Intro1 M06 Create Solid Model

Chapter 6
Creating the Solid Model

Chapter 6 – Creating the Solid Model
Overview Training Manual
INTRO
• The purpose of this chapter is to review some preliminary
modeling considerations, discuss how to import one’s geometry
ODUCTIO
i t ANSYS,
into ANSYS andd fi
finally
ll introduce
i t d how
h to
t create
t one’s’ geometry
t
using ANSYS native commands.
ON TO AN
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Chapter 6 – Creating the Solid Model
A. What to model? Training Manual
INTRO
• Many modeling decisions must be made before building an
analysis model:
ODUCTIO
– How much detail should be included?
– Does symmetry apply?
– Will the model contain stress singularities?
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Chapter 6 – A. What to Model
…What to model? Training Manual
INTRO
Details
ODUCTIO
• Small
S ll details
d t il that
th t are unimportant
i t t to
t the
th analysis
l i should
h ld nott be
b
included in the analysis model. You can suppress such features
before sending a model to ANSYS from a CAD system.
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• For some structures, however, "small" details such as fillets or
holes can be locations of maximum stress and might be quite
important, depending on your analysis objectives.
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INTRO
Symmetry
ODUCTIO
• Many structures
M t t are symmetric
t i in
i some form
f and
d allow
ll only
l a
representative portion or cross-section to be modeled.
• g of using
The main advantages g a symmetric
y model are:
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– It is generally easier to create the model.
– It allows you to make a finer, more detailed model and thereby obtain
better results than would have been possible with the full model.
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INTRO
• To take advantage of symmetry, all of the following must be
symmetric:
ODUCTIO
– Geometry
– Material properties
– Loading conditions
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• There are different types of symmetry:
– Axisymmetry
– Rotational
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– Planar or reflective
– Repetitive or translational
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INTRO
Axisymmetry
ODUCTIO
• Symmetry
S t about
b t a central
t l axis,
i suchh as in
i light
li ht bulbs,
b lb straight
t i ht
pipes, cones, circular plates, and domes.
• y
Plane of symmetry y is the cross-section anywhere
y around the
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structure. Thus you are using a single 2-D “slice” to represent
360° — a real savings in model size!
• Loading is also assumed to be
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axisymmetric in most cases. However,
if it is not, and if the analysis is linear,
the loads can be separated into
P
h
harmonic i components t for
f independent
i d d t
solutions that can be superimposed.
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INTRO
Rotational symmetry
ODUCTIO
• Repeated
R t d segments
t arranged
d about
b t a central
t l axis,
i such
h as in
i
turbine rotors.
• y one segment
Only g of the structure needs to be modeled.
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• Loading is also assumed to be symmetric about the axis.
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INTRO
Planar or reflective symmetry
ODUCTIO
• One half
O h lf off the
th structure
t t is
i a mirror
i image
i off the
th other
th half.
h lf The
Th
mirror is the plane of symmetry.
• g may
Loading y be symmetric
y or anti-symmetric
y about the p
plane of
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symmetry.
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This model illustrates
both reflective and
P
rotational symmetry
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INTRO
Repetitive or translational symmetry
ODUCTIO
• Repeated
R t d segmentst arranged
d along
l a straight
t i ht line,
li such
h as a long
l
pipe with evenly spaced cooling fins.
• Loadingg is also assumed to be “repeated”

p along
g the length
g of the
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model.
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This model illustrates both repetitive and reflective symmetry.
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INTRO
• In some cases, only a few minor details will disrupt a structure's
symmetry. You may be able to ignore such details (or treat them
ODUCTIO
as being
b i symmetric)
t i ) in
i order
d tot gain
i the
th benefits
b fit off using
i a
smaller model. How much accuracy is lost as the result of such a
compromise might be difficult to estimate.
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INTRO
Stress singularities
ODUCTIO
• A stress
t singularity
i l it is
i a location
l ti in
i a finite
fi it element
l t model
d l where
h
the stress value is unbounded (infinite). Examples:
– A point load, such as an applied force or moment
– An isolated constraint point, where the reaction force behaves like a
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point load
– A sharp re-entrant corner (with zero fillet radius)
• As the
A th mesh h density
d it is
i refined
fi d att
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a stress singularity, the stress value P σ = P/A
increases and never converges. As A ⇒ 0, σ ⇒ ∞
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INTRO
• Real structures do not contain stress singularities. They are a
fiction created by the simplifying assumptions of the model.
ODUCTIO
• So how do you deal with stress singularities?
– If they are located far away from the region of interest, you can simply
ignore
g them byy deactivatingg the affected zone while reviewing g results.
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– If they are located in the region of interest, you will need to take
corrective action, such as:
• adding a fillet at re-entrant corners and rerunning the analysis.
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• replacing a point force with an equivalent pressure load.
• “spreading out” displacement constraints over a set of nodes.
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Chapter 6 – B. Importing Geometry
B. IGES Imports Training Manual
INTRO
• Importing an IGES file
– Utility Menu > File > Import > IGES…
ODUCTIO
– the two methods, No Defeaturing and Defeaturing
– the Merge, Solid, and Small options
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Connection Products Training Manual
INTRO
• IGES importing works quite well, but because of the dual
translation process — CAD ⌫ IGES ⌫ ANSYS — there are many
ODUCTIO
cases when
h a 100% ttranslation
l ti iis nott achieved.
hi d
• ANSYS Connection products help overcome this problem by

y reading
directly g the “native” p
part files produced
p by
y the CAD
ON TO AN
package:
– Connection for Pro/ENGINEER (“Pro/E” for short)
– Connection for Unigraphics (“UG” for short)
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– Connection for SAT
– Connection for Parasolid
– Connection for CATIA
P
• To use a connection product, you need to purchase the
appropriate license.
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…Connection Products Training Manual
INTRO
• Connection for SAT
– Reads .sat file produced by CAD packages that use the ACIS modeler.
ODUCTIO
– Does not require ACIS software.
– Utility Menu > File > Import > SAT...
– Or ~satin
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NSYS
Option to read only
selected geometry types
P
Defeaturing option available
1
No Defeaturing is default
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INTRO
• Connection for Parasolid
– Reads .x_t or .xmt_txt file produced by CAD packages that use the
ODUCTIO
P
Parasolidlid modeler.
d l
– Does not require Parasolid software.
– Utility Menu > File > Import > PARA...
– Or ~parain
parain
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Option
p to read only
y
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selected geometry types
Defeaturing option available
P
N D
No Defeaturing
f t i iis d
default
f lt
1
Option to scale geometry
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INTRO
• The importing procedure from other CAD systems is similar. See the
Connection Users Guide for detailed instructions for each CAD system.
ODUCTIO
• Supported CAD systems on Windows:
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NSYS
• Supported CAD systems on UNIX:
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Workshops Training Manual
INTRO
• Refer to your Workshop Supplement for instructions on:
W6A. Importing Geometry – IGES Import
ODUCTIO
W6B. Importing Geometry – SAT Part Import
W6C. Importing Geometry – SAT Assembly Import
W6D. Importing Geometry – Parasolid Part Import
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W6E
W6E. Importing Geometry – Parasolid Assembly Import
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Chapter 6 – C. ANSYS Native Commands
C. Overview Training Manual
INTRO
• Importing geometry is convenient, but sometimes you may need
to create it in ANSYS. Some possible reasons:
ODUCTIO
– You may need to build a parametric model — one defined in terms of
variables for later use in design optimization or sensitivity studies.
– The geometry may not be available in a format ANSYS can read.
– The Connection product you need may not be available on your
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computer platform.
– You may need to modify or add geometry to an imported part or
assembly.
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• ANSYS has an extensive set of geometry creation tools, which we
will introduce next.
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Definitions Training Manual
INTRO
• Solid Modeling can be defined as the process of
creating solid models.
ODUCTIO
• Definitions: Volumes
– A solid model is defined by volumes, areas, lines,
and keypoints.
yp
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– Volumes are bounded by areas, areas by lines, and
lines by keypoints. Areas
– Hierarchy of entities from low to high:
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keypoints
k i t < lines
li < areas < volumes
l Lines &
– You cannot delete an entity if a higher-order entity Keypoints
is attached to it.
P
Volumes
• Also, a model with just areas and below, such as
a shell or 2-D plane model, is still considered a Areas
1
solid model in ANSYS terminology. Lines
Keypoints
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…Definitions Training Manual
INTRO
• There are two approaches to creating a solid model:
– Top-down
ODUCTIO
– Bottom-up
• Top-down modeling starts with a definition of volumes (or areas),

which are then combined in some fashion to create the final
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shape.
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…Definitions Training Manual
INTRO
• Bottom-up modeling starts with keypoints, from which you “build
up” lines, areas, etc.
ODUCTIO
ON
ON TO AN
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NSYS
• You may choose whichever approach best suits the shape of the
model, and also freely combine both methods.
P
• The top-down and bottom-up modeling approaches are not
discussed here, but are described in detail in the Appendix.
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Chapter 6 – D. ANSYS Native Geometry Creation
D. Working
g Plane Training Manual
INTRO
• The “WP” in the prompts and in the picker stands for Working
Plane — a movable, 2-D reference plane used to locate and orient
ODUCTIO
primitives.
i iti
– By default, the WP origin coincides with the global origin, but you can
move it and/or rotate it to any desired position.
– By
y displaying
p y g a grid,
g , you
y can use the WP as a “drawing g tablet.”
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– WP is infinite despite the grid settings.
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WY
WY WX
P
X1
Y2
1
X2
Y1 WP (X,Y)
(X Y)
WX
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…Working
INTRO
• All working plane controls are in
Utility Menu > WorkPlane.
ODUCTIO
• The WP Settings menu controls the
following:
– WP display - triad only (default), grid only, or
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both.
– Snap - allows you to pick locations on the WP
easily by “snapping” the cursor to the nearest
grid point
point.
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– Grid spacing - the distance between grid
lines.
– Grid size - how much of the (infinite) working
P
plane
l is
i displayed.
di l d
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…Working
INTRO
• You can move the working plane
to any desired position using
ODUCTIO
th Offset
the Off t and
d Align
Ali menus.
– Offset WP by Increments…
• Use the push buttons (with
increment set by slider).
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• Or type in the desired
increments.
• Or use dynamic mode
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(similar to pan-zoom-rotate).
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…Working
INTRO
– Offset WP to >
This simply “translates” the WP,
ODUCTIO
maintaining its current orientation,
orientation to
the desired destination, which can be:
• Existing keypoint(s). Picking
multiple keypoints moves WP to
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their average location.
• Existing node(s).
• Coordinate location(s).
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• Global
Gl b l origin.
i i
• Origin of the active coordinate
system (discussed later).
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…Working
INTRO
– Align WP with >
This reorients the WP.
ODUCTIO
• For example, Align WP with Keypoints
prompts you to pick 3 keypoints -
one at the origin, one to define the
X-axis, and one to define the X-Y
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plane.
• To return the WP to its default
position (at global origin, on global
X-Y p
plane),
), click on Align
g WP with >
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Global Cartesian.
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…Working
INTRO
• Demo:
– Clear the database
ODUCTIO
– Display WP and create a few keypoints by picking
picking. Note the coordinates
displayed in the picker.
– Turn on the grid, change spacing, and activate snap.
– Create more keypoints. Note how the cursor snaps to grid points.
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– Define 2 rectangles — one by picking corners and one by dimensions
dimensions.
– Now offset WP to average of a few keypoints, then rotate in-plane by 30º.
– Define 2 more rectangles by picking and by dimensions. Note the change in
rectangle orientation.
– Align WP with global origin,
origin then define some 33-D
D primitives
primitives. Use picking as well
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as “By dimensions.”
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Chapter 6 – E. ANSYS Coordinate Systems
Active Coordinate System
y Training Manual
INTRO
ODUCTIO
• D f lt tto global
Defaults l b l Cartesian.
C t i
• Use CSYS command (or Utility Menu

g Active CS to)) to
> WorkPlane > Change
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change it to
– global Cartesian [csys,0]
– global cylindrical [csys,1]
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– global spherical [csys,2]
– working plane [csys,4]
– or a user-defined local coordinate
system [csys, n]
P
Each of these systems is explained
1
next.
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Global Coordinate System
y Training Manual
INTRO
Global Coordinate System
ODUCTIO
• Th global
The l b l reference
f system
t for
f the
th model.
d l
• May be Cartesian (system 0), cylindrical (1), or spherical (2).

– For example, location (0,10,0) in global Cartesian is the same as
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(10,90,0) in global Cylindrical.
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Local Coordinate System
y Training Manual
INTRO
Local Coordinate System
ODUCTIO
• A user-defined
d fi d system
t att a desired
d i d location,
l ti with
ith ID
number 11 or greater. The location may be:
– At WP origin [CSWP]
– At specified coordinates [LOCAL]
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– At existing keypoints [CSKP] or nodes [CS]
• May be Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical.
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• May be rotated about X, Y, Z axes.
P
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Y X12
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Working
g Plane Coordinate System
y Training Manual
INTRO
Working Plane Coordinate System
ODUCTIO
• Att h d tto th
Attached the working
ki plane.
l
• Used mainly to locate and orient solid model primitives.
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• You can also use the working plane to define keypoints by
picking.
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CSYS Training Manual
INTRO
• You can define any number of
coordinate systems, but only one
ODUCTIO
may be active at any given time.
time
• Several geometry items are affected

by the coordinate system [CSYS] that
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is active at the time they are defined:
– Keypoint and node locations
– Line curvature
– Area curvature
– G
Generation
ti and d “filling”
“filli ” off keypoints
k i t
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and nodes
– Etc.
P
• The graphics window title shows the
active system.
1
Areas created between keypoints at
(1,0,0), (0,1,0), & (0,0,1)
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y Demo Training Manual
INTRO
• Demo:
– Clear the database
ODUCTIO
– Create 5 keypoints at (1,2), (3,2), (4,0), (1,1.5), (2.5,0)
– Switch to CSYS,1 and create a line “in active CS” between KP4 & KP5
– Switch back to CSYS,0 and create an area “through KP’s.” Notice that
the remaining lines were automatically generated lines lines, all of them
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straight.
– Define two circles:
• 0.3R, centered at (2.25,1.5)
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• 0.35R, centered at (3.0,0.6)
– Subtract the two circles from base area. (We have used a combination
of bottom-up and top-down modeling.)
P
– Save as rr.db
db
1
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Chapter 6

Creating the Solid Model

• Loading is also assumed to be

• Loadingg is also assumed to be “repeated”

• ANSYS Connection products help overcome this problem by

Defeaturing option available

• Top-down modeling starts with a definition of volumes (or areas),

• Use CSYS command (or Utility Menu

• May be Cartesian (system 0), cylindrical (1), or spherical (2).

• May be Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical.

• Used mainly to locate and orient solid model primitives.

• Several geometry items are affected

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