56

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS: Chapter 5

Problem 5.1
Basic equations are T ∝ ΦR Ff sin δRF . Since the field current is constant, Ff
is constant, Note also that the resultant flux is proptoortional to the terminal
voltage and inversely to the frequency ΦR ∝ Vt /f . Thus we can write
Vt sin δRF
T ∝
f
P = ωf T ∝ Vt sin δRF
part (a): Reduced to 31.1◦
part (b): Unchanged
part (c): Unchanged
part (d): Increased to 39.6◦
Problem 5.2
part (a): The windings are orthogonal and hence the mutual inductance is
zero.
part (b): Since the two windings are orthogonal, the phases are uncoupled
and hence the flux linkage under balanced two-phase operation is unchanged by
currents in the other phase. Thus, the equivalent inductance is simply equal to
the phase self-inductance.
Problem 5.3
1
Lab = − (Laa − Lal ) = −2.25 mH
2

3
Ls = (Laa − Lal ) + Lal = 7.08 mH
2
Problem 5.4
part (a):
√
2 Vl−l,rms
Laf = √ = 79.4 mH
3ωIf
part (b): Voltage = (50/60) 15.4 kV = 12.8 kV.
Problem 5.5
part (a): The magnitude of the phase current is equal to

40 × 103
Ia = √ = 59.1 A
0.85 × 3 460
and its phase angle is − cos−1 0.85 = −31.8◦ . Thus
 57

Iˆa = 59.1e−j31.8
◦

Then
460
Êaf = Va − jXs Iˆa = √ − j4.15 × 59.1e−j31.8 = 136  − 56.8◦ V
◦

3
The field current can be calculated from the magnitude of the generator
voltage
√
2Eaf
If = = 11.3 A
ωLaf
part (b):

Êaf = 266  − 38.1◦ V; If = 15.3 A

part (c):

Êaf = 395  − 27.8◦ V; If = 20.2 A

Problem 5.6
The solution is similar to that of Problem 5.5 with the exception that the
sychronous impedance jXs is replaced by the impedance Zf + jXs .
part (a):
Êaf = 106  − 66.6◦ V; If = 12.2 A
part (b):
Êaf = 261  − 43.7◦ V; If = 16.3 A
part (c):
Êaf = 416  − 31.2◦ V; If = 22.0 A
Problem 5.7
part (a):
√
2 Vl−l,rms
Laf = √ = 49.8 mH
3ωIf
part (b):

600 × 103
Iˆa = √ = 151 A
3 2300

Êaf = Va − jXs Iˆa = 1.77  − 41.3◦ V

√
2Eaf
If = = 160 A
ωLaf
58

part (c): See plot below. Minimum current will when the motor is operating
at unity power factor. From the plot, this occurs at a field current of 160 A.

Problem 5.8
part (a):
2
Vbase (26 × 103 )2
Zbase = = = 0.901 Ω
Pbase 750 × 106

Xs,pu Zbase
Ls = = 4.88 mH
ω
part (b):
Xal,pu Zbase
Lal = = 0.43 mH
ω
part (c):
2
Laa = (Ls − Lal ) + Lal = 3.40 mH
3
Problem 5.9
part (a):
AFNL
SCR = = 0.520
AFSC
part (b):
Zbase = (26 × 103 )2 /(800 × 106 ) = 0.845 Ω
1
Xs = = 2.19 pu = 1.85 Ω
SCR
part (c):
AFSC
Xs,u = = 1.92 pu = 1.62 Ω
AFNL, ag
 59

Problem 5.10
part (a):

AFNL
SCR = = 1.14
AFSC
part (b):
Zbase = 41602 /(5000 × 103 ) = 3.46 Ω
1
Xs = = 1.11 pu = 3.86 Ω
SCR
part (c):

AFSC
Xs,u = = 0.88 pu = 3.05 Ω
AFNL, ag
Problem 5.11
No numerical solution required.
Problem 5.12
part (a): The total power is equal to S = P /pf = 4200 kW/0.87 = 4828 kVA.
The armature current is thus
4828 × 103
Iˆa = √  (cos−1 0.87) = 670 29.5◦ A
3 4160
Defining Zs = Ra + jXs = 0.038 + j4.81 Ω
4160
|Eaf | = |Va − Zs Ia | = | √ − Zs Ia | = 4349 V, line − to − neutral
3
Thus


4349
If = AFNL √ = 306 A
4160/ 3

part (b): If the machine speed remains constant and the field current is not
reduced, the terminal voltage will increase to the value corresponding to 306 A
of field current on the open-circuit saturation characteristic. Interpolating the
given data shows that this corresponds to a value of around 4850 V line-to-line.
60

Problem 5.13

Problem 5.14
√ power, unity power factor, the armature current will be Ia =
At rated
5000 kW/( 3 4160 V) = 694 A. The power dissipated in the armature winding
will then equal Parm = 3 × 6942 × 0.011 = 15.9 kW.
The field current can be found from
4160
|Eaf | = |Va − Zs Ia | = | √ − Zs Ia | = 3194 V, line-to-neutral
3
and thus


3194
If = AFNL √ = 319 A
4160/ 3

At 125◦ C, the field-winding resistance will be


234.5 + 125
Rf = 0.279 = 0.324 Ω
234.5 + 75

and hence the field-winding power dissipation will be Pfield = If2 Rf = 21.1 kW.
The total loss will then be

Ptot = Pcore + Parm + Pfriction/windage + Pfield = 120 kW

Hence the output power will equal 4880 kW and the efficiency will equal 4880/5000
= 0.976 = 97.6%.
 61

Problem 5.15
part (a):

part (b): AFNL = 736 A. AFSC = 710 A.

part (c): (i) SCR = 10.4, (ii) Xs = 0.964 per unit and (iii) Xs,u = 1.17 per
unit.
Problem 5.16
For Va = 1.0 per unit, Eaf,max = 2.4 per unit and Xs = 1.6 per unit

Eaf,max − Va
Qmax = = 0.875 per unit
Xs

Problem 5.17
part (a):
2
Vbase
Zbase = = 5.29 Ω
Pbase

1
Xs = = 0.595 per-unit = 3.15 Ω
SCR
62

part (b): Using generator convention for current

part (c):
150
Eaf = = 0.357 per-unit
420
For Va = 1.0 per-unit,
Eaf − Va
Iˆa = = 1.08 90◦ per-unit = 1.36 90◦ kA
jXs
using Ibase = 1255 A.
part (d): It looks like an inductor.
part (e):

700
Eaf = = 1.67 per-unit
420
For Va = 1.0 per-unit,
Eaf − Va
Iˆa = = 1.12 − 90◦ per-unit = 1.41 − 90◦ kA
jXs
In this case, it looks like a capacitor.
 63

Problem 5.18

Problem 5.19
part (a): It was underexcited, absorbing reactive power.
part (b): It increased.
part (c): The answers are the same.
Problem 5.20
part (a):
226
Xs = = 0.268 per-unit
842
part (b): P = 0.875 and S = P/0.9 = 0.972, both in per unit. The power-
factor angle is − cos−1 0.9 = −25.8◦ and thus Iˆa = 0.875 − 25.8◦ .

Êaf = Va + jXs Iˆa = 1.15 11.6◦ per-unit

The field current is If = AFNL|Êaf | = 958 A. The rotor angle is 11.6◦ and the
reactive power is

Q = S 2 − P 2 = 4.24 MVA

part (c): Now |Eaf | = 1.0 per unit.


−1 P Xs
δ = sin |Eaf | = 13.6◦
Va

and thus Êaf = 1.0 13.6◦ .

Êaf − Va
Iˆa = = 0.881 6.79◦
jXs

Q = Imag[Va Iˆa∗ ] = −0.104 per-unit = −1.04 MVAR

64

Problem 5.21

Êaf − Va Va Eaf
Iˆa = =j + (sin δ − j cos δ)
jXs Xs Xs

The first term is a constant and is the center of the circle. The second term is
a circle of radius Eaf/Xs .

Problem 5.22
part (a):
(i)

(ii) Vt = V∞ = 1.0 per unit. P = 375/650 = 0.577 per unit. Thus


P X∞
δt = sin−1 = 12.6◦
Vt V∞
 65

and
Vt ejδt − V∞
Iˆa = = 0.578 3.93◦ per-unit
jX∞
√
Ibase = Pbase /( 3 Vbase ) = 15.64 kA and thus Ia = 9.04 kA.
(iii) The generator terminal current lags the terminal voltage by δt /2 and thus
the power factor is

pf = cos−1 δt /2 = 0.998 lagging

(iv)

|Êaf | = |V∞ + j(X∞ + Xs )Iˆa | = 1.50 per-unit = 36.0 kV,line-to-line

part (b):
(i) Same phasor diagram
(ii) Iˆa = 0.928 6.32◦ per-unit. Ia = 14.5 kA.
(iii) pf = 0.994 lagging
(iv) Eaf = 2.06 per unit = 49.4 kV, line-to-line.
Problem 5.23
part (a):
66

part (b):

part (c):

Problem 5.24
part (a): From the solution to Problem 5.15, Xs = 0.964 per unit. Thus,
with V∞ = Eaf = 1.0 per unit
 67

V∞ Eaf
Pmax = = 1.04 per-unit
Xs
noindent Hence, full load can be achieved. This will occur at


−1 Xs
δ = sin = 74.6◦
Eaf Vinfty

part (b): The generator base impedance is 1.31 Ω. Thus, X∞ = 0.14/1.31

= 0.107 per unit. Now
V∞ Eaf
Pmax = = 1.04 per-unit = 0.934 per-unit = 135 MW
(X∞ + Xs
Problem 5.25
Follwing the calculation steps of Example 5.9, Eaf = 1.35 per unit.
Problem 5.26
Now Xd = .964 per unit and Xq = 0.723 per unit. Thus
part (a):
2


V∞ Eaf V∞ 1 1
P = sin δ + − sin 2δ = 1.037 sin δ + 0.173 sin 2δ
Xd 2 Xq Xd
An iterative solution with MATLAB shows that maximum power can be achieved
at δ = 53.6◦ .
part (b): Letting XD = Xd + X∞ and XQ = Xq + X∞


V∞ Eaf V2 1 1
P = sin δ + ∞ − sin 2δ = 0.934 sin δ + 0.136 sin 2δ
X 2 XQ XD
An iterative solution with MATLAB shows that maximum power that can be
achieved is 141 Mw, which occurs at a power angle of 75◦ .
Problem 5.27
68

Problem 5.28

Problem 5.29

Problem 5.30
For Eaf = 0,


Vt2 1 1
Pmax = − = 0.21 = 21%
2 Xq Xq
This maximum power occurs for δ = 45◦ .
Vt cos δ
Id = = 0.786 per-unit
Xd

Vt sin δ
Iq = = 1.09 per-unit
Xq
 69

and thus Ia = Id2 + Iq2 = 1.34 per unit.

S = Vt Ia = 1.34 per-unit

Hence

Q= S 2 − P 2 = 1.32 per-unit

Problem 5.30


V∞ Eaf V2 1 1
P = sin δ + ∞ − sin 2δ
Xd 2 Xq Xd
The generator will remain synchronized as long as Pmax > P . An iterative
search with MATLAB can easily be used to find the minimum excitation that
satisfies this condition for any particular loading.
part (a): For P = 0.5, must have Eaf ≥ 0.327 per unit.
part (b): For P = 1.0, must have Eaf ≥ 0.827 per unit.
Problem 5.32
part (a):

part (b): We know that P = 0.95 per unit and that

V∞ Vt
P = sin δt
Xbus
and that
V̂t − V∞
Iˆa =
jXt

It is necessary to solve these two equations simultaneously for V̂t = Vt  δt so

that both the required power is achieved as well as the specified power factor
70

angle with respect to the generator terminal voltage. This is most easily done
iteratively with MATLAB. Once this is done, it is straightforward to calculate

Vt = 1.02 per-unit; Eaf = 2.05 per-unit; δ = 46.6◦

Problem 5.33
part (a): Define XD = Xd + Xbus and XQ = Xq + Xbus .
(i)
Eaf,min = Vbus − XD = 0.04 per-unit

Eaf,max = Vbus + XD = 1.96 per-unit

(ii)

part (b):
 71

part (c):

Problem 5.34
n × poles 3000 × 6
f= = = 150 Hz
120 120
Problem 5.35
part (a): Because the load is resistive, we know that
P 4500
Ia ==√ = 13.5 A
3Va 3192
√
part (b): We know that Eaf = 208/ 3 = 120 V. Solving

Eaf = Va2 + (Xs Ia )2
for Xs gives

2 −V2
Eaf a
Xs = = 3.41 Ω
Ia
part (c): The easiest way to solve this is to use MATLAB to iterate to
find the required load resistance. If this is done, the solution is Va = 108 V
(line-to-neutral) = 187 V (line-to-line).
Problem 5.36
Ea ωKa
Iˆa = =
Ra + Rb + jωLa Ra + Rb + jωLa
Thus
ωKa Ka
|Iˆa | =  =   
(Ra + Rb )2 + (ωLa)2
La 1 + RωL
a +Rb
a

Clearly, Ia will remain constant with speed as long as the speed is sufficient
to insure that ω >> (Ra + Rb )/La