The composition of waste materials has fundamental influence on environmental emissions

associated with waste treatment, recycling and disposal, and may play an important role also for

the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of waste management solutions. However, very few

assessments include effects of the waste composition and waste LCAs often rely on poorly

justified data from secondary sources. This study systematically quantifies the influence and

uncertainty on LCA results associated with selection of waste composition data. Three

archetypal waste management scenarios were modelled with the waste LCA model EASETECH

based on detailed waste composition data from the literature.

Treatment of Solid Wastes The essential purpose of solid waste treatment is to reduce the

volume. The fire hazard of waste is reduced by converting the waste from burnable to non-

burnable form. Available solid waste treatment options include methods such as: • compaction

and super-compaction; • incineration, pyrolysis; • melting; • chemical, thermochemical,

biochemical decomposition. The waste concentrates arising from volume reduction are then

conditioned to give the final package for interim storage or disposal. 14.4.1 Compaction and

Super-Compaction Compaction involves compressing solid waste into containers or boxes to

reduce the volume. Different types and designs of relatively simple compactors with

compressive forces between 100 and 500 kN are available offering varying volume reduction

possibilities.
This chapter contains some related studies and related literature having bearing on the study.

This gave important concepts and ideas for the development of the study. LEGAL BASES Solid

waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and

industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-

hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated

with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and

disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,

economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and

that is also responsive to public attitudes. Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the

systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated

transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other

waste management activities which do not harm the environment. Article 4 Recycling Program

Section 26 of R.A 9003 Inventory of Existing Markets for Recyclable Materials. The DTI shall

within six (6) months from the effectively of this Act and in cooperation with the Department,

the DILG and other concerned agencies and sectors, publish a study of existing markets for

processing and purchasing recyclable materials and the potential steps necessary to expand these

markets. Such study shall include, but not be limited to, an inventory of existing markets for

recyclable materials, product standards for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal,

developed in conjunction with the appropriate agencies, to stimulate the demand for the

production of products containing post-consumer and recovered materials. Disposal shall refer to

the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in a land.

Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations. Transfer stations shall be designed and

operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with environmental standards
and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations: Provided, That no waste shall be

stored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The siting of the transfer station shall

consider the land use plan, proximity to collection area, and accessibility of haul routes to

disposal facility. The design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in

order to accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

RELATED LITERATURE Solid waste management In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is

used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste

material resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste, ash

and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic

water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster;

mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and allen trees and rocks obstructing transport

and communications. Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic

waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this

technical note (World Health Organization, 2011). The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance

establishing solid waste management also known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na

Isadanga.”The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized

and established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption

center/facility; discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in

creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage

particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes

at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought

to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-

recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility,
while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned

government agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for

collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery

facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material

recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle) The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three

tiered approach for managing solid waste. Ea

Classification of Wastes The classification of wastes varies and depends country by country.

Waste can be divided into many different types. The most common method of classification is by

their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. .1. Solid Waste. Solid waste is broadly

defined as including non-hazardous industrial, commercial land domestic refuse including

household organic trash, street sweepings, hospital and institutional garbage, and construction

wastes; generally sludge and human waste are regarded as a liquid waste problem outside the

scope of MSW (Zerbock, 2003).These are waste materials that contain less than 70% water.

Example of this type of waste are the domestic or household garbage, some industrial wastes,

some mining wastes, and oil field wastes such as drill cuttings. 2. Liquid Waste. These are

usually wastewaters that contain less than 1%. This type of waste may contain high

concentration of dissolved salts and metals. Liquid wastes are often classified into two broad

types: sewage and toxic wastes. Generally, there are various types of liquid waste generated in

urban centers: human excreta, domestics wastes produced in households, hospital wastes,

industrial effluents, agricultural liquid wastes and nuclear wastes. When improperly handled and
disposed of, liquid wastes pose a serious threat to human health and the environment because of

their ability to enter watersheds, pollute ground water and drinking water (US EPA, 2009).3.

Sludge. It is a class of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3%and 25%

solid, while the rest of the material is dissolved water.4. Hazardous Waste Hazardous wastes are

wastes which, by themselves or after coming into contact with other wastes, have characteristics,

such as chemical reactivity, toxicity,corrosiveness or a tendency to explode, that pose a risk to

human health or theenvironment. Hazardous wastes are generated from a wide range of

industrial,commercial, and agricultural. Research Design extent, domestic activities. They may

take the form of solids, liquids or sludges, and can pose both acute and chronic public health and

environmental risks by lining and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the uppermost

cover layer, diverting drainage, and selecting proper soil in sites not subject to flooding or high

groundwater levels. The best soil for a landfill is clay because clay is less permeable than other

types of soil. Materials disposed of in a landfill can be further secured from leakage by

solidifying them in materials such as cement, fly ash from power plants, asphalt, or organic

polymers(Bassis, 2005)Landfills can also be shifted to another use after their capacities have

been reached. The city of Evanston, Illinois, built a landfill up into a hill and the now-complete

“Mt. Trashmore” is a ski area. Golf courses built over landfillsites are also increasingly common

(Montgomery, 2000).B)Recycling or the 3R’sAnother method, which sets off before waste

disposal is waste reduction through recycling or often coined as the 3 R’s: reuse, reduce, and

recycle.On the local or regional level, reducing wastes is accomplished through these methods by

source separation and subsequent material recovery. Currently, the United States recycles about

10% of its glass and 25%of its paper wastes; in countries such as Switzerland and the

Netherlands, the proportion in the glass recycled approaches to 50% while Japan recycles 50%of
its paper wastes (Montgomery, 2000). Some countries, on the other hand, manage most of their

solid waste through Incinerators.Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high

temperatures to produce steam and ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to

landfilling (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Incinerators aredesigned for the

destruction of wastes and are commonly employed in developednations who could afford the

costs of the burning facilities, plus its operation andmaintenance (Mc Cracken, 2005).This type

of waste disposal is the second largest disposal method in mostdeveloped countries and ranks

next to landfills in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the UK, approximately 5% of

household waste, 75 % of commercial lwaste and 2% of industrial waste is disposed of through

this method (Baker,2005) A further benefit of incineration can be realized if the heat generated

thereby is recovered. For years, European cities have generated electricity using waste-disposal

incinerators as sources of heat (Montgomery,2000).There are negative issues, however, in the

use of this burning method and much of that circulate around its safety for the environment and

to the human health. It is argued that the combustion process creates air pollution, ash, and waste

water, all of which must be properly managed using technical monitoring, containment, and

treatment systems. Harmful pollutants are released into the environment whenever these by-

products