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Architecture – oldest of the arts.

Generally it is the most useful and in some is a with


deities. Architecture was only considered the highest art form, to w/c other arts were adomments
but some buildings were viewed as respecting each another higher realm in medieval illuminated
manscripts. God was frequently down armed with compasses and a mason’s square as architect of
the universe.
 The art and method of creating structures . definitions by a Roman architect Vitruvius
 A planned entity, the result of conscious act. in the 1stcentury AD and translated from
 A body or corpus of work Latin to English during the 17thcentury
 A way to build by Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1669).

Vitruvius said Architecture was a This definition recognizes that architecture


building that incorporated: Embraces functional, technological, and
Utilitas - Commodotie aesthetic requirements.
Firmitas - Firmness must have: Commodotie (Utilitarian qualities)
Venustas - Delight Firmness(Structural stability and sound construction)
Delight(attractive appearance)
Because the history of architecture concerns buildings substantial enough to survive( at least in part) or
important enough to be recorded in some way (by drawing or written description), in practice it has been
the history of significant building-castles, cathedrals and churches, temples, palaces, and major
institutional monuments.
Architects
Much more known of ancient buildings than of the people who designed and built them. They
are generally described as master masons but they regarded themselves as architects and sometimes
incorporated a labyrinth on their own memorial plaques signify a link w/ Daedalus, the legendary first
architect of the Greek world and the designer of the Minotaur’s labyrinth. ,
The names of architects first began to be known in Italy during the Renaissance in academic
qualification is a product of the 19 thcentury. In 1819 architecture courses were instituted at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts (School of fine arts) in Paris, in 1847. A night school was established at the architectural
Association in London, architecture courses were first offered at the Massachusetts institute of
technology in 1868, at Cornell University in 1871, and at the University of Illnois in 1873. Until World
War I, however, most architects were trained while working in the offices of practicing architects, and
governments were slow to insuit upon qualification tests. The state of Illunois passed the first licensing
law for architects in 1897, great Britain did not have such a law until 1931.
The study of Architecture
Just as the architect as a professional is t recent phenomenon, so too is evaluation of the
architecture itself. Not until the late 18thcentury did ancient Greek and roman architecture cease to be
regarded as an unassailable criterion of excellence.
ANCIENT TIMES
Egypt (3000-1000BC)
 Architecture was centered on the pharaoh. Stone tombs, temples, and palaces were built
as monuments.
 Post and Lintel construction was widely used simplicity and solidity characterize the
chief structures such as the temples and tombs.
 Structures were made chiefly of sun dried mud brick.
 Architecture wonders of ancient Egypt include the Pyramids, giant sphinxes, temples,
and obelisks or tall tapering stone shafts.

Derick Apolinar
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Mesopotamia
Babylon Temples were the chief buildings of the Babylon . Each temple complex was
dominated by ziggurat (a terraced tower). Ramps or flights of stairs connected the various
levels and led to a small shrine at the top. Ziggurat, biblical tower of Babel.
Assyrian Empire also built ziggurats, but palaces was their major architectural concern
Greatest achievement of Assyrian architecture is the Citadel of King Saragon II.
Persian Empire Built many palaces barged halls w/ slender columns and great ceremonial
stairways richly decorated w/ relief sculpture are the characteristic features of Persian
architecture.ant
CLASSICAL
1.Minoan Architecture (2000-1450BC)- the finest Minoan architectural achievement was the
Minos Wooden columns supported the beams of the ceiling. These beams were divided into
3 horizontal sections: >The architrave on the bottom,
>The frieze in the middle, Entabular
>The cornice at the top
2.Myceanean Architecture (1600)- They built treasuries on stone tombs that resembled the
shape of beehives.
3.Greek Architecture –Based on the post and lintel principle and the columns in ne of its
distinguishing feature, Collonades were often used and they never used as arch in their major
buildings. Buildings were constructed of marble or coarse stone such as limestone.
 The most important Greek buildings were the temples that housed the statues of the
gods. The most common type of temple was rectangular and stood on a stepped
platform.
 Greatest contribution of architecture was a set of styles called Orders. .
3Basic Orders :
DORIC – the first and the simplest of the 3 Greek orders .
-it is the only order that normally has no base.
- the finest example of the Doric order is the Parthenon in Athens.
IONIC - Capital decorated with carved spirals scrolls called VOLUTES.
-It has slimmer columns and its columns are more delicately proportioned
than the Doric and has base. The Erechtheum in Athens is an example.
CORINTHIAN- latest and most ornate of the orders.
- It has laborate capital with carvings of Acanthus leaves.
- Greeks used it mainly in small buildings.
4.Roman Architecture –Romans unitrd engineering and architecture in their utilitarian projects.
They often combined the Greek post and lintel style w/ arched forums as in the Colosseum in
Rome.
 They adapted the 3 greek orders and added 2 or more of there own. These are
TUSCAN- Resembles the Doric order but the shaft has no fluting.
COMPOSITE- resembles the Corinthian order but has a capital that combines the
Corinthian Achantus leaf decoration w/ volutes from the Ionic order.
 The Romans were the first to fully use two forms of roof design, the arch and the vault.
A vault is an arched roof or ceiling use of the arch and vault eliminated the need for
columns to support the roof instead, The roof could rest solely on the outer walls.
 Romans used columns simply as sculptural decoration attached to walls.

Derick Apolinar
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