You are on page 1of 4

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064

Some Tribological Investigations on


Zinc Base Alloy
Vijaykumar N Chalwa1, Nishal Kadli2
1
Asst Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
SMSMPITR, Akluj-413118, Maharashtra, India
Indiavchalwa14@gmail.com 
2
Asst Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
MESCOEP, Pune, Maharashtra, India
nishalkadli@gmail.com

Abstract: ZA-27 alloys reinforced by Mn-containing intermetallic compounds were prepared and effect of Mn content on impact
strength, hardness, tensile strength, volumetric wear rate and surface roughness were examined. By adding Mn, Si, Cu, Mg into
ZA-27, experimental alloys were fabricated by gravity die casting. The volume fraction and grain size of the Mn-containing inter
metallic compound phases vary with the changing of Mn content. As the percentage of Mn increases the volume fraction and size
of the precipitates increased. Volumetric wear rate of the reinforced ZA-27 alloys at room temperature were measured. The results
show that the impact strength and hardness values are increased with increase in Mn up to 1%. Ultimate tensile strength and
Volumetric wear rate decreased with increase in Mn up to 1 %. But surface roughness is decreases almost with increase in the Mn
content. Bettertribological properties of these alloys can be achieved at a Mn content of 1 %.

Keywords: ZA-27, Inter metallic compounds, Impact strength, Hardness, Tensile strength, volumetric wear rate, Surface roughness

1. Introduction
Since the Second World War, Zn-Al alloys have been made in crucible furnace at 740°C. The raw materials were
successfully developed to replace lead bronzes in bearings melted in a graphite crucible.
and bushings. Compared to lead bronze, ZA alloys offer a
combination of high strength, low density and low cost [1]. The microstructure and worn surface were examined by
Zinc-Aluminum (ZA) alloys were developed since 1960– optical microscopy. The micro-hardness was measured on a
1970. In particular, the ZA-12 and ZA-16 families were model AICTE-RPS micro-hardness tester. Impact strength
developed by the International Lead Zinc Research was measured by an impact testing machine. Brinell
Organization (ILZRO) during 1960’s, while the ZA-8 and hardness was measured by an hardness tester. Tensile
ZA-27 were developed by Noranda Co. in the late 1970’s. properties were tested on a DST-SERC tensile testing
An important aspect that makes these alloys attractive is the machine. Volumetric wear rate was measured by a TR-
low energy requirement to achieve casting, due to their low 201CL wear testing machine. Surface roughness was
melting point as compared with aluminum, brass and iron measured by a SJ-201P surf test machine.
alloys [2-4]. ZA alloys have a strength comparable to
aluminum casting alloys, wear-resisting properties Table 1.Chemical composition of experimental alloys (in
comparable to bearing bronzes while have lower cost and mass percent, by wt. chemical analysis)
properties similar to many cast irons but are easier to
machine. They have been applied to many high performance Mn 0.2% 0.5% 1% 5%
parts as substitutes for cast irons and aluminum alloys, or Al 27% 27% 27% 27%
applied to bearings and bushings as substitutes for bronzes. Cu 2% 2% 2% 2%
For bearings working under heavy load, high mechanical Si 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
properties as well as good tribological properties at room and Mg 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04%
elevated temperatures are required. By means of changes in Zn Balance Balance Balance Balance
processing techniques and using modifying elements such as
rare earth elements (RE), Mn, Ti, B, the mechanical
properties of ZA alloys can be improved [5]. It is the aim of
this work to investigate the effect of different additions of
Mn on the micro structural and tribological properties of the
ZA-27 alloy at room temperature.

2. Experimental
The chemical compositions of experimental alloys in mass
percent were based on the ZA-27 alloy with a slightly higher
Mn content. A series of alloys with different Mn contents
were prepared by gravity die casting. Chemical compositions
of the experimental alloys are listed in Table 1. Melting was

Volume 2 Issue 1, January 2013


341
www.ijsr.net
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064

Figure.1 Microstructure of ZA-27 alloys with different wt% globular, plate like and faceted. As the percentage of Mn
of Mn: (a) 0.2, (b) 0.5, (c) 1 and (d) 5 increases the volume fraction and size of the precipitates
increased.

3.2 Impact Test

Tough materials absorb more energy, while brittle materials


tend to absorb very little energy prior to fracture.

Impact Test Sp.1, Mn-0.2%


140 Sp.2, Mn-0.5%
Sp.3, Mn-1%
Sp.4, Mn-5%
120

(a) 100

Impact Strength(KJ/m )
2
3. Results and Discussion 80

60
3.1 Microstructure
40

The micro structural study starts with the optical microscopy.


All the cast samples, after polishing have been studied using 20

image analyzer to see the microstructure. The image analyzer 0


photomicrographs of ZA-27 alloys are shown in fig1. 0 1 2 3 4
Specimen No(Wt%)

Figure.2Effect of Mn on Impact strength 

From the fig.2 it is observed that with increase in the


percentage of Mn the impact strength is increased and further
increase in the Mn% the impact strength is decreased.
With increase in the percentage of Mn hardness values will
increase. As the hardness increases its corresponding
toughness will decrease. Up to certain limit of the hardness
toughness will not decrease more also some percentage of
(b)
toughness will retain in the material. It is observed that up to
increase in the Mn 1% toughness is increased and further
increase in the Mn percentage the toughness is decreased.
Above 1 % of Mn the material tends towards brittleness due
to the hardness. Brittle materials will absorb less energy than
the ductile material. For ZA27 alloy it is observed that 1 %
of Mn gives maximum toughness value.

3.3 Hardness Test


Hardness is not fundamental property and its value depends
on the combination of yield strength, tensile strength and
(c) modulus of elasticity.
Hardness Test
65
Sp.1, Mn-0.2%
60 Sp.2, Mn-0.5%
55 Sp.3, Mn-1%
Sp.4, Mn-5%
50

45

40
BHN(Kg/mm )
2

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4

(d) Specimen No(W t%)

The figs show the typical microstructures of alloys ZA-27,


for different manganese concentrations. It can be noticed that Figure.3Effect of Mn on Hardness test
the number of precipitates increased with manganese From the fig.3 it is observed that with increase in the
content. Three different precipitate shapes were identified, percentage of Mn the hardness is increased and further

Volume 2 Issue 1, January 2013


www.ijsr.net
342
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064

increase in the Mn% the hardness is decreased. It is observed hardness is increased hence elongation is decreased. With
that the volume fraction and size of the hard phase in further increase in the Mn content hardness is decreased
experimental alloy increase with increasing Mn content hence elongation is increased, due to the precipitation.
therefore the hardness of the alloy first increase with increase
in volume fraction of hard phases then drop with the 3.5 Wear Test
coarsening of the hard phase [5]. By adding the Mn in the
ZA alloy the hardness values are increased. The hardness All the composites developed were tested on the pin on disc
value of the Zn is 412 MPa whereas hardness value of Mn is machine. The effect of various tribological parameters load
196 MPa. Initially with increase in the volume fraction of the and speed was tested on each composite and compared with
Mn, the hardness is increased. The increase in the hardness the wear behavior.
can be attributed to the presence of hard Al-Mn precipitates, Sp.1, Mn-0.2%
but also to their shape, distribution and formation of the fine 6.00E-013
W ear Test Sp.2,
Sp.3,
Mn-0.5%
Mn-1%

lamellar α + β, as long as the presence of manganese is 5.00E-013


Sp.4, Mn-5%

detected [6]. Initially with increase in Mn% hardness value is


increased, maintains some percentage of toughness. With 4.00E-013

Vol.Wear(m /m)
further increase in Mn% hardness value is decreased due to

3
3.00E-013

increase in brittleness at the cost of the toughness. Hence 2.00E-013

with increase in brittleness hardness value is decreased.


1.00E-013

3.4 Tensile Test 0.00E+000


0 1 2 3 4
Specimen No(W t%)
Tensile strengths are rarely used in the design of ductile
members, but they are important in brittle members.
Figure.6Effect of Mn on Wear test
T ensile T est

0.14

From the fig.6 it is observed that with increase in the


percentage of Mn the volumetric wear is decreased and
0.12
Ultimate Stress(KN/mm )
2

0.10

S p.1, M n-0 .2%


further increase in the Mn% the volumetric wear is
0.08 S p.2,
S p.3,
M n-0 .5%
M n-1 %
increased.
0.06
S p.4, M n-5 %

0.04
Volumetric wear rate is a function of normal load, sliding
0.02
distance and hardness. Volume loss is inversely proportional
to the hardness of the material as per Archard. i.e. V =
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 k*Normal load * sliding distance / Hardness.
S pecim en N o (W t% )

With increase in the volume fraction of the Mn hardness is


Figure.4Effect of Mn on Ultimate stress
increase up to 1% of the Mn, hence volumetric wear rate is
decreased. With further increase in the volume fraction of the
From the fig.4 it is observed that with increase in the Mn the corresponding hardness is decreased. Hence, the
percentage of Mn the tensile strength is decreased and corresponding volume loss is increased. Therefore the
further increase in the Mn% the tensile strength is increased. volumetric wear rate is increased, due to the increase in
With increase in the Mn hardness will increased but not the brittleness.
detected the Mn till 1 % of the Mn. Above 1 % of the Mn,
Mn is detected. Hence, above 1 % Mn the ultimate tensile With increase in the volume fraction of the Mn, volumetric
strength is increased [6]. Actually with increase in brittleness wear rate is decreased. Volumetric wear rate is inversely
the tensile strength should decrease but with increase in Mn proportional to the hardness. Therefore with increase in the
size and volume fraction the precipitates is increased. Hence Mn volumetric wear rate is increased. With further increase
with further increase in Mn the tensile strength is increased. in the volume fraction of the Mn hardness is decreased but
T e n s ile T e s t
volumetric wear rate is increased. Therefore the volumetric
1 .8
wear rate is increased due to the brittleness of the worn
1 .6
surface.
1 .4
S p .1 , M n -0 .2 %
S p .2 , M n -0 .5 %
1 .2
S p .3 , M n -1 %
3.6 Surface Roughness (Perpendicular)
Elongation(%)

S p .4 , M n -5 %
1 .0

0 .8

0 .6 Test: Roughness is a measure of the texture of a surface. It


0 .4
is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from
0 .2
its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is
0 .0
0 1 2 3 4
S p e c im e n N o ( W t % )

Figure.5Effect of Mn on ElongationFrom the fig.5 it is


observed that with increase in the percentage of Mn the
elongation is decreased and further increase in the Mn% the
elongation is increased With increase in the Mn content
Volume 2 Issue 1, January 2013
www.ijsr.net
343
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064

rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. Better tribological properties of these alloys can be achieved
4 .0
S u r f a c e R o u g h n e s s ( P e r p e n d ic u la r ) T e s t at a Mn content of 1 %.
3 .5
S p .1 , M n -0 .2 %

3 .0
S
S
p .2 ,
p .3 ,
M
M
n -0 .5 %
n -1 %
References
Surface Roughness(m)

S p .4 , M n -5 %
2 .5

2 .0

1 .5
[1] LONG Yan, LI Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Da-tong, QIU
1 .0 Cheng, CHEN Wei-ping “Sliding wear and friction
0 .5 behavior of ZA-27 alloy reinforced by Mn-containing
0 .0
0 1 2 3 4
intermetallic compounds”. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc.
S p e c im e n N o ( W t% )
China. Vol. 12, No. 4, Aug 2002. Pp 0775-0779
[2] R.J.BARNHURST, E. GERVAIS and F. D. BAYLES,
Figure.7Effect of Mn onSurface Roughness testfrom the AFS Transactions 91 (1983) 569.
fig.7 it is observed that with increase in the percentage of Mn [3] E.GERVAIS, R. J. BARNHURST and C. A. LOONG,
the surface roughness is almost decreased. With increase in J. Met. 11 (1985) 43.
the Mn the material becomes hard and hence surface [4] COMINCO Ltd. Zinc Foundry Alloys, Tech. Report. 11
roughness is decreased. Due to hardness the worn surface (1985).
wears due to shearing action of the material removal rather [5] LI Yuan-yuan, LONG Yan CHEN Wei-ping, ZHANG
than tearing action. Darlong, SHAO Ming ‘Effect of Mn content on
microstructure and mechanical properties of modified
3.7 VPN Test ZA-27 alloy’. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc.China.
Vol.12, No.6, Dec.2002. pp.1091 – 1094
The VPN test was carried out in the micro Vickers hardness [6] C.DOMINGUEZ, M. V. MORENO LOPEZ, D. RIOS-
tester after the wear test. Hardness is resistance of material to JARA “The influence of manganese on the
plastic deformation caused by indentation. microstructure and the strength of a ZA-27 alloy”.
Journal of materials science. 37, 2002. Pp.5123-5127
V P N Test S p .1 , M n - 0 .2 %
900 S p .2 , M n - 0 .5 %
S p .3 ,M n -1 %
800 S p .4 , M n - 5 %

700

600

500
HV

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4
S p e c im e n N o ( W t% )

Figure.8Effect of Mn on VPN test

From the fig.8 it is observed that with increase in the


percentage of Mn the hardness is increased and further
increase in the Mn% the hardness is decreased.

Initially surface hardness after wear is increased with


increase in the Mn percentage. Further increase in the Mn
percentage it tends towards brittleness hence, surface
hardness is decreased with the increase in the percentage of
the Mn.

4. Conclusion

It was found that addition of Mn over the entire range of


concentrations has a useful effect on hardness, volumetric
wear rate, impact strength, surface roughness and tensile
strength of the alloy. Impact strength and hardness values are
increased with increase in Mn up to 1% but decreased with
further increase in Mn content. Ultimate tensile strength and
volumetric wear rate decreased with increase in Mn up to 1
% and increased with further increase in Mn content. But
surface roughness decreases with increase in the Mn content.

Volume 2 Issue 1, January 2013


www.ijsr.net
344

You might also like