

RTh = 2.4 Ω.

Thévenin Equivalent
2.4 Ω
a
+
1V _

Fig. P3.77 (c)

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Problem 3.81 What value of the load resistor RL will extract the maximum amount
of power from the circuit in Fig. P3.81, and how much power will that be?

4Ω 4Ω 6Ω a

2Ω 3A 8Ω RL
b

Figure P3.81: Circuit for Problem 3.81.

Solution: We start by obtaining the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals (a, b),
as if RL were not there. We first find Voc :
V V
−3+ =0
6 12
V = 12 V.
Hence,
4Ω V 4Ω 6Ω a
+
2Ω 3A 8Ω Voc
b _

Voltage division gives:

 
8 8
VTh = Voc = V= × 12 = 8 V.
4+8 12
Next, we suppress the current source to find RTh :
4Ω 4Ω 6Ω
a
2Ω 8Ω RTh
b

Simplification leads to:

RTh = 10.44 Ω.
Equivalent circuit:
10.44 Ω
I
+
8V _ RL

For maximum power transfer to RL ,

RL = RTh = 10.44 Ω
8
I= = 0.38 A
2 × 10.44
Pmax = I 2 RL = (0.38)2 × 10.44 = 1.53 W.

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