Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

Dynamic Explicit Procedure

The Explicit code uses a central difference method to integrate the equation of motion

explicitly through time. During each increment, the initial kinematic conditions are used to

calculate the kinematic conditions for the next increment. The nodal acceleration ( u
) can be

calculated at the beginning of time increment (t) based on dynamic equilibrium through the

following equation:

u
(t )
(M)1 (P I)
(t )

Where (M) is the nodal mass matrix, (P) is the vector of the external applied forces and (I) is

the vector of internal element forces. Therefore, without the need to solve simultaneous

equations, the acceleration at any nodal point is determined only through its mass and net

acting force. From a knowledge of the accelerations, the velocities ( u) and displacements

( u ) are advanced "explicitly" through each time increment ( t ) using the central difference

rule, through the following equations:

(t (i 1) t ( i )

u(i 1/ 2) u(i 1/ 2)  u
(i )
2

1
u(i 1) u(i 1/ 2 )  t (i 1) u
(i 
1)
2

u (i 1) u (i ) t (i 1) u(i 1/ 2 )

For element calculations, the element strain increments dεis computed from the strain rate έ
,

the stresses are computed from the constitutive equations as shown in Equation 3-4, and the

nodal internal forces I(t+Δt) are assembled.

)
σ(t+Δt) = ƒ(σ(t)+ dε

In order to obtain accurate results, the time increment (Δt) must be quite small so that the

accelerations are nearly constant during an increment. As the time increment decreases, the

analysis will require an unacceptable number of increments and computational time. In order to
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

reduce the computational time, either "load rate scaling" or "mass scaling" may be introduced.

Both techniques show a significant reduction in the processing times with acceptable

computational accuracy.

Abaqus Explicit Workshop 1

Axi-symmetric steel notched bar Tension

This procedure demonstrates how to generate components, material properties, boundary

conditions and forces to create a Finite Element model using Abaqus CAE software. The
model to be created here is a section through a notched bar (an axisymmetric model), i.e.

Only the right hand half of the cross section is created in the model.

1. Select create part in the Part module. In the dialogue

box that appears, name the part workpiece. Select
Axisymmetric, deformable, shell, type the approximate
size of 1. Click continue.

2. Select the line icon . Below the display window, type (0,
0.030), press enter and (0.0175, 0.030), press enter and
(0.0175, 0.010), press enter, and then press escape. Select
the line icon again, type (0, 0.030), press enter and (0,
-0.030), press enter and (0.0175, -0.030), press enter and (0.0175,
-0.010), press enter, and then press escape.
1
Select the circle icon , type (0.0175, 0), press enter and (0.0175, 0.010), press enter. Select

the trim icon, select the right half of the circle, the press escape.

Select done .

(Note that all of the dimensions are in metre.)

 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

If the sketch of the section contains a small rectangle at any of the corners, it should be deleted

as this will constrain the deformation of the section to maintain the same angle. Select the

delete icon , then select the feature to be deleted, e.g. the rectangle, , and then

Done.

(Note, selecting the red cross below the window will end the current procedure.)

3. Choose create part in the Part module. In the box that appears, name the part die. Select
Axisymmetric.Se le ct‘Analytical rigid’.Cl i
ckcontinue.

4. Se
le c
t ‘Cre at
el ines’ icon. Type in (0,0.030) and (0.020,0.030) to create a line. Click
the red cross below the window to end the current procedure. Select done.
5. Select Tools from the list across the top of the screen. In the pull-down menu, select
reference point. Click the right end of the die.

6. Proceed to the Property Module. Choose create material icon. Name the
material-1 as workpiece. Select mechanical. Choose elasticity and elastic. Enter
210 GPa (210E9) f orYoung’ s modulus and 0.3 for the Poisson ratio. Select
mechanical. Choose plasticity and plastic. Enter the values as shown below. Click
OK.

Flow stress (Pa) Plastic strain

208E6 0

492E6 0.1

550E6 0.5

580E6 1.0

7. Choose create section . Name section-1 as workpiece, accept the other defaults.
Click continue. Click OK and again OK in the next box that appears.
8. In the Part box,
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

select workpiece. Go to Assign section option . Click on the image of the workpiece on

the screen. Click done. In the edit section assignment box select workpiece. Click OK.

Save the model.

9. Proceed to the Assembly module. Choose Instance part . In the Create Instance
dialogue box, choose workpiece and click apply. Then choose die and click OK.

10. Proceed to Step module. Choose create step icon . Select Dynamic Explicit. Click
continue. In the Edit Step dialogue box, under Basic, name the description as
Deform. Turn Nlgeom on. Click OK.

11. Continue to Interaction module. Choose create interaction icon . Name it contact.
Choose step_1 in the step list. Click continue. On the screen select the die. Click done.
Choose yellow to indicate the bottom surface of the die. Choose surface. Select the
show/hide selection options icon below the
window. In the box that appears, click the select the
entity closet to the screen option.

Click the top edge of the workpiece. Click OK and done.

12. In the Edit Interaction window that should appear, select create, next to the contact
interaction property box. Name it‘ Friction’ .Cl ickcontinue. In the next dialogue
box choose Mechanical and select tangential behaviour. Select Penalty in the
Friction Formulation area and enter 0.3 in the friction coefficient box. Click OK.
13. Double click constraints function in the left hand side tree. Choose tie. Name it constrain.
Click continue. On the screen select the die as the master surface. Click done. Choose
yellow to indicate the bottom surface of the die. Choose surface. Select the show/hide
selection options icon below the window. In the box that appears, click the select
the entity closet to the screen option. Click the top edge of the workpiece. Click OK
and done.

14. Proceed to Load module. Choose the create boundary condition icon (BC) for
each of the following constraints.
a. Name the BC as fixed_y. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.
Click continue. Select the bottom line of the workpiece. Click done. Select U1, U2,
UR3 and click OK.
b. Name the BC as fixed_x. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.
Click continue. Select the left border line of the workpiece. Click done. Select U1 and
click OK.
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

c. Name the BC as fixed_ref. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.

Click continue. Select reference point. Click done. Select U1 and UR3 and click OK.
d. Name the BC as deform_up. Choose step: Step-1; type:
Displacement/Rotation. Click continue. Select reference point. Click done. Select
U2 andi nput‘
0.0001’int headjacent box and click OK.
15. Proceed to Mesh module. Above the window select Part and in the Part box, select
workpiece . Click on the Seed Part
icon . Accept the defaults in the Global Seeds dialogue box. Click done. Click on
the Mesh Part Instance icon , at the bottom of the screen select yes.

16. Next, go to Job module

.Cl ickon‘ create job’i
con . Name: Job-1, click continue.
Na mede scri
ptionas‘Displace up’.ClickOK. Save the model.

17. Click on Job manager .Cl ick‘ Submit’t

osu
bmi
tthej
obt
othes
olve
r. Click
monitor to check the analysis progress.

18. Once the job is complete, click results to check the results. Select the icon to display
contours. To examine different stresses etc, select Result, Field Output from the main
menu bar.
Below is a typical illustration of the results that you should obtain, von Mises stress is

displayed.
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

Student must re submit the jop_1 for different deform_up displacement (0.0002m, 0.00005m).

You must use your judgement as to whether the mesh is appropriate (e.g. are the elements small

enough).

Abaqus Explicit Workshop 2

Axi-symmetric Upsetting

This procedure demonstrates how to generate components, material properties, boundary

conditions and forces to create a Finite Element model using Abaqus CAE software. The
model to be created here is a section through a cylinder (an axisymmetric model), i.e.
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

Only the upper-right hand quadrant of the cross section is created in the model.

19. Select create part in the Part module. In the dialogue

box that appears, name the part workpiece. Select
Axisymmetric, deformable, shell, accept the approximate
size of 200. Click continue.

20. Select the box icon . Below the display window, type
(0,0), press enter and (20,20), press enter, to create a box.
Note that all of the dimensions are in mm.

If the sketch of the section contains a small rectangle at any of the corners, it should be deleted

as this will constrain the deformation of the section to maintain the same angle. Select the

delete icon , then select the feature to be deleted, e.g. the rectangle, , and then

Done.

The box (or cross section of the workpiece) may also be constructed by specifying the

individual lines by selecting the create lines icon . Select done .

(Note, selecting the red cross below the window will end the current procedure.)

21. Choose create part in the Part module. In the box that appears, name the part die. Select
Axisymmetric.Se le ct‘Analytical rigid’.Cl i
ckcontinue.

22. Se
lect‘Cr eatel i
ne s’ icon. Type in (0,20) and (30,20) to create a line. Click the red
cross below the window to end the current procedure. Select done.
23. Select Tools from the list across the top of the screen. In the pull-down menu, select
reference point. Click the right end of the die.

24. Proceed to the Property Module. Choose create material icon. Name the
material-1 as workpiece. Select mechanical. Choose elasticity and elastic. Enter
210 GPaf orYoung ’smodul us( bes uret oc onve
rtthistoN/ mm2, due to the dimensions
oftheboxbe ingi nmm’ s)a nd0. 3f ort hePoi ssonr a
tio.Se lectmechanical. Choose
plasticity and plastic. Enter the values as shown below. Click OK.
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

Flow stress (MPa) Plastic strain

404 0

965 0.1

1209 0.5

25. Choose create section . Name section-1 as workpiece, accept the other defaults.
Click continue. Click OK and again OK in the next box that appears.
26. In the Part box,

select workpiece. Go to Assign section option . Click on the image of the workpiece on

the screen. Click done. In the edit section assignment box select workpiece. Click OK.

Save the model.

27. Proceed to the Assembly module. Choose Instance part . In the Create Instance
dialogue box, choose workpiece and click apply. Then choose die and click OK.

28. Proceed to Step module. Choose create step icon . Select Dynamic Explicit. Click
continue. In the Edit Step dialogue box, under Basic, name the description as
Deform. Turn Nlgeom on.

29. Continue to Interaction module. Choose create interaction icon . Name it contact.
Choose Initial in the step list. Click continue. On the screen select the die. Click done.
Choose yellow to indicate the bottom surface of the die. Choose surface. Select the
show/hide selection options icon below the
window. In the box that appears, click the select the
entity closet to the screen option.

Click the top edge of the workpiece. Click OK and done.

 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

30. In the Edit Interaction window that should appear, select create, next to the contact
interaction property box.Na mei t‘ Friction’ .Cl ickcontinue. In the next dialogue
box choose Mechanical and select tangential behaviour. Select Penalty in the
Friction Formulation area and enter 0.3 in the friction coefficient box. Click OK.

31. Proceed to Load module. Choose the create boundary condition icon (BC) for
each of the following constraints.
a. Name the BC as fixed_y. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.
Click continue. Select the bottom line of the workpiece. Click done. Select U2 and
click OK.
b. Name the BC as fixed_x. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.
Click continue. Select the left border line of the workpiece. Click done. Select U1 and
click OK.
c. Name the BC as fixed_ref. Choose step: Initial; type: Displacement/Rotation.
Click continue. Select reference point. Click done. Select U1 and UR3 and click OK.
d. Name the BC as deform_down. Choose step: Step-1; type:
Displacement/Rotation. Click continue. Select reference point. Click done. Select
U2 and input‘
-5’intheadjacent box and click OK.
32. Proceed to Mesh module. Above the window select Part and in the Part box, select
workpiece . Click on the Seed Part
icon . Accept the defaults in the Global Seeds dialogue box. Click done. Click on
the Mesh Part Instance icon , at the bottom of the screen select yes.

33. Next, go to Job module

.Cl ickon‘ create job’ic
on . Name: Job-1, click continue.
Na mede scri
ptionas‘Displace down’.Cl ickOK. Save the model.

34. Click on Job manager .Cl ick‘ Submit’t

osu
bmi
tthej
obt
othes
olve
r.Cl
ick
monitor to check the analysis progress.

35. Once the job is complete, click results to check the results. Select the icon to display
contours. To examine different stresses etc, select Result, Field Output from the main
menu bar.
Below is a typical illustration of the results that you should obtain, von Mises stress is

displayed.
 Explicit Workshop_Khamis Essa

You must use your judgement as to whether the mesh is appropriate (e.g. are the elements small

enough), and whether the increment of deformation per step is small enough (specified as -5 in

the load module for this example).

If the right-hand free surface of the workpiece deforms enough to reach the die surface, you

must specify an interaction between these two surfaces, otherwise the workpiece material will

move into the die, which is not physically possible.