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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

A Collection of Punch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Prashant Srivastava
Professor, Lucknow University
&
Pundarik Kumar
H. No. 85, Subhash Nagar,
Gonda, U.P., India

A collection of 92 silver punch-marked coins was brought to the notice of the first author, for a
preliminary study by Shri Pundarik Kumar, the second author. Thephotographs and other data
about the coins was suppliedbyShri Vijay Kumar, Chief Editor of Indian Journal of Archaeology.All
the specimens are punch-marked coins, belonging to the Kosalamah¹janapada.
Corresponding to modern Awadh, themah¹janapadaof Kosalaappears to have extended from
theSad¹nîra¹ (modern Gandak) in the east, to the Gomati in the west; it was bounded by the Nepal
hills in the north, and theSarpik¹ orSyandik¹(modern Sai) in the south. 1 At one time, the kingdom
was divided into two parts, withŒr¹vastîas the capital of northern Kosala, and Kuœ¹vatî as the
capital of southern Kosala.But, by the time of the Buddha, Kosala had conquered the
mah¹janapadaofK¹œî, and subjugated theŒ¹kyas of Kapilavastu and theK¹l¹mas of Kesaputta,2 and
Œr¹vastî had emerged as the most prominent centre of power of the Kosalamah¹janapada, with
Prasenajit as the king. 3 Viðûðabha, the son of Prasenajit, usurped the throne, and almost
exterminated the Œ¹kyas of Kapilavastu. Viðûðabha appears to have been followed by R¹òaka,
Suratha, and Sumitra. The Kosalamah¹janapada was, in all probability, conquered and annexed to the
growing kingdom of Magadha, during the reign of Œiœun¹ga, 4 although some scholars are in favour
of giving the credit of the conquest and annexation of Kosala to Aj¹taœatru, the king of Magadha. 5
The punch-marked coins of the Kosalamah¹janapada have been studied by scholars, like P L
Gupta, 6 Terry R Hardekar, 7 DilipRajgor, 8 and Shinji Hirano. 9 The early punch-marked coins of the
Kosalamah¹janapada are round in shape, and have a broad and thin fabric. 10 The obverse bears a
battered look, due to the application of a large number of minute punches on the reverse. 11 The
later coins are of ‘medium thick fabric’. Minutes punches have been applied to the reverse of these
coins as well, but it has not affected the quality of the obverse symbols. 12 The symbols on the
obverse of the coins have been labelled ‘main type symbols’, and those on the reverse, ‘bankers’
marks’. 13 The most common symbol on the punch-marked coins of the Kosalamah¹janapada is made
up of three curved lines, resembling the letter S of the English alphabet, arranged around a dot or
a circle. P L Gupta proposes to regard it as the ‘identity symbol’ of the Kosalamah¹janapada. 14 Other
symbols, appearing on the coins of this mah¹janapada, include quadrupeds, like the elephant, the

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

bull, and the hare; a tree-like symbol; and geometrical patterns. 15 Paul Murphy, who regards the
obverse symbols as ‘main type symbols’, after Shinji Hirano (above), has divided them into three
categories—geometric symbols, 16 nature type symbols, 17 and manmade type symbols. 18 He also
divides the reverse symbols, which he regards as ‘banker’s marks’, after Shinji Hirano (above),
into three categories—geometric marks, 19 nature marks, 20 and manmade marks. 21
Punch-marked coins of the Kosalamah¹janapada represent six coin denominations—(1)
Viôœatika, weighing, on an average, 4.4 gram (around 68.7 grains) 22; (2) Arddhaviôœatika, weighing,
on an average, 2.2 gram (around 34.4 grains) 23 ; (3) K¹rsh¹paòa, weighing, on an average, from 2.9
gram (around 45.3 grains) to 3.3 gram (around 51.6 grains) 24 ; (4) Dvim¹shaka, weighing, on an
average, 0.7 gram (around 10.9 grains) 25 ; (5) Arddhak¹rsh¹paòa, weighing, on an average, 1.9 gram
(around 29.7 grains) 26 ; and (6) P¹dak¹rsh¹paòa, weighing, on an average, 1.0 gram (around 15.6
grains) 27 .
As regards the mode of fabrication of the punch-marked coins of the Kosalamah¹janapada,
the coins of the viôœatika series28 and the k¹rsh¹paòa series29 have been manufactured by the droplet
and punch-marking technique. The coins of the arddhaviôœatika series30 and the dvim¹shaka series31
have been manufactured by the clipping technique. A single die has been used for the
manufacture of the coins of the arddhak¹rsh¹paòa series32 and the p¹dak¹rsh¹paòa series. 33
The viôœatikas bear one symbol in duplicate, together with two more and dissimilar,
symbols, 34 while the arddhaviôœatikas bear just one symbol, or two symbols, dissimilar from each
other. 35 The k¹rsh¹paòas evince three different types of orientations of symbols. One series of
k¹rsh¹paòas, having an average weight of 3.3 gram (around 51.6 grains), bears four symbols, all
different from each other on a single coin. 36 Another series of k¹rsh¹paòas, having the same average
weight, bears one symbol in duplicate, together with two more and dissimilar, symbols; or,
alternatively, four symbols, all dissimilar from each other. 37 Yet another series of k¹rsh¹paòas,
having an average weight of 2.9 gram (around 45.3 grains), bears four symbols, all dissimilar from
each other. 38 The symbols, found on these three series of k¹rsh¹paòas, generally tend to differ from
series to series. The dvim¹shakas bear two symbols, dissimilar from each other. 39 Each coin of the
arddhak¹rsh¹paòa series40 and the p¹dak¹rsh¹paòa series bears only one symbol. 41
The coins in the collection in question all belong to the k¹rsh¹paòa series. Their weights
range from 2.17gram (around 33.9 grains—coin no. 72) to 3.05gram (around 47.7 grains—coin no.
55). They have irregular shapes. Almost all the three categories of obverse symbols, or ‘main type
symbols’—geometric symbols, nature type symbols, and manmade type symbols, as also almost
all the three categories of the reverse symbols, or ‘bankers’ marks’—geometric marks, nature
marks, and manmade marks, are found depicted on the coins of the present collection. The 92
coins of the collection are illustrated below, together with such relevant information, as their
weight and size.

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Coin No. 1

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 2

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.90 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 3

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.02 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x2.1 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 4

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 5

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.90 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 6

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.4x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 7

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.04 gram. The size of the coin is 2.5x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 8

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.76 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 9

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.98 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 10

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.97 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 11

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 2.4x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 12

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.91 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 13

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.93 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 14

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.88 gram. The size of the coin is 2.7x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 15

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.97 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 16

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.83 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.4 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 17

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.73 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 18

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.03 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 19

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.82 gram. The size of the coin is 2.5x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 20

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.90 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 21

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.98 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 22

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 1.9x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 23

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 24

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.87 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x2.1 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

Coin No. 25

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.97 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 26

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.86 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 27

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.98 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 28

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.93 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 29

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.87 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 30

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.85 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 31

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.93 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 32

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.90 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 33

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 34

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 35

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 36

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.93 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 37

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 38

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 1.8x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 39

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.95 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 40

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.02 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 41

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.77 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 42

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.98 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 43

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 44

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

Coin No. 45

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 46

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 47

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 48

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.02 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 49

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 50

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.86 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 51

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.03 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 52

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.81 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 53

Obverse Reverse
The weight of the coin is 2.95 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 54

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.4x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 55

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.05 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 56

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 1.9x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 57

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.92 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 58

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.01 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x2.1 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 59

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.64 gram. The size of the coin is 1.9x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 60

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.84 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 61

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.31 gram. The size of the coin is 1.6x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 62

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.90 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 63

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.01 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 64

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 65

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.86 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 66

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.95 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 67

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.83 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 68

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

Coin No. 69

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.86 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 70

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 71

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.84 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 72

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.17 gram. The size of the coin is 1.8x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 73

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.86 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 74

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.91 gram. The size of the coin is 2.4x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 75

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.97 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 76

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.94 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

Coin No. 77

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x2.1 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 78

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 79

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.99 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 80

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 81

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.68 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 82

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.00 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 83

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.92 gram. The size of the coin is 1.9x1.9 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 84

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.78 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Coin No. 85

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.87 gram. The size of the coin is 2.3x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 86

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.89 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 87

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.02 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 88

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.89 gram. The size of the coin is 2.0x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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Indian Journal of Archaeolog y

Coin No. 89

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.85 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.8 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 90

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.84 gram. The size of the coin is 2.1x1.7 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

Coin No. 91

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 2.96 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x1.6 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

Coin No. 92

Obverse Reverse

The weight of the coin is 3.01 gram. The size of the coin is 2.2x2.0 cm. The provenance of the coin
is Shravasti.

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References:

1 B C Law, North India in the Sixth Century BC, Chapter I, in R C Majumdar, A D Pusalker, and A K Majumdar (ed),
The Age of Imperial Unity (The History and Culture of the Indian People 2), (reprint, Bombay. 1980), pp. 1 -17, on p.
4; H C Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, from the Accession of Parîkshita to the Extinction of the
Gupta Dynasty, (7 th ed, Calcutta. 1972), p. 99.
2 B C Law, North India in the Sixth Century BC, Chapter I, in R C Majumdar, A D Pusalker, an d A K Majumdar (ed),

The Age of Imperial Unity (The History and Culture of the Indian People 2), (reprint, Bombay. 1980), pp. 1 -17, on p.
4; also Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak R iver Region (c 600-300 BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage , (Nashik
: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, 2007), p. 12.
3 B C Law, North India in the Sixth Century BC, Chapter I, in R C Majumdar, A D Pusalker, and A K Majumdar (ed),

The Age of Imperial Unity (The History and Culture of the Indian People 2), (reprint, Bombay. 1980), pp. 1-17, on p.
4.
4RadhaKumudMookerji, Rise of the Magadhan Imperialism, Chapter II, in R C Majumdar, A D Pusalker, and A K

Majumdar (ed), The Age of Imperial Unity (Th e History and Culture of the Indian People 2), (reprint, Bomb ay :
BharatiyaVidyaBhavan. 1980), pp. 18-38, on p. 30.
5DilipRajgor, Punch-marked Coins of Early Historic India , (California :Reesha Books International. 2001), p. 151.

6P L Gupta, The Punch-marked Coins of Ancient India, (unpublished PhD thesis); available in the library of the Indian

Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, Anjaneri, Nashik.


7Terry R Hardekar, Punch-marked Coinage of Kosala—Towards a Classification, in D W MacDowall, Savita Sharma,

and Sanjay Garg (ed), Indian Numismatics, Art, History and Culture—Essays in Honour of Dr P L Gupta, (Delhi : Agam
Kala Prakashan. 1992), pp. 3-11.
8DilipRajgor, 2001. Opcit.

9Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Reg ion (c 600-300 BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian

Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007).


10 S R Goyal, The Coinage of Ancient India, (Jodhpur :KusumanjaliPrakashan. 1995), p. 89.

11P L Gupta, Coins, (reprint, New Delhi : National Book Trust. 2004), p. 16.

12P L Gupta, Coins, (reprint, New Delhi : National Book Trust. 2004), p. 16.

13Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Reg ion (c 600-300 BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage , (Nashik : Indian

Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), p. 29.


14P L Gupta, Coins, (reprint, New Delhi : National Book Trust. 2004), p. 16.

15P L Gupta, Coins, (reprint, New Delhi : National Book Trust. 2004), p. 16.

16 Paul Murphy, Symbols Table, Appendix 1, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Reg ion (c 600-300 BC) :

Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp. 116-
146, on pp. 117-133.
17 Paul Murphy, Symbols Table, Appendix 1, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Reg ion (c 600-300 BC) :

Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp. 116-
146, on pp. 134-144.
18 Paul Murphy, Symbols Table, Appendix 1, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Reg ion (c 600-300 BC) :

Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp. 116-
146, on pp. 145-146.
19 Paul Murphy, Table of Bankers’ Marks, Appendix 2, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Region (c 600-300

BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp.
147-158, on pp. 148-154.
20 Paul Murphy, Table of Bankers’ Marks, Appendix 2, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Region (c 600-300

BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp.
147-158, on pp. 155-157.
21 Paul Murphy, Table of Bankers’ Marks, Appendix 2, in Shinji Hirano, The Ghaghara-Gandak River Region (c 600-300

BC) : Archaic Silver Punch marked Coinage, (Nashik : Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies. 2007), pp.
147-158, on p. 158.
22DilipRajgor. 2001. Opcit., pp. 152-153.

23Ibid, p. 153.

24Ibid, pp. 154-162.

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A Collection of P unch-marked Coins from Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh

25Ibid, p. 154.
26Ibid, p. 163.
27Ibid, p. 163.

28Ibid, pp. 152-153.

29Ibid, pp. 154, 155-162.

30Ibid, p. 153.

31Ibid, p. 154.

32Ibid, p. 163.

33Ibid, p. 163.

34Ibid, pp. 152-153.

35Ibid, p. 153.

36Ibid, p. 154.

37Ibid, pp. 155-158.

38Ibid, pp. 159-162.

39Ibid, p. 154.

40Ibid, p. 163.

41Ibid , p. 163.

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