Applic

DIANA
Finite Element Analysis
User’s Manual
Application Modules
Release 9.4.3
TNO DIANA BV
ii
DIANA – Finite Element Analysis

User’s Manual release 9.4.3
Application Modules
Edited by: Jonna Manie
Published by:
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First edition, November 8, 2010.

Copyright © 2010 by TNO DIANA bv, all rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The information in this document is subjected to change without notice and should
not be construed as a commitment by TNO DIANA bv. TNO DIANA bv assumes
no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
The Diana system is the sole property of TNO DIANA bv. Software materials made
available are solely for use at a single site; they are not to be distributed to others
without prior written permission of TNO DIANA bv.
This document was prepared with the LATEX Document Preparation System.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

Contents at a Glance
Preface xi
I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 1

1 Introduction to Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 5
2 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 7
3 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis 11
4 Result Definitions 19
II Sequential Linear Analysis 23

5 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis 25
6 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis 29
7 Sequential Linear Analysis 39
III Parameter Estimation 43

8 Introduction to Parameter Estimation 47
9 Input for Parameter Estimation 51
10 Parameter Estimation Analysis 65
11 Loads Optimization 73
12 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane 79
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

iv
IV Lattice Analysis 89
13 Introduction to Lattice Analysis 91
14 Pull Test on DEN Specimen 93
15 Shear Test on DEN Specimen 117
16 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide 123
V Preprocessing 139
17 The Mesh Editor 141
Bibliography 179
Index 181

Contents
Preface xi
I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 1

1 Introduction to Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 5
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Composed Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 7
3 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis 11

3.1 Linear Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Loadcase Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Load Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Output of Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Result Definitions 19
4.1 Reinforcement Area Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Diameter and Spacing Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
II Sequential Linear Analysis 23

5 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis 25
5.1 Stiffness Reduction with Constant Increments . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2 Stiffness Reduction with Variable Increments . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis 29

6.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Compressive Stress-Strain Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3 Stiffness Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

vi CONTENTS
7 Sequential Linear Analysis 39

7.1 Model Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.2 Step Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.3.1 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
III Parameter Estimation 43

8 Introduction to Parameter Estimation 47
8.1 Some Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.2 How to Use Module PAREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9 Input for Parameter Estimation 51

9.1 Target Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1.1 Material Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.1.2 Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.1.3 Weighting the Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.2 Parameter Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.2.1 Parameter Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.2.2 Superparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.2.3 Weighting the Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
9.3 User-supplied Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.3.1 Superparameter USRPAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9.3.2 Bounds USRBOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
10 Parameter Estimation Analysis 65

10.1 Preliminary Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.2 Analysis Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.2.1 Linear Static Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
10.2.2 Nonlinear Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
10.2.3 Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
10.3.1 Job Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
10.3.2 Estimation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11 Loads Optimization 73
11.1 Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.1.1 Target Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.2.1 Model Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.2.2 Analysis Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.3 Output of Analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.3.2 Optimized Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

CONTENTS vii
12 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane 79

12.1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.2 Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.2.1 Element Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.2.2 Material Data, Supports and Loads . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.3 Preliminary Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.3.1 Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.3.2 Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
12.4.1 Additional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.4.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
IV Lattice Analysis 89
13 Introduction to Lattice Analysis 91
13.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
13.2 The Delft Lattice Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14 Pull Test on DEN Specimen 93

14.1.1 Geometry Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
14.1.2 Modeling of the Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
14.1.3 Specimen Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14.1.4 Lattice–Continuum Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14.1.5 Meshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
14.1.6 Particle Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
14.2 Checking the Finite Element Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
14.2.1 Linear Deformation and Eigenmodes . . . . . . . . . . . 107
14.2.2 Calibration of Young’s Moduli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
14.3.1 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
14.3.2 Analysis Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14.3.3 Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
14.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
15 Shear Test on DEN Specimen 117

15.1.1 Meshing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.2 Preparing the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
15.3 Analysis Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

viii CONTENTS
16 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide 123

16.1 Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
16.1.1 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
16.1.2 Element Geometry Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
16.2.1 Lattice Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
16.2.2 Lattice Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
16.2.3 Lattice Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
16.3 Output of General Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
16.3.1 Model Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
V Preprocessing 139
17 The Mesh Editor 141
17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
17.1.1 Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
17.1.2 Tool Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
17.1.3 Graphics Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
17.1.4 Model Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
17.1.5 Selections Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
17.2.1 BAROR – CBAR Entry Default Values . . . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.2 BEAMOR – CBEAM Entry Default Values . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.3 CBAR – Simple Beam Element Connection . . . . . . . 152
17.2.4 CBEAM – Beam Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.5 CBUSH – Generalized Spring-and-Damper Connection . 153
17.2.6 CGAP – Gap Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
17.2.7 CHBDYE – Geometric Surface Element (Element Form) 154
17.2.8 CHBDYG – Geometric Surface Element (Grid Form) . . 154
17.2.9 CHEXA – Six-Sided Solid Element Connection . . . . . 154
17.2.10 CONM2 – Concentrated Mass Element Connection (Rigid
Body Form) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
17.2.11 CONROD – Rod Element Property and Connection . . 155
17.2.12 CONV – Heat Boundary Element Free Convection . . . 156
17.2.13 CORD1C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form 1) . . 156
17.2.14 CORD1R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form 1) . 156
17.2.15 CORD1S – Special Coordinate System (Form 1) . . . . 156
17.2.16 CORD2C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form 2) . . 156
17.2.17 CORD2R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form 2) . 156
17.2.18 CORD2S – Special Coordinate System (Form 2) . . . . 157
17.2.19 CPENTA – Five-Sided Solid Element Connection . . . . 157
17.2.20 CQUAD4 – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connection . . 157
17.2.21 CQUAD8 – Curved Quadrilateral Shell Element Con-
nection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

CONTENTS ix
17.2.22 CQUADR – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connection . . 158

17.2.23 CROD – Rod Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
17.2.24 CTETRA – Four-Sided Solid Element Connection . . . . 159
17.2.25 CTRIA3 – Triangular Plate Element Connection . . . . 159
17.2.26 CTRIA6 – Curved Triangular Shell Element Connection 160
17.2.27 CTRIAR – Triangular Plate Element Connection . . . . 160
17.2.28 CTRIAX6 – Axisymmetric Triangular Element Connection160
17.2.29 CTUBE – Tube Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . . 161
17.2.30 FORCE – Static Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
17.2.31 FORCE1 – Static Force (Form 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
17.2.32 FORCE2 – Static Force (Form 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
17.2.33 GRAV – Acceleration or Gravity Load . . . . . . . . . . 162
17.2.34 GRID – Grid Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
17.2.35 LOAD – Static Load Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
17.2.36 MAT1 – Isotropic Material Property . . . . . . . . . . . 162
17.2.37 MAT3 – CTRIAX6 Material Property . . . . . . . . . . 163
17.2.38 MAT4 – Isotropic Heat Transfer Material Properties . . 163
17.2.39 MAT8 – Shell Element Orthotropic Material Property . 163
17.2.40 MATT1 – Isotropic Material Temperature Dependence . 164
17.2.41 MATT4 – Thermal Material Temperature Dependence . 164
17.2.42 MOMENT – Static Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
17.2.43 MOMENT1 – Static Moment (Form 1) . . . . . . . . . . 165
17.2.44 MOMENT2 – Static Moment (Form 2) . . . . . . . . . . 165
17.2.45 MPC – Multipoint Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
17.2.46 PBAR – Simple Beam Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
17.2.47 PBARL – Simple Beam Cross-Section Property . . . . . 166
17.2.48 PBCOMP – Beam Property (Alternate of PBEAM) . . . 167
17.2.49 PBEAM – Beam Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
17.2.50 PBEAML – Beam Cross-Section Property . . . . . . . . 168
17.2.51 PBUSH – Generalized Spring-and-Damper Property . . 169
17.2.52 PCOMP – Layered Composite Element Property . . . . 169
17.2.53 PCONV – Convection Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
17.2.54 PGAP – Gap Element Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
17.2.55 PLOAD1 – Applied Load on CBAR, CBEAM or CBEND
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
17.2.56 PLOAD2 – Uniform Normal Pressure Load on a Surface
Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
17.2.57 PLOAD4 – Pressure Load on Surface and Faces of Solid
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
17.2.58 PLOADX1 – Pressure Load on Axisymmetric Element . 172
17.2.59 PROD – Rod Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
17.2.60 PSHELL – Shell Element Property . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
17.2.61 PSOLID – Properties of Solid Elements . . . . . . . . . 173
17.2.62 PTUBE – Tube Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
17.2.63 QHBDY – Boundary Heat Flux Load . . . . . . . . . . 173

x CONTENTS
17.2.64 QVOL – Volume Heat Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

17.2.65 RBAR1 – Rigid Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
17.2.66 RBE1 – Rigid Body Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
17.2.67 RFORCE – Rotational Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
17.2.68 RJOINT – Rigid Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.69 RROD – Rigid Pin-Ended Element Connection . . . . . 175
17.2.70 RTRPLT1 – Rigid Triangular Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.71 SPC – Single-Point Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
17.2.72 SPC1 – Single-Point Constraint (Alternate of SPC) . . 176
17.2.73 SPCD – Enforced Motion Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
17.2.74 TEMP – Grid Point Temperature Field . . . . . . . . . 176
17.2.75 TEMPBC – Grid Point Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . 176
17.2.76 TEMPD – Grid Point Temperature Field Default . . . . 177
Bibliography 179
Index 181

Preface
This volume of the Diana User’s Manual describes various special application
modules of the Diana finite element code. It comprises the following parts:
I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking — describes Module design for rein-
forcement grid design checking [p. 3].
II Sequential Linear Analysis — describes Module seqlin for sequential linear

analysis [p. 25].
III Parameter Estimation — describes Module parest for parameter estima-
tion [p. 45], and the special Module balance for load optimization [Ch. 11
p. 73].
IV Lattice Analysis — describes Module lattic for lattice analysis [p. 91].
V Preprocessing — describes how to verify and complete the input of a finite
element model with the Mesh Editor [Ch. 17 p. 141].
Cautionary note
Throughout this manual, it will be assumed that the reader has a basic
understanding of computational mechanics and the Finite Element
Method and some experience with the use of Diana for regular finite
element analysis.
This volume should be used in combination with Volume Analysis Procedures,

Volume Element Library, and Volume Material Libraray. See also Volume Pre-
and Postprocessing, and Volume Getting Started.

xii Preface

Part I
Reinforcement Grid Design

Checking
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
3
Glossary of symbols. This glossary is an addition to the general Glossary

of Symbols for Diana as presented in Volume Analysis Procedures. It contains
the symbols used particularly in reinforcement grid design checking.
Scalars
A Applied area of reinforcement.
Amax Maximum area of reinforcement.
Amin Minimum area of reinforcement.
Areq Required area of reinforcement.
Arat Ratio of required area of reinforcement over applied area of reinforcement.
co Coverage.
d Useful height.
s Spacing between reinforcement bars.
smax Maximum spacing between reinforcement bars.
ht Height/thickness.
φ Diameter of reinforcement bar.
φmax Maximum diameter of bars.
zr Relative internal arm.
c
n0 Combined reinforcement forces.
4
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Checking
1.1 Background
The Diana program is mostly used for nonlinear failure analysis of structures.
Although the new Eurocode allows checking of the design of a structure by
performing a full nonlinear analysis, the design engineer still has to prove that
standard design checks with respect to the amount of steel reinforcements are
satisfied. The *DESIGN application in Diana allows the user to perform the
most important design checks with respect to reinforcement grids in concrete
structures in the same finite element model that can be used for a nonlinear
failure analysis of the structure.
Whereas a nonlinear failure analysis evaluates in each integration point the
stresses based on the equilibrium condition and the nonlinear material charac-
teristics, the design check analysis checks the cross–section bending moments
and forces resulting from a linear analysis against the condition that the failure
stresses in the reinforcement and concrete are in equilibrium.
1.2 Results
The basic results in a design check are the linear cross–section forces and bending
moments. Although all available element types in Diana can be applied in a
design checking analysis, at the moment the reinforcement grids can only be
checked in four types of elements:
grid reinforcements in curved shell elements
6 Introduction to Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
grid reinforcements in layered shell elements
grid reinforcements in structured composed solids
grid reinforcements in unstructured composed solids
In curved and layered shell elements the cross–section forces and bending mo-
ments are calculated with reference to the neutral plane of the elements. For
composed solids the reference plane must be defined by composed surface ele-
ments (see Volume Element Library) which must be defined by the user. For
composed solids the cross–section forces and bending moments are calculated
by integration of the stresses in the solid elements in the direction normal to
the reference plane. Only the reinforcements located in solid elements that
contribute to a composed element are considered in the design checks.
1.3 Composed Solids

A structured composed solid approach is suitable for solid models for which the
solid elements are generated using a sweep option in the thickness direction. In
such model the relation between solid elements and reference planes is clearly
defined: each solid element can contribute to one composition only. For some
models, such as tet meshes, the concept of structured solids may be too restric-
tive. Therefore, the concept of unstructured composed solids is available. In
this approach the intersections of solid elements with normal lines in the nodes
of the composed surface elements are calculated and stresses in solid elements
along these lineas are integrated into cross–section forces and bending moments
in the nodes of the composed surface elements.
For unstructured composed solids the relation between solid elements and
compositions is more complex and the calculation of this relation is more ex-
pensive.
Chapter 2
Input for Reinforcement

Grid Design Checking
The reinforcement grids to be considered in the design check must be identified

by the label DESIGN in the corresponding geometry table. For design reinforce-
ment grids instead of the usual equivalent thickness parameters, the explicit
diameter and spacing of the bars in the grid in both directions must be defined
as geometrical properties.
The design checks make use of table 7.2N and 7.3N of the Eurocode[7]. This
makes the checking unit dependent. That is why the user always has to specify
table ’UNITS’, see Volume Analysis Procedures.
syntax
’GEOMET’
1 5 6 12 13 80
DESIGN
PHI phix r [phiy r ]
SPACIN spacix r [spaciy r ]
[ ZR zr r ]
DESIGN identifies that the reinforcement grid must be considered in the design
check.
PHI phix specifies the diameter φx of the bars in the reinforcement grid in local
x direction. phiy specifies the diameter φy of the bars in the reinforcement
grid in local y direction.
SPACIN spacix specifies the spacing of the bars in the grid reinforcement in
local x direction. spaciy specifies the spacing of the bars in the grid
reinforcement in local y direction.
8 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
Note that if only one value is specified for PHI and SPACIN, no
bars in local y direction of the reinforcement grid are present, i.e.
the reinforcement grid contains only bars in local x direction.
ZR zr specifies the relative internal arm zr . When this parameter is not defined,
[zr = 0.9] the default value of 0.9 will be used.
The directions of the bars are defined with the local x and y axes of the rein-
forcement grid, which can be set by the item XAXIS in the usual way. Diana
will automatically calculate and apply the equivalent thickness parameter THICK
for the reinforcement grids and apply this parameter in the model for follow up
analyses with other applications.
For the design reinforcement grid the Young’s modulus and the yield stress
must be defined as material properties:
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG er
YLDSTR sigy r
(E > 0) YOUNG e is Young’s modulus E.

(σyd > 0) YLDSTR sigy is the design value of the yield stress σyd .
Reinforcement grids which are labeled for design checking do neither contribute
to the stiffness matrix nor to the cross–section forces and bending moments in
a design analysis. However, reinforcements which are not labeled for design
checks will contribute to the stiffness matrix and cross–section results in the
usual way, e.g. prestressed tendons can be modeled as reinforcement bars and
their prestress loading can be applied as one of the load conditions in the design
check.
The useful height and coverage of a reinforcement grid are automatically
calculated from the position of the grid relative to the reference plane of the
grid element and the outer face, respectively.
For the concrete the tensile strength and crack width class must be defined
as material properties:
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
FTCM ftcm r
CRACKW crackw w
SMALL
MEDIUM
LARGE
9
(ftcm > 0) FTCM ftcm specifies the average tensile strength of the concrete ftcm .
CRACKW crackw defines the allowed crack width, which should be defined de-
pendent on the environmental conditions: SMALL corresponds with a crack
width of 0.2 mm; MEDIUM with a crack with of 0.3 mm; and LARGE with a
crack width of 0.4 mm.
10 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
Chapter 3

Checking Analysis
The command syntax of a design checking analysis is as follows:

syntax
*DESIGN
[ EXECUT ··· ]
[ COMBIN ··· ] ···
[ ENVELO ··· ] ···
[ OUTPUT ··· ] ···
*END
EXECUT defines the execution of the linear analysis and the calculation of the
distributed bending moments and forces in reference planes [§ 3.1].
COMBIN defines one loadcase combination [§ 3.2 p. 12]. This command block may
be repeated. Each loadcase combination may contain only a single mobile
loadcase.
ENVELO defines one load envelope [§ 3.3 p. 13]. This command block may be
repeated. Envelopes may be defined over loadcase or load combinations
or combinations of both.
OUTPUT defines results to be output to an output device [§ 3.4 p. 14]. This
command block may be repeated, e.g. for different output devices. Output
can be selected for loadcases, load combinations, or load envelopes. The
output command executes the definition of load combinations and load
envelopes as defined in the command blocks above.
12 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis
3.1 Linear Analysis

The EXECUT command block is defined as follows:
syntax
BEGIN EXECUT
[ OFF ]
[ MODEL EVALUA COMPOS [ UNSTRU ] ]
[ SOLVE · · · ]
END EXECUT
OFF suppresses the execution of the linear analysis.

COMPOS defines that structured composed solids (no addition) or unstructured
composed solids UNSTRU are applied in the model.
SOLVE allows to define non-default solver settings.
3.2 Loadcase Combination

The COMBIN command block is defined as follows:
syntax
BEGIN COMBIN
[ OFF ]
[ NAME name s ]
[ TYPE type s ]
ULS
SLS
CASES cases n...
FACTOR fac r...
END COMBIN
NAME defines the name of the load combination. These names can be refered to
in load envelope definitions or in output selection. name must be a string
of maximum 18 characters.
[ULS] TYPE defines whether the load case is a Ultimate Limit State case (type = ULS)
or a Serviceability Limit State (type = SLS).
CASES defines the load case numbers or load combination numbers as defined
in table ’LOADS’.
FACTOR defines the factors for the load cases defined in the CASES record. The
number of integer items following CASES must be equal to the number of
reals following FACTOR.
3.3 Load Envelope 13
3.3 Load Envelope

An envelope load is defined as a new combination for which the basic results
(displacements, distributed forces, and distributed moments) are chosen for a
set of selected load cases and load combinations, such that for every element
node the load case combination with the minimum or maximum selected result
component is searched and for the node all basic results from this load case
combination are placed in the load envelope. The ENVELO command block is
defined as follows:
syntax
BEGIN ENVELO
[ NAME name s ]
[ TYPE type w ]
MIN
MAX
BEGIN RESULT
DTX
DTY
DTZ
NXX
NYY
NXY
QYZ
QXZ
MXX
MYY
MXY
END RESULT
BEGIN SELECT
CASE case n...
COMBIN combin s...
TYPE type w
ULS
SLS
END SELECT
END ENVELO
NAME defines the name of the load envelope. These names can be refered to in
in output selection. name must be a string of maximum 18 characters.
TYPE defines whether the envelope scan is done for minimum (type = MIN) or [MAX]
for maximum results (type = MAX).
[MXX] RESULT defines the result type over which the envelope scan is performed: DTX,
DTY, and DTZ for displacement components referring to global coordinate
system; NXX, NYY, NXY, QYZ, and QXZ for distributed force components
referring to the local element coordinate system; MXX, MYY, and MXY for
distributed moment components referring to the local element coordinate
system.
[ULS] SELECT defines the load cases numbers, load combinations or types, i.e. Ulti-
mate Limit State case (type = ULS) or a Serviceability Limit State (type
= SLS), over which the envelope scan shall be performed.
3.4 Output of Analysis Results

There are two types of output in the *DESIGN application:
Output related to the reinforcement area, names started with the letters
AS. This output is related to the Ultimate Limit State. There are also
two unity check output, UCMIN and UCMAX, related to the reinforcement
area. These unity checks are defined as ratios, so the values of these unity
checks should be less or equal to 1.0 to comply with the Eurocode.
Unity check output related to the spacing (UCSP) and diameter (UCPHI)
of the reinforcement. The names of these output items start with UC and
are related to the Serviceability Limis State. Unity checks should be less
or equal to 1.0 to comply with the Eurocode.
The OUTPUT command block is defined as follows:

syntax
BEGIN OUTPUT [device w ] [outopt w... ] [params ]
[BEGIN SELECT
CASE case n...
COMBIN combin s...
TYPE type w
ULS
SLS
ENVELO envelo s
END SELECT ]
[ASREQ ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[ASAPL ]
[ASRAT ]
3.4 Output of Analysis Results 15
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCMIN ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCMAX ]
[UCPHI ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCSP ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
END OUTPUT
device specifies the output device: TABULA for tabular output, FXPLUS for
interactive postprocessing of analysis results with FX+, FEMVIE for output
to a database for the iDiana Results environment. Note that the layout
of tabular output can not be specified in this application.
SELECT defines the load cases numbers, load combinations or load envelopes or
load envelope types for which the results shall be output.
ASREQ specifies the required area of the reinforcement Areq in local directions [NODES]
as output item. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the maximum value per
element or grid is calculated and output as a constant value for all points
of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If NODES is specified
the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement will be output
individually.
Note that reinforcement will only be required when positive val-
ues for ASREQ are found. Therefore, calculated negative values
for ASREQ will be reset to zero.
ASAPL specifies the applied area of the reinforcement A in local grid directions
as output item. These results are always constant over the reinforcement.
ASRAT specifies the ratio of the required area Areq over the applied area of [NODES]
the reinforcement A in local grid directions as output item. If ELEMEN or
REINFO is specified the maximum value per element or grid is calculated
and output as a constant value for all points of the element or reinforce-
ment grid, respectively. If NODES is specified the result values in each node
of the grid reinforcement will be output individually.
[NODES] UCMIN specifies the unity check related to the minimum reinforcement area
As,min in local grid directions as output item. This unity check equals the
ratio of the minimum reinforcement area according to the Eurocode over
the applied area of reinforcement. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the
minimum value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant
value for all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If
NODES is specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement
will be output individually.
UCMAX specifies the unity check related to the maximum reinforcement area
As,max in local grid directions as output item. This unity check equals the
ratio of the maximum reinforcement area according to the Eurocode over
the applied area of reinforcement. These results are always constant over
the reinforcement.
[NODES] UCPHI specifies the unity check related to the maximum diameter of the re-
inforcement bar φ∗s for crack control in local grid directions as output
item. This unity check equals the ratio of the applied diameter of the re-
inforcement bar over the maximum diameter of the reinforcement bar φ∗s
according to the Eurocode. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the maximum
value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant value for
all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If NODES is
specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement will be
output individually.
[NODES] UCSP specifies the unity check on related to the maximum spacing between the
reinforcement bars for crack limitation/restriction in local grid directions
as output item. This unity check equals the ratio of the applied spacing
of the reinforcement bars over the maximum spacing of the reinforcement
bars according to the Eurocode. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the
maximum value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant
value for all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If
NODES is specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement
will be output individually.
Example.
file .dcf
*NONLIN
EXECUT
BEGIN COMBIN
NAME ULS1
CASES 1 2 3 /
FACTOR 1. 2. 3. /
TYPE ULS
END COMBIN
BEGIN COMBIN
NAME ULS2
CASES 1 2 3 /
FACTOR 3. 1. 1. /
TYPE ULS
END COMBIN
BEGIN ENVELO
NAME MAX-ULS
TYPE MAX
RESULT MOMENT COMP XX
SELECT COMBIN ULS1 ULS2
END ENVELO
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE
SELECT ENVELO MAX-ULS
ASRAT ELEMEN
END OUTPUT
BEGIN OUTPUT
BEGIN SELECT
CASE 1 2
ENVELO MAX-ULS
END SELECT
ASREQ ELEMEN
ASAPL
UCMIN REINFO
END OUTPUT
*END
In this example two load combinations are defined with names ULS1 and ULS2.
One load envelope is defined with the name MAX-ULS as a scan over the max-
imum of the distributed moment xx component for both load combinations.
The required cross–section over applied cross–section ratio is output as iDiana
result. The required and applied cross–section and minimum reinforcement for
load case 1, load case 2, and for the load envelope are output as tabular result.
Chapter 4
Result Definitions
The result definition of design checking according to the Eurocode[7] is as fol-

lows:
Reinforcement bar diameter: φ
Spacing between bars: s
Coverage: co
Thickness: ht
Bar cross-section: A = 14 πφ2
Tensile strength: fctm
Useful height: d = ht − co
Absolute internal beam arm: zd = zr ∗ (ht − co)
Design yield strength of steel: fyd
Cross-section forces: nxx , nyy , nxy , qyz , qxz
Cross-section bending moments: mxx , myy , mxy
4.1 Reinforcement Area Checks

The design checks related to the reinforcement area are strongly related to
the calculation of the reinforcement forces and moments as described in the
Background Theory of Volume Analysis Procedures.
c c c
The combined reinforcement forces, n0 xx , n0 yy , n0 xy for reinforcement grids
above the neutral plane are defined as:
c nxx mxx
n0 xx = + (4.1)
2 zd
20 Result Definitions
c nyy myy
n0 yy = + (4.2)
2 zd
¯ ¯
c ¯ nxy mxy ¯¯
n0 xy ¯
=¯ + (4.3)
2 zd ¯
For reinforcement grids below the neutral plane the combined reinforcement are
defined as:
c nxx mxx
n0 xx = − (4.4)
2 zd
c nyy myy
n0 yy = − (4.5)
2 zd
¯ ¯
c ¯ nxy mxy ¯¯
n0 xy ¯
=¯ − (4.6)
2 zd ¯
The required area of the reinforcement in local directions is defined as:
c c
Areq,x = (n0 xx + n0 xy )/fyd (4.7)
c c
Areq,y = (n0 yy + n0 xy )/fyd (4.8)
The applied area of the reinforcement in local directions is defined as:
µ ¶
1 2
Ax = πφ /sx (4.9)
4 x
µ ¶
1 2
Ay = πφy /sy (4.10)
4
The ratio of the required area over the applied area in local directions is defined
as:
Areq,x
Arat,x = (4.11)
Ax
Areq,y
Arat,y = (4.12)
Ay
The unity check on the minimum reinforcement area as defined in §9.2.1.1 of
the Eurocode[7] is defined as:
As,min = min(Amin1 , Amin2 ) (4.13)
Amin1 = max(0.0013 ∗ d, 0.26 ∗ fctm ∗ d/fyk ) (4.14)

Where fyk is the characteristic value for the yield stress:
fyk = 1.15 ∗ fyd (4.15)
4.2 Diameter and Spacing Checks 21
Amin2 = 1.2 ∗ Areq (4.16)
UCMINx = As,min /Ax (4.17)
UCMINy = As,min /Ay (4.18)

The unity check on the maximum reinforcement area as defined in §9.2.1.1 of
the Eurocode[7] is defined as:
Amax = 0.04 ∗ Ac (4.19)
Where Ac represents the concrete area of the cross-section.
Ax
UCMAXx = (4.20)
Amax
Ay
UCMAXy = (4.21)
Amax
4.2 Diameter and Spacing Checks

The design checks on spacing and diameter of the reinforcements are related to
the Serviceability Limit State. They are based on §7.3.3 of the Eurocode[7].
The effective stress in the reinforcement bars is calculated as:
Areq
σ = fyd ∗ (4.22)
A
From Table 7.2N of the Eurocode[7] and the calculated effective stress σ, the
maximum required bar diameter φ∗s is calculated. This maximum bar diameter
will be be adapted using Equation 7.7N of the Eurocode:
1
φs = φ∗s (Fctm /2.9) ∗
∗ ht /(2 ∗ (h − d)) (4.23)
2
The adapted maximum bar diameter is used to calculate the unity check related
to the diameter of the reinforcement bar in local directions:
φx
UCPHIx = (4.24)
φs
φy
UCPHIy = (4.25)
φs
From Table 7.3N of the Eurocde and the calculated effective stress σ the unity
check on the maximum spacing in local directions can be defined:
sx
UCSPx = (4.26)
smax
sy
UCSPy = (4.27)
smax
22 Result Definitions
Part II
Sequential Linear Analysis
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
Chapter 5
Introduction to Sequential
Linear Analysis
A sequential linear analysis performs a sequence of linear static analyses, where

in a subsequent iteration the elastic stiffness will be reduced in those elements in
which the stresses in a previous iteration were beyond a user-specified uni-axial
stress-strain curve.
In sequential linear analysis both standard linear elastic material as well as
nonlinear material behavior can be defined. Nonlinear materials can be defined
through a uni-axial stress-strain curve, both in the tensile and in the compressive
regime.
In the present version two different procedures have been implemented for
handling the non-linear material behavior:
Stiffness reduction with constant strain increments [§ 5.1 p. 26].
Stiffness reduction with variable strain increments [§ 5.2 p. 26].
Because past loadings may have lead to permanent damage such as cracks
or crushing, which usually make the material less stiff, it is important to take
the loading history into account in a nonlinear failure analysis. Similar as in a
full nonlinear analysis, various loadings may be activated sequentially and each
loading may be applied in several increments in a sequential linear analysis.
This is an important condition to account for the loading history of a structure
in a nonlinear failure analysis.
In the present implementation of sequential linear analysis in Diana

combination with other modules, such as phased analysis is not al-
lowed.
26 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis
5.1 Stiffness Reduction with Constant Increments

In the implementation of the stiffness reduction with constant strain incre-
ments, the user-defined stress-strain curve is discretized with user-defined con-
stant strain increments. For every strain increment the corresponding maximum
stress is defined by the user-defined uni-axial stress-strain curve and the reduced
stiffness is defined by the secant stiffness, being the ratio of this maximum stress
and the total incremental strain related to the actual increment. A correction
to the maximum stresses is applied in order to make sure that area below the
user-defined stress-strain curve is equal to the area below the discretized saw-
toothed stress-strain-relation [§ 6.3 p. 35]. For every linear analysis the principle
stresses are calculated in the integration points of the elements for which a non-
linear curve is defined. It is checked if the maximum principle stress is higher
then the maximum tensile stress and if the minimum principle stress is lower
then the minimum tensile stress. When maximum principle stress is beyond
the maximum tensile stress, we move to the next strain increment in the ten-
sile regime and apply the corresponding secant stiffness and maximum tensile
stress in the next linear analysis. When the minimum principle stress is beyond
the maximum compressive stress, we move to the next strain increment in the
maximum compressive regime and apply the corresponding secant stiffness and
compressive stress in the next linear analysis. Only when the stiffness is re-
duced, an orthotropic elastic stiffness is defined with the tensile secant stiffness
applied in the direction of the maximum principle stress and the compressive
secant stiffness applied in the direction of the minimum principle stress. The
Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus are reduced with the same ration as the min-
imum stiffness with the original stiffness. This modified stress-strain relation is
applied to all integration points in the corresponding element. As the directions
of orthotropy are not redefined every step, in subsequent steps shear stresses
in the orthotropic coordinate system may arise. By defining a shear retention
factor the user can force that for tensile failure the shear modulus is reduced
with a user-defined factor as soon as initial failure has occurred.
5.2 Stiffness Reduction with Variable Increments

On the other hand for the implementation of the stiffness reduction with variable
stiffness, the strain increment is not defined on fore-hand. In this approach for
the principle stresses and strains are calculated in each integration point in the
elements for which a nonlinear material has been defined. The maximum tensile
stress is defined as the stress value in the user defined stress-strain curve for
tensile failure for the maximum principle strains, under the condition that this
is a tensile strain. The maximum compressive stress is defined as the stress value
in the user defined stress-strain curve for compressive failure for the minimum
principle strain, under the condition that this is a compressive strain. If the
principle stress is larger then the maximum stress, the secant stiffness in the
next linear analysis in the respective integration point will be reduced to the
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
5.2 Stiffness Reduction with Variable Increments 27
ratio of the maximum stress and the principle strain. In every linear analysis
for every integration-point a new orthotropic stiffness relation will be defined
with the actual secant stiffness for tensile behavior applied in the direction of
the first principal stress and the secant stiffness for the compressive behavior
applied in the direction of the third principal stress. The Poisson’s ratio and
shear modulus are reduced with the same ration as the minimum stiffness with
the original stiffness. As the stiffness is redefined for every linear analysis the
orthotropic coordinate system will rotate with the principal stresses and as a
consequence there will be no shear stresses in the orthotropic coordinate system.
Therefore, in this model no shear retention factor can be defined.
28 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis
Chapter 6
Input for Sequential Linear

Analysis
Two different formulations are available in sequential linear analysis for nonlin-
ear materials:
Stiffness reduction with constant strain increments.
Stiffness reduction with variable strain increments.
In sequential linear analysis standard linear elastic materials as well as and

nonlinear materials through uni-axial stress-strain-curves, both in the tensile
and the compressive regime, can be defined as follows:
Stiffness reduction with constant strain increments syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
SEQLIN
EPSINC deps r
[ TENCRV tenmod w ]
...
[ COMCRV commod w ]
...
[ BETA beta r ]
YOUNG e is the Young’s modulus E.

POISON nu is the Poisson’s ratio ν.
SEQLIN specifies the usage of a nonlinear material for sequential linear analysis.
30 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
EPSINC deps specifies the strain increment that is used for the stiffness reduc-
tion when in an element the stress is outside the user-defined uni-axial
stress-strain curve. The calculation of stiffness reduction is explained in
[§ 6.3 p. 35].
TENCRV specifies the nonlinear tensile stress-strain curve of type tenmod fol-
lowed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.1 p. 30].
COMCRV specifies the nonlinear compressive stress-strain curve of type commod
followed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.2 p. 33].
BETA beta is the shear stiffness reduction factor β.
Stiffness reduction with variable strain increments syntax

’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
SEQLIN
[ TENCRV tenmod w ]
...
[ COMCRV commod w ]
...
YOUNG e is the Young’s modulus E.

POISON nu is the Poisson’s ratio ν.
SEQLIN specifies the usage of a nonlinear material for sequential linear analysis.
TENCRV specifies the nonlinear tensile stress-strain curve of type tenmod fol-
lowed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.1 p. 30].
COMCRV specifies the nonlinear compressive stress-strain curve of type commod
followed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.2 p. 33].
Application. The sequential linear analysis material model can be applied

for solid, curved shell, plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric elements,
and for bar and grid reinforcements.
Note that layered shell elements can not be combined with sequential
linear analysis material models.
6.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Curves

For a sequential linear analysis model you can choose a predefined tension soft-
ening function by specification of the curve name and appropriate parameters.
6.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Curves 31
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
[ TENCRV curve w ]
CONSTA
BRITTL
LINEAR
EXPONE
HORDYK
MULTLN
[··· ··· tensile parameters ]
TENCRV curve specifies a predefined tension softening function [Fig. 6.1]. Be-
yond the tensile strength ft the shape of these curves is like the tension
softening curves for the multi–directional fixed crack models. See Volume
Material Library for background theory.
σ CONSTA σ BRITTL σ LINEAR
ft ft ft
GIf /h εu
ε ε ε
(a) ideal (b) brittle (c) linear
σ EXPONE σ HORDYK σ MULTLN
ft ft (σ1 , ε1 )
(σ0 , ε0 ) (σ2 , ε2 )
GIf /h GIf /h (σn , εn )
ε ε ε
(d) exponential (e) Hordijk (f) multi-linear
Figure 6.1: Predefined tension softening for sequential linear analysis
Tensile parameters. You must specify the tensile parameters, depending on the
softening function, as outlined in the following.
Ideal and brittle syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV curve w
CONSTA
BRITTL
TENSTR ft r
CONSTA for ideal behavior [Fig. 6.1a].

BRITTL for brittle behavior [Fig. 6.1b].
TENSTR ft is the tensile strength ft .
Linear tension softening – based on ultimate strain syntax

’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV LINEAR
TENSTR ft r
EPSULT eu r
LINEAR for linear softening [Fig. 6.1c].

EPSULT eu is the Mode-I ultimate tensile strain εu as depicted in Figure 6.1c.
Tension softening curves – based on fracture energy syntax

’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV curve w
EXPONE
HORDYK
TENSTR ft r
GF1 gf1 r
EXPONE for exponential softening [Fig. 6.1d].

HORDYK for softening according to Hordijk et al. [Fig. 6.1e].
GF1 gf1 is the Mode-I fracture energy GIf .
Tension softening curves based on fracture energy is not available

for the stiffness reduction model with constant strain increments.
6.2 Compressive Stress-Strain Curves 33
Multi-linear syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV MULTLN
TENPAR s0 r e0 r s1 r e1 r [. . . sn r en r ]
A multi-linear diagram fully describes the stress–strain relationship, therefore

input of the tensile strength ft is not necessary.
MULTLN for a multi-linear diagram [Fig. 6.1f].
TENPAR are the points of the multi-linear diagram: n pairs of values (σ, ε); s0 (1 ≤ n ≤ 100)
. . . sn are the tensile stresses σ, e0 . . . en are the corresponding total
strains ε. In general the curve should start with a linear elastic slope from
the origin to the tensile strength ft as in Figure 6.1f.
6.2 Compressive Stress-Strain Curves

For a sequential linear analysis model you can choose a predefined compressive
softening function by specification of the curve name and appropriate parame-
ters. For a Total Strain crack model you can choose a predefined compression
function by specifcation of the curve name and appropriate parameters.
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
[ COMCRV curve w ]
CONSTA
LINHAR
MULTLN
THOREN
[··· ··· compression parameters ]
COMCRV curve is the name of the compression function which models the crush-
ing behavior of concrete [Fig. 6.2].
Compression parameters. You must specify the compression parameters, de-
pending on the compression function, as outlined in the following.
Ideal syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV CONSTA
COMSTR fc r
CONSTA σ LINHAR σ MULTLN σ THOREN σ

(σ0 , ε0 )
ε ε ε ε
(σ1 , ε1 )
(σ2 , ε2 )
fc
fc Ehar fc
(σn , εn )
(a) ideal (b) linear (c) multi-linear (d) Thorenfeldt
Figure 6.2: Predefined compression behavior for sequential linear analysis
CONSTA for a constant diagram [Fig. 6.2a].

COMSTR fc is the compressive strength fc .
Linear hardening syntax

’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV LINHAR
COMSTR fc r
EHAR ehar r
LINHAR for a linear hardening diagram [Fig. 6.2b].

EHAR ehar is the hardening modulus Ehar .
Multi-linear syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV MULTLN
COMPAR s0 r e0 r s1 r e1 r [. . . sn r en r ]
A multi-linear diagram fully describes the relationship between the compressive

stress and the equivalent strain, therefore input of the compressive strength fc
is not necessary.
MULTLN for a multi-linear diagram [Fig. 6.2c].
(1 ≤ n ≤ 30) COMPAR are the points of the multi-linear diagram: n pairs of values (σ, ε); s0
to sn are the compression stresses σ, e0 to en are the corresponding
total strains ε. Note that you should enter stresses rather than strengths.
Following the standard sign convention of Diana, compressive stresses
and compressive strains should be input as negative.
6.3 Stiffness Reduction 35
Thorenfeldt syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV THOREN
COMSTR fc r
NTHORE nr
KTHORE kr
THOREN for the function of Thorenfeldt at al. [Fig. 6.2d]. The parameters of the
Thorenfeldt curve, see Volume Material Library, are unit-dependent. To
calculate these parameters, Diana assumes by default that the input data
is in SI-units.
If you describe the finite element model in units other than SI,
then you must explicitly specify the units that you used in input
table ’UNITS’ [Vol. Analysis Procedures].
NTHORE n is the parameter n of the Thorenfeldt curve. This n overrules the
default computation of n as described in Volume Material Library.
KTHORE k is the parameter k of the Thorenfeldt curve. This k overrules the
default computation of k as described in Volume Material Library for
α ≤ αp .
The Thorenfeldt curve is not available for the stiffness reduction

model with constant strain increments.
6.3 Stiffness Reduction

At the end of every iteration the maximum and minimum principle stress is
calculated in every element integration point. Further the principle stress di-
rections are derived from the average stress over all integration points in each
element. In case the minimum principle stress in one or more of the integration
points in an element is beyond the actual maximum compressive stress the com-
pressive stiffness in the element will be reduced in the direction of the minimum
principle average stress. In case the maximum principle stress in one or more
of the integration points in an element is beyond the actual maximum tensile
stress the tensile stiffness in the element will be reduced in the direction of the
maximum principle average stress. In both cases the original isotropic elastic
material is transferred into an orthotropic elastic material behavior.
Figure 6.3 shows an uni-axial stress-strain curve of the type TENCRV LINEAR
represented as a dashed line. The user parameters Young’s modulus, tensile
strength and the mode-I ultimate tensile strain are indicated with the symbols
Figure 6.3: Stiffness reduction for linear tensioning softening
E, Ft , and εult respectively. The total strain axis is divided in increments.

The size deps of the strain increments is defined by the user parameter EPSINC.
When the stiffness corresponding to the maximum principal stress of one of
the corresponding elements needs to be modified for the first time, the Young’s
modulus is reduced from E to E1 and the tensile strength is reduced from Ft
to Ft1 . When the same stiffness needs to be modified for the second time, the
parameters are changed to E2 and Ft2 , respectively, and so on. For all softening
curves a minimum value of Fti = 0.05 ∗ Ft is applied and Ei is always defined as
Ft /(i ∗ deps + ε0 ) with ε0 = Ft /E. Please note that in the approach as defined
above the failure energy is defined by the gray area in Figure 6.4. When deps is
relative large, the failure energy is considerable lower than the area under the
user-defined stress-strain curve. Therefore, a correction shift is applied to the
tensile strengths that are applied in the stiffness and tensile strength reductions.
In Figure 6.5 the strain increments and stiffnesses E, E1 , . . . , Ei are the same
as in Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.4, but the tensile strenghts Ft , Ft1 , Ft2 , . . . , Fti
are increased such that the gray area above the user-defined stress-strain curve
is in each strain increment deps equal to the gray area below the curve. These
modified tensile strengths are indicated with Ft∗ , Ft1∗ , Ft2∗ , . . . , Fti∗ .
6.3 Stiffness Reduction 37
Figure 6.4: Failure energy for sequential linear analysis
Figure 6.5: Failure energy for sequential linear analysis with correction shift
Chapter 7
Sequential Linear Analysis
After the input file has been read, you can perform a sequential linear analysis
by defining the following commands:
syntax
*SEQLIN
[ MODEL · · · ]
[ SOLVE · · · ]
[ EXECUT · · · ] . . .
[ OUTPUT · · · ] . . .
*END
MODEL evaluates the finite element model [§ 7.1].

SOLVE customizes the settings for the solution method as described for regular
linear static analysis in Volume Analysis Procedures.
EXECUT executes steps [§ 7.2 p. 40].
OUTPUT selects analysis results for output [§ 7.3 p. 40].
7.1 Model Evaluation

The MODEL commands customize the evaluation of the finite element model prior
to the actual analysis.
syntax
BEGIN MODEL
[ OFF ]
[ EVALUA [ OFF ] · · · ]
[ ASSEMB [ OFF ] · · · ]
40 Sequential Linear Analysis
[ MATRIX [ OFF ] ]
[ LOADS [ OFF ] ]
END MODEL
EVALUA to check and evaluate geometric and material properties for elements
and reinforcements as described in detail in Volume Analysis Procedures.
ASSEMB to assemble the elements, i.e., creating appropriate system degrees of
freedom as described in detail in Volume Analysis Procedures.
MATRIX to setup the element stiffness matrices.
LOADS to setup the load vectors.
7.2 Step Execution

With the EXECUT commands you ask Diana to execute load steps. A command
file may contain one or more EXECUT blocks to reconstruct the loading history
and the execution of the sequential linear analysis for every loadcase.
syntax
BEGIN EXECUT
LOAD=loset n
STEPS EXPLIC SIZES sizes r...
ITERAT MAXITE=mi n
END EXECUT
LOAD loset indicates the load set number to be incremented to the external
applied load.
STEPS EXPLIC SIZES sizes are explicitly specified load increment sizes.
ITERAT MAXITE mi is the maximum number of iterations for each load incre-
ment step.

You can obtain output of sequential linear analysis results via an obligatory
OUTPUT command block which selects the analysis results to be output. For
the general, analysis type independent options for output of analysis results see
Volume Analysis Procedures.
syntax
BEGIN OUTPUT [ device w ] [ outopt w... ] [ params ]
[ OFF ]
[ SELECT · · · ]
[ LAYOUT · · · ]
item w · · ·
DISPLA
STRAIN
STRESS
FORCE
NODFOR
ELMFOR
STATUS
END OUTPUT
SELECT optional commands to customize the batch output: model selection,

selection of load sets and extreme values, stress- and strain transformation,
see Volume Analysis Procedures.
LAYOUT optional commands to customize the layout and style of tabular output,
see Volume Analysis Procedures.
item is the name of the analysis result to be output. See Volume Analysis
Procedures for complete syntax of this command.
DISPLA for displacements as described for Regular Linear Static Analysis

in Volume Analysis Procedures.
STRAIN for strains as described for Regular Linear Static Analysis in Vol-
ume Analysis Procedures.
STRESS for stresses as described for Regular Linear Static Analysis in
FORCE for nodal forces as described for Regular Linear Static Analysis in
NODFOR for element nodal forces as described for Regular Linear Static
Analysis in Volume Analysis Procedures.
ELMFOR for internal element forces as described for Regular Linear Static
Analysis in Volume Analysis Procedures.
STATUS for status of the sequential linear analysis [§ 7.3.1].
7.3.1 Status
The postanalysis result STATUS is used in the sequential linear analysis of Diana
to output the number of times that the stiffness in an element has been reduced.
42 Sequential Linear Analysis
syntax
STATUS [ type w ] { opti w }
SEQLIN
STATUS SEQLIN specifies the number of times the stiffness in an element has been
reduced for compressive failure Ncom and tensile failure Nten as output
item.
opti are additional options, see Volume Analysis Procedures.
item type
STATUS SEQLIN TE CO
Nten Ncom
Part III
Parameter Estimation
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
45
Glossary of symbols. This glossary is an addition to the general Glossary

of Symbols for Diana as presented in Volume Analysis Procedures. It contains
the symbols used particularly in parameter estimation analysis.
Scalars
k Set number.
m Number of observables per set.
n Number of parameters.
N Number of sets.
S Least squares function.
Vectors
h Finite element model for observables.
v Observation errors.
x Unknown parameters.
y Observables, usually measured displacements.
Matrices
H Observation matrix.
I Unity matrix.
K Gain matrix.
P Weighting matrix for parameters.
Q Additional weighting matrix for parameters.
R Weighting matrix for observables.
46
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 8
Introduction to Parameter
Estimation
Module parest1 may be used to determine non-shape parameters by minimizing

the differences between calculated and target displacements. The confrontation
of target displacement field data with calculated field data leads to a quantita-
tive determination of the unknown parameters. The parameters may comprise
material properties, geometric properties (like the thickness of a plate), and
load factors within combined load cases. Section 9.1 presents the input syntax
of the target displacement field data. Successively, it describes the input of
coordinates of materials points, the target displacements of these points and
(statistical) information representing the accuracy of the targets.
Apart from the targets data parest also allows the use of prior informa-
tion, for instance results of laboratory experiments, on the parameters in the
identification process. Section 9.2 deals with syntax of the estimation input.
Successively, it describes the specification of the unknown parameters and (sta-
tistical) information representing the accuracy of the initial guesses for these
unknown parameters.
Module parest uses these data in an integrated manner and is based on a
sequential minimum variance estimator. It is an iterative technique: complete
finite element analyses are performed repeatedly; each analysis is expected to
yield better values for the parameters.
Figure 8.1 on the following page shows the general idea. Within parest
so-called non-shape parameters can be identified. The targets may comprise
displacement components (both translations and rotations), forces, and pres-
sures in true coupled analysis of porous filled media.
Other modules of Diana perform the actual finite element analyses. The
features of Diana for linear static analysis and nonlinear analysis to make and
1 parest is short for parameter estimation. In the realm of geomechanics the term Back-
ward Analysis is more common.
48 Introduction to Parameter Estimation
target data
Experiment
(observables)
Parameter model error Data

adjustment (residuals) correlation
non-shape parameters
Finite
computed data
Element
(observables)
model
Figure 8.1: Diagram of identification approach
analyze a finite element model may be used to estimate the parameters. Crucial
in the process is that the target data contain sufficient information about the
unknown parameters!
8.1 Some Background Theory

In this section the identification theory will be quoted shortly. We will present
a parameter estimation approach, or Backward Analysis, based on the combi-
nation of two elements:2
Finite element modeling.
A technique to adapt the non-shape parameters in the finite element model

by means of a comparison between the target data and the outcomes of
the finite element model.
The method is based on the Sequential minimum variance approach and resem-
bles Kalman filtering techniques. Alternatively the method can be termed as a
Weighted least squares approach.
The target data are assumed to consist of a set of columns with data yk , k =
1, . . . , N , where k indicates a load set or a discrete time parameter. Each column
contains target values of material points of a loaded object. These targets are
modeled with help of a finite element model. The modeled targets are considered
to be a nonlinear function of a set of unknown parameters:
yk = hk (x) + vk (8.1)
2 See also Hendriks’ Ph.D. thesis [3]
8.1 Some Background Theory 49
where x is a column with unknown parameters, hk is a finite element model for

the targets yk and vk is a column of residuals.
First assume that only one column of targets is available. The basic esti-
mation problem is the use of the targets y1 to estimate parameter column x.
The estimator can be specified from the model (8.1), an uncertainty model for
v1 and a priori knowledge of x. The optimal parameter column based on y1
minimizes the following quadratic expression.
S1 = (y1 − h1 (x)) R−1 −1

T
1 (y1 − h1 (x)) + (x̂0 − x) Q1 (x̂0 − x) (8.2)
T
where x̂0 is an initial guess for the parameter column x. In weighted least
squares estimation the matrices R1 and Q1 are chosen on the basis of engineering
judgment. Matrix R1 is a nonnegative symmetric matrix. Matrix Q1 is a
positive symmetric matrix. It is obvious that the introduction of Q1 makes
it possible to put more weight to the a priori estimate x̂0 (and less weight to
the displacements y1 ). The least squares estimate does not make use of the
statistics of the observation errors, in any way. In many applications it is not
uncommon to know the mean and variance of the expected residuals. Minimum
variance estimates utilize this extra information, which results in specific choices
for R1 and Q1 . In minimum variance estimation R1 represents the covariance
matrix of the residuals v1 . Matrix Q1 represents the covariance matrix of the
estimation error in x̂0 . Generally: the larger P1 , the smaller the influence of
x̂0 .
Solving the nonlinear inverse problem, defined by Equations (8.1) and (8.2),
leads to an iterative scheme which results in an estimation x̂1 for x:
³ T
´−1
x̂(i+1) = x̂(i) + H(i) R−1 H(i) + Q−1
³ ³ ´ ³ ´´ (8.3)
T
× H(i) R−1 y − h(x̂(i) ) + Q−1 x̂(0) − x̂(i)
where the superscripts refer to the iteration number and where the subscripts
are temporarily dropped. In each iteration, Module parest executes n + 1
complete finite element calculations, where n is the number of parameters. The
(i)
n calculations are carried out to determine a matrix H1 numerically, as a
(i−1)
linearization of h1 with respect to the most recent estimation x̂1 . Within
Module balance this is not necessary, as function h1 is a linear function of the
load multiplication factors.
The sequential property of the estimator Equation (8.3) is clear when a
column y2 with additional target data becomes available. This can be data
from another load set or from another point in time. These data can be used
together with the initial conditions x̂1 , R2 and Q2 resulting in an improved
estimation x̂2 .
Summary. The input for the estimator is summarized as follows:

Unknown parameters x, specified in subtable PARAME [§ 9.2.1 p. 59].
50 Introduction to Parameter Estimation
n × n symmetric weighting matrices Qk , k = 1, . . . , N , specified in N

subtables QMATRI [§ 9.2.3 p. 61].
Targets yk , k = 1, . . . , N , specified in N subtables OBSERV [§ 9.1.2 p. 54].
m×m symmetric weighting matrices Rk , k = 1, . . . , N , where m indicates

the number of components of y, specified in N subtables RMATRI [§ 9.1.3
p. 55].
8.2 How to Use Module PAREST

To perform a parameter estimation analysis, you should sequentially take the
following actions:
1. Prepare linear elastic input. Prepare an input file for regular linear static
analysis of a finite element model as described in Volume Analysis Proce-
dures. Alternatively, you may use the interactive preprocessing environ-
ment of iDiana as described in Volume Pre- and Postprocessing.
2. Add nonlinear input (optional). Add the data that describes the nonlin-
ear material behavior or temperature data or both to the input file, as
described in Volume Material Library.
3. Perform (non)linear analysis as described in Volume Analysis Procedures.

The analysis may include also phased analysis. You are encouraged to
check the forward (non)linear analysis carefully for correctness and effi-
ciency. Module parest will repeatedly restart the above analysis with
different values for the specified parameters.
4. Add parameter estimation input data. Add the two input tables as de-
scribed in Chapter 9.
5. Perform parameter estimation. Use commands as described in § 10.2 on

page 66. It is good practice to check the parameter estimation scheme
with simulated experimental data generated with known parameters be-
fore using the actual experimental data.
Load optimization. Module balance is a dedicated interface to parest to

find optimal load combinations for linear static analysis. See Chapter 11 for
description of input and commands for this module and Examples bridge in
Volume Analysis Examples for an instructive example.
Chapter 9
Input for Parameter

Estimation
This chapter describes the syntax of input tables appropriate for parameter
estimation analysis. The general concept of input tables is described in Volume
Analysis Procedures.
9.1 Target Data

Target data is input via table ’TARGET’ in three subtables in obligatory se-
quence. Successively, the subtables input coordinates of materials points, the
observed data and (statistical) information representing the accuracy of the
observables.
syntax
’TARGET’
[ POINTS
1 5 6 80
material points ]
OBSERV [k n ]
1 5 6 80
observables
[ RMATRI [k n ]
1 80
weighting matrix ]
’TARGET’ is the table heading for target data input.
52 Input for Parameter Estimation
POINTS is the subtable heading for input of coordinates of material points

[§ 9.1.1]. If this subtable is not specified then the observables must be
defined in the nodes of the finite element model via subtable OBSERV.
OBSERV is the subtable heading for input of observables, referring to material
points or nodes. Usually the observables comprise target displacements
[§ 9.1.2].
RMATRI is the subtable heading for the weighting matrix R [§ 9.1.3].
For some estimation schemes several sets of observables may be distinguished,

for instance measured displacements of material points at different load levels
or points in time. In this case several subtables OBSERV and matching RMATRI
subtables will be input, where value k then indicates these sets. See Chapter
10 how to specify the estimation scheme. Value k = 1 for estimation schemes
with a single set of observables.
Observables in material points file .dat

’TARGET’
POINTS
1 0.35 0.17
2 0.79 0.17
101 0.70 0.34
5 0.35 0.34
OBSERVABLES 1
1 POINT 1 DISPX 0.08
2 POINT 1 DISPY 0.09
RMATRIX 1
1.E-4 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 1.E-4 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 1.E-4 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 1.E-4 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 1.E-4 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.E-4
This example defines four material points. Point 101 has model coordinates
X = 0.70, Y = 0.34 and Z = 0.00. The six observables all refer to these points.
Observable 6 is defined as the displacement of point 101 in model Y direction.
Its value is 0.01. The load at which this value is measured is defined in the
command file [Ch. 10]. The weighting matrix is input as a full 6 × 6 matrix with
off-diagonal terms equal to zero and identical diagonal terms. This means that
the six observables have been measured with the same accuracy and that there
is no correlation between the measurement errors.
9.1 Target Data 53
Observables in the nodes file .dat
’TARGET’
OBSERV 1
1 NODE 3 PDISPX -0.1044E+02
2 NODE 13 PDISPX -0.4564E+01
3 NODE 13 PDISPY -0.2760E+00
4 NODE 23 PDISPX -0.5031E-01
5 NODE 23 PDISPY -0.4955E+00
6 NODE 22 PDISPX -0.4865E-01
7 NODE 22 PDISPY -0.8406E+01
8 NODE 21 PDISPY -0.8989E+01
RMATRIX 1
1.0 0.01 0.01 0.0001 0.01 0.01 1.0 1.0
Contrary to the previous example, the observables now refer to nodal data.
The 8 × 8 weighting matrix is now input as a diagonal matrix by specifying the
diagonal terms only.
Multiple sets of observed data file .dat
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 0.5 1.0 0.0
OBSERV 1
1 POINT 1 DISPY 0.4668D-01
OBSERV 2
OBSERV 3
RMATRIX 1
1.00E-6
RMATRIX 2
1.00E-6
RMATRIX 3
1.00E-6
In this example three sets of observed data are specified. Each set comprises
a single observable, viz. the displacement of point 1 in model Y direction. In
the command file the corresponding load levels will be defined referring to the
subtable indicators k = 1, k = 2 and k = 3.
9.1.1 Material Points

Material points must be specified in subtable POINTS of table ’TARGET’. This
subtable is only necessary if the observables are defined in arbitrary material
points rather than in the nodes of the model [§ 9.1.2].
syntax
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 5 6 80
point n x r [ y r [z r ] ]
point is the material point number. Points may be input in arbitrary order,
numbers may be skipped. Values x y z are the model XY Z coordinates,
[y =0] any y or z value that you do not specify is assumed to be zero.
[z =0]
The first-off action of Module parest is to embed the specified points in the
element mesh.
Parest can only embed points in four- or eight-node quadrilaterals,

i.e., numerically integrated elements for plane stress, plane strain,
axisymmetry, plate bending and flat shells.
In other cases the observables should be specified as nodal data [§ 9.1.2].
9.1.2 Observables
Observables must be specified in subtable OBSERV of table ’TARGET’.
syntax
’TARGET’
OBSERV [k n ]
1 5 6 80
obs n loca w locnum n type w datum r

NODE DISPX
POINT DISPY
DISPZ
RESIDX
RESIDY
RESIDZ
ROTATX
ROTATY
ROTATZ
PDISPX
PDISPY
PDISPZ
PRESS
[k = 1] k is the set number. If you omit it, Diana assumes set number one by default.
9.2 Parameter Estimation 55
obs is the observable number. Observables may be input in arbitrary order,

but no number may be skipped(!).
loca specifies the type of location of the observable: NODE for nodal data, POINT
for data in an embedded point [§ 9.1.1].
locnum is the node or point number.

type specifies the type of the data. DISPX, DISPY or DISPZ for displacement
in model X, Y or Z direction respectively. RESIDX, RESIDY or RESIDZ for
residual forces in model X, Y or Z direction respectively. ROTATX, ROTATY
or ROTATZ for rotation in model X, Y or Z direction respectively. PDISPX,
PDISPY or PDISPZ the same displacements but for the current phase in a
phased analysis.. PRESS for pressure in true coupled analysis of porous
filled media, see ‘Flow–stress analysis’ in Volume Analysis Procedures.
datum is the actual value of the observed data, either a displacement component
or a pressure.
9.1.3 Weighting the Observables

The weighting matrix [Eq. (8.2) p. 49] must be specified in subtable RMATRI of
table ’TARGET’.
syntax
’TARGET’
RMATRI [k n ]
1 80
wfac r...
k is the set number. If you omit it, Diana assumes set number one by default. [k = 1]
wfac are one or more weighting factors specifying the terms of the weighting
matrix. This matrix may be input in one of three forms: as full matrix of
m × m terms where m is the number of observables specified in subtable
OBSERV [§ 9.1.2], as diagonal matrix by specifying m terms, as diagonal
matrix with identical diagonal elements by specifying one single term.
If you do not specify an R matrix then Diana assumes an identity matrix. [wfac = 1]
The input matrices must be symmetric and positive definite.
9.2 Parameter Estimation

Table ’ESTIMA’ contains the input data related to the parameters to be es-
timated. This table consists of a number of subtables to be specified in the
sequence as indicated below.
syntax
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 5 6 12 13 80
unknown parameters
[ SUPERP ]
1 5 6 12 13 80
superparameters
[ QMATRI [k n ] ]
1 80
weighting matrix
PARAME is the subtable heading for definition of unknown parameters [§ 9.2.1].

SUPERP is the subtable heading for definition of superparameters [§ 9.2.2].
QMATRI is the subtable heading for input of the weighting matrix Q [§ 9.2.3].
For some estimation schemes several sets of observables may be distinguished,

for instance measured displacements of material points at different load levels
or points in time. In this case several subtables QMATRI will be input, where
[k = 1] value k then indicates these sets. Default is set number one.
See Chapter 10 how to specify the estimation scheme. For estimation schemes
with a single set of observables, k is not necessary.
Estimating parameters referring to ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’ file .dat
’MATERIALS’
1 YOUNG 20.0
POISON 0.30
2 YOUNG 15.0 30.0
POISON 0.30 10.0
’GEOMETRY’
1 THICK 0.1
XAXIS 1.0 1.0 0.0
’ESTIMA’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME POISON
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.10 0.49
2 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.10 1E10
3 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 2
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.10 1E10

4 NAME XAXIS
GEOMET 1
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.5 1.5
QMATRIX 1
1E-6(4)
Subtable PARAME specifies the unknown parameters. Four parameters are indi-
cated which are to be identified by Module parest. The third parameter is
defined by pointing to the first data item of the Young’s modulus of material
number 2. During the estimation the possible values for this parameter are
limited by the values 0.10 and 1010 . The initial guesses for the parameters are
the corresponding values of the tables ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’, which is 15.0
for parameter 3. Subtable QMATRI contains the parameter weighting matrix.
Estimating parameters referring to table ’LOADS’ file .dat
’ESTIMA’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME FACTOR
LOAD 1
ITEM 1
2 NAME FACTOR
LOAD 1
ITEM 3
’LOADS’
CASE 1
ELEMEN
1 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
CASE 2
ELEMEN
2 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
CASE 3
ELEMEN
3 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
COMBIN
1 1 1. 2 1. 3 1.
’END’
In this example subtable PARAME specifies two unknown parameters. They both
point to the load factors of subtable COMBIN. The first unknown parameter is
the first load factor. The second unknown parameter is the third load factor.
For both parameters the initial guess is 1.
Using superparameter SINPHI file .dat
’MATERI’
1 DENSIT 1.0
YIELD MOHRCO
YLDVAL 1.0 0.31 0.31
K0 0.5
YOUNG 1.0
POISON 0.2
2 DENSIT 1.0
YOUNG 1000.0
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME SINPHI
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.01 100.0
SUPERP
1 SINPHI 0.31
QMATRIX 1
1.0E-2
In this example only one unknown parameter will be determined. It is a so-called

superparameter named SINPHI. Parameter SINPHI is defined in an additional
subtable SUPERP. SINPHI is internally connected to the second and third data
item of YLDVAL of material number 1. The initial guess for SINPHI is also
specified in subtable SUPERP.
Multiple sets of observed data file .dat
’MATERIALS’
1 YOUNG 1.1
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
QMATRIX 1
1.0E-2
QMATRIX 2
1.0E-2
QMATRIX 3
1.0E-2
Also in this example only one unknown parameter will be determined. Now it
is assumed that in table ’TARGET’ three sets of observed data are specified, like
in the last example of § 9.1 on page 53.
9.2.1 Parameter Specification

Subtable PARAME specifies which of the parameters will be estimated. The
parameters in this subtable refer to the properties of tables ’MATERI’ and
’GEOMET’ or to subtable SUPERP.
syntax
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 5 6 12 13 80
parnr n NAME parnam w
MATERI matnr n [ frnr n ]

GEOMET geonr n
LOAD loset n
SUPERP supnr n
[ ITEM index n ]
[ BOUNDS bndlow n bndup n ]
[ USRBOU ]
parnr is the number of the parameter. Parameters may be input in arbitrary

order but no numbers may be skipped(!).
NAME parnam is the name of the material or geometry property. For a load set
referring to subtable COMBIN of table ’LOADS’, this name is FACTOR.
MATERI matnr refers to a material number of table ’MATERI’. A fraction number
frnr may be specified for the fraction model or for the Maxwell Chain
model in viscoelasticity [Vol. Material Library].
GEOMET geonr refers to a geometry number of table ’GEOMET’.
LOAD loset refers to a load set number in subtable COMBIN of table ’LOADS’.
You must specify this load set in subtable COMBIN.
SUPERP supnr refers to a superparameter in subtable SUPERP [§ 9.2.2].
ITEM index is the index in the property data record. If this data record con-
tains more than one value, for instance YOUNG 1.2E6 2.5E6, the index
indicates which one of the values must be estimated. If you do not specify
an index then Diana takes the first value by default. [index = 1]
For load optimization, the index indicates the load factor to be estimated.
For instance index 2 points to the second load factor in subtable COMBIN.
BOUNDS bndlow and bndup respectively are the lower and upper bounds of the
parameter. If, during iteration, the parameter gets a value outside the (bndlow <
bndup )
interval then Diana replaces it by the value of the exceeded boundary.
By default no bounds are active.
USRBOU indicates that Diana must determine the boundary values via a user-
supplied subroutine USRBOU [§ 9.3.2].
9.2.2 Superparameters
Usually parameters of subtable PARAME refer directly to data entries in the ta-
bles ’MATERI’, ’GEOMET’ or ’LOADS’. For some applications there is a need for
more freedom in the definition of the unknown parameters. The optional sub-
table SUPERP offers the possibility to define superparameters additional to the
parameters of tables ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’.
syntax
’ESTIMA’
SUPERP
1 5 6 12 13 80
matnr n SINPHI iguess r

0 CIRCUM cx r cy r
0 BILIN b0 r bx r by r
supnr n USRPAR iguess r...
You may specify one of the following superparameters.

SINPHI specifies a superparameter for associated Mohr–Coulomb and Drucker–
Prager plasticity [Vol. Material Library]. This superparameter is inter-
nally connected to the YLDVAL data entry of material matnr from table
’MATERI’. It considers associative plasticity by regarding the second and
third item of YLDVAL as one single parameter. Value iguess denotes the
initial guess for sin φ and sin ψ.
CIRCUM specifies a set of two superparameters for circumferential orthotropy.

The superparameters are internally connected to all(!) XAXIS data entries
of table ’GEOMET’. Parameter CIRCUM is useful for curvilinear orthotropic
materials, i.e., materials in which the orientation of the orthotropic sym-
metry differs from point to point. The local orthotropic orientations are
tangent to concentric circles, where (cx ,cy ) denotes the initial guess for
the model XY coordinates of the center of the circles. It is recommended
to use one geometry number for each element, each one with its own XAXIS
[Vol. Element Library].
BILIN specifies a set of three superparameters for bilinear orthotropy. The su-
perparameters are internally connected to all(!) XAXIS data entries of table
’GEOMET’. Parameter BILIN is useful for curvilinear orthotropic materials,
i.e., materials in which the orientation of the orthotropic symmetry differs
from point to point. The local orthotropic orientations are a bilinear func-
tion of the model XY coordinates: α = b0 + bx X + by Y , where α denotes
the positive rotation of the orthotropic orientation. Values b0 , bx and by

are the initial guesses for b0 , bx and by respectively. It is recommended to
use one geometry number for each element, each one with its own XAXIS
[Vol. Element Library].
USRPAR specifies a user-defined superparameter via a user-supplied subroutine

[§ 9.3.1]. Diana passes the number supnr to the argument list of user-
supplied subroutine USRPAR. There you may use it to refer to a material
number. Values iguess denote the initial guesses.
Circumferential orthotropy file .dat
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 SUPERP 0
NAME CIRCUM
BOUNDS 0.00 1.00
2 SUPERP 0
NAME CIRCUM
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.00 1.00
SUPERP
0 CIRCUM 0.5 0.5
In this example circumferential orthotropy is used. Both parameters cx and cy

are regarded as unknown parameters with the same initial guess 0.5.
9.2.3 Weighting the Parameters

Whereas the observables are weighted with matrix R [§ 9.1.3], the parameters
are weighted with matrix Q of Equation (8.2) on page 49. Subtable QMATRI
contains the weighting matrix. You must define the parameters themselves in
subtable PARAME and their start values in table ’MATERI’, ’GEOMET’ or ’LOADS,
or in subtable SUPERP [§ 9.2.2].
syntax
’ESTIMA’
QMATRI [k n ]
1 80
wfac r...
QMATRI is the subtable heading for the additional weighting matrices Q. For
some estimation schemes several sets of observables may be distinguished,
for instance measured displacements of material points at different load
levels or points in time. In this case several subtables QMATRI will be
input, by analogy with subtables OBSERV and RMATRI of table ’TARGET’
[§ 9.1], where value k indicates these sets. See Chapter 10 how to specify
the estimation scheme.
If you do not specify the Q matrix, then Diana assumes a default such
[wfac = ∞] that Q inverse is a zero matrix. This means that the initial guesses for
the parameters vanish in the least squares expression. Thus, the prior
information about the parameter values which they may have contained
is not used.
wfac are one or more weighting factors specifying the terms of the weighting
matrix. This matrix may be input in one of three forms: as full matrix
of n × n terms where n is the number of parameters specified in subtable
PARAME [§ 9.2.1], as diagonal matrix by specifying n terms, as diagonal
matrix with identical diagonal elements by specifying one single term.
The input matrices must be symmetric and positive definite.
9.3 User-supplied Subroutines

This section contains a description of the predefined user-supplied subroutines
for parameter estimation analysis with Module parest. See also Volume Anal-
ysis Procedures for a general description of Diana’s user-supplied subroutine
option.
9.3.1 Superparameter USRPAR

If you put USRPAR in subtable SUPERP of table ’ESTIMA’ [§ 9.2.2], then you
must define the superparameter via subroutine USRPAR. This routine is useful if
the standard parameters of the tables ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’ are impracticable
and if the predefined superparameters of subtable SUPERP do not apply. Routine
USRPAR must specify how the standard input parameters of the tables ’MATERI’
and ’GEOMET’ depend on the user-supplied parameter.
Fortran
SUBROUTINE USRPAR( parrcd, npar, parnr, supnr )
in dbl parrcd(npar) User parameters.
in int npar Number of user parameters.
in int parnr Parameter number, subtable PARAME.
in int supnr Parameter number, subtable SUPERP.
Example. A simple example of the user-supplied superparameter USRPAR is

the identification of the bulk and shear modulus rather than Diana’s standard
isotropic parameters, the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio. In this ex-
ample the bulk and shear modulus are implemented as user-supplied parameter
number 1. The dependent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are calculated
and stored on the filos file via routine PTXL.
9.3 User-supplied Subroutines 63
file .f
SUBROUTINE USRPAR( PARRCD, NPAR, PARNR, SUPNR )

DOUBLE PRECISION PARRCD(*)
INTEGER NPAR, PARNR, SUPNR
C
DOUBLE PRECISION K, G, E, NU
C
IF ( SUPNR .EQ. 1 ) THEN
IF ( NPAR .EQ. 2 ) THEN
K = PARRCD(1)
G = PARRCD(2)
E = ( 9.D0*K*G ) / ( 3.D0*K + G )
NU = ( 1.5D0*K - G ) / ( 3.D0*K + G )
CALL PTXL( ’/MATERI/YOUNG’, 5, E, 1 )
CALL PTXL( ’/MATERI/POISON’, 5, NU, 1 )
ELSE
PRINT *, ’WRONG LENGTH: ’, NPAR
CALL PRGERR( ’USRPAR’, 1 )
END IF
ELSE
PRINT *, ’WRONG SUPNR: ’, SUPNR
CALL PRGERR( ’USRPAR’, 2 )
END IF
END
For description of the error handling routine PRGERR see Volume Analysis Pro-
cedures. The following could be the data file for this example.
file .dat
’MATERIALS’
5 YOUNG 2.0
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME USRPAR
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
2 NAME USRPAR
ITEM 2
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
SUPERP
1 USRPAR 2.0 1.0
The start values for the bulk modulus K and the shear modulus G are 2.0 and
1.0 respectively.
9.3.2 Bounds USRBOU

If you put USRBOU in subtable PARAME of table ’ESTIMA’ [§ 9.2.1], then you must
define the bounds on the set of parameters via subroutine USRBOU. This routine
is useful for cases where a simple upper and lower bound for each individual
parameter does not suffice.
Fortran
SUBROUTINE USRBOU( npar, xcol )
in int npar Number of parameters to be established.

in dbl xcol(npar) Set of parameter values.
out dbl xcol(npar) Set of parameter values.
file .f
SUBROUTINE USRBOU( NPAR, XCOL )

DOUBLE PRECISION XCOL(*)
INTEGER NPAR
C
IF ( NPAR .GE. 2 ) THEN
IF ( XCOL(2) .GT. XCOL(1) ) XCOL(2) = XCOL(1)
ELSE
PRINT *, ’SOMETHING WRONG WITH NPAR: ’, NPAR
CALL PRGERR( ’USRBOU’, 1 )
END IF
END
In this simple example the maximum tolerated value for the second parameter
depends on the value of the first value.
Chapter 10
Parameter Estimation
Analysis
This chapter describes how to perform a parameter estimation analysis. Such

analysis may be performed in one single run which includes the structural anal-
ysis itself. However,
It is good practice first to test the normal analysis commands for
correctness and then to add the parameter estimation commands to
the command file.
We will subsequently present how to perform a preliminary analysis [§ 10.1], the
formal command syntax for the actual parameter estimation analysis [§ 10.2],
the user-supplied subroutines [§ 9.3], and the analysis results [§ 10.3].
10.1 Preliminary Analysis

Linear static. For syntax description of preliminary linear static analysis
commands see Volume Analysis Procedures. Below is a brief example of such
commands.
file .dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*LINSTA
···
*END
Module filos is used to maintain the filos file, i.e., the central database for
each analysis with Diana. The INITIA command initializes the filos file.
Module input reads the complete input data file. This file must contain data
66 Parameter Estimation Analysis
for a complete linear and/or nonlinear analysis. The two special input tables for
parameter estimation, ’TARGET’ and ’ESTIMA’, must be present as well [Ch. 9].
Module linsta performs a linear static analysis of the finite element model.
For postprocessing of analysis results see also Volume Pre- and Postprocessing.
10.2 Analysis Commands

After the input file has been read and the finite element model analyzed, you
can perform the actual parameter estimation run with the usual commands for
linear and nonlinear analysis (optionally phased) followed by commands for the
parameter estimation.
Linear static file .dcf
*LINSTA
··· analysis commands
*PAREST
···
*END
Nonlinear file .dcf
*NONLIN
··· analysis commands
*PAREST
···
*END
Due to the *PAREST commands, Module parest will repeatedly execute the
previous analysis commands.
syntax
*PAREST
[ OUTPUT TABULA PAREST ]
[ BEGIN EXECUT
[ OBSERV=k n ]
[ analys w · · · ]
LINSTA
NONLIN
[ ITERAT · · · ]
END EXECUT ] . . .
OUTPUT asks for tabular output of the estimation report.
10.2 Analysis Commands 67
EXECUT specifies the parameter estimation step. You may give multiple EXECUT
blocks.
OBSERV k is the set number which corresponds with the number of the
subtables OBSERV, RMATRI, and QMATRI [Ch. 9].
analys specifies the type of analysis results to be used: LINSTA results of
linear static analysis [§ 10.2.1], or NONLIN results of nonlinear analysis
[§ 10.2.2].
ITERAT specifies the iteration process in the parameter estimation analysis
[§ 10.2.3].
Linear analysis file .dcf
*LINSTA
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN LINSTA
INDEX=1
LOAD=1
END LINSTA
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD MODIFI
BEGIN CONVER
RESIDU TOLCON=1.E-5
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
Nonlinear analysis file .dcf
*NONLIN
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=1
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
BEGIN CONVER
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
Nonlinear phased analysis file .dcf

*PHASE
ACTIVE ELEMEN 1
*NONLIN
···
*PHASE
ACTIVE ELEMEN 1
*NONLIN
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=2
STEP=5
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
BEGIN CONVER
RESIDU TOLCON=1.E-5
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
In this example each forward analysis comprises two phases. The observables
refer to the results of the second phase.
True coupled analysis of porous filled media file .dcf
*NONLIN
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=1
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD FULL
BEGIN CONVER
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=2
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=2
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD MODIFI
BEGIN CONVER
RESIDU TOLCON=1.E-5
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
file .dat
’TIMELO’
LOAD 1
TIMES 0.0 0.1 0.2 /
FACTOR 0.0 1.0 1.0 /
This example shows the specification of an estimation scheme with multiple sets
of observables. Two subtables OBSERV 1 and OBSERV 2 should be input.
10.2.1 Linear Static Analysis Results

You may customize a parameter estimation analysis with results from a linear
static analysis via LINSTA commands.
syntax
BEGIN LINSTA
[ INDEX=ind n ]
[ LOAD=loset n ]
END LINSTA
INDEX ind specifies the number of analysis block: ind =1 for the first block, [ind =1]
ind =2 for the second block, etc.
LOAD loset specifies the load set number in the LINSTA block. [loset =1]
10.2.2 Nonlinear Analysis Results

You may customize a parameter estimation analysis with results from a nonlin-
ear analysis via NONLIN commands.
syntax
BEGIN NONLIN
[ INDEX=ind n ]
[ STEP=step n ]
END NONLIN
[ind =1] INDEX ind specifies the number of analysis block.

[step =1] STEP step specifies the step number in the NONLIN block.
10.2.3 Iteration
You may customize the iteration process in parameter estimation analysis via
ITERAT commands.
syntax
BEGIN ITERAT
[ MAXITE=miter n ]
[ METHOD method w ]
FULL
MODIFI
[ BEGIN CONVER
criter w [ TOLCON=eps r ] . . .
RESIDU
PARAME
END CONVER ]
END ITERAT
[miter =1] MAXITE miter is the maximum number of iterations.

METHOD method specifies when the sensitivity matrix must be calculated. This
matrix comprises the derivatives of the observables to the parameters. The
calculation of these derivatives is time consuming and therefore you may
customize the calculation via this option.
FULL indicates that the sensitivity matrix must be calculated at the be-
[FULL] ginning of each iteration (the default).
MODIFI indicates that the sensitivity matrix must be calculated only at
the beginning of the first iteration of every parameter estimation step.
CONVER specifies convergence criteria for a parameter estimation step.

RESIDU applies the residual convergence criterion. The iteration for the
current step is terminated when the Euclidian norm of the differ-
ences between experimental and calculated displacements becomes
less than ².
PARAME applies the parameter convergence criterion. The iteration for the
current step is terminated when the Euclidian norm of the parameter
corrections becomes less than ².
TOLCON eps is the value ² of the convergence criterion. [² = 1 × 1010 ]

The output of a parameter estimation analysis comprises log information of the
analysis process [§ 10.3.1] and a report of the estimation [§ 10.3.2].
10.3.1 Job Logging

For a general description of job logging see Volume Analysis Procedures. This
section gives some specific information on the job logging of a parest job which
monitors the progress of the parameter estimation. All the repeated forward
analyses are logged as usual to the standard output file. Amongst this informa-
tion parest will produce additional log information like:
file .out
PARAMETER ESTIMATION STEP 1

PARAMETER ESTIMATION ITERATION 1
INITIALIZING A FORWARD ANALYSIS
These lines indicate that the forward analyses for the first parameter iteration
have been prepared, forward analyses will follow. The forward analyses within
an iteration to calculate the derivatives of the observables to the parameters are
preceded by log lines like:
file .out
INITIALIZING A FORWARD ANALYSIS; PERTURBING PARAMETER 2
10.3.2 Estimation Report

Module parest writes an estimation report on the tabular output file. Typ-
ically an estimation report at the end of each estimation step comprises four
blocks: estimation of the parameters, statistics of residuals, and estimation of
observables.
10.3.2.1 Estimation of Parameters

The first block summarizes the unknown parameters, including the initial guesses
as specified by the user.
file .tb
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: PARAMETERS
=============================
PARAMETER NUMBER : 1 2 3 4
PARAMETER NAME : POISON YOUNG YOUNG XAXIS
TABLE NAME : MATERI MATERI MATERI GEOMET
TABLE NUMBER : 1 1 2 1
ITEM : 1 1 1 2
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.3000E+00 0.2000E+02 0.1500E+02 0.1000E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.2728E+00 0.1999E+02 0.1500E+02 0.1028E+01
···
In this example the estimated parameter values of the first iteration of the first
estimation step are output.
10.3.2.2 Statistics of Residuals

Each iteration starts with the calculation of the residuals, i.e., the difference
between calculated and measured observables. Four statistical indicators with
respect to these residuals are then calculated and output.
file .tb
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: STATISTICS OF RESIDUALS
==========================================
NORM MAXIMUM STAND.DEV MEAN

STEP 1; ITERAT 0 : 0.2935E+01 -0.7794E+00 0.2306E+00 -0.1969E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.2522E+01 0.4069E+00 0.1982E+00 0.1646E+00
···
The indicators are defined as the Euclidian norm of all residual components
(NORM), the maximum component of the residuals in absolute sense (MAXIMUM), the
standard deviation of the components (STAND.DEV) and the mean (MEAN).
10.3.2.3 Estimation of Observables

Finally the observables at the beginning of an iteration are output.
file .tb
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: OBSERVABLES
==============================
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 :
1 POINT 1 DISPX -0.6102E-03
2 POINT 1 DISPY 0.8328E-03
3 POINT 2 DISPY 0.8328E-03
5 POINT 101 DISPX -0.1006E-02
6 POINT 101 DISPY 0.1666E-02
···
Chapter 11
Loads Optimization
Module balance offers a more compact interface to parest, dedicated to loads

optimization in linear static analysis. As a side effect, balance is faster than
the general interface via parest.
11.1 Input Data

This section describes the syntax of input tables appropriate for loads opti-
mization. The general concept of input tables is described in Volume Analysis
Procedures. See also Volume Getting Started.
11.1.1 Target Data

Target data for loads optimization, typically observed displacements, is input
via subtable OBSERV of table ’TARGET’.
syntax
’TARGET’
OBSERV
1 5 6 80
obs n NODE nodnr n type w datum r

DISPX
DISPY
DISPZ
RESIDX
RESIDY
RESIDZ
ROTATX
ROTATY
ROTATZ
74 Loads Optimization
obs is the observable number. Observables may be input in arbitrary order,

but no number may be skipped(!).
NODE nodnr is the node number for the observable.
type specifies the type of the data. DISPX, DISPY or DISPZ for displacement
in model X, Y or Z direction respectively. RESIDX, RESIDY or RESIDZ for
residual forces in model X, Y or Z direction respectively. ROTATX, ROTATY
or ROTATZ for rotation in model X, Y or Z direction respectively.
datum is the target (displacement, rotation, or residual force).

The *BALANC command invokes module balanc to optimize a combination of
specified load sets by estimating multiplication factors.
syntax
*BALANC
[ MODEL · · · ]
[ EXECUT · · · ]
*END
MODEL evaluates the finite element model [§ 11.2.1].

EXECUT executes the loads optimization analysis [§ 11.2.2].
11.2.1 Model Evaluation

The MODEL commands customize the evaluation of the finite element model prior
to the actual loads optimization analysis. For full syntax description see Chapter
General Commands in Volume Analysis Procedures.
syntax
BEGIN MODEL
[ OFF ]
[ EVALUA [ OFF ] · · · ]
[ ASSEMB [ OFF ] · · · ]
[ MATRIX [ OFF ] ]
[ LOADS [ OFF ] ]
END MODEL
EVALUA to check and evaluate geometric and material properties for elements
and reinforcements.
ASSEMB to assemble the elements, i.e., creating appropriate system degrees of

freedom.
MATRIX to setup the element stiffness matrices.
LOADS to setup the load vectors.
11.2.2 Analysis Execution

The EXECUT commands perform the actual loads optimization analysis.
syntax
BEGIN EXECUT
[ SOLVE · · · ]
[ BEGIN CALCUL
[ BEGIN LOADS
[ ESTIMA ]
lodvar n...
ALL
[ FIXED ]
lodfix n...
NONE
END LOADS ]
[ BALANC LOAD=lodnew n ]
END CALCUL ]
END EXECUT
SOLVE specifies the solution method. See Chapter Solve System of Equations
in Volume Analysis Procedures for full syntax description.
CALCUL specifies parameters for the loads optimization analysis.
LOADS specifies the appropriate loads for the optimization analysis.

ESTIMA lodvar specifies the variable load sets, i.e., for which mul-
tiplication factors must be determined. By default Diana will
consider all load sets to be variable. The ALL option conforms [ALL]
to this default behavior.
FIXED specifies fixed loads where lodfix are load set numbers. Fixed
loads will be considered to act invariably on the model, i.e., with
a multiplication factor fixed to 1. By default Diana will not
apply fixed load sets. The NONE option conforms to this default [NONE]
behavior.
BALANC LOAD=lodnew is a number for a new load set which will combine
the variable load sets multiplied by their determined factors. By
default Diana will increment the value of the current highest load
set to get the number for the new load set.
file .dcf
*BALANC
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN CALCUL
BEGIN LOADS
FIXED 1
ESTIMA 2-11
END LOADS
BALANC LOAD=15
END CALCUL
END EXECUT
Through these example commands Diana will assemble the finite element model
and perform a linear elastic analysis by default. Next a load optimization anal-
ysis will be executed with load set 1 as fixed (typically the dead weight) and
load sets 2 to 11 to be varied. After the analysis the load sets 2 to 11 will be
combined in a new load set 15, with the resulting multiplication factors applied.
11.3 Output of Analysis results

Module balanc does not deliver regular analysis results like displacements,
strains, and stresses. Conversely, the output comprises an estimation report
and a new load set with combines the variable loads with their determined
multiplication factor. See also the example bridge in Volume Analysis Examples.

Module balance produces an optimization report on the standard output file.
This report contains the optimal load factor for each variable load case. It also
contains the residual which is the Euclidian norm of all residual components.
The following is an example of an estimation report, produced by Module bal-
anc.
file .out
BALANCE OUTPUT:
===============
LOADSET FACTOR
1 0.1000E+01 (FIXED)
2 0.5127E+00
3 0.1425E+00
4 0.8692E-01
5 0.1015E+00
11.3 Output of Analysis results 77
6 0.9359E-01
7 0.1081E+00
8 0.1170E+00
9 0.1443E+00
10 0.1490E+00
11 0.2128E+00
RESIDUAL: 0.5116E-04
/DIANA/DC/END 22:52:08 0.17-CPU 0.23-IO 296-FA STOP
In this example load cases 2–11 are variable. Load case 1 is fixed, typically the
dead weight load. Note that fixed load cases are reported with a factor 1.
11.3.2 Optimized Load

Module balance creates a new load set which combines the variable load sets
with the determined optimal multiplication factors. The new load set is left on
the filos file; you may apply it to check the correctness of the optimization
analysis via a subsequent linear static analysis. To see the actual load set you
may give the REMAKE command [Vol. Analysis Procedures].
file .dcf
*BALANC
···
*INPUT
REMAKE TABLE LOADS
*LINSTA
···
Chapter 12
Orthotropic Elastic
Membrane
Name: memore
Path: /Examples/ParEst/memore
Keywords: analys: linear parest static. class: hidden. constr: suppor.
elemen: pstres q8mem. load: force node. materi: elasti
orthot. option: direct. post: binary femvie tabula. result:
cauchy displa stress total.
t = 0.25
100
X
100
F1 F2
Figure 12.1: Identification experiment
This example illustrates the use of Module parest for a parameter estimation
problem with an orthotropic elastic membrane. First the experimental setup will
be explained briefly, followed by the creation of a linear finite element model
of the membrane. Then, the special parest input data will be added to the
data file and finally the parest commands used to determine the five unknown
80 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
parameters of the membrane will be explained.
12.1 Experimental Setup

In the experimental setup [Fig. 12.1], a membrane of 100 × 100 × 0.25 mm is
tested. The membrane was clamped along one edge and was free to deform on
the other sides. It was loaded with two forces, F1 = 0.1 kN and F2 = 0.05 kN, in
the plane of the membrane. This resulted in strains up to a maximum of 0.03.
With this load, wrinkling of the membrane was avoided. The dots in Figure
12.1 represent material points of the membrane. The displacements of these
points were measured in the experiment.
The material used in the experiment is a woven textile with orthotropic
behavior. Moreover, the textile can be considered as a membrane under plane
stress conditions. Poisson’s ratio νxy , Young’s moduli Ex and Ey and the shear
modulus Gxy of the material are unknown. Also the material orientation is
unknown. These parameters will be estimated with Module parest using the
displacements of the material points.
12.2 Finite Element Model

The finite element model consists of 100 Q8MEM plane stress elements [Fig. 12.2].
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 mesh.ps
Model: PRELIM
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Y
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Z X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Figure 12.2: Finite element model
12.2.1 Element Mesh

The finite element mesh is given on an input data file in Diana batch format.
Below we show some fragments of this file.
12.2 Finite Element Model 81
membra.dat
ORTHOTROPIC ELASTIC MEMBRANE

UNITS: mm, kN
’COORDINATES’
1 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 5.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
3 1.250000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
··· lines skipped
120 9.500000E+01 1.000000E+02 0.000000E+00
121 1.000000E+02 1.000000E+02 0.000000E+00
’ELEMENTS’
CONNECT
1 Q8MEM 1 2 13 12
2 Q8MEM 2 3 14 13
··· lines skipped
99 Q8MEM 108 109 120 119
100 Q8MEM 109 110 121 120
MATERI
/ 1-100 / 1
GEOMET
/ 1-100 / 1
12.2.2 Material Data, Supports and Loads

The definition of the material data, supports and loads is given on the same
input data file.
membra.dat
’MATERIAL’
1 YOUNG 0.50 0.50
POISON 0.25
SHRMOD 0.15
’GEOMETRY’
1 THICK 0.20
XAXIS 1.0 1.1 0.0
’DIRECTIONS’
1 1. 0. 0.
2 0. 1. 0.
3 0. 0. 1.
4 1.0 -1.428 0.
5 -1.0 -1.662 0.
’SUPPORTS’
/ 111-121 / TR 1 TR 2
’LOADS’
CASE 1
NODAL
11 FORCE 4 0.0500
1 FORCE 5 0.1000
’END’
Note that orthotropic behavior is modeled by providing two data items behind
YOUNG and two items behind POISON. The material orientation is specified by
means of the XAXIS keyword. Note that these denote initial estimations for the
stiffness parameters and the orthotropic orientation.
12.3 Preliminary Analysis

It is strongly recommended to check the model and to perform a standard linear
analysis, before using parest for the actual parameter estimation. This can be
done with the following analysis commands.
prelim.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*LINSTA
BEGIN OUTPUT
DISPLA
STRESS INTPNT
END OUTPUT
*END
The DISPLA command stores the displacements of the nodes. The STRESS
INTPNT command stores the stresses in the integration points of the elements.
Now we run Diana with this command file and the additional input file.
diana prelim membra.dat
This job creates a data base for postprocessing of model PRELIM.
12.3.1 Deformation
We now enter the iDiana Postprocessing environment and first display the
deformed mesh.
prelim.fvc
FEMVIEW PRELIM
VIEW MESH
RESULTS LOADCASE LC1
RESULTS NODAL DTX....G RESDTX
PRESENT SHAPE
12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis 83
The FEMVIEW command opens the database for postprocessing of model PRELIM.
The VIEW MESH command displays the undeformed mesh in green. Then the
RESULTS NODAL command with the DT attribute selects the nodal displacements
as result item. The PRESENT SHAPE command displays the deformed mesh in
red [Fig. 12.3].
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 predfm.ps
Model: PRELIM
LC1: Load case 1
Nodal DTX....G RESDTX
Max = 5.39 Min = 0
Factor = 1.55
Z X
Figure 12.3: Deformed mesh
12.3.2 Stresses
With the following RESULTS and PRESENT commands we display the stress dis-
tribution.
prelim.fvc
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.SXX.G SXX

RESULTS CALCULATE P-STRESS ALL
PRESENT VECTORS
RESULTS CALCULATE VONMISES
PRESENT CONTOUR LEVELS
The GAUSSIAN option with the EL.S attribute selects the stresses in the integra-
tion points of the elements. The CALCULATE P-STRESS option asks iDiana to
calculate the principal stresses. The VECTORS option displays these stresses in
vector style [Fig. 12.4a]. The CALCULATE VONMISES option yields the equiva-
lent Von Mises stresses and the CONTOUR LEVELS option displays these in filled
contour style [Fig. 12.4b].
12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis

Parameter Estimation requires some data additionally to that for the prelimi-
nary linear analysis.
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 prestp.ps iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 prestv.ps
Model: PRELIM Model: PRELIM

LC1: Load case 1 LC1: Load case 1
Gauss PRINC STRESS ALL Gauss VONMISES EL.SXX.G
Calculated from: EL.SXX.G Calculated from: EL.SXX.G
Max = .202 Max = .187 Min = .763E-3
Min = -.241E-1 Results shown:
Factor = 41.3 Mapped to nodes
.17
.153
.136
.119
Y Y .102
.855E-1
.686E-1
Z X Z X .516E-1
.126 .347E-1
.512E-1 .177E-1
(a) principal stress vectors (b) Von Mises stress contours
Figure 12.4: Stresses
12.4.1 Additional Data

To determine the unknown parameters Diana needs two extra tables in addition
to the input data shown previously. The first table is ’TARGET’ which contains
information about the experiment [§ 9.1]. The second table is ’ESTIMA’ and
specifies the unknown parameters [§ 9.2]. These extra tables for this example
are given below.
add2.dat
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 1.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
2 2.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
3 3.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
76 lines skipped
79 7.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
80 8.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
81 9.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
OBSERVABLES 1
1 POINT 1 DISPX 2.864E-02
2 POINT 1 DISPY -1.762E-01
151 lines skipped
157 POINT 79 DISPX -2.396E-01
158 POINT 79 DISPY -1.045E+00
159 POINT 80 DISPX -1.715E-01
160 POINT 80 DISPY -1.166E+00
161 POINT 81 DISPX -8.353E-02
162 POINT 81 DISPY -1.418E+00
’ESTIMATION’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
2 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
3 NAME POISON
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 0.499
4 NAME SHRMOD
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
5 NAME XAXIS
GEOMET 1
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.100 2.000
’END’
The subtables POINTS and OBSERV contain the original positions and displace-
ments of the material points measured in the experiment. In subtable PARAME
five parameters are specified. The first refers to the first entry behind the YOUNG
keyword of material 1 in table ’MATERI’.
12.4.2 Analysis
To perform the parameter estimation we apply the following commands.
estima.dcf
*INPUT
*LINSTA
*PAREST
OUTPUT TABULA PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN LINSTA
INDEX=1
LOAD=1
END LINSTA
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
CONVER PARAMETER TOLCON=1.E-4
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
We run Diana with this command file and the additional input file.
diana estima add2.dat

The following is a selection of the results of the parameter estimation.
estima.tb
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: PARAMETERS

=============================
PARAMETER NUMBER : 1 2 3 4
PARAMETER NAME : YOUNG YOUNG POISON SHRMOD
TABLE NAME : MATERI MATERI MATERI MATERI
TABLE NUMBER : 1 1 1 1
ITEM : 1 2 1 1
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.5000E+00 0.5000E+00 0.2500E+00 0.1500E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.3702E+00 0.6029E+00 0.1235E+00 0.8477E-01
STEP 1; ITERAT 2 : 0.3890E+00 0.5771E+00 0.1703E+00 0.9986E-01
STEP 1; ITERAT 3 : 0.3988E+00 0.5967E+00 0.1531E+00 0.1004E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 : 0.4000E+00 0.5999E+00 0.1501E+00 0.1000E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 5 : 0.4000E+00 0.5999E+00 0.1501E+00 0.1000E+00
PARAMETER NUMBER : 5
PARAMETER NAME : XAXIS
TABLE NAME : GEOMET
TABLE NUMBER : 1
ITEM : 2
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.1100E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.7638E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 2 : 0.9209E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 3 : 0.1001E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 : 0.1000E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 5 : 0.1000E+01
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: STATISTICS OF RESIDUALS

==========================================
NORM MAXIMUM STAND.DEV MEAN

STEP 1; ITERAT 0 : 0.2935E+01 -0.7794E+00 0.2306E+00 -0.1969E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.2522E+01 0.4069E+00 0.1982E+00 0.1646E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 2 : 0.5659E+00 0.9229E-01 0.4447E-01 0.2840E-01
STEP 1; ITERAT 3 : 0.2729E-01 -0.5772E-02 0.2144E-02 -0.2930E-03
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 : 0.1839E-02 -0.5239E-03 0.1445E-03 0.1445E-04
ESTIMATION OUTPUT: OBSERVABLES

==============================
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 :
1 POINT 1 DISPX 0.2866E-01
2 POINT 1 DISPY -0.1762E+00
4 POINT 2 DISPY -0.1752E+00
lines skipped
159 POINT 80 DISPX -0.1715E+00
160 POINT 80 DISPY -0.1166E+01
161 POINT 81 DISPX -0.8352E-01

162 POINT 81 DISPY -0.1418E+01
We observe that the five parameters converge while the residuals decrease.
Part IV
Lattice Analysis
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
Chapter 13
Introduction to Lattice
Analysis
The lattice model is a discrete model of a material where the continuum is

replaced by an equivalent beam or truss structure, the lattice. ‘Equivalent’
means that there is no direct relation between the continuum volume and the
lattice. The main purpose of the lattice model is to achieve understanding
of the fracture processes which occur at small scales and the influence of the
micro-structural disorder on the global behavior of the material.
13.1 Historical Background

Lattice models have been used over the last forty years for various purposes and
in many different versions. Hrennikoff [5] introduced a regular triangular lattice
of truss elements to solve classical problems of elasticity. Burt & Dougill [1]
adopted a random lattice of truss elements to simulate the progressive failure
occurring in heterogeneous media. Due to a lack of computer power these ap-
plications were in a theoretical framework.
Some ten years ago, the lattice models were reintroduced by theoretical
physicists to calculate conductivity problems and to model brittle failure in
disordered materials. Herrmann [4] showed that cracks can grow in a lattice
by means of deterministic rules, and that the crack patterns become fractals
due to the implicit heterogeneity. It was confirmed that fluctuations of stiffness
and strength inside the material are essential for cracks to grow in a random
manner.
13.2 The Delft Lattice Model

The Delft lattice model has been proposed by Van Mier and co-workers [11, 9, 8]
and subsequently enhanced by Vervuurt et al. [14, 13] and by Van Vliet [12],
92 Introduction to Lattice Analysis
to simulate progressive failure in concrete. The Delft lattice model applies

beam elements rather than truss elements because local rotations at the nodes
play a fundamental role in the fracture process. The lattice model is a regular
triangular lattice where the heterogeneity of the material is modeled by means
of a random distribution of the material properties of the beam elements in the
lattice structure. Both a statistical distribution, for instance Gauss or Weibull,
and a mapping of a particle structure on the lattice elements are possibilities of
modeling the heterogeneity of the material.
The Delft lattice model has used Diana as the finite element engine with
external pre- and postprocessing to process the removal of beam elements from
the finite element mesh. In 1995 a project has been initiated with the primary
goal to integrate the external pre- and postprocessors in Diana which resulted
in the special Diana Module lattice.
This part provides the user documentation for Module lattice. First there
are two examples of lattice analysis of a DEN specimen. The first example
is a general introduction to the application of Module lattice: a tensile test
[Ch. 14]. The second example introduces more advanced features of Module
lattice by means of a shear test [Ch. 15]. Finally there is a reference guide
[Ch. 16].
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV)
Chapter 14
Pull Test on DEN Specimen

Name: pull
Path: /Examples/Lattic/pull
Keywords: analys: eigen lattic linear static. constr: suppor tying. ele-
men: beam class1 l6ben pstres q8mem rectan. load: deform.
materi: elasti isotro. option: direct groups units. post:
binary femvie tabula. pre: append femgen remake. result:
displa force reacti total.
notch 5 × 5
150
thickness t = 50
60
Figure 14.1: Uniaxial tensile test on DEN specimen, measures in millimeter
This example describes the application of Module lattice to analyze a uniaxial

tensile test on a Double Edge Notched specimen, a so-called standard DEN
Specimen [Fig. 14.1].
To perform an analysis of a lattice model, you must supply Diana with
two types of information: input data describing the geometry, the topology, the
94 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
boundary conditions, the loading and the physical properties of the model; and
analysis commands to tell Diana how to analyze the model: number of steps,
type of solver, etc. Input data and commands must come on separate text files
in Diana batch format [Vol. Getting Started].

14.1.1 Geometry Definition
A Finite Element Analysis is based on the discretization of a structure into
elements. Usually, for a lattice analysis beam elements are applied. Modeling
the complete geometry of a structure with beam elements is unnecessary because
the lattice structure is only applied where we expect cracks to occur. In the
part of the structure where cracks are not likely to occur, we apply continuum
elements.
In this example we subdivide the structure into three regions, one region
in the neighborhood of the notches which is modeled with a lattice structure,
and two regions which are modeled with continuum elements [Fig. 14.2]. The
(0.0, 150.0) (60.0, 150.0)
continuum
(0.0, 92.3204) (60.0, 92.3204)
lattice
(0.0, 57.6796) (60.0, 57.6796)
continuum
(0.0, 0.0) (60.0, 0.0)
Figure 14.2: Regions of the DEN specimen
lattice region is referenced by a rectangular area with a width W and a height

H [Fig. 14.3]. This area is subdivided into xcells units over its width and ycells
units over the height. In each cell, a basic unit, a regular lattice is generated.
The width W of the specimen is modeled with xcells lattice elements. Because
the number of elements is an integer value, the length l of the lattice elements
is determined by the width W of the specimen and the number of cells over the
width, that means
W = xcells × l (14.1)
The height H of the area which is modeled with the lattice structure is now
determined by the number of layers in the lattice structure, ycells and the height
xcells
l ycells H
hlayer
two cells
start
W
Figure 14.3: Discretization of the lattice region
of an individual layer, hlayer ,
H = ycells × hlayer (14.2)
As shown in Figure 14.4, the height of an individual layer of lattice cells is

l
1
√
hlayer = 2
l 3
l
Figure 14.4: Fixed width/height ratio for a regular lattice
determined by the length of the lattice elements in a regular lattice as

√
hlayer = 21 l 3 (14.3)
In this example the width W of the specimen is 60 mm. Assuming that the
length l of a lattice element is 1 mm, the number of cells over the width is easily
calculated as 60. Furthermore we assume that we want to model a region of
approximately 35 mm around the notches with a lattice structure. The number
of layers is then calculated as
35
ycells = 1
√ ≈ 40 (14.4)
2 ×1× 3
The height of the lattice region is finally given by

√
H = 40 × 12 × 1 × 3 = 34.6408 mm (14.5)
The lattice region is placed symmetrically around the notches of the specimen,
see Figure 14.2 on the facing page, where the three regions are indicated and
the dimensions are given.
14.1.2 Modeling of the Material

In most cases, a lattice analysis is performed on a structure with a heteroge-
neous material structure. This heterogeneous structure is modeled explicitly in
the lattice region, but in the continuum region(s) we assume a homogeneous,
isotropic, linear elastic behavior with a Young’s modulus E and a Poisson’s ratio
ν. In this example we assume that E = 30000 N/mm2 and ν = 0.2.
Within the lattice region, the heterogeneity is modeled explicitly by assigning
different material properties to different elements within the lattice structure,
assuming the material to be a three-phase material. The phases are related to
the level of observation which can be the micro level, the meso level, and the
macro level (see Wittmann [16]). The lattice approach basically focuses on the
meso level, where the three phases are the aggregate particles, the matrix of sand
and hardened cement paste, and the interface transition zone, or bond zone. The
material model of the lattice elements is in all three cases a linear elastic, brittle
cracking model but with different properties for each phase material. The linear
elastic material model only needs one parameter: the Young’s modulus E. It is
difficult to determine the value of the Young’s moduli for each phase, but their
ratios are given by the following values for concrete (see Vervuurt [13])
Eparticle 70000 Ebond 25000
= and = (14.6)
Ematrix 25000 Ematrix 25000
The global Young’s modulus of the finite element structure is simply determined
by a linear elastic analysis with a unit load or deformation and with the result of
this analysis the Young’s moduli of the lattice elements can be scaled to obtain
a correct global stiffness. If the ratios between the local stiffnesses are kept
constant, a linear relation exists between the global Young’s modulus, Ec , and
the Young’s moduli of the lattice elements.
The Poisson’s ratio of the material determines directly the height of the
lattice elements because for beam elements the following relationship exists.
µ ¶2
h
1−
l
ν= µ ¶2 (14.7)
h
3+
l
with l the length of the lattice beam elements which is constant in case of a
regular triangular lattice structure. The relationship given in (14.7) results in a
relationship for the height of the beam elements
r
1 − 3ν
h=l (14.8)
1+ν
A physically realistic Poisson’s ratio equal to 0.2 is obtained by assuming a
height over length ratio equal to 0.58. It is clear that the material behavior is
modeled by the lattice elements both by the material model of the lattice ele-
ments with the Young’s modulus E, and the height of the lattice beam element
which is a geometry property. The width of the lattice beam does not influ-
ence the material behavior but is discussed here because it is also a geometrical
property. In general, the width of the lattice beam element is assumed to be
equal to the width of the specimen.
In a lattice analysis, crack growth is simulated by removing elements from
the lattice structure. The force and moment distribution in the beam elements
of the lattice structure are calculated [Fig. 14.5]. The maximum stress, resulting
Q(i) Q(j) M(j)

N(i) N(j)
(i) (j)
M(i)
Figure 14.5: Nodal forces of a lattice beam element
from the combined normal force and bending moments, is used in the evaluation
of a fracture law. In this example we apply the standard fracture law given by
¡ ¢
N max |M(i) |, |M(j) |
f= +α − ft > 0 (14.9)
A W
with A = b × h the cross sectional area of the beams and W = 16 × b × h2
the sectional modulus of the beams. The parameter α is introduced to select a
failure mode where bending plays either a dominant or a restricted role. The
tensile strength of the element is denoted as ft . The (constant) normal force
F in each beam and the bending moments M(i) and M(j) in node i and node
j respectively are calculated during the linear elastic analysis of the structure.
The ratio between the tensile strengths ft of the three phases for normal strength
concrete is given by Vervuurt [13] as
ftparticle 2 ftbond 1
= and = (14.10)
ftmatrix 1 ftmatrix 4
In this example we assume the material properties for each phase as indicated
in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1: Material properties
Particle Matrix Bond zone

Young’s modulus E 75000 25000 25000 N/mm2
Tensile strength ft 10.00 5.00 1.25 N/mm2
Parameter α 0.005 0.005 0.005
Height h 0.5774 0.5774 0.5774 mm
Width l 50 50 50 mm
The material properties of the lattice elements depend on whether the lattice
element models an aggregate particle, the matrix, or the bond zone between the
particle and the matrix. The determination of the material behavior of a lattice
element is performed by applying an overlay technique in which a generated
particle structure is mapped onto the lattice structure. The algorithm deter-
mines the position of the lattice element in relation to the overlay [Fig. 14.6].
If both nodes of the lattice element are within the same particle, the element
matrix
aggregate
Figure 14.6: Overlay particle structure
is assigned the material properties of an aggregate particle. If both nodes of

the lattice element are located outside a particle, the material properties of the
matrix are assigned to the lattice element. In other cases the lattice element
models the bond zone and the material properties of the bond zone are assigned
to the lattice element.
The particle structure, which is used as the overlay structure, is generated
according to a Fuller curve distribution. The Fuller curve is given by the per-
centage by weight passing a sieve with aperture diameter D of a mix with a
maximum aggregate diameter Dmax ,
r
D
p = 100 (14.11)
Dmax
The curve represents a grading of aggregate particles which results in optimum
density and strength of the concrete mixture. Using the Fuller curve distribu-
tion, Walraven [15] derived an expression for the probability that an arbitrary
point in the concrete body is located in an intersection circle with a diameter
D < D0 ,
¡
Pc (D < D0 ) =Pk 1.065 D00.5 Dmax
−0.5
− 0.053 D04 Dmax

−4
− 0.012 D06 Dmax

−6
(14.12)
− 0.0045 D08 Dmax
−8
¢
−0.0025 D010 Dmax
−10
Where Pk is the maximum virtual ratio of the aggregate volume to the total
volume of the concrete that can be reached. Therefore the ratio of the generated
particle structure is always less than or equal to Pk . The particles are placed
in a two-dimensional box from which the required particle structure is selected.

Several methods for placing the particles in the box can be implemented, see for
instance Chiaia et al. [2] and Vervuurt et al. [14]. In the current implementation
the particles are randomly placed by random calculation of the x coordinate
and the y coordinate of a circle with diameter D. The algorithm first places the
particles with the largest diameters and continues with decreasing diameters.
14.1.3 Specimen Edges

The specimen is clamped at the bottom and the upper edge [Fig. 14.7a], which
Y
X
(a) boundary conditions (b) supports (c) fixed displacements
Figure 14.7: Specimen edges
we can model by supporting the nodes in X and Y direction [Fig. 14.7b]. The
displacement-controlled loading of the specimen is modeled by giving the upper
edge nodes a fixed displacement in Y direction [Fig. 14.7c].
14.1.4 Lattice–Continuum Connection

In the lattice preprocessing stage you can ask Diana to automatically generate
the connections between the continuum regions and the lattice region. These
connections are then made with linear constraints (tyings). See Volume Anal-
ysis Procedures for a description of linear constraints in Diana. During the
initialization of the lattice analysis, Diana automatically generates appropriate
tyings to connect the lattice elements to the continuum elements. We will now
discuss the procedure that Diana applies to generate the tyings.
Tyings generation. The outer nodes of the lattice region are determined by
selecting those elements within the lattice which are connected to two or to four
nodes. These nodes are then evaluated to find whether they are on, or close
to, an edge of a continuum element. If it is found that the lattice node is on
the edge of the continuum elements, tyings are automatically generated for the
displacement degrees of freedom. The rotational degrees of freedom are not

connected to the continuum elements but are left free.
Figure 14.8 shows the procedure. The edge nodes of the continuum element
are denoted as C1 and C2 and the lattice node by L1 . The edge of the continuum
v
s·v C2
φ
C1
a L1
Figure 14.8: Determination of lattice–continuum connection
element is given by
v = C2 − C1 (14.13)
and the directional vector of the lattice node with reference to the edge of the
continuum element by
a = L1 − C1 (14.14)
The projection of the lattice node on the continuum edge is determined by
aT · v
cos φ = (14.15)
|a|L1 · |v|L1
and
aT · v
s= (14.16)
|a|L1 · |a|L1
The node L1 is assumed to be located on the edge C2 − C1 if
|a|L1 ≤ ltol (14.17)
which means that L1 coincides with C1 , or if
cos φ > (1 − φtol ) and 0≤s≤1 (14.18)
which means that node L1 is sufficiently close to the edge. The angle tolerance
φtol is the most important value for the determination of the tyings. The length
tolerance ltol is only needed to avoid division by zero or large round-off errors
in the determination of the angle φ.
Diana uses default values for φtol and ltol which in most cases are sufficiently
accurate, especially if care is taken in the calculation of the vertices of the mesh
regions [§ 14.1.1 p. 94]. If the default values turn out to be inappropriate, you
may overrule them by specification in the command file.
Important note. A final remark about the generation and connection of the
lattice regions is necessary. The current implementation of Module lattice
cannot connect lattice regions mutually. Therefore,
If you generate various lattice regions, with different LATTIC dia-
grams in the input data file for the mesh generator, you must connect
them manually.
14.1.5 Meshing
To build up the finite element model, we start iDiana and we enter the Design
environment with the model name PULL.
iDiana
FEMGEN BRIDGE
Analysis and Units
Analysis Selection
Model Type: →Structural 2D
Units Definition
Length: →Millimeter
Mass: →Kilogram
Force: →Newton
In the Analysis and Units dialog we specify the model type for a three-dimen-
sional structural analysis and the adopted units [mm, kg, N]. Subsequently we
use the iDiana commands below to build the lattice mesh.
Points mesh.fgc
PROPERTY FE-PROG DIANA STRUCT˙2D; yes

MESHING DIVISION DEFAULT 1
GEOMETRY POINT 0.0 57.67960
GEOMETRY LINE P1 P2
GEOMETRY LINE P2 P3
GEOMETRY LINE P3 P1
CONSTRUCT SET LATTICE APPEND LINES ALL
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM TRANSLAT P1 P3
GEOMETRY COPY LATTICE TR1
GEOMETRY COPY LATTICE TR2 30
GEOMETRY COPY L2 TR3
CONSTRUCT SET HOLE APPEND POINTS P738 P685 P683 P682 P681 P680 P679 P678 P677
CONSTRUCT SET HOLE APPEND POINTS P549
UTILITY DELETE POINT HOLE; yes
UTILITY DELETE SET HOLE; yes
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM MIRROR P1 P4
UTILITY DELETE SETS ALL; yes
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P2454 P1 +P17 +P32 +P47 +P62 +P77 +P92 +P812 =
+P797 +P782 +P767 +P752 P4 P2455
MESHING DIVISION LINE L7131 12
GEOMETRY COPY S1 S2 TR6
CONSTRUCT SET SOLID APPEND SURFACES ALL
MESHING TYPES SOLID QU4 Q8MEM
MESHING TYPES LATTICE BE2 L6BEN
MESHING GENERATE
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA1 ELASTIC ISOTROP 30000.0 0.15
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA2 ELASTIC ISOTROP 75000.0
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA2 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL ”ma21.dat”
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH1 GEOMETRY PLANSTRS THREGULR 50.0
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH2 GEOMETRY BEAM CLASSI PREDEFIN RECTAN 0.5774 50.0
PROPERTY ATTACH SOLID MA1 PH1
PROPERTY ATTACH LATTICE MA2 PH2
PROPERTY LOADS DISPLACE L7146 1.0 Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L7146 X
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L7130 X Y
CONSTRUCT SET TOP APPEND LINES L7146
CONSTRUCT SET CORNERS APPEND POINTS P545 P1881 P1194 P2398
These commands refer to three external files with respectively the material
properties of the particles, the material properties of the matrix and the bond
properties.
ma21.dat
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 1.0
ALPHA 0.005
ma22.dat
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 0.5
ALPHA 0.005
ma23.dat
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 0.125
ALPHA 0.005
14.1.6 Particle Structure

The command file for this stage of the analysis defines the lattice preprocessing
stage in which a particle structure is generated and subsequently mapped onto
the lattice structure.
mesh.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
READ
READ APPEND FILE="groups.dat"
*LATTICE
BEGIN PRELAT
BEGIN PARTIC
BEGIN GENERA
WIDTH = 150.0
HEIGHT = 150.0
DMIN = 2
DMAX = 16
PK = 0.75
WRITE FILE="grains.data"
END GENERA
BEGIN MAP
OFFSET X=25.0 Y=0.0
MATRIX MATERI=3 GEOMET=2
AGGREG MATERI=2 GEOMET=2
BOND MATERI=4 GEOMET=2
END MAP
END PARTIC
CONNEC
END PRELAT
*LINSTA
SOLVE OFF
OUTPUT FEMVIE MODEL FILE="PULL"
*END
groups.dat
’GROUPS’
ELEMEN
0 CONTINUUM / SOLID /
’END’
First, the additional data is read with the Module input. Next, the *LATTICE
command invokes Module lattice. In the lattice preprocessing command block
PRELAT , one major task is performed, the modeling of the heterogeneity by
the PARTIC command block. It is important to know that the mesh generator
does not connect the lattice region with the continuum regions, nor the lattice
regions mutually. Therefore we give the CONNEC command at the end of the
PRELAT commands to let Module lattice perform a connection task, i.e., the
connection of the lattice structure to the continuum regions.
The heterogeneity is applied in two command blocks: the generation of the
particle structure itself with the GENERA command block, the mapping of this
particle structure onto the lattice structure with the MAP command block. We
will discuss these command blocks in the following two sections.
Note that at the end of the commands we write the model to a database for
the iDiana Results environment. There we may determine various data that we
need in the following, for instance node numbers along edges to be supported.
14.1.6.1 Generation of Particles

The generation of the particle structure is based on Equation (14.12) on page
98. Appropriate parameters must be specified in the GENERA command block.
Parameters WIDTH and HEIGHT define the width and height of the rectangular
box in which the particle structure is generated [Fig. 14.9], a 150 × 150 mm
square box in this case.
Parameter DMAX defines the maximum particle size Dmax . Furthermore, pa-
rameter DMIN defines a minimum particle size Dmin to avoid generation of very
small particles. Note that values of the maximum and minimum particle size
are whole numbers! Parameter PK defines the value of Pk , the ratio between the
aggregate volume and the total volume.
Due to the FILE parameter in the WRITE command, Diana will save the
generated particle structure in a file grains.data. You may apply this file to
perform other analyses on the generated particle structure.
14.1.6.2 Mapping of Particles

The mapping procedure is performed next where we have to define which ma-
terial and geometry numbers are assigned to the lattice beam elements in the
particle phase, the matrix phase, or the bond zone phase. The material param-
eters are input in the input data file as numbers 21, 22, and 23 for the particle
phase, the matrix phase, and the bond zone phase respectively [§ 14.1.2 p. 96].
The mapping of these phases to the lattice elements must be defined in the MAP
command block. In the OFFSET command we define the offset of the specimen
with reference to the box in which the particle structure is generated [Fig. 14.9].
You can conceive this box as the concrete block from which the specimen has
HEIGHT
OFFSET X
WIDTH
Figure 14.9: Off-set of specimen with regard to the generated particle structure
been cut. Parameters X and Y respectively define the x and y offset. In this
example the x offset is 25 mm, there is no y offset.
With the MATRIX command we assign the material and geometry proper-
ties to the lattice elements mapped onto the matrix material by means of two
parameters: MATERI to assign the material number and GEOMET to assign the ge-
ometry number (numbers 22 and 20 respectively). Next, we assign the material
and geometry properties to the lattice elements mapped onto the aggregate via
the AGGREG command (numbers 22 and 20 respectively). Finally, with the BOND
command, we assign the material and geometry properties to the elements in
the bond zone (numbers 23 and 20 respectively). Note that all lattice elements
have the same geometry properties, irrespective whether they model the aggre-
gates, the matrix, or the bond zones. Only the material properties are different.
14.1.6.3 Running DIANA

After running Diana with the file mesh.dcf, the particle structure is written
on file grains.data according to the data format as defined in § 16.2.1.1 on
page 128. This file contains all the generated particles ordered with reference
to their diameter. Below we show the first few lines of this file.
grains.data
14.0063 114.7193 16.0000

31.8250 55.2997 15.0000
94.0608 78.1603 15.0000
26.7213 20.7084 14.0000
105.4237 42.9091 14.0000
The first two value respectively are the x and y coordinate of the center of the
particle. The third value is the diameter of the circle.1
14.2 Checking the Finite Element Model

This interlude is not necessary but it is useful to check the finite element model
with a linear elastic analysis. Such analysis takes less time than a lattice analysis
and a lot of time is saved when the possible errors are corrected before the lattice
analysis starts.
In general we must check the consistency of the finite element model. This
implies that we want to know if all elements pass the evaluation and initializa-
tion, if the load vector is initialized, and if the global system of equations can be
solved. The graphical output of the linear elastic deformations is very helpful
to check whether all the boundary conditions are correct.
In this example, we will also check the first three eigenmodes with an eigen-
value analysis with module eigen. The complete command file for linear static
and eigenvalue analysis is as follows [Vol. Analysis Procedures].
linsta.dcf
*LINSTA
MODEL OFF
OUTPUT TABULA FORCE REACTI
OUTPUT FEMVIE BINARY APPEND FILE="PULL" DISPLA
*EIGEN
MODEL OFF
TYPE IDENTI
BEGIN EXECUT
NMODES=3
NTRIAL=20
END EXECUT
OUTPUT FEMVIE BINARY APPEND FILE="PULL"
*END
The linear static analysis is performed using all the defaults of Module linsta
via a single *LINSTA command. The reaction forces are output in a tabulated
1 We have actually used the generated particle structure to make Figure 14.9 on the pre-
ceding page.
14.2 Checking the Finite Element Model 107
format and the deformations are written to a database for the iDiana Results
environment.
The command *EIGEN invokes Module eigen to calculate the eigenvalues
and eigenmodes. By default, the eigenmodes are written to a database for the
iDiana Results environment. The job to check the finite element model is now
performed by the following run command.
diana linsta
14.2.1 Linear Deformation and Eigenmodes

Module linsta gives as output the tabulated file linsta.tb with the support
reactions (not shown here). In the iDiana Results environment we can make
four displays: the first one shows the linear elastic deformations [Fig. 14.10-
a]. This indicates that the boundary conditions, including the automatically
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Model: PULL Model: PULL Model: PULL Model: PULL

LC1: Load case 1 MO1: Mode 1 MO2: Mode 2 MO3: Mode 3
Nodal DTX....G RESDTX Step: 0 FREQUENCY: 2.48 Step: 0 FREQUENCY: 5.46 Step: 0 FREQUENCY: 7.58
Max = 1 Min = 0 Nodal DTX....G RESDTX Nodal DTX....G RESDTX Nodal DTX....G RESDTX
Factor = 12.5 Max = 1.02 Min = 0 Max = 1 Min = 0 Max = 1.02 Min = 0
Factor = 12.2 Factor = 12.5 Factor = 12.2
Y Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X Z X
(a) lin. el. (b) mode 1 (c) mode 2 (d) mode 3
Figure 14.10: Deformation
generated tyings, are modeled correctly. The other three displays show the
three eigenmodes of the specimen [Fig. 14.10b-d].
14.2.2 Calibration of Young’s Moduli

The results of the linear elastic and the eigenvalue analysis show that the bound-
ary conditions are correct. The figures do not show any strange displacement
discontinuities which would have occurred if the boundary conditions were not
correctly modeled.
In this example we just assumed three values for the Young’s moduli of the
three phases, Eparticle = 75000 N/mm2 , Ematrix = 25000 N/mm2 , and Ebond =
25000 N/mm2 . However, if we want to simulate a true experiment, we must
verify if these values are correct. According to Vervuurt [13] the global stiffness
of the structure is linearly related to the stiffnesses of the lattice beams as long
as the ratio between the stiffness of the three phases remains constant. With
this knowledge and an experimental load–displacement diagram we are able to
calibrate the stiffnesses of the lattice elements.
Assume we know the experimental initial stiffness Kexperiment = F/∆u. For
the unit deformation of the upper edge of the specimen in the analysis we can
calculate the resulting load from the reaction forces which are tabulated in the
file linsta.tb. The sum of the reaction forces is equal to 5.8263 × 105 N for
a unit displacement which results in a global stiffness of the specimen equal to
Kanalysis = 5.8263 × 105 N/mm. The scaling factor of the Young’s moduli for
the various phases is then simply given by
corrected Kexperiment
Ephase = Ephase × (14.19)
Kanalysis
We will not perform a calibration here, because we do not want to simulate
an experiment. However, in a real applications it certainly would be useful to
calibrate the Young’s moduli.
14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis

Finally we can start with the real stuff: a lattice analysis. So far we only put
the specimen into a finite element model by modeling the geometry. The lattice
analysis phase, or execution phase, is started with an initialization, followed by
the actual execution in which lattice elements are subsequently removed from
the finite element model.
The actual analysis is performed as a sequence of steps, with in every step a
linear elastic calculation followed by the evaluation of the fracture law. Diana
then removes the lattice element with the largest failure factor from the finite
element model and performs a new step. We could just start from the database
of the last run [§ 14.2 p. 106].
14.3.1 Initialization
The command sequence for lattice initialization is rather simple.
prep.dcf
*LATTICE
INITIA
*END
There is just one single INITIA command. In Chapter 15 we discuss this com-
mand in more detail, but for a first analysis it is sufficient to call INITIA without
further subcommands or parameters. The lattice analysis starts by running Di-
ana with this command file to initialize the finite element model.
14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis 109
diana prep
14.3.2 Analysis Execution

With a second command file, we execute analysis steps and do the postprocess-
ing. During the analysis of this specimen we use this file three times which is
shown in the next section. We will write a database for the iDiana Results
environment. There we use the automatically generated group ACTIVE to plot Reserved
the cracked structure. The crack pattern is plotted using the automatically name:
ACTIVE
generated group INACTIVE in which the removed elements are collected. The
Reserved
predefined group of active element is formally given by name:
INACTIVE
G (ACTIVE) = G (CONTINUUM) + G (LATTICE) − G (INACTIVE) (14.20)
Where G (INACTIVE) denotes the set of removed elements.

The postprocessing within the *LATTICE commands is customized for the
lattice analysis and writes xy data to text files, for example load–displacement
curves. See Table 16.2 on page 135 for a format description of these files. The
complete command file for execution of steps is as follows.
exec.dcf
*LATTICE
BEGIN EXECUTE
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN SELECT
NODES CORNERS
STEPS ALL
END SELECT
BEGIN DISPLA
TYPE=TOTAL
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="displa.xy"
END DISPLA
END GRAPHS
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN SELECT
NODES TOP
STEPS ALL
END SELECT
BEGIN FORCE
TYPE=REACTI
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
CALCUL=SUM
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="force.xy"
END FORCE
END GRAPHS
NSTEPS = 200
SOLVE GENEL
OUTPUT FEMVIE DISPLA
END EXECUTE
*END
Note that the execution commands are placed in an EXECUTE command block
[§ 16.2.3 p. 132]. The two GRAPHS blocks ask Diana to write two files [§ 16.2.3.1
p. 133]. One file, named displa.xy, with the displacements of the notches.
We can use this file to calculate the average crack mouth opening displacement
(cmod) of the specimen. The second file, named force.xy, with the reaction
forces of the supported nodes at the upper edge of the specimen. From this file
we calculate the total loading on the specimen. In each GRAPHS block we define
a SELECT block to select the nodes which we want to monitor and the steps for
output. The step numbers are relative in the current EXECUTE block. In the first
GRAPHS block we select all steps executed in this job. We also select the four
edge nodes of the notches [Fig. 14.11]. From these nodes we want the global Y
2582–2594
1881 2398
545 1194
Figure 14.11: Selected nodes for output
component of the displacements as output, which we define with the DISPLA

command block. In the second GRAPHS block we select the nodes of the upper
edge of the specimen and also select all steps executed in this job. From these
nodes we want the reaction force in the global Y direction as output, defined by
the FORCE command block. Finally, the OUTPUT command creates a database
with the displacements for the iDiana Results environment.
Running DIANA. Next we execute three times 200 steps to simulate the
fracture of the specimen. The run commands to execute 3 × 200 steps are
diana exec.dcf exec1
These runs create three iDiana databases: EXEC1, EXEC2, and EXEC3, which we
can use to display the deformed geometry and the cracked structure.
14.3.3 Analysis Results

Deformation. After some time, the job is finished and we can enter the
iDiana Results environment to display the deformed geometry of the active
elements after step 200, step 400, and step 600 [Fig. 14.12]. Although the fig-
ures are rather small, the crack growth is clearly visible.2 Note that the three
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Model: EXEC1 Model: EXEC2 Model: EXEC3

Deformation = .388E5 Deformation = .733E4 Deformation = 205
Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X
Figure 14.12: Deformed specimen at 200, 400, and 600 steps
deformed meshes all have the default scaling factor, therefore the actual defor-
mations may not be compared.
Crack pattern. The crack patterns clearly stand out in a display of the un-
deformed mesh of the lattice [Fig. 14.13]. The development of the crack pattern
is one of the most important results from the lattice analysis, but we also want
to know how the load–deformation history looks like to get an impression of the
behavior of the specimen.
Loading vs. deformation. The analysis is performed with deformation load-

ing with a unit displacement (1 mm) of the upper edge. This displacement
leads to internal forces in the beam elements which Diana uses to determine
which element should be removed from the mesh. The element with the highest
stress/strength ratio should be removed because this would lead to the smallest
load factor. Recall the fracture law [Eq. (14.9) p. 97] for failure.
¡ ¢
N max |M(i) |, |M(j) |
f = σ − ftphase = +α − ftphase > 0 (14.21)
A W
Suppose that we found the highest stress/strength ratio in the beam σfailed
f = σfailed − ftphase > 0 (14.22)
2 When
you run this example yourself, the crack pattern may be quite different because of
the random generation of particles! Also the load–cmod curve may be different.
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Model: EXEC1 Model: EXEC2 Model: EXEC3
Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X
Figure 14.13: Crack pattern at 200, 400, and 600 steps
Then, this means that all other beams will not fail when we multiply the loading
by the load factor µ
1 σfailed
= (14.23)
µ ftphase
because
µσ − ftphase < 0 (14.24)
but for the failed beam
µσfailed − ftphase = 0 (14.25)
So we found the load factor µ at which a lattice element is removed from the
geometry. In case of deformation loading, as in this example, we could also say
that when we would have loaded the specimen with a displacement µ instead of
a unit displacement, we would have found exactly one element which fails. Also
the reaction forces should be scaled with µ because we are considering a linear
elastic model at each step.
The load and deformation data that Diana prints to the text files are the
‘raw’ data: the residual load and displacement data are not yet multiplied with
the load factor µ. The nodal data are just printed with the step number, the
element number, and the load factor to the files displa.xy and force.xy. The
syntax of the two files is as follows (Fortran formats indicated below the output
items).
displa.xy syntax
STEP ELMFAI LODFAC UYNOT1 UYNOT2 UYNOT3 UYNOT4
1X I5 1X I7 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4
force.xy syntax
STEP ELMFAI LODFAC REASUM
1X I5 1X I7 E12.4 E12.4
STEP is the step number.

ELMFAI is the number of the element that fails.
LODFAC is the load factor µ.
UYNOT1 is the displacement uY of the first notch (node 545).
UYNOT2 is the displacement uY of the second notch (node 1194).
UYNOT3 is the displacement uY of the third notch (node 1881).
UYNOT4 is the displacement uY of the forth notch (node 2398).
REASUM is the sum of the reaction forces (nodes 2582–2594).
Fragments of these files are shown below.

displa.xy
1 6894 0.2561E-03 0.4813E+00 0.4834E+00 0.5215E+00 0.5289E+00

2 6900 0.2388E-03 0.4813E+00 0.4828E+00 0.5215E+00 0.5288E+00
3 6893 0.2081E-03 0.4813E+00 0.4820E+00 0.5215E+00 0.5286E+00
4 6903 0.2172E-03 0.4812E+00 0.4808E+00 0.5214E+00 0.5285E+00
5 1522 0.2792E-03 0.4811E+00 0.4798E+00 0.5214E+00 0.5284E+00
force.xy
1 6894 0.2561E-03 0.5734E+06

2 6900 0.2388E-03 0.5727E+06
3 6893 0.2081E-03 0.5721E+06
4 6903 0.2172E-03 0.5703E+06
5 1522 0.2792E-03 0.5696E+06
The total load–average cmod history has been calculated from the files displa.xy
and force.xy and is shown in Figure 14.14 on the following page. The ‘raw’
analysis results are calculated as follows. The CMOD for the left notch and for
the right notch are respectively:
³ ´
(1881) (545)
CMODleft = µ uY − uY
³ ´ (14.26)
(2398) (1194)
CMODright = µ uY − uY
The average CMOD then is:

CMODleft + CMODright
CMODaverage = (14.27)
2
Ftotal [N]
2000
Total load 1500
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 ×10−2
Average CMOD
Figure 14.14: Total load–average cmod history
The total load is calculated as

2594
X (i)
Ftotal = µ freacti (14.28)
i=2582
Figure 14.14 is now obtained by scaling the raw data with a factor β = 10.0,
i.e., by plotting β ×Ftotal versus β ×CMODaverage . Factor β models the (linear)
relation between the heterogeneous material and the modeling of the material
by the lattice structure and the particle overlay.
The modeling is never completely correct and depends on the size distri-
bution of the particle overlay, the beam length, and the strengths of the three
material phases, see for instance Schlangen [8] or Vervuurt [13]. The nice thing
about the factor β is that as soon we found the scaling factor of our lattice
structure, discretization and particle overlay, we can keep it constant as long as
we apply the same particle overlay and keep the length of the lattice elements
the same.
14.4 Summary
There are a few points which are important to remember when performing a
lattice analysis.
A lattice analysis consists of three major parts: (1) the generation of the
finite element mesh including the assignment of material properties to the dif-
ferent lattice elements; (2) the initialization of the lattice analysis; and (3) the
calculation of the loading history or the lattice execution.
In Module lattice there are reserved names for element groups: LATTICE,
CONTINUUM, ACTIVE, and INACTIVE. You may use these groups for selection but
14.4 Summary 115
when you append elements to, or delete elements from these groups, the behavior
of lattice is unpredictable. Strong advice: Keep off the reserved groups!
In an analysis with Module lattice you can apply two types of elements:
the four-node plane stress element Q8MEM, and the two-node beam element
L6BEN. Other element types cannot be applied in analysis wit Module lattice.
When you generate the lattice structure with the Diana mesh generator,
you should remember that different lattice regions are never automatically con-
nected, neither during the generation, nor during automatic connection. You
should connect the different lattice regions yourself, or generate one lattice re-
gion.
The default settings for lattice are well chosen and evaluated. Do not
change these defaults unless you are an experienced user of lattice.
Chapter 15
Shear Test on DEN

Specimen
Name: shear
Path: /Examples/Lattic/shear
Keywords: analys: lattic linear static. constr: suppor tying. elemen:
beam class1 l6ben pstres q8mem rectan. load: force node.
materi: elasti isotro. option: direct groups units. post:
binary femvie. pre: append femgen. result: displa total.
12.5 12.5
platen 5 × 22.5 5 × 25
notches
150
5 × 25
5 × 25 5 × 22.5
thickness
12.5 12.5 t = 50
400
Figure 15.1: Four-point shear test on DEN specimen, measures in millimeter
This example shows the analysis of a four-point shear test on a DEN specimen
as described by Schlangen & Van Mier [10]. The experiment was carried out
with fixed supports which resulted first in two curved cracks growing from the
notches, and finally in a diagonal splitting crack, see also Schlangen [8].
Figure 15.1 shows the geometry and loading conditions of the DEN specimen.
The loading platens at the lower side are supported in two directions, and those
118 Shear Test on DEN Specimen
at the upper side only in the horizontal direction. The loading is applied at the
15 1
upper side platens in a ratio of 16 and 16 , respectively the load near the upper
notch and the load at the top-right side of the specimen.

For this example we prepare one input file with meshing data for Module mesh
and material data, and an other input file with the boundary conditions.
15.1.1 Meshing Data

The geometry of the specimen is more complex than the tensile test on the
DEN specimen and we consider more meshing diagrams, as shown in Figure
15.2 where the meshing diagrams are indicated with bold numbers and the
Y 14 15
38 39 47 46
31 32 37 35
21 4 22 5 33 34 9 25 10 48 36
23 24 26
3 11 8
11 12 13 14 15 16
1 1 2 2 3 4 6 5 7 6 X
45 41
43 44 40 42
12 13
Figure 15.2: Mesh diagrams of the DEN specimen
vertices with small numbers. The complete iDiana command file is as follows.
Points mesh.fgc
PROPERTY FE-PROG DIANA STRUCT˙2D; yes


GEOMETRY POINT 202.5 -5.0
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P31 P32 P33 P1
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P19 +P13 +P7 P1 +P33 P2 +P8 +P14 P20
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P14 P15 P21 +P25 P20
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P4 +P29 P5 P11 P10
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P6 +P12 +P18 P24 +P36 P23 +P17 +P11 P5
UTILITY MEASURE LENGTH L3
MESHING DIVISION ELSIZE ALL 12.5
MESHING GENERATE
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH1 GEOMETRY PLANSTRS THREGULR 37.5
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH2 GEOMETRY BEAM CLASSI PREDEFIN RECTAN 0.96225045 37.5
CONSTRUCT SET CONCRETE APPEND SURFACES S2 S3 S4 S7 S8 S10
CONSTRUCT SET STEEL APPEND SURFACES S1 S5 S6 S9
PROPERTY ATTACH CONCRETE MA1 PH1
PROPERTY ATTACH STEEL MA2 PH1
GEOMETRY SPLIT L1 0.5

PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT P37 X Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT P39 X Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT P38 X
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT P40 X
PROPERTY LOADS FORCE P38 -0.9375 Y
PROPERTY LOADS FORCE P40 -0.0625 Y
GEOMETRY POINT 151.6667 20.873412
CONSTRUCT SET OPEN LATTICE
GEOMETRY LINE STRAIGHT L61 P8 P41
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM TRANSLATE P8 P41
CONSTRUCT SET BOTTOM APPEND LINES LATTICE
UTILITY DELETE POINTS P219; yes
GEOMETRY COPY BOTTOM TR6
CONSTRUCT SET HULP APPEND POINTS P189 P188 P187 P103 P101 P100 P99 P98 P4607
CONSTRUCT SET HULP APPEND POINTS P4606 P4545 P4544 P4543 P4486 P4485
UTILITY DELETE POINTS HULP; yes
MESHING DIVISION LINE LATTICE 1
MESHING TYPES LATTICE BE2 L6BEN
PROPERTY ATTACH LATTICE MA3 PH2
UTILITY DELETE SET ALL; yes
CONSTRUCT SET SOLID APPEND SURFACES ALL
CONSTRUCT SET CONCRETE APPEND SURFACES S2 S3 S4 S7 S8 S10
CONSTRUCT SET STEEL APPEND SURFACES S1 S5 S6 S9
CONSTRUCT SET LATTICE REMOVE LINES SOLID
MESHING GENERATE
15.2 Preparing the Model

We split the commands for the lattice analysis in two files, one for the prepara-
tion of the finite element model, and one for the execution of the actual analysis.
The command file for the first job is as follows.
prep.dcf
*FILOS
15.2 Preparing the Model 121
INITIA
*INPUT
READ
READ APPEND FILE="groups.dat"
*LATTICE
BEGIN PRELAT
BEGIN PARTICLE
BEGIN READ
WIDTH=150.0
HEIGHT=150.0
FILE="grains.data"
END READ
BEGIN MAP
OFFSET X=-125.0 Y=0.0
AGGREG MATERI=3 GEOMET=2
MATRIX MATERI=4 GEOMET=2
BOND MATERI=5 GEOMET=2
END MAP
END PARTICLE
CONNECT
END PRELAT
INITIA
*END
The material heterogeneity is modeled with the particle structure from the ten-
sile test ’pull’ which gives the opportunity to simulate the experiment directly
without the necessity to determine the β factor. The particle structure is read
from the file grains.data that we saved from the tensile test in the DEN spec-
imen [§ 14.1.6.1 p. 104]. The mapping of the particle structure onto the lattice
elements is performed like in the previous example, with the offset as indicated
in Figure 15.3.
HEIGHT=150
Y=0
OFFSET X=-125 WIDTH=150
Figure 15.3: Off-set of specimen with regard to the generated particle structure
Next the connection of the lattice structure with the continuum regions is
made with the CONNECT command, and finally the lattice analysis is initialized.
Now we run the Diana job with the command file prep.dcf to prepare the
finite element model for lattice analysis.
diana prep
15.3 Analysis Execution

During the execution, the solution is calculated and the evaluation of the lattice
structure is performed to find the lattice element which is removed from the
lattice structure. The command file for the actual analysis is shown below.
exec.dcf
*LATTICE
BEGIN EXECUTE
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN DISPLA
TYPE=TOTAL
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="displa.his"
END DISPLA
END GRAPHS
NSTEPS=150
END EXECUTE
OUTPUT FEMVIE DISPLA
*END
The layout of the command file is like the one for the tensile test [§ 14.3.2 p. 109]
and we do not discuss it in detail. The selection of the nodal displacement output
of the supports is defined first in the GRAPHS block. The customized settings
are MATRIX OFF, ASSEMB OFF, and LOADS OFF, and then 150 steps are executed.
Via the OUTPUT block we write a database for the iDiana Results environment.
Running DIANA. Next we execute three times 150 steps to simulate the
fracture of the specimen.
diana shear.dat exec.dcf exec1
At the end of each the job we may enter the iDiana Results environment to
display the deformed geometry and the cracked structure.
Chapter 16
Lattice Analysis Reference

Guide
16.1 Input Data

This section describes the syntax of input tables appropriate for lattice analysis.
The general concept of input tables is described in Volume Analysis Procedures.
This chapter only describes the parts of the input which are special for lattice
analysis. See also Volume Analysis Procedures for input of general data like
boundary conditions (supports) and loading.
16.1.1 Material Properties

Material properties are input via table ’MATERI’. See Volume Material Library
for general syntax description.
In lattice analysis, only a part of the structure is modeled with a lattice
structure, the remaining part is modeled with continuum elements. Material
properties for continuum elements are modeled as isotropic linear elastic, for
lattice elements a brittle cracking model must be specified.
16.1.1.1 Continuum Elements

The continuum elements in a model for lattice analysis must have isotropic
linear elastic material properties.
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
[ DENSIT rho r ]
124 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
(E > 0) YOUNG e is Young’s modulus E.

(0 ≤ ν < 0.5) POISON nu is Poisson’s ratio ν.
(ρ ≥ 0) DENSIT rho is the mass density ρ, to be input in case of dead weight loading.
16.1.1.2 Lattice Elements

The lattice structure is usually applied to model a heterogeneous material such
as concrete. In this material three different fractions can be observed, the
aggregate particles, the cement matrix, and the interface transition zone, or
bond zone. Each of these fractions has its own material models and material
properties, which are defined in the data file. The material numbers are related
to each one of the three fractions which are determined at the mapping of the
particle structure onto the lattice structure [§ 16.2.1.2].
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG ephase r
[ DENSIT rho r ]
FRCLAW frcnam w
··· ··· fracture law parameters
(Ephase > 0) YOUNG ephase is the Young’s modulus of the phase Ephase .
(ρ ≥ 0) DENSIT rho is the mass density ρ, to be input in case of dead weight loading.
FRCLAW frcnam is the name of the fracture law: STNDRD indicates the standard
fracture law, USER a user-specified fracture law.
The input of fracture law parameters depends on the type of the fracture law
as indicated in the following.
Standard fracture law. The standard fracture law is based on the maximum
tensile stress in a beam with a scaling of the bending stress component.
¡ ¢
N max |M(i) |, |M(j) |
f= +α − ft > 0 (16.1)
A W
16.1 Input Data 125
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
FRCLAW STNDRD
ALPHA alpha r
TENSTR ft r
FRCLAW STNDRD specifies the standard fracture law to be used.

ALPHA alpha is the parameter α of the standard fracture law which indicates
the influence of the bending forces in the lattice elements over the tensile
forces in the lattice elements.
TENSTR ft is the tensile strength ft of the lattice elements modeling the fraction
in which the element is located.
User-supplied fracture law. As an alternative to the standard fracture law,

you may ask Diana to invoke a user-supplied subroutine.
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
FRCLAW USER
USRVAL usrval r...
FRCLAW USER specifies the user-supplied fracture law to be used.

USRVAL are the user-defined parameters of the fracture law which are passed to
user-supplied subroutine USLAFR in which the fracture law is evaluated.
If you specify in table ’MATERI’ that a user-supplied fracture law must be

applied for a lattice element, then you must also supply the source code of
routine USLAFR. This routine (function) must return the load factor at which
the lattice element will fail.
Fortran
DOUBLE PRECISION FUNCTION USLAFR( t, h, usrval, nusrvl,
$ nx1, nx2,
$ qy1, qy2, qz1, qz2,
$ mx1, mx2, my1, my2,
$ mz1, mz2 )
in dbl t Thickness of the (beam) element.

in dbl h Height of the (beam) element.
in int usrval() User-defined parameters
specified in the data file.
in dbl nusrvl Number of user-defined parameters
specified in the data file.
in dbl nx1 Normal force at node 1.
in dbl nx2 Normal force at node 2.
in dbl qy1 Shear force in y direction at node 1.
in dbl qy2 Shear force in y direction at node 2.
in dbl qz1 Shear force in z direction at node 1.
in dbl qz2 Shear force in z direction at node 2.
in dbl mx1 Bending moment along x axis at node 1.
in dbl mx2 Bending moment along x axis at node 2.
in dbl my1 Bending moment along y axis at node 1.
in dbl my2 Bending moment along y axis at node 2.
in dbl mz1 Bending moment along z axis at node 1.
in dbl mz2 Bending moment along z axis at node 2.
out dbl uslafr Load factor at which the lattice element fails.
See Volume Analysis Procedures for a general description of Diana’s user-

supplied subroutine option and for the precautionary measures to be taken
when using this option.
16.1.2 Element Geometry Data

Currently only plane stress structures can be analyzed with the Module lat-
tice. The geometry properties for the continuum and for the lattice region are
input via table ’GEOMET’. See also Volume Element Library.
16.1.2.1 Continuum Elements

For the plane stress continuum elements you must specify the thickness.
syntax
’GEOMET’
1 5 6 12 13 80
THICK tr
THICK t is the thickness t of the structure.
16.1.2.2 Lattice Elements

The lattice structure is modeled with beam elements with a rectangular cross-
section [Vol. Element Library].
syntax
’GEOMET’
1 5 6 12 13 80
RECTAN hr br
RECTAN h is the height of the cross-section. Value b is the width b of the

cross-section which is assumed equal to the thickness t of the structure.

After the geometry of the structure is modeled with continuum elements and lat-
tice elements, for example with Diana’s mesh generator Module mesh, a lattice
analysis can be performed by means of commands for Module lattice. These
commands must follow the *LATTIC module command, in obligatory sequence
as shown below.
syntax
*LATTIC
BEGIN PRELAT
··· preprocessing
END PRELAT
INITIA initialization
BEGIN EXECUT
··· step execution
END EXECUT
PRELAT is a command block for the lattice preprocessing which involves particle
definition, particle mapping, and connection of the continuum region to
the lattice region [§ 16.2.1 p. 127].
INITIA is a command to initialize the lattice analysis. To customize the initial-
ization you may specify commands in block format [§ 16.2.2 p. 132].
EXECUT is a command block to execute the lattice analysis, which involves the
determination of the load history [§ 16.2.3 p. 132].
16.2.1 Lattice Preprocessing

The preprocessing for the lattice analysis involves three major tasks: particle
definition, applying the heterogeneity to the lattice structure, and connection
of the continuum to the lattice structure. You must specify commands for
these tasks in the PRELAT command block. The sequence of these commands is
obligatory as shown below.
syntax
BEGIN PRELAT
BEGIN PARTIC
··· particle definition
END PARTIC
BEGIN MAP
··· heterogeneity mapping
END MAP
CONNEC continuum–lattice connection
END PRELAT
PARTIC is a command block to define the particle structure: whether it must

be generated or read from an external file [§ 16.2.1.1].
MAP is a command block to apply the heterogeneity to the lattice structure by
mapping a particle structure onto the lattice structure [§ 16.2.1.2].
CONNEC is a command to connect the elements of the lattice structure to the
continuum elements. You may specify some additional parameters in block
format [§ 16.2.1.3 p. 132].
16.2.1.1 Particle Structure Definition

The particle structure is generated or read from an external file which is specified
with a GENERA or a READ command block respectively.
syntax
BEGIN PARTIC
BEGIN GENERA
··· generate particle structure
END GENERA
or:
BEGIN READ
··· read particle structure
END READ
END PARTIC
GENERA is a command block to define the generation of the particle structure.

READ is a command block to read the particle structure from an external file.
Generation of the particle structure. The generation of the particle struc-

ture is based on a technique developed by Van Mier et al. [11] which is briefly
described in § 14.1.2 on page 96. The commands to generate a particle structure
must be specified in a GENERA sub-block.
syntax
BEGIN GENERA
WIDTH=width r
HEIGHT=height r
DMIN=dmin n
DMAX=dmax n
PK=pk r
[ BEGIN WRITE
FILE=name s
END WRITE ]
END GENERA
WIDTH=width specifies the width of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is generated.
HEIGHT=height specifies the height of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is generated.
DMIN=dmin is the smallest diameter Dmin of the aggregate particles.
DMAX=dmax is the largest diameter Dmax of the aggregate particles [Eq. (14.11)
p. 98].
PK=pk is the ratio Pk of the total volume of the aggregate to the concrete
volume [Eq. (14.12) p. 98]. (Pk < 1)
WRITE asks Diana to write the generated particle structure to an external file.
Parameter FILE=name specifies the name of the file.
Reading the particle structure. As an alternative for generating, the par-

ticle structure can be read from a previously written external file by means of
a READ command sub-block.
syntax
BEGIN READ
WIDTH=width r
HEIGHT=height r
FILE=name s
END READ
WIDTH=width specifies the width of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is defined.
HEIGHT=height specifies the height of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is defined.
FILE=name is the name of external file from which the particle structure must
be read. The format of the external file is indicated in Table 16.1 for the
programming languages Fortran-77 and C. The current implementation is
limited to 10000 particles with at most 200 different diameters.
Table 16.1: Format for particle structure
Parameter
xcenter ycenter D
Fortran-77 F12.4 F12.4 F12.4
C %12.4f %12.4f %12.4f
file .dcf
BEGIN PARTIC
BEGIN READ
FILE="grains.data"
END READ
END PARTIC
These commands read the particle structure from the file grains.data. The
file must contain the circles representing the particles: one circle per line with
three parameters: xcenter , ycenter and D respectively the x and y coordinate of
the center of the circle and the diameter of the circle. An example of the input
file for the particle structure is shown below.
grains.data
125.1636 103.2767 16.0000

62.6379 126.7657 15.0000
116.8489 35.3018 15.0000
38.1330 68.1122 14.0000
79.9702 14.5124 14.0000
107.6500 101.3994 14.0000
118.9782 133.1896 13.0000
142.1746 94.1721 13.0000
···
16.2.1.2 Heterogeneity Mapping

To apply the heterogeneity to the lattice structure by mapping a particle struc-
ture onto the lattice structure you must specify the MAP command sub-block.
In this stage, the material and geometry properties are assigned to the lattice
elements.
syntax
BEGIN MAP
[ BEGIN OFFSET
[ X=xoff r ]
[ Y=yoff r ]
END OFFSET ]
BEGIN MATRIX
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END MATRIX
BEGIN AGGREG
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END AGGREG
BEGIN BOND
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END BOND
END MAP
OFFSET defines the off-set which is applied for the mapping of the particle struc-
ture onto the lattice elements. The off-set in defined by the shift of the
finite element mesh with respect to the area in which the particle structure
is generated [Fig. 14.9 p. 105]. You may specify two parameters: X=xoff [xoff =0]
and Y=yoff for the off-set in the global X and Y direction respectively. [yoff =0]
Diana assumes a zero off-set if you do not specify it.
MATRIX assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the matrix phase of the material.
AGGREG assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the aggregate phase of the material.
BOND assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the bond-zone phase of the material.
For all three phases the assignment of properties is specified via three
parameters: MATERI=matnr the material number, GEOMET=geonr the ge-
ometry number, and DATA=datnr the number of the special element data.
For a regular lattice analysis, the lattice elements do not need special
element data: you may omit the DATA parameter.
You must specify the actual material, geometry and special properties
in input table ’MATERI’ [§ 16.1.1 p. 123], ’GEOMET’ [§ 16.1.2 p. 126], and
’DATA’ [Vol. Element Library] respectively.
16.2.1.3 Connection of Solid to Lattice Regions

Module lattice can connect the elements in the lattice region to the elements
in the continuum regions by automatic generation of linear constraints (tyings)
between the displacement degrees of freedom of both element sets [§ 16.1.1.1
p. 123]. The connection is performed by means of the CONNEC commands.
In some cases it may be appropriate to switch off the connection task by
means of the OFF option [§ 14.1.6.2 p. 105]. You may specify some parameters
in block format to overrule the default values for the accuracy.
syntax
BEGIN CONNEC
[ OFF
[ TOLLEN=ltol r ]
[ TOLPHI=phitol r ]
END CONNEC
[ltol = 10−8 ] TOLLEN=tollen defines the spatial tolerance ltol whether two nodes coincide.
[φtol = 10 −4
] TOLPHI=phitol defines the tolerance φtol in projection of the lattice node onto
the continuum edge, φ < arccos(1 − φtol ).
See ‘tyings generation’ in § 14.1.4 on page 99 for background information on

tolerances for connection.
16.2.2 Lattice Initialization

The lattice initialization performs the basic tasks of Module linsta [Vol. Anal-
ysis Procedures] which you may invoke via the INITIA command.
syntax
INITIA [ START STEP step n ]
[step = 0] START STEP step is the starting number of the step counter.
16.2.3 Lattice Execution

The purpose of the lattice execution task is to calculate the load–deformation
history of the structure. Module lattice subsequently removes elements from
the given mesh in accordance with a specified fracture law [§ 16.1.1.2 p. 124].
This task also includes storing of necessary data for postprocessing. You must
specify the EXECUT command block to perform the execution task.
syntax
BEGIN EXECUT
[ SOLVE · · · ]
[ BEGIN GRAPHS
··· output selection for load–displacement data
END GRAPHS ]
NSTEPS=nsteps n
END EXECUT
In short format you can invoke a task by a single command. To skip a task you
must combine the single command with the OFF option.
SOLVE is the command block to customize the solution procedure [Vol. Analysis
Procedures]. Application of substructuring is an attractive alternative for
the default solver. The combination of a limited number of substructures
(10–20) with the iterative solver often shows superior performance. If you
apply the iterative solver you should check the output file for convergence,
otherwise erroneous results may be obtained.
GRAPHS is a command block to create output files for postprocessing of the
analysis results [§ 16.2.3.1].
NSTEPS nsteps is the number of steps to be taken.
16.2.3.1 Dedicated Lattice Postprocessing Output

Module lattice offers some dedicated postprocessing options to generate text-
format xy data files during the lattice execution. To get the postprocessing files,
you must specify commands in the GRAPHS block.
syntax
BEGIN GRAPHS
[ BEGIN SELECT
[ NODES ]
nodes n...
ALL
[ STEPS ]
steps n...
ALL
END SELECT ]
[ BEGIN DISPLA
[ TYPE=name w ]
[ FORMUL=name w ]
[ OPERAT=name w ]
COMPON=name w
[ BEGIN WRITE
[ FILE=name s ]
END WRITE ]
END DISPLA ]
[ BEGIN FORCE
[ TYPE=name w ]
[ FORMUL=name w ]
[ OPERAT=name w ]
[ CALCUL=name w ]
COMPON=name w
[ BEGIN WRITE
[ FILE=name s ]
END WRITE ]
END FORCE ]
END GRAPHS
SELECT is a command block to select nodes and steps for output. The selection
is only valid for the current output block. NODES nodes is the range of
selected node numbers. STEPS steps is the range of selected step numbers.
[ALL] The ALL option selects all nodes or steps.
DISPLA is a command block to produce output of displacements.
[TOTAL] Parameter TYPE=name specifies the displacement type: TOTAL for the cal-
culated total displacements. Parameter FORMUL=name specifies the dis-
[TRANSL] placement formulation: TRANSL for translations u or ROTATI for rotations
φ.
Parameter OPERAT=name specifies the transformation (operation) to be
[GLOBAL] performed on the displacements: LOCAL for local xyz direction of the sys-
tem degrees of freedom (no operation), or GLOBAL for global model XY Z
directions. Parameter COMPON=name selects the components for output: X,
Y, or Z for the displacement components in the local xyz or in the global
XY Z direction, depending in the setting of the OPERAT parameter.
Command block WRITE causes the displacements to be written to an ex-
ternal file. Parameter FILE=name specifies the file name. The default file
[displaXY.tab] name is displaXY.tab.
FORCE is a command block to produce output of the nodal forces.
[REACTI] Parameter TYPE=name specifies the force type: REACTI for the reaction
forces, or RESIDU for the residual forces. Parameter FORMUL=name specifies
[TRANSL] the displacement formulation: TRANSL for forces F or ROTATI for moments
M.
Parameter OPERAT=name specifies the transformation (operation) to be
[GLOBAL] performed on the forces and moments: LOCAL for local xyz direction of
16.3 Output of General Analysis Results 135
the system degrees of freedom (no operation) or GLOBAL for global model
XY Z directions.
Parameter CALCUL=name specifies a mathematical operation to be per-
formed on the forces: SUM for the summation of the selected forces or [NONE]
NONE for no operation. Parameter COMPON=name selects the components
for output: X, Y, or Z for the component in the local xyz or in the global
XY Z direction, depending in the setting of the OPERAT parameter.
Command block WRITE causes the nodal forces to be written to an external
file. Parameter FILE=name specifies the file name. The default file name
is forceXY.tab. [forceXY.tab]
Table 16.2: Format for nodal data
Step Element nr. Load factor Selected items

Fortran-77 I6 I6 E12.4 10E12.4/(24X,10E12.4)
Output format. The text with tabular nodal data, as generated due to the
GRAPHS command block under *LATTICE is for both the displacement and the
force output given by the step number, the element number, the load factor,
and the value of the data for the selected items. The format of the data file is
indicated in Table 16.2 for the programming language Fortran-77.
Example file .his
1 3203 0.1836E-03 0.3807E+00 0.3730E+00 0.6162E+00 0.6218E+00

2 3349 0.2067E-03 0.3666E+00 0.3737E+00 0.6200E+00 0.6208E+00
3 3347 0.2262E-03 0.3672E+00 0.3605E+00 0.6191E+00 0.6236E+00
4 3035 0.2658E-03 0.3676E+00 0.3535E+00 0.6186E+00 0.6254E+00
5 3344 0.2748E-03 0.3634E+00 0.3538E+00 0.6202E+00 0.6250E+00
···
The number of selected items must not exceed 9999.
16.3 Output of General Analysis Results

This section describes the output of general results of lattice analysis. For the
general, analysis type independent syntax of commands for output of analysis
results see Volume Analysis Procedures. The postprocessing options for lattice
analysis are a subset of the options for regular linear static analysis. This section
focuses on the topics which are special for lattice analysis postprocessing.
syntax
BEGIN OUTPUT [ device w ] [ outopt w... ] [ params ]

[ SELECT · · · ] model selection
[ LAYOUT · · · ] layout specification for tabular output
item w . . .
STRAIN
STRESS
DISPLA
FORCE
NODFOR
END OUTPUT
device specifies the output device: TABULA for tabular output, FEMVIE for
output to a database for the iDiana Results environment.
item specifies the output item, i.e., the analysis result to be output. For lattice
analysis you may choose strains, stresses, displacements, nodal forces and
element nodal forces via the indicated specifiers. See Volume Analysis
Procedures for full description and availability for the plane stress and
beam elements used in a lattice analysis.
16.3.1 Model Selection

In a lattice analysis, the elements of the model are collected in the following
groups.
CONTINUUM contains all elements of the continuum region, i.e., the elements
which do not belong to the lattice structure.
LATTICE contains all elements of the lattice structure, i.e., the grid of beam
elements.
ACTIVE contains all elements which are still part of the model, including the
elements of the continuum regions. This group may be considered as the
cracked structure.
INACTIVE all elements which were removed during the analysis. These elements
may be considered as the crack pattern.
These groups are very useful to be used in selection of the model when producing
output. We give a few examples.
16.3 Output of General Analysis Results 137
Tabular output of continuum regions file .dcf
BEGIN OUTPUT TABULA

BEGIN SELECT
ELEMEN CONTINUUM
END SELECT
STRESS CAUCHI PRINCI
END OUTPUT
These commands give tabular output of the principal Cauchy stresses σ1,2 in
the continuum regions.
Cracked structure file .dcf
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE

BEGIN SELECT
ELEMENTS ACTIVE
END SELECT
DISPLA
END OUTPUT
These commands produce a database for the iDiana Results environment with
the deformed cracked structure. See for instance Figure 14.12 on page 111.
Crack pattern post.dcf
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE

BEGIN SELECT
ELEMEN INACTIVE
END SELECT
END OUTPUT
These commands write the ‘removed’ elements only, i.e., the crack pattern. It
is more instructive to plot them together with the elements of the continuum
regions.
post.dcf
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE

BEGIN SELECT
ELEMEN CONTINUUM INACTIVE
END SELECT
END OUTPUT
See for instance Figure 14.13 on page 112.
Part V
Preprocessing
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
Chapter 17
The Mesh Editor
The Diana Mesh Editor provides a means for importing finite element models
of several formats, verification of those models via a graphical user interface,
editing those models in several aspects, and exporting them for analysis with
Diana [Fig. 17.1].
other ... Femap FX+ iDiana other ...
Nastran file Pre-Neutral Input file

file .nas file .fxd file .dat
Input file
Mesh Editor
file .dat
Command file Filos file

Diana/input
file .com file .ff
Diana
Figure 17.1: Work flow around Diana’s Mesh Editor
The Mesh Editor can import Nastran files, FX+ Pre-Neutral files, and
Input files in Diana batch format. A Nastran file typically contains a struc-
tural model as generated by Femap. Note that there are some restrictions to the
conversion of Nastran files to models for Diana [§ 17.2]. The FX+ Pre-Neutral
file can be obtained from a modeling session with FX+ [Vol. FX+ for DIANA].
142 The Mesh Editor
A Diana Input file may be created in the Design environment of iDiana [Vol.
Pre- and Postprocessing].
In exporting a model for a Diana analysis, the user can either generate an
Input file in Diana batch format to be read via Module input, or directly export
the model into an analysis database, i.e., a filos file. The Diana analysis also
can be started directly from the Mesh Editor, with the model information
being passed on.
The Mesh Editor can be started up either by clicking its icon, or by typing
the MeshEdit executable name on the command line of the operating system.
Optionally, after the MeshEdit command, the name of the file to be imported
can be specified:
MeshEdit file
Further, via the -style option the GUI style can be customized:
MeshEdit -style style
A list of available styles can be found in the Preferences option of the File menu.
The style specified is stored as a personal preference to be applied in future
start ups.
17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor

The Mesh Editor working window consists of several widgets [Fig. 17.2]. The
main widgets are the Menu Bar [§ 17.1.1], the Tool Bars [§ 17.1.2], the Graphics
Window [§ 17.1.3], the Model pane [§ 17.1.4], and the Selection pane [§ 17.1.5].
Furthermore a Status Bar displays messages related to the model state.
17.1.1 Menu Bar

The Menu Bar consists of six items: File, Edit, View, Analysis, Window and Help.
File – manipulate and maintain finite element model files.
Open – reads a finite element model from the specified file. The Mesh
Editor can read four types of files: file .dat in Diana batch Input
format, file .nas in Nastran format 1 , and file .fxd in FX+ Pre-
Neutral format, and file .ff in Diana Filos format. Files with
extensions other than .dat, .nas, .fxd, or .ff can not be opened.
Close – closes the current model.
Save – saves the current model. If the model came from a Diana input file
then the original file will be overwritten unless you specify another
file name. If the model came from a Nastran file or an FX+ Pre-
Neutral file you can choose to save the model on a Diana input file,
or directly into a Diana Filos file.
1 For restrictions to Nastran files see § 17.2 on page 150.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor 143
Figure 17.2: Mesh Editor working window
Save As – enables you to save the model on a Diana input file, or directly
into a Diana Filos file.
Print – opens a printer dialog where you can specify options to print a
screen dump of the Graphics Window. Note that the image is printed
with reversed colors, i.e., on a white background.
Preferences – opens a dialog for setting the working directory and interface
style options.
Exit – closes the current model and exits the Mesh Editor.
Edit – a menu for Undo/Redo functionality.
Undo – cancel the last editing action.

Redo – cancel the last Undo action.
Delete – delete the selected item.
View – switches the display of GUI widgets on or off.
Model browser – toggle switch for the view of the Model browser.
Group list – toggle switch for the view of the Group list.
Toolbars – customizes the view of the tool bars: Standard Standard tool
bar toggle switch, Edit Edit tool bar toggle switch, View View tool
bar toggle switch.
Statusbar – toggle switch for the view of the Status Bar.
144 The Mesh Editor
Analysis – Diana analysis menu.
Run – run the analysis.
Window – opens and arranges the Graphics Windows.
New Window – open a new Graphics Window.

Cascade – cascade all Graphics Windows.
Tile – tile all Graphics Windows [Fig. 17.3].
Help – provides help information about the Mesh Editor and its use.
Manual – opens a browser with the home page of the Mesh Editor user
documentation, i.e., this chapter.
What’s This? – displays help information about the GUI option that you
subsequently choose, for instance a menu option or a tool button.
About MeshEdit – displays release, license, copyright and support informa-
tion about the Mesh Editor.
Figure 17.3: Tiled Graphics Windows
17.1.2 Tool Bars

The Tool Bars contain buttons that are shortcuts for menu options and buttons
for manipulation of the model display [Fig. 17.4].
Figure 17.4: The Tool bars
Open File – starts a dialog to open a file. Analogous to the ↑File → Open menu
option.
Save File – saves the current model. Analogous to the ↑File → Save menu option.
What’s This? – displays help information about the GUI option. Analogous to
the ↑Help →What’s This? menu option.
Undo – cancel the last editing action. Analogous to the ↑Edit →Undo menu option.
Redo – cancel the last Undo action. Analogous to the ↑Edit → Redo menu option.
Delete – delete the selected item. Analogous to the ↑Edit → Delete menu option.
Zoom In – zooms in on the center of the model display.
Zoom Out – zooms out from the center of the model display.
Zoom Rectangle – lets you drag a rectangular zoom window on the model display.
Zoom Reset – reverts to the default display of the whole model.
XY plane – changes the view to the XY plane.
YZ plane – changes the view to the YZ plane.
XZ plane – changes the view to the XZ plane.
XYZ plane – changes the view to the XYZ plane.
Fill surfaces – fills surfaces with color.
Lighting – puts on a light source to light the model.
Copy picture – copies the model display onto the clipboard. You can paste it into
another graphical application, for instance as a picture in a document.
Draw Curved – draws curved lines according to the specified shape.
Draw Straight – draws curved lines as straight lines. This option reduces the
time to visualize complicated models containing curved lines.
146 The Mesh Editor
17.1.3 Graphics Window

In the Graphics Window the model is displayed. In the top-left corner, the
model file name is shown. In the lower-left corner, the model XY Z-axes are
displayed. Initially the model is displayed in a two-dimensional view with the
XY -axes in the drawing plane. The display can be manipulated by dragging the
mouse pointer while holding down the left mouse button [Fig. 17.5]. Without
(a) rotation (b) translation (c) zooming
Figure 17.5: Manipulating the model display
any keyboard key pressed, the model will rotate around its center (a). If simul-
taneously the Ctrl key is pressed, the model will translate (b). By pressing the
Shift key, the view can be zoomed in and out (c). The view can be reset using
one of the YX Plane, YZ Plane, XZ Plane, and XYZ Plane buttons of the View
tool bar.
17.1.4 Model Pane

In the Model Pane a tree of the model data items is displayed. Most of the items
are collected in folders. By expanding the different folders, all data items can
be viewed. Most of the data items can be displayed in the Graphics Window
and the properties of most items can be edited. Further, items can be deleted,
and the names of items can be edited.
Data item display. By left-clicking on a data item, it can be displayed in the

model view. This approach can be used to visualize for instance element types,
materials, or geometries [Fig. 17.6], supports [Fig. 17.7], and loads [Fig. 17.8].
Data item editing. By right-clicking on a data item, the right mouse button
menu of the item can be displayed. Depending on the data item type, the
options contained by the menu are Rename, Delete, and Properties.
Rename – rename the data item.
Delete – delete the data item.
Figure 17.6: Element types display
Figure 17.7: Supports display
Properties – edit the data item properties. If this option is selected, a dialog
appears in which the user can edit the properties of for instance materials
[Fig. 17.9], geometries [Fig. 17.10], load combinations [Fig. 17.11(a)], and
loads [Fig. 17.11(b)]. Note that the some of the names in the properties
148 The Mesh Editor
Figure 17.8: Loads display
dialogs directly refer to the input data item names in Diana batch format.
By a click on the Help button of the dialog, a browser is opened containing
the appropriate page of the Diana on-line User’s Manual.
Figure 17.9: Material properties dialog
Figure 17.10: Geometry properties dialog
(a) load combinations
(b) load properties
Figure 17.11: Load combinations and load properties dialogs
17.1.5 Selections Pane

Via the Selections pane the groups of a model can be displayed and maintained.
Groups consist of Reinforcements, Nodes, or Elements. If a group is switched on or
off using the associated tick box, the model display is adapted accordingly. Using
the right mouse button menu, the label display of the group can be switched on
or off. On the Diana batch input data file, the groups as given in the Mesh
Editor appear in table ’GROUPS’.
150 The Mesh Editor
Group maintenance. By right-clicking on a group name, the right mouse

button menu of a group can be displayed. The options contained by this menu
are Rename, Delete, and Properties.
Rename – rename the group.
Delete – delete the group.
Properties – edit the group properties. If this option is selected, a dialog appears
in which the group specification can changed [Fig. 17.12(a)].
(a) group properties (b) new group
Figure 17.12: Group maintenance
Using the Add Group option of the right mouse button menu of the Reinforce-
ments, Elements and Nodes items, new groups can be added. Selecting this option
provides the user with a New Group dialog similar to the Group Properties di-
alog, in which the new group can be specified [Fig. 17.12(b)].
Group display. The display of selected groups is maintained using the tick
boxes of the groups tree. To display a selected group, first switch off the display
of all elements by removing the leading tick of the Elements branch. Next, by
checking the tick box of the appropriate element group, only the elements of
this group will be visible.[Fig. 17.13]
17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA

The Mesh Editor’s capability of reading Nastran2 files is based on the Nas-
tran Quick Reference Guide [6].
2 Nastran is a registered trademark of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 151
Figure 17.13: Group display
General restrictions:
When the Mesh Editor reads a Nastran file, it will skip the File Man-
agement and Case Control statements. Only the Bulk Data entries and
the SOL entry of the Executive Control statement will be read. The Mesh
Editor applies the SOL entry to determine the appropriate Diana ele-
ment types.
The Mesh Editor only supports the translation of the Bulk Data listed
in the sections to follow.
The Mesh Editor can read input data in Small Field, Long Field, and
Free format.
Notation convention. The subsequent sections present the conversion from

Nastran to Diana data in tabular form. We have adopted the following
typographical style for the various identifiers:
GRID identifies an accepted Nastran Bulk Data entry.
ID identifies an accepted Nastran data item.
’MATERI’ identifies an input table in Diana batch format.
YOUNG identifies an input data item or subtable in Diana batch format.
nu identifies an input data value in Diana batch format.
152 The Mesh Editor
The Nastran identifiers are in accordance with the Nastran Quick Reference
Guide [6]. The Diana identifiers are in accordance with the description of the
batch input format in the Diana User’s Manual.
17.2.1 BAROR – CBAR Entry Default Values

The BAROR entry indicates a default for PID and X1 X2 X3 in the CBAR entry
[§ 17.2.3].
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBAR
CONNEC
PID elmtyp geonr
X1 X2 X3 ZAXIS x y z
17.2.2 BEAMOR – CBEAM Entry Default Values

The BEAMOR entry indicates a default for PID and X1 X2 X3 in the CBEAM entry
[§ 17.2.4].
CBAR
CONNEC
PID elmtyp geonr
X1 X2 X3 ZAXIS x y z
17.2.3 CBAR – Simple Beam Element Connection

The CBAR entry is translated to an L12BE beam element. Material and cross-
section properties are translated from the PBAR [§ 17.2.46] or PBARL [§ 17.2.47]
entry, indicated by PID.
CBAR
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBAR[L] elmtyp geonr
GA GB L12BE no1 no2
X1 X2 X3 or G0 GA ZAXIS x y z
PA PB HINGE PHI1di PHI2di
W1A . . . W3B ECCENT ex ey ez
The defaults for PID and X1 X2 X3 are determined by the BAROR entry [§ 17.2.1].
17.2.4 CBEAM – Beam Element Connection

The CBEAM entry is translated to an L12BE beam element. Material and cross-
section properties are translated from the PBEAM [§ 17.2.49] or PBEAML [§ 17.2.50]
entry, indicated by PID.
CBEAM
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBEAM[L] elmtyp geonr
GA GB L12BE no1 no2
X1 X2 X3 or G0 GA ZAXIS x y z
PA PB HINGE PHI1di PHI2di
W1A . . . W3B ECCENT ex ey ez
The defaults for PID and X1 X2 X3 are determined by the BEAMOR entry [§ 17.2.2].
17.2.5 CBUSH – Generalized Spring-and-Damper Connec-

tion
The CBUSH entry is translated to a spring/dashpot element. Elasticity or damp-
ing properties are translated from the PBUSH entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.51].
The element type depends on the number of grid points. The presence of the
Ki or Bi values in PBUSH determines the translation/rotation indicator xx in the
element type SP1xx or SP2xx .
CBUSH
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBUSH elmtyp geonr
If GA 6= GB SP2xx no1 no2
If only GA SP1xx no1
If GA = GB SP1xx no1
X1 X2 X3 XAXIS x y z
Input item XAXIS is only created if GA = GB or if GB is empty.
17.2.6 CGAP – Gap Element Connection

The CGAP entry is translated to a 1+1 node interface element. Material prop-
erties are translated from the PGAP entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.54].
CGAP
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PGAP elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 N6IF no1 no2 SURFAC 1
If G1 6= G2 XAXIS x y z
If G1 = G2 XAXIS 1 0 0
X1 X2 X3 YAXIS x y z
154 The Mesh Editor
If G1 = G2 then XAXIS is translated from the T1 direction of coordinate system

CID.
17.2.7 CHBDYE – Geometric Surface Element (Element

Form)
The CHBDYE entry is translated to a boundary element for general flow analysis.
The element type elmtyp depends on the TYPE.
’ELEMEN’
CHBDYE
CONNEC
EID elem
EID2 SIDE elmtyp nodes
TYPE=REV (2 nodes) B2AHT no1 no2
TYPE=REV (3 nodes) BC3AHT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=LINE B2HT no1 no2
TYPE=AREA3 BT3HT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=AREA4 BQ4HT no1 no2 no3 no4
TYPE=AREA6 BCT6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6
TYPE=AREA8 BCQ8HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 no7 no8
17.2.8 CHBDYG – Geometric Surface Element (Grid Form)

The CHBDYG entry is translated to a boundary element for general flow analysis.
The element type elmtyp depends on the TYPE.
’ELEMEN’
CHBDYG
CONNEC
EID elem
Gi elmtyp nodes
TYPE=REV (2 nodes) B2AHT no1 no2
TYPE=REV (3 nodes) BC3AHT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=LINE B2HT no1 no2
TYPE=AREA3 BT3HT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=AREA4 BQ4HT no1 no2 no3 no4
TYPE=AREA6 BCT6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6
TYPE=AREA8 BCQ8HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 no7 no8
17.2.9 CHEXA – Six-Sided Solid Element Connection

Depending on the number of specified grid points Gi, the CHEXA entry is trans-
lated to an eight- or twenty-node solid brick element. Material properties are
translated from the PSOLID entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.61]. The element type
elmtyp depends on the model type.
’ELEMEN’
CHEXA
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSOLID elmtyp Model type
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no2 no3 no4
HX24L Structural
HX8HT Heat flow
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 no1 no3 no5 no7 no13
CHX60 Structural
CHX20H Heat flow
17.2.10 CONM2 – Concentrated Mass Element Connec-

tion (Rigid Body Form)
The CONM2 entry is translated to a point mass element.
’ELEMEN’ ’MATERI’
CONM2
CONNEC
EID elem matnr
G elmtyp no1
M 6= 0 PT3T
Iii 6= 0 PT3RO
M MASS mx
The mass moments of inertia I31, I32, and I21 cannot be translated because
Diana does not support an appropriate data item.
17.2.11 CONROD – Rod Element Property and Connec-

tion
The CONROD entry is translated to an L6TRU truss element.
’ELEMEN’ ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

CONROD
CONNEC
EID elem
G1 G2 L6TRU no1 no2
MID matnr
A CROSSE area
156 The Mesh Editor
Diana does not support torsion parameters. Therefore, the data items J and C
are ignored.
17.2.12 CONV – Heat Boundary Element Free Convection

The CONV entry is translated to an external temperature on a heat flow bound-
ary element. Material properties are translated from the PCONV entry indicated
by PCONID [§ 17.2.53].
’BOUNDA’ ’MATERI’
CONV
ELEMEN
EID elem
PCONID → PCONV matnr
TAi EXTEMP phi1 ... phin
17.2.13 CORD1C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form

1)
The CORD1C entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
compute positions and directions.
17.2.14 CORD1R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form

1)
The CORD1R entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
17.2.15 CORD1S – Special Coordinate System (Form 1)

The CORD1S entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
17.2.16 CORD2C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form

2)
The CORD2C entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
17.2.17 CORD2R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form

2)
The CORD2R entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
17.2.18 CORD2S – Special Coordinate System (Form 2)

The CORD2S entry is not translated to any Diana input, but internally used to
17.2.19 CPENTA – Five-Sided Solid Element Connection

Depending on the number of specified grid points Gi, the CPENTA entry is trans-
lated to a six- or fifteen-node solid wedge element. Material properties are
’ELEMEN’
CPENTA
CONNEC
EID elem
TP18L no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 Structural
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
TP6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 Heat flow
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 no1 no3 no5 no10 no12 no14
G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 CTP45 no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 Structural
G12 G13 G14 G15 no9 no11 no13 no15
G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 CTP15H no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 Heat flow
G12 G13 G14 G15 no9 no11 no13 no15
17.2.20 CQUAD4 – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connec-

tion
The CQUAD4 entry is translated to a four-node quadrilateral element. Element
type and material properties are translated from the PSHELL entry indicated by
PID [§ 17.2.60]. The CQUAD4 entry is only translated if PID indicates a PSHELL
entry.
CQUAD4
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL elmtyp geonr
T1 T2 T3 T4 THICK t1 t2 t3 t4
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
Diana does not support eccentric plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS
data item is ignored.
158 The Mesh Editor
17.2.21 CQUAD8 – Curved Quadrilateral Shell Element

Connection
The CQUAD8 entry is translated to an eight-node triangular element. Element
type and material properties are translated from the entry indicated by PID.
This entry must be PSHELL [§ 17.2.60], or PCOMP [§ 17.2.52].
CQUAD8
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL
elmtyp geonr
PID → PCOMP
The thicknesses for the mid-side nodes, t2 t4 t6 t8 , are interpolated from

the thicknesses in the adjacent corner nodes. Diana does not support eccentric
plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS data item is ignored.
17.2.22 CQUADR – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connec-

tion
The CQUADR entry is translated to a four-node quadrilateral element with drilling
rotation. The element type and material properties are translated from the
PSHELL entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.60]. The CQUADR entry is only translated
if PID indicates a PSHELL entry.
CQUADR
CONNEC
EID elem
17.2.23 CROD – Rod Element Connection

The CROD entry is translated to an L6TRU truss element. Material and cross-
section properties are translated from the PROD entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.59].
’ELEMEN’
CROD
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PROD elmtyp
G1 G2 L6TRU no1 no2
17.2.24 CTETRA – Four-Sided Solid Element Connection

Depending on the number of specified grid points Gi, the CTETRA entry is trans-
lated to a four- or ten-node solid pyramid element. Material properties are
’ELEMEN’
CTETRA
CONNEC
EID elem
TE12L no1 no2 no3 no4 Structural
G1 G2 G3 G4
TE4HT no1 no2 no3 no4 Heat flow
CTE30 Structural
CTE10H Heat flow
17.2.25 CTRIA3 – Triangular Plate Element Connection

The CTRIA3 entry is translated to a three-node triangular element. Element type
and material properties are translated from the PSHELL entry indicated by PID
[§ 17.2.60]. The CTRIA3 entry is only translated if PID indicates a PSHELL entry.
CTRIA3
CONNEC
EID elem
G1 G2 G3 no1 no2 no3
T1 T2 T3 THICK t1 t2 t3
Diana does not support eccentric plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS
data item is ignored.
160 The Mesh Editor
17.2.26 CTRIA6 – Curved Triangular Shell Element Con-

nection
The CTRIA6 entry is translated to a six-node triangular element. Element type
and material properties are translated from the entry indicated by PID. This
entry must be PSHELL [§ 17.2.60], or PCOMP [§ 17.2.52].
CTRIA6
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL
elmtyp geonr
PID → PCOMP
The thicknesses for the mid-side nodes, t2 t4 t6 , are interpolated from the
thicknesses in the adjacent corner nodes. Diana does not support eccentric
plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS data item is ignored.
17.2.27 CTRIAR – Triangular Plate Element Connection

The CTRIAR entry is translated to a three-node triangular element with drilling
rotation. The element type and material properties are translated from the
PSHELL entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.60]. The CTRIAR entry is only translated
if PID indicates a PSHELL entry.
CTRIAR
CONNEC
EID elem
G1 G2 G3 no1 no2 no3
17.2.28 CTRIAX6 – Axisymmetric Triangular Element Con-

nection
The CTRIAX6 entry is translated to a CT12A axisymmetric element. Material
properties are translated from the MAT1 entry indicated by MID [§ 17.2.36]. It
should be noted that in the translation of this record, for compatibility with
Diana, the complete finite element model is converted from the XZ-plane to
XY -plane.
’ELEMEN’
CTRIAX6
CONNEC
EID elem
MID → MAT1
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 CT12A no1 no3 no5 no2 no4 no6
17.2.29 CTUBE – Tube Element Connection

The CTUBE entry is translated to an L12BE beam element. Material and cross-
section properties are translated from the PTUBE entry indicated by PID [§ 17.2.62].
’ELEMEN’
CTUBE
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PTUBE elmtyp
G1 G2 L12BE no1 no2
17.2.30 FORCE – Static Force

The FORCE entry is translated to a nodal force load.
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
FORCE
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F N1 N2 N3 FORCE dirnr value dirnr x y z
17.2.31 FORCE1 – Static Force (Form 1)

The FORCE1 entry is translated to a nodal force load.
FORCE1
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F FORCE value
G1 G2 FORCE dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.32 FORCE2 – Static Force (Form 2)

The FORCE2 entry is translated to a nodal force load.
162 The Mesh Editor
FORCE2
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F FORCE value
G1 G2 G3 G4 FORCE dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.33 GRAV – Acceleration or Gravity Load

The GRAV entry is translated to a dead weight load.
GRAV
WEIGHT
SID CASE case
A WEIGHT gracce
N1 N2 N3 dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.34 GRID – Grid Point

The GRID entry is translated to node coordinates and rigid supports.
GRID ’COORDI’ ’SUPPOR’ ’DIRECT’

ID node
CP X1 X2 X3 x y z
CD PS node type dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.35 LOAD – Static Load Combination

The LOAD entry is translated to load sets.
’LOADS’
LOAD
COMBIN
SID loset
Li S Si case factor
17.2.36 MAT1 – Isotropic Material Property

The MAT1 entry is translated to a set of isotropic elastic material properties and
a mass density.
MAT1 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
E YOUNG e
NU POISON nu
RHO DENSIT rho
A THERMX alpha
17.2.37 MAT3 – CTRIAX6 Material Property

The MAT3 entry is translated to a set of orthotropic elastic material properties
and a mass density for CTRIAX6 elements [§ 17.2.28].
MAT3 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
EX ETH EZ YOUNG ex ey ez
NUXTH NUTHZ NUZX POISON nuxy nuyz nuxz
GXZ SHRMOD gxy
RHO DENSIT rho
A1 A2 A3 THERMX alphax alphay alphaz
17.2.38 MAT4 – Isotropic Heat Transfer Material Proper-

ties
The MAT4 entry is translated to a set of isotropic material properties for potential
flow.
MAT4 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
K CONDUC k
CP CAPACI c
RHO DENSIT rho
H CONVEC k
17.2.39 MAT8 – Shell Element Orthotropic Material Prop-

erty
The MAT8 entry is translated to a set of orthotropic elastic material properties
and a mass density for shell elements.
164 The Mesh Editor
MAT3 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
E1 E2 YOUNG ex ey ez
NU12 POISON nuxy nuyz nuxz
G12 G1Z G23 SHRMOD gxy gxy gxz
RHO DENSIT rho
A1 A2 THERMX alphax alphay alphaz
17.2.40 MATT1 – Isotropic Material Temperature Depen-

dence
The MATT1 entries refer to TABLEMi entries that contain temperature dependent
scale values for properties found on MAT1 entries [§ 17.2.36]. The MATT1 entry
is translated to temperature dependent Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and
thermal expansion.
MATT1 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
T(E) → TABLEMi TEMYOU te1 e1 te2 e2 · · ·
T(NU) → TABLEMi TEMPOI te1 nu1 te2 nu2 · · ·
T(A) → TABLEMi TEMALP te1 al1 te2 al2 · · ·
17.2.41 MATT4 – Thermal Material Temperature Depen-

dence
The MATT4 entries refer to TABLEMi entries that contain temperature dependent
scale values for properties found on MAT4 entries [§ 17.2.38]. The MATT4 entry
is translated to temperature dependent conductivity and capacitance.
MATT4 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
TEMPER te1 te2 · · ·
T(K) → TABLEMi
CONDIS k1 k2 · · ·
T(CP) → TABLEMi
CAPATT c1 c2 · · ·
T(H) → TABLEMi
CONVTT k1 k2 · · ·
17.2.42 MOMENT – Static Moment

The MOMENT entry is translated to a nodal moment load.
MOMENT
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M N1 N2 N3 MOMENT dirnr value dirnr x y z
17.2.43 MOMENT1 – Static Moment (Form 1)

The MOMENT1 entry is translated to a nodal moment load.
MOMENT1
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M MOMENT value
G1 G2 MOMENT dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.44 MOMENT2 – Static Moment (Form 2)

The MOMENT2 entry is translated to a nodal moment load.
MOMENT2
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M MOMENT value
G1 G2 G3 G4 MOMENT dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.45 MPC – Multipoint Constraint

The MPC entry is translated to a linear constraint of type ‘Single-point General
Connection’.
MPC ’TYINGS’
SID
G1 snode
C1 = 1 2 3 FIX TR 1 2 3
C1 = 4 5 6 FIX RO 1 2 3
Gj mnode
Cj = 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3
Cj = 4 5 6 RO 1 2 3
A1 Aj fac (17.1)
166 The Mesh Editor
For each master node, the multiplication factor is determined as follows:

Aj
fac = − (17.1)
A1
17.2.46 PBAR – Simple Beam Property

The PBAR entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for class-I
beam elements.
PBAR ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
A CROSSE area
I1 I2 INERTI iz iy
I12 INERTI iyz
J INERTI it
K1 K2 SHEAR sfy sfz
17.2.47 PBARL – Simple Beam Cross-Section Property

The PBARL entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for class-
I beam elements. The cross-section dimensions are translated to a predefined
shape if available, else the moments of inertia in INERTI are calculated from the
dimensions DIMi.
PBARL ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
TYPE =
ROD DIMi CIRCLE d
TUBE DIMi PIPE d t
I DIMi ISHAPE h b1 b2 t1 t2 t3
CHAN DIMi BOX h b t1 t2 t3 0
T DIMi TSHAPE h b t1 t2
BOX DIMi BOX h b t1 t2 t3 t4
BAR DIMi RECTAN h b
CROSS DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
H DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
T1 DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
I1 DIMi ISHAPE h b1 b2 t1 t2 t3
CHAN1 DIMi BOX h b t1 t2 t3 0
Z DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
CHAN2 DIMi USHAPE h b t1 t2 t3
T2 DIMi ISHAPE h b1 b2 0 t2 t3
BOX1 DIMi BOX h b t1 t2 t3 t4
HEXA DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
HAT DIMi INERTI iy iz iyz it
17.2.48 PBCOMP – Beam Property (Alternate of PBEAM)

The PBCOMP entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for class-
I beam elements with a tapered cross-section. All specified lumps are used to
recalculate new values for A, I1, I2, I12 and J according to the formulas from the
NASTRAN Quick Reference Guide [6]. Stress recovery is not possible due to
different materials for each lump.
PBCOMP ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
A I1 I2 I12 CROSSE area
J Yi Zi Ci, MIDi INERTI iy iz iyz it
K1 K2 SHEAR sfy sfz
17.2.49 PBEAM – Beam Property

The PBEAM entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for class-I
beam elements with a tapered cross-section. Only the cross-section properties at
the beam ends, (A) and (B), are translated. Properties at intermediate stations
(j) are ignored.
168 The Mesh Editor
PBEAM ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
A(A) A(B) CROSSE area 1,2
I1(A) I1(B) I2(A) I2(B) INERTI iz 1,2 iy 1,2
I12(A) I12(B) INERTI iyz 1,2
J(A) J(B) INERTI it 1,2
K1 K2 SHEAR sfy sfz
17.2.50 PBEAML – Beam Cross-Section Property

The PBEAM entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for class-
I beam elements with a tapered cross-section. The cross-section dimensions
are translated to a predefined shape if available, else the moments of inertia
in INERTI are calculated from the dimensions DIMi. Only the dimensions at
the beam ends, DIMi(A) and DIMi(B) are translated. Dimensions at intermediate
stations DIMi(j) are ignored.
PBEAML ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
TYPE =
ROD DIMi(A) DIMi(B) CIRCLE d 1,2
TUBE DIMi(A) DIMi(B) PIPE d 1,2 t 1,2
I DIMi(A) DIMi(B) ISHAPE h 1,2 b1 1,2 b2 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2
CHAN DIMi(A) DIMi(B) BOX h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2 0 0
T DIMi(A) DIMi(B) TSHAPE h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2
BOX DIMi(A) DIMi(B) BOX h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2 t4 1,2
BAR DIMi(A) DIMi(B) RECTAN h 1,2 b 1,2
CROSS DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
H DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
T1 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
I1 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) ISHAPE h 1,2 b1 1,2 b2 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2
CHAN1 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) BOX h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2 0 0
Z DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
CHAN2 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) USHAPE h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2
T2 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) ISHAPE h 1,2 b1 1,2 b2 1,2 0 0 t2 1,2 t3 1,2
BOX1 DIMi(A) DIMi(B) BOX h 1,2 b 1,2 t1 1,2 t2 1,2 t3 1,2 t4 1,2
HEXA DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
HAT DIMi(A) DIMi(B) INERTI iy 1,2 iz 1,2 iyz 1,2 it 1,2
17.2.51 PBUSH – Generalized Spring-and-Damper Prop-

erty
The PBUSH entry is translated to elasticity or damping properties for spring/-
dashpot elements. The presence of the Ki and Bi values also determines the
element type elmtyp for the related CBUSH entry [§ 17.2.5]. The specification
of grid points in CBUSH determines the number of nodes n in the element type
SPn TR or SPn RO.
’ELEMEN’ ’MATERI’
PBUSH
CONNEC
PID elmtyp matnr
K1 K2 K3 SPn TR SPRING k
K4 K5 K6 SPn RO SPRING k
B1 B2 B3 SPn TR DAMP c
B4 B5 B3 SPn RO DAMP c
17.2.52 PCOMP – Layered Composite Element Property

The PCOMP entry is translated to layered elements and their material and geo-
metrical properties.

PCOMP
CONNEC
PID → CTRIA6 elmtyp →CT30L
geonr
PID → CQUAD8 elmtyp →CQ40L
MIDi LAM=SYM LAYERS matnrs matnr
THICK t1
Ti
LAYER d1 d2 · · ·
THETAi XAXIS x y z
The translation of the PCOMP entry into a Diana element type elmtyp depends
on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier PID.
17.2.53 PCONV – Convection Property

The PCONV entry is translated to material properties for convection at bound-
aries. Note that only properties for which FORM=1 and EXPF=1 can be translated
to Diana input data.
PCONV
FORM=1 ’MATERI’
EXPF=1
MID matnr
170 The Mesh Editor
The translation of the PCOMP entry into a Diana element type elmtyp depends
on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier PID.
17.2.54 PGAP – Gap Element Property

The PGAP entry is translated to a set of linear and nonlinear elastic material
properties for interface elements.
PGAP ’MATERI’
PID matnr
U0 SIGDIS tn1 tn2 tn3 (17.2)
F0 KA KB SIGDIS un1 un2 un3 (17.3)
KA KT DSTIFF d11 d22
The nonlinear elasticity terms are determined as follows:
tn1 = U0 − 100 tn2 = U0 tn3 = U0 + 100 (17.2)

un1 = F0 − KA × 100 un2 = F0 un3 = F0 + KB × 100 (17.3)
17.2.55 PLOAD1 – Applied Load on CBAR, CBEAM or

CBEND Elements
The PLOAD1 entry is translated to a point or line load on a beam element. There
are three possibilities:
a. If PLOAD1 is a point load then it is directly translated into a Diana POINT
load.
b. If PLOAD1 is distributed over the entire element it is directly translated
into a Diana LINE load.
c. If PLOAD1 is distributed over a part of the element it is converted to an
equivalent POINT load in Diana because Diana does not support dis-
tributed loads over a part of an element.
PLOAD1
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID →[CBAR CBEAM] elem
(a) If only X1 or X1 = X2 POINT
(b) If X1 = 0 and X2 = l LINE
(c) If X1 > 0 and X1 < X2 ≤ l POINT
TYPE= FX FY FZ DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
X1 X2 P1 P2 FORCE f
TYPE= MX MY MZ DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
X1 X2 P1 P2 MOMENT m
TYPE= [FXE FYE FZE] DIRELM [X Y Z]
X1 X2 P1 P2 FORCE f
TYPE= [MXE MYE MZE] DIRELM [X Y Z]
X1 X2 P1 P2 MOMENT m
X1 ISO xi
17.2.56 PLOAD2 – Uniform Normal Pressure Load on a

Surface Element
The PLOAD2 entry is translated to a distributed force load on the face of an
element.
’LOADS’
PLOAD2
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EIDi elems
ELEMEN
FACE
DIRELM Z
P1 FORCE f1
17.2.57 PLOAD4 – Pressure Load on Surface and Faces of

Solid Elements
The PLOAD4 entry is translated to a distributed force load on the face of a solid
element.
172 The Mesh Editor
PLOAD4
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID elem
EIDi elems
ELEMEN
P1 [P2 P3 P4 ] FORCE f1 [ . . . fk ]
G1 G3 G4 FACE fcenam
N1 N2 N3 DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.58 PLOADX1 – Pressure Load on Axisymmetric Ele-

ment
The PLOADX1 entry is translated to a distributed force load on an edge of an
axisymmetric element.
PLOADX1
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID elem
ELEMEN
PA PB FORCE f1 [ . . . fk ]
GA GB EDGE edgnam
THETA DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
17.2.59 PROD – Rod Property

The PROD entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for truss
elements.
PROD ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
A CROSSE area
17.2.60 PSHELL – Shell Element Property

The PSHELL entry is translated to triangular or quadrilateral elements and their
material and geometrical properties.

PSHELL
CONNEC
PID elmtyp geonr
MIDi matnr
T THICK t1
For a structural model, the translation of the PSHELL entry into a Diana element
type elmtyp depends on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier
PID, and on the values of the material identifiers MIDi. For a heat flow model
the translation into a Diana element type only depends on the PID.
PSHELL with PID from:

CTRIA3 CTRIAR CTRIA6 CQUAD4 CQUADR CQUAD8
Structural
elmtyp
MID1 MID2 MID3 MID4
>0 =0 =0 =0 T6MEM T9MEM CT12M Q8MEM Q12ME CQ16M
=0 >0 =MID2 =0 - - CT18P Q12PL - CQ24P
=0 >0 =0 =0 T9PLA - - - - -
>0 =−1 =0 =0 T6EPS - CT12E Q8EPS - CQ16E
>0 =MID1 =MID1 =0 T15SH T18SF CT30S Q20SH Q24SF CQ40S
Heat flow T3HT T3HT CT6HT Q4HT Q4HT CQ8HT
17.2.61 PSOLID – Properties of Solid Elements

The PSOLID entry is translated to a material number for properties of solid
elements.
PSOLID ’MATERI’
MID matnr
17.2.62 PTUBE – Tube Property

The PTUBE entry is translated to material and geometrical properties for beam
elements with a pipe cross-section.
PTUBE ’MATERI’ ’GEOMET’

PID geonr
MID matnr
OD T PIPE d t
OD OD2 T PIPE d 1,2 t 1,2
17.2.63 QHBDY – Boundary Heat Flux Load

The QHBDY entry is translated to prescribed nodal discharge (point source).
’BOUNDA’
QHBDY
NODAL
SID CASE case
Gi node
FLAG Q0 AF Q value
174 The Mesh Editor
17.2.64 QVOL – Volume Heat Addition

The QVOL entry is translated to volume source boundary flux. Note that the
HGEN material property is ignored, and that the value QVOL is taken directly as
generated heat.
’BOUNDA’
QVOL
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EIDi elem VOLUME
QVOL FLUX q1
17.2.65 RBAR1 – Rigid Bar

The RBAR1 entry is translated to a series of six single-point general connection
tying.
’TYINGS’
RBAR1
FIX six degrees of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
CMB mtype mdirnr
ALPHA fac
17.2.66 RBE1 – Rigid Body Element

The RBE1 entry is translated to a series of single-point general connection tyings.
’TYINGS’
RBE1
FIX degrees of freedom
GNi snode
CNi mtype mdirnr
GMi mnode
CMi mtype mdirnr
17.2.67 RFORCE – Rotational Force

The RFORCE entry is translated to a centrifugal load.
’LOADS’
RFORCE
CENTRI
SID CASE case
A omega
CID R1 R2 R3 axipt1 axipt2
17.2.68 RJOINT – Rigid Element

The RJOINT entry is translated to a single-point equality tying.
’TYINGS’
RJOINT
EQUAL
GA snode
GB mnode
CB type dirnrs
17.2.69 RROD – Rigid Pin-Ended Element Connection

The RROD entry is translated to a series of single-point general connection ty-
ings.
’TYINGS’
RROD
FIX degress of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
CMA stype sdirnr
CMB mtype mdirnr
17.2.70 RTRPLT1 – Rigid Triangular Plate

The RTRPLT1 entry is translated to a series of single-point general connection
tyings.
’TYINGS’
RTRPLT1
FIX degrees of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
GC mnode
CMB mtype mdirnr
CMC mtype mdirnr
ALPHA fac
17.2.71 SPC – Single-Point Constraint

For a structural model, the SPC entry is translated to rigid supports. With the
Di items specified, a fixed displacement is added in table ’LOADS’ as a new load
case for each SID. For a heat flow model, the SPC entry is translated to fixed
nodal temperatures. With the Di items specified, a fixed temperature is added
in table ’BOUNDA’ as a new load case for each SID.
176 The Mesh Editor
Structural Heat flow

SPC ’SUPPOR’ ’LOADS’ ’FIXTEM’ ’BOUNDA’
DEFORM NODAL
SID CASE case CASE case
Gi node node node node
Ci = 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3
Ci = 4 5 6 RO 1 2 3 RO 1 2 3
Di value T value
17.2.72 SPC1 – Single-Point Constraint (Alternate of SPC)

The SPC1 entry is translated to rigid supports.
SPC1 ’SUPPOR’
SID
C=123 TR 1 2 3
C=456 RO 1 2 3
Gi nodes
17.2.73 SPCD – Enforced Motion Value

For a structural model in dynamic analysis, the SPCD entry is translated to an
initial displacement or velocity field.
SPCD ’INIVAR’ ’INIVAR’

DISPLA VELOCI
SID field field
Gi node node
Ci = 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3
Ci = 4 5 6 RO 1 2 3 RO 1 2 3
Di displa veloci
17.2.74 TEMP – Grid Point Temperature Field

The TEMP entry is translated to initial nodal temperatures.
TEMP ’INIVAR’
SID TEMPER field
Gi node
Ti phi
17.2.75 TEMPBC – Grid Point Temperatures

For constant temperature boundary conditions, the TEMPBC entry is translated
to fixed nodal temperatures. A fixed temperature is added in table ’BOUNDA’
as a new load case for each SID.
TEMPBC ’FIXTEM’ ’BOUNDA’

TYPE=STAT NODAL
SID CASE case
GIDi node node
TEMPi T value
17.2.76 TEMPD – Grid Point Temperature Field Default

The TEMPD entry is translated to initial nodal temperature fields, i.e., a tem-
perature for all nodes.
TEMPD ’INIVAR’
SIDi TEMPER field
nodes
Ti phi
178 The Mesh Editor
Bibliography
[1] Burt, N. J., and Dougill, J. W. Progressive failure in a model hetero-

geneous medium. J. Eng. Mech., ASCE 103 (1977), 365–376.
[2] Chiaia, B. M., Vervuurt, A. H. J. M., and van Mier, J. G. M.
Lattice model evaluation of progressive failure in disordered particle com-
posites. Eng. Fracture Mech. 57 (1997), 301–318.
[3] Hendriks, M. A. N. Identification of the Mechanical Behavior of Solid

Materials. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1991.
[4] Herrmann, H. J., and Roux, S. Statistical Models for the Fracture of
Disordered Media. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992.
[5] Hrennikoff, A. Solutions of problems of elasticity by the framework

method. J. Appl. Mech. 12 (1941), 169–175.
[6] MSC.Software Corporation. MSC.Nastran 2005 Quick Reference

Guide, 2005.
[7] NEN. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General

rules and rules for buildings. Tech. Rep. NEN-EN 1992-1-1, Nederlands
Normalisatie-instituut, 2007.
[8] Schlangen, E. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fracture Pro-
cesses in Concrete. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1993.
[9] Schlangen, E., and van Mier, J. G. M. Experimental and numeri-
cal analysis of micromechanisms of fracture of cement-based composites.
Cement Concrete Composit. 14 (1992), 105–118.
[10] Schlangen, E., and van Mier, J. G. M. Shear fracture in cementi-
tious composites. Part II: Numerical simulations. In Fracture Mechanics
of Concrete Structures, Z. P. Bažant, Ed. Elsevier Applied Science, 1992,
pp. 671–676.
[11] van Mier, J. G. M. Fracture Processes of Concrete. Assessment of Ma-
terial Parameters for Fracture Models. CRC Press Ltd., 1996.
180 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[12] van Vliet, M. R. A., and van Mier, J. G. M. Comparison of lat-

tice type fracture models for concrete under biaxial loading regimes. In
Size-scale Effects in the Failure Mechanisms of Materials and Structures,
A. Carpinteri, Ed. E & FN Spon, 1994, pp. 43–57.
[13] Vervuurt, A. H. J. M. Interface Fracture in Concrete. PhD thesis, Delft

University of Technology, 1997.
[14] Vervuurt, A. H. J. M., van Vliet, M. R. A., van Mier, J. G. M.,

and Schlangen, E. Simulations of tensile fracture in concrete. In Fracture
Mechanics of Concrete Structures, F. H. Wittmann, Ed. AEDIFICATIO
Publishers, 1995, pp. 353–362.
[15] Walraven, J. C. Aggregate Interlock: a Theoretical and Experimental
Analysis. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1980.
[16] Wittmann, F. H. Structure of concrete with respect to crack formation.
In Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, F. H. Wittmann, Ed. Elsevier Science
Publishers, 1983, pp. 43–74.
Index
Page numbers. Bold face numbers in- lattice analysis, 115

dicate pages with formal information about Bends, see Pipe bends
the entry, e.g., a syntax description (36). β factor, 114, 121
Italic numbers point to an instructive ex- BETA input
ample of how the concept in question might sequential linear analysis, 30
be used (132 ). Underlined numbers refer BILIN input, 60
to theoretical backgrounds on the subject BOND command
(95). lattice analysis, 105, 131
BOUNDS input, 59
Keywords. Sans serif type style refers BRITTL input
to the interactive interface (EYE). Type- sequential linear analysis, 32
writer style refers to the batch interface
(YOUNG). C
CALCUL command, 75
CALCUL parameter, 135
A CALCULATE option, 83
ACTIVE group, 109, 114, 136 Calibration of Young’s moduli, 107
AGGREG command, 105, 131 CASES command
ALPHA input design checking, 12
lattice analysis, 125 CIRCUM input, 60
Analysis menu CMS, see Component Mode Synthesis
Mesh Editor, 144 COMBIN command
ASAPL command design checking, 11, 12
design checking, 15 COMCRV input
ASRAT command sequential linear analysis, 30, 33
design checking, 15 Commands
ASREQ command lattice analysis, 127
design checking, 15 loads optimization, 74
ASSEMB command parameter estimation, 66
loads optimization, 75 COMPAR input
sequential linear analysis, 40 sequential linear analysis, 34
COMPON parameter, 134, 135
COMPOS command
B design checking, 12
COMSTR input
Backward analysis, 47, 48
sequential linear analysis, 34, 35
*BALANC command, 74
CONNEC command
BALANC command, 76
lattice analysis, 104, 121, 128, 132
Beam elements
182 INDEX
Connection DTY command

lattice to continuum, 99, 115 design checking, 14
CONSTA input DTZ command
sequential linear analysis, 32, 34 design checking, 14
CONTINUUM group, 114, 136 Dutch codes, see NEN, TGSL
Continuum region, 94
CONTOUR option, 83
E
Contour plots
stress, 83 Edit menu
CONVER command Mesh Editor, 143
parameter estimation, 71 EHAR input
Crack pattern sequential linear analysis, 34
lattice analysis, 111 *EIGEN command
CRACKW input lattice analysis, 107
design checking, 9 ENVELO command
design checking, 11, 13
D EPSINC input, 30
EPSULT input
DATA parameter, 131 sequential linear analysis, 32
Dead weight, see Weight load ESTIMA command
Deformation loads optimization, 75
lattice analysis, 111 ’ESTIMA’ table, 55, 84
Deformation load, see Prescribed displace- Estimation report
ments loads optimization, 76
Delft lattice model, 91 parameter estimation, 71, 86
DEN Specimen, 93 EVALUA command
DENSIT input loads optimization, 74
lattice analysis, 124 sequential linear analysis, 40
Design checking, 3, 5 EXECUT command
*DESIGN command, 11 design checking, 11, 12
DESIGN input, 7 lattice analysis, 110, 127
DISPLA command loads optimization, 75
lattice analysis, 110, 134 parameter estimation, 67
linear static analysis, 82 sequential linear analysis, 39, 40
DISPX input EXPONE input
loads optimization, 74 sequential linear analysis, 32
parameter estimation, 55
DISPY input
F
loads optimization, 74
parameter estimation, 55 FACTOR command
DISPZ input design checking, 12
loads optimization, 74 FEMVIEW command, 83
parameter estimation, 55 File menu
DMAX parameter, 104, 129 Mesh Editor, 142
DMIN parameter, 104, 129 FILE parameter
Drucker–Prager plasticity lattice analysis, 104, 129, 130, 130,
parameter estimation, 60 134, 135
DTX command FIXED command
design checking, 14 loads optimization, 75
INDEX 183
FORCE command sequential linear analysis, 32

lattice analysis, 110, 134
FORMUL parameter, 134
I
Forward analysis, logging, 71
Fraction model Identification, 48
parameter estimation, 59 INACTIVE group, 109, 114, 136
Fracture law, 97 INDEX parameter, 69, 70
lattice analysis, 111, 124 INITIA command
user-supplied subroutine, 125 lattice analysis, 108, 127, 132
FRCLAW input, 124, 125 Input data
FTCM input lattice analysis, 123
design checking, 9 parameter estimation, 51
FULL option, 70 INTPNT option, 82
ITEM input, 59
G ITERAT command
GAUSSIAN option sequential linear analysis, 40
results selection, 83
GENERA command, 128
K
lattice analysis, 104, 128
GEOMET input Kalman filtering, 48
parameter estimation, 59 KTHORE input
GEOMET parameter, 105, 131 sequential linear analysis, 35
’GEOMET’ table
lattice analysis, 126
L
Geometry properties
lattice analysis, 126 *LATTIC command, 104, 109, 127
GF1 input Lattice analysis, 91
sequential linear analysis, 32 LATTICE group, 114, 136
GLOBAL option Lattice region, 94
lattice analysis, 134, 135 LEVELS option
Graphic output contour plot, 83
lattice analysis, 111 Linear analysis
Graphics Window parameter estimation, 80
Mesh Editor, 146 Linear constraints, see Tyings
GRAPHS command, 110, 133 LINEAR input
Groups sequential linear analysis, 32
Mesh Editor, 149 LINHAR input
reserved names, 109, 114, 136 sequential linear analysis, 34
’GROUPS’ table, 149 *LINSTA command
H LINSTA command, 69
LOAD command
HEIGHT parameter, 104, 129 sequential linear analysis, 40
Help menu LOAD input
Mesh Editor, 144 parameter estimation, 59
Hordijk tension softening LOAD parameter
sequential linear analysis, 32 loads optimization, 76
HORDYK input parameter estimation, 69
184 INDEX
LOADS command design checking, 14

loads optimization, 75 MYY command
sequential linear analysis, 40 design checking, 14
Loads optimization, 73
LOCAL option
N
Logging a job NAME command
parameter estimation, 71 design checking, 12, 13
NAME input, 59
M Nastran input, 150
NODAL option
MAP command, 105, 128, 130 results selection, 83
MATERI input, 59 NODE input
MATERI parameter, 105, 131 loads optimization, 74
’MATERI’ table parameter estimation, 55
lattice analysis, 124, 125 NODES command
Material points, 53 lattice analysis, 134
Material properties NONLIN command, 70
lattice analysis, 96, 123 NSTEPS parameter, 133
MATRIX command NTHORE input
lattice analysis, 105, 131 sequential linear analysis, 35
loads optimization, 75 NXX command
sequential linear analysis, 40 design checking, 14
MAXITE parameter NXY command
parameter estimation, 70 design checking, 14
Maxwell Chain model QXZ command
memore example, 79 NYY command
Mesh Editor, 141 design checking, 14
Mesh generation
O
MESH option
display, 83 OBSERV parameter, 67
METHOD command OBSERV subtable of ’TARGET’
parameter estimation, 70 loads optimization, 73
MODEL command parameter estimation, 52, 54, 85
loads optimization, 74 Observables, 54, 73
sequential linear analysis, 39, 39 estimation report, 72
Model pane weighting, 55
Mesh Editor, 146 OFFSET command, 105, 131
MODIFI option OPERAT parameter, 134
parameter estimation, 70 Optimization of loads, see Loads optimiza-
Mohr–Coulomb plasticity tion
parameter estimation, 60 Orthotropy
MULTLN input parameter estimation, 60, 80
sequential linear analysis, 33, 34 OUTPUT command
MXX command design checking, 11, 14
design checking, 14 parameter estimation, 66
MXY command sequential linear analysis, 39, 40
INDEX 185
Output results design checking, 14

loads optimization, 76
R
P
REACTI option
P-STRESS option, 83 lattice analysis, 134
PARAME command READ command
parameter estimation, 71 lattice analysis, 104, 128, 129, 130
PARAME subtable of ’ESTIMA’ RECTAN input
parameter estimation, 56, 59, 85 lattice analysis, 127
Parameter estimation, 45, 48, 55, 79 Reinforcement grid design checking, 5
report, 72 RESIDU command, 71
Parameter weighting, 61 RESIDU option
*PAREST command, 86 lattice analysis, 134
PARTIC command, 104, 128, 128, 130 Residuals, 72
Particle generation, 104, 128 RESIDX input
PDISPX input, 55 loads optimization, 74
PDISPZ input, 55 parameter estimation, 55
PDSIPY input, 55 RESIDY input
Phased analysis, 55 loads optimization, 74
PHI input, 7 parameter estimation, 55
PK parameter, 104, 129 RESIDZ input
Plane stress elements loads optimization, 74
lattice analysis, 115 parameter estimation, 55
POINT input RESULT command
POINTS subtable of ’TARGET’, 51, 53, 85 RESULTS command, 83
POISON input RMATRI subtable of ’TARGET’, 52, 55
lattice analysis, 124 ROTATI option
parameter estimation, 82 lattice analysis, 134
sequential linear analysis, 29, 30 ROTATX input
Poisson’s ratio loads optimization, 74
sequential linear analysis, 29, 30 parameter estimation, 55
*POST command ROTATY input
lattice analysis, 135 loads optimization, 74
PRELAT command, 104, 127, 127 parameter estimation, 55
PRESENT command ROTATZ input
deformation, 83 loads optimization, 74
PRESS input, 55 parameter estimation, 55
pull example, 93
S
Q
SELECT command
Q8MEM element design checking, 14, 15
parameter estimation, 80 lattice analysis, 110, 134
QMATRI subtable of ’ESTIMA’, 56, 61 sequential linear analysis, 41
QYZ command Selections pane
Mesh Editor, 149
*SEQLIN command, 39
186 INDEX
SEQLIN input, 29, 30 TENPAR input

SEQLIN option sequential linear analysis, 33
status, 42 TENSTR input
Sequential linear analysis, 25 lattice analysis, 125
Sequential minimum variance, 48 sequential linear analysis, 32
SHAPE option Textile, 80
deformation, 83 THICK input
shear example, 117 lattice analysis, 126
SINPHI input THOREN input
parameter estimation, 60 sequential linear analysis, 35
SOLVE command Thorenfeldt hardening
design checking, 12 sequential linear analysis, 35
lattice analysis, 133 TOLCON parameter
loads optimization, 75 parameter estimation, 71
sequential linear analysis, 39 TOLLEN parameter, 132
SPACIN input, 7 TOLPHI parameter, 132
Standard fracture law, see Fracture law TOTAL option
START command lattice analysis, 134
lattice analysis, 132 TRANSL option
STATUS command lattice analysis, 134
sequential linear analysis, 42 Tyings
STEP option lattice analysis, 99, 132
lattice analysis, 132 TYPE command
STEP parameter, 70 design checking, 12, 13
STEPS command TYPE parameter
lattice analysis, 134 lattice analysis, 134
sequential linear analysis, 40
STNDRD input, 125
U
STRESS command
linear static analysis, 82 UCMAX command
SUM option, 135 design checking, 16
SUPERP input, 59 UCMIN command
SUPERP subtable of ’ESTIMA’, 56, 60 design checking, 16
Superparameters, 60 UCPHI command
user-supplied, 62 design checking, 16
Symbols, glossary of UCPS command
design checking, 3 design checking, 16
parameter estimation, 45 Units
T ’UNITS’ table
Target data USER input
loads optimization, 73 lattice analysis, 125
parameter estimation, 51 User-supplied fracture law, 125
’TARGET’ table User-supplied subroutines
loads optimization, 73 lattice analysis, 125
parameter estimation, 51, 52, 84 parameter estimation, 62
TENCRV input USLAFR user-supplied subroutine, 125
sequential linear analysis, 30, 31 USRBOU input, 60
INDEX 187
USRBOU user-supplied subroutine, 64 isotropic, 8

USRPAR input
Z
USRPAR user-supplied subroutine, 62
USRVAL input ZR input, 8
Vector plots, 83
VECTORS option, 83
VIEW command, 83
View menu
Mesh Editor, 143
Viscoelasticity
VONMISES option, 83
Von Mises stress
linear static analysis, 83
Weighted least squares, 48

Weighting, 55, 61
WIDTH parameter, 104, 129
Window menu
Mesh Editor, 144
WRITE command, 104, 129, 134, 135
X parameter, 105, 131

XAXIS input
Y parameter, 105, 131

YLDVAL input
design checking, 8
YOUNG input
design checking, 8
sequential linear analysis, 29, 30
Young’s modulus
188 INDEX

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DIANA

Finite Element Analysis

DIANA – Finite Element Analysis

First edition, November 8, 2010.

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 1

2 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 7

3 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis 11

II Sequential Linear Analysis 23

6 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis 29

7 Sequential Linear Analysis 39

III Parameter Estimation 43

9 Input for Parameter Estimation 51

10 Parameter Estimation Analysis 65

12 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane 79

Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

14 Pull Test on DEN Specimen 93

15 Shear Test on DEN Specimen 117

16 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide 123

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 1

2 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking 7

3 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis 11

II Sequential Linear Analysis 23

6 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis 29

Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

7 Sequential Linear Analysis 39

III Parameter Estimation 43

9 Input for Parameter Estimation 51

10 Parameter Estimation Analysis 65

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

12 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane 79

14 Pull Test on DEN Specimen 93

15 Shear Test on DEN Specimen 117

Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

16 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide 123

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

17.2.22 CQUADR – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connection . . 158

Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

17.2.64 QVOL – Volume Heat Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

II Sequential Linear Analysis — describes Module seqlin for sequential linear

This volume should be used in combination with Volume Analysis Procedures,

Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules November 8, 2010 – First ed.

November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules

Reinforcement Grid Design

Glossary of symbols. This glossary is an addition to the general Glossary

 grid reinforcements in layered shell elements

 grid reinforcements in structured composed solids

 grid reinforcements in unstructured composed solids

1.3 Composed Solids

Input for Reinforcement

The reinforcement grids to be considered in the design check must be identified

(E > 0) YOUNG e is Young’s modulus E.

Reinforcement Grid Design

The command syntax of a design checking analysis is as follows:

3.1 Linear Analysis

OFF suppresses the execution of the linear analysis.

3.2 Loadcase Combination

3.3 Load Envelope

3.4 Output of Analysis Results

The OUTPUT command block is defined as follows:

The result definition of design checking according to the Eurocode[7] is as fol-

4.1 Reinforcement Area Checks

grid reinforcements in layered shell elements

grid reinforcements in structured composed solids

grid reinforcements in unstructured composed solids

Stiffness reduction with constant strain increments [§ 5.1 p. 26].

Stiffness reduction with variable strain increments [§ 5.2 p. 26].

Finite element modeling.

A technique to adapt the non-shape parameters in the finite element model

n × n symmetric weighting matrices Qk , k = 1, . . . , N , specified in N

m×m symmetric weighting matrices Rk , k = 1, . . . , N , where m indicates