A Savage Performance: Guillermo Gomez-Pena and Coco Fusco's "Couple in the Cage"

Author(s): Diana Taylor

Source: TDR (1988-), Vol. 42, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 160-175
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1146705
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 A Savage Performance

Guillermo Gomez-Pena and Coco Fusco's

"Couple in the Cage"

Diana Taylor

Theatricality
On an island, in the middle of nowhere:

(Ruidode avi6n. El ARQUITECTO, comoun animalperseguidoy amenazado,

buscaun refugio[...] Explosiony resplandorde llamas.El ARQUITECTO, con la
cabezacontrael sueloy los oidostapadoscon los dedos,tiemblade espanto.Pocos
momentosdespuets entraen escenael EMPERADOR con unagran maleta. Tiene una
ciertaeleganciaafectada,intentapermanecertranquilo.Tocaal ARQUITECTO con
la extremidadde su bastonal tiempoque le dice:)
EMPERADOR: Caballero, ayudeme, soy el funico superviviente del
accidente.

iFi, fi, fi, figa...!

ARQUITECTO: (Horrorizado)
(Le miraun momentoaterradoy, porfin, sale corriendo.Oscuro.)
-Ferando Arrabal
El arquitecto
y el emperador
de asiria(I984)'

On II September I995, my local newspaper ran an article informing its

readers that an "Expedition Claims to Have Found New Tribe in Amazon
Rain Forest." The expedition leader, Marcelo Santos, an expert from Brazil's
Indian Agency, recounts coming upon "'two huts"' in the Amazon, "'sur-
rounded by gardens of corn, bananas, manioc and yams. We made noise to
announce ourselves, and after a waiting period, the Indians approached."'
There were two of them.

"The Indians-a man and a woman-wore headdressesand jewelry

made in part from bits of plastic apparentlytaken from mining or logging
camps. They carried bows and arrows," Santos said. [...] For two hours,
the two groups marveled at each other. "The male Indian became fasci-

The Drama Review 42, 2 (T158), Summer 1998. Copyright ? 1998

New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

i6o
 Couplein the Cage 161

nated with my watch," Santos said. He gave the man the watch and two
knives. (Valley News I995:A8)

Santoshas vowed to returnto the area, taking either a "languageexpert or an In-

dian with a similar dialect with us to establishverbal communication." Though
there are more than 500 indigenous groups in Brazil, accordingto Santos, includ-
ing some that might still be "undiscovered,"a lawyer for landowners claims the
story is a hoax, staged to justify the appropriationof their lands.
This is only the latest in a long line of "discoveries" of wild men and
women in the New World. In his first letter from his First Voyage (1493),
Columbus writes of the people he "discovered" as unarmed, naked, generous,
"timid and full of fear" (Columbus 1978:6). Columbus also popularized im-
ages of "natives" he never saw-the cannibals "born with tails" (ii), who
"wear their hair long like women." The women were equally threatening, for
they "employ themselves in no labour suitable for their sex, for they use bows
and javelins" (I5). To prove his point, Columbus captured "some Indians by
force." Their use-value was multiple: The "Indians"could facilitate his recon-
naissance mission if "they might learn our language, and communicate to us
what they knew respecting the country" (9). Secondly, the physical presence
of the "Indians"would authenticate his story: "I bring with me individuals of
this island and of the others that I have seen, who are proofs of the facts
which I state" (I5). And, if we believe Columbus, the astonished natives be-
lieved and propagated notions of his innate superiority: "they continue to en-
tertain the idea that I have descended from heaven; and on our arrivalat any
new place they published this, crying out immediately with a loud voice to
the other Indians, 'Come, come and look upon beings of a celestial race"' (9).
When he returned to Spain in 1493, Columbus had several Arawaks with
him. One was left on display in the Spanish Court until he died, of sadness
apparently, two years later.

Insofaras nativebodies are invariablypresentedas not speaking

(or not makingthemselvesunderstoodto the definingsubject),
they give rise to an industryof "experts"needed to approach
and interpretthem-language experts,scientists,ethicists,eth-
nographers,and cartographers.

Theatrical encounters, certainly, are captured in these scenarios. The theat-

ricality of the colonial encounter allows, perhaps even makes inevitable, the
countless iterations. By "theatricality" I refer to the aesthetic, political, and
perspectival structureswithin which the charactersare positioned and perform
their prescribed roles. The use of the passive voice is perhaps indicative: theat-
ricality, as I have argued elsewhere, "is a noun with no verb and therefore no
possibility of a subject position" (1994:I99). It's more about artistic framing or
political bracketing than about political agency. And unlike "performativity,"
whose power to shape a sense of cohesive identity comes through the seeming
naturalnessand transparencyof what Judith Butler, in Bodies That Matter,calls
the "iterative and citational practice by which discourse produces the effects
that it names" (1993:2), theatricality (like theatre) flaunts its artifice, its
constructedness. As the opening scene of Arrabal's The Architect and the Em-
perorof Assyria so lucidly illustrates, the show always seems structured in the
162 Diana Taylor

same way. No matter who tells the story-the playwright, the discoverer, or
the government official-it stars the same white male protagonist-subject and
the same brown "found" object. The moment of convergence, conveyed in
the present tense, is followed by the hesitant tension of unknowing. The
hero's resolve to bring the power of his civilization to bear on the native re-
sults in the same tragic denouement-even though names and places change
in its many reincarnations. Though clearly a setup, the theatricality of the co-
lonial encounter can be no less regulatory than performativity in producing
"the effects that it names."

The colonialist discourse that produces the native as negativity

or lack itself silences the very voice it purports to make speak.

The drama of discovery and display of native bodies-then and now-

serves various functions. The indigenous bodies perform as a "truth" factor;
they "prove" the material facticity of an "other" and authenticate the discov-
erer/missionary/anthropologist's adventure, both in terms of geographic and
ideological positioning. That materiality, of course, confirms no one point. As
in the case of the native populations of the Americas and the recently "discov-
ered" tribe in Brazil, the native body serves, not as proof of alterity, but
merely as the space on which the battles for truth, value, and power are
fought out by competing dominant groups. The debate between Gines de
Sepfilveda and Bartolom& de Las Casas in the mid-I6th century is a case in
point. Were the "Indians" by nature inferior, soulless, as Gines de Sepulveda
maintained, and therefore "'obliged to submit to Spanish rule, as the less intel-
ligent are ruled by their betters"' (in de Las Casas 1985:165)? Or were "Indi-
ans" human beings with souls and, thus, deserving of humane treatment, as
Bartolom& de Las Casas contended (I985)? In other words, could they be
worked to death with moral impunity by their "superiors"?The outcome of
the controversy affected not only the self-image of the conquerors and the fate
of the conquered. The inscription of the native body as "weak" resulted in
the abduction and enslavement of "strong-bodied" Africans, brought to the
Americas to continue the back-breaking work. Not for that were the native
peoples spared. In the 50 years following European contact, 95 percent of the
population died (Stannard I992:x). Economics have always been deeply en-
tangled in debates about moral value and have fueled or foiled the discussions
surrounding the definition, status, and rights of the native body. If these na-
tives "exist," the Brazilian landowners want to know, what does that do to
the value of their land? Are there really "undiscovered tribes" that have some-
how or other failed to enter "our" scopic/legal field? Or is the Brazilian gov-
ernment staging this farce to confiscate the landowners hard-earned land?
Then, insofar as native bodies are invariably presented as not speaking (or
not making themselves understood to the defining subject), they give rise to
an industry of "experts" needed to approach and interpret them-language
experts, scientists, ethicists, ethnographers, and cartographers. "The primi-
tive," as Marianna Torgovnick puts it, "does what we ask it to do. Voiceless,
it lets us speak for it" (I990:9). Native bodies can only be seen or heard from
the perspective of the "discoverer." The colonialist discourse that produces
the native as negativity or lack itself silences the very voice it purports to
make speak. For this reason, Gayatri Spivak has maintained, "the subaltern
cannot speak" (1988:308).2 Santos, the head of the Indian Agency, describes
 Couplein the Cage 163

the encounter to the journalist who then passes it on to "us"-the audience

unwittingly forged by the scenario.
The "primitive"body as object reaffirmsthe cultural supremacy and author-
ity of the viewing subject-the one who sees, interprets, and records, from the
divine Columbus to the ethnographer (a la Malinowski, Mead, and Levi-
Strauss), who poses as a neutral observer, an authorized, disinterested profes-
sional dedicated to the discovery and analysis of societies of which the
ethnographer forms no part. The native is the show; the civilized observer is
the privileged spectator. The objectified, "primitive" body exists, isolated and
removed. "We," those viewers who look through the eyes of the explorer, are
(like the explorer) positioned safely outside the frame, free to define, theorize,
and debate their (never "our") societies. The "encounters"with the native cre-
ate "us" as audience just as much as the violence of definition creates "them"-
the primitives. The drama depends on maintaining a unidirectional gaze, and
stages the lack of reciprocity and mutual understandinginherent in "discovery."

Performance
In 1992, Latino performance artists Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gomez-
Peiia decided to put the viewer back into the frame of discovery. They started
their Guatinaui World Tour as a sardonic response to the celebrations of the
quincentennial:

Our plan was to live in a golden cage for three days, presenting ourselves
as undiscovered Amerindians from an island in the Gulf of Mexico that
had somehow been overlooked by Europeans for five centuries. We
called our homeland Guatinau, and ourselves Guatinauis. We performed
our "traditionaltasks,"which ranged from sewing voodoo dolls and lift-
ing weights to watching television and working on a laptop computer. A
donation box in front of the cage indicated that, for a small fee [one dol-
lar], I would dance (rap music), Guillermo would tell authentic
Amerindian stories (in a nonsensical language), and we would pose for
Polaroids with visitors. Two "zoo guards"would be on hand to speak to
visitors (since we could not understand them), take us to the bathroom
on leashes, and feed us sandwiches and fruit. At the Whitney Museum in
New York we added sex to our spectacle, offering a peek at authentic
Guatinaui male genitals for $5. A chronology with highlights from the
history of exhibiting non-Western peoples was on one didactic panel and
a simulated Encyclopedia Britannica entry with a fake map of the Gulf of
Mexico showing our island was on another. (Fusco I995:393)

For the next year, the highly controversial performance, Two Undiscovered
AmerindiansVisit..., traveled around the world-from Plaza Colon in Madrid
to the Australian Museum of Natural Science in Sydney, from the
Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History to London's Covent Gar-
dens, to Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fusco and Gomez-Pefia chose countries
deeply implicated in the extermination or abuse of aboriginal peoples. By
staging their show in historic sites and institutions, they situated the dehuman-
izing practice in the very heart of these societies' most revered legitimating
structures. The performance (among many other things) repeated the
colonialist gesture of producing the "savage" body, and it historicized the
practice by highlighting its citational character.As in the 15th-century Spanish
Court, the "natives" were once again constructed as exotic others and given
to be seen. Furthermore, it activated current controversies about what and
164 Diana Taylor

how museums display. Since their inception in the Igth century, museums
have literalized the theatricality of colonialism-taking the cultural other out
of context and isolating it, reducing the live performance of cultural practice
into a dead object behind glass. Museums enact the knower/known relation-
ship, preserve (a particular)history, (certain) traditions, and (dominant) values.
The monumentality of most museums emphasizes the discrepancy in power
between the society which can contain all others, and those represented only
by remains, the shardsand fragments salvaged in miniature displays.
The cage confronted the viewer with the "unnatural" and extremely vio-
lent history of representation and exhibition of non-Western human beings.
Yet, it also introduced another history: the caging of rebellious individuals in
Latin America from pre-Hispanic times to the recent public caging in Peru of
Guzman, leader of Sendero luminoso (Shining Path). These performances of
power have different histories or, as Joseph Roach would put it, genealogies.4
The museum space, Fusco and G6mez-Pefia made clear, was certainly a
"practiced place," in de Certeau's meaning of the term (I988:II7). In a cage,
in a museum, in a society that segregates and incarceratesits inhabitants, Fusco
and G6mez-Pefia openly gave themselves up to be classified and labeled.
Scantily clad, like exhibits in a diorama, they exposed themselves to public
scrutiny. Their performance went along with the museum's fictions of discon-
tinuity, for the deracinated past and the informed present appeared to coexist
on either side of the bars. The "barbaric," the display teased us to believe,
could be safely contained. Like the other exhibits, these two beings offered
themselves up as all surface. There was no more interiority to their perfor-
mance of the stereotype than in the stereotype itself and nothing to know, it
seemed, that was not readily available to the viewing eye. Like the stereotype,
the "business" of the performance was monotonous and repetitive. The artists
engaged in the domestic routine of eating, sleeping, and watching TV. Fusco
and G6mez-Pefia's vow of silence, their avoidance of eye contact and any
other gesture of recognition, stripped their performance of anything that
could be mistaken for a "personal" or individual trait. Colonialism, after all,
has deprived its captives of individuality, attempting both to create, then do-
mesticate, barbarism.These bodies were presented as little more than the ge-
neric "male" and "female" announced in the didactic panel. The observers,
like typical visitors, milled around, at times disturbing the repose of the ob-
jects, who were there to be looked at.

The monumentality of most museums emphasizes the discrep-

ancy in power between the society which can contain all oth-
ers, and those represented only by remains, the shards and
fragments salvaged in miniature displays.

The critique of colonialism was multifaceted. The performance challenged

the way history and culture are packaged, sold, and consumed within hege-
monic structures. It called attention to the Western history and practice of
collecting and classifying that James Clifford explores in The Predicamentof
Culture (I988). It recalled the construction and performance of the "exotic"
staged in the ethnographic fairs of the late Igth century, in which "natives"
were placed in model "habitats"much as lifeless specimens were placed in di-
oramas.5And it parodied the assignation of value that the West has placed on
 Couplein the Cage 165
the exotic. For one dollar, the artistswould perform their culture. It suggested
the impossibility of self-representation by the "indigenous" contained in and
through representation ("the subaltern cannot speak"). It openly confronted
the voyeuristic desire to see the "other" naked (passing, of course, as a legiti-
mate interest in cultural "difference") that animates much current ethno-tour-
ism. The world tour, moreover, highlighted the continued circulation of these
images and desires in the global neocolonial, imperialist economy. Fusco and
G6mez-Pefia enacted the various economies of the object I alluded to ear-
lier-the body as cultural artifact, as sexual object, as threatening alterity, as
scientific specimen, as living proof of radical difference. They were anything
the spectator wanted them to be, except human. The way they "did" their
bodies very consciously linked together a series of what Brecht would have
called "quotable" gestures drawn from a tradition of stereotypes of native
bodies developed through ethnographic world fairs, circus shows, dioramas,
films, and pseudo-scientific displays. As "objects," Coco Fusco and Guillermo
G6mez-Pefia out-fetished the fetish. Fusco played scientific specimen and ex-
otic curio with her face painted, her voluptuous torso, her grass skirt, wig,
sunglasses, and tennis shoes. G6mez-Pefia wore his "enmascarado de plata"
mask, sunglasses,bare chest, briefcase (with a snake in it), and black boots. Si-
lent, impassive, enticing, they performed the subaltern in style. Their self-rep-
resentation belonged less to the colonial grotesque (of the Hottentot Venus
variety) than to a postcolonial chic. Nonetheless, there was also something
Latin American, something proud, rebellious, humorous, and contemptuous
in the way Fusco and G6mez-Pefia approached their audiences. Pure critique,
and pure relajo.6

The Cage promised the security of partial recognition; visitors

could marvel at the stereotype of the uprooted natives without
worrying about the contemporary reality of displacement and
migration.

While the performance critiqued structures of colonialism, there was less of

an attack on prevailing structures of sexism or heterosexism. Both performers
very much played the "male" and "female" referred to in the explanatory
panels. There was something very alluring about Fusco with her beautiful face
painted and wearing a grass skirt and skimpy bra, and the frequent sexual
overtures by men suggest that perhaps the erotic pleasure of her performance
eclipsed its ethos (I995:6I). G6mez-Pefia's performance of masculinity was
also troubling for some audience members. His macho presentation affirmed
and challenged the age-old ambivalence and anxiety surrounding the sexuality
of the nonwhite male. His long, straight, black hair brought back Columbus's
description of the effeminate "natives." When, for five dollars, he displayed
his genitals at the Whitney Museum, he held his penis tucked between his
legs, showing only a "feminine" triangle. Yet there was also something threat-
ening about his macho strutting around and some S/M quality to his perfor-
mance, highlighted by spiked gloves and dog collar. Several times on their
tour, women actually touched him. One woman in Irvine, California, Fusco
recounts, "asked for plastic gloves to be able to touch the male specimen, be-
gan to stroke his legs and soon moved towards his crotch. He stepped back,
and the woman stopped" (I995:57). Against the body-as-primitive scenario,
166 Diana Taylor

the viewer apparently felt tempted to assume a protagonic, exploratory role.

And the assumed normativity of the heterosexual "couple" bothered some
commentators. Why was gender construction more difficult to deconstruct
than colonialism? The unquestioned naturalnessof the couple doing their do-
mestic act in public bespoke a different kind of blindness, and prompted les-
bian performance scholar Sue-Ellen Case to suggest that all heterosexuals
belong in cages.7
But the focus of the performance, according to Fusco, was:

less on what we did than on how people interacted with us and inter-
preted our actions [...W]e intended to create a surpriseor "uncanny" en-
counter, one in which audiences had to undergo their own process of
reflection [...C]aught off guard, their beliefs are more likely to rise to the
surface. (I995:40)

The spectator was now not only in the frame, but the main player. However,
one of the most interesting and complicated aspects to the Cage performance
was that several performances were taking place simultaneously. While Fusco
and G6mez-Penia paced in their cage, object of the audience's gaze, an "ex-
pert" with an "Ask Me" button explained the natives' dress, habits, and origins.
Someone with a Polaroid took souvenir photos of audience members posed
against the couple in the cage. And, all the while, Fusco and Paula Heredia
were making a documentary video of the performancesand the audiences. Cuts
from films representing "natives" were interjected with routines performed by
the artists and interviews of audience members in the many sites hosting the
Cage. So while viewers were tourists, consumers, dupes, or colonizers in one
production, they were actors in another-in which, as the footage shows, they
played tourists, consumers, dupes, and colonists, along with other roles. The
film of the Cage, moreover, makes dupes of viewers who think that they're
speaking of the live performance. The video, we might be tempted to believe,
transparentlydocuments what happened in the former. But these are quite dif-
ferent shows, in part because the two mediums-live performance and film-
affect the nature of the audience response. The intense controversy surrounding
the Cage, I believe, is in part a product of this double staging.
Trying to resist the temptation to "read" one performance as the other, I'll
briefly look at the way the audience of the performance is constructed in the
video. Though the filmmakers selected the responses, the range of reactions to
the show, according to G6mez-Peina, was actually wider than what Fusco and
Heredia chose to include. G6mez-Pefia speaks of skinheads trying to get into
the cage, and both he and Fusco document the incident in Buenos Aires
when someone threw acid on his leg (Fusco I995:6I; G6mez-Pefia 1996:112).
Nonetheless, the video shows a fair range of reactions. Many viewers, much
to Fusco and G6mez-Pefia's surprise, believed the show was "real" and that
the Guatinauis came from that far-off world of National Geographic-land.
For all the parodic staging and acting, many in the audience believed the per-
formance.8 They spotted traces of ritual action and other signs of primitivism
that they recognized but didn't exactly understand. Others showed more
skepticism. One woman, who looked Mayan in origin and expressed an inter-
est in and knowledge about Guatemala, refused to fall for a simplistic "is it or
isn't it?" approach to the issue of native identity. Her somewhat defensive and
defiant pose suggested that she knew better than to comment on whether
"undiscovered" people exist, saying only that if you're willing to pay people
to travel around in a cage, you'll probably find candidates. She also eschewed
essentialist notions of cultural authenticity, stating that people go into a soci-
 Couplein the Cage 167

ety and take what they want. Her notion of societies as constantly in flux, ab-
sorbing, and resemanticizing "foreign" cultural materials, ran along the lines
of Latin American theories of transculturation which explain how aspects of
native cultures survived and continue to flourish after 500 years of conquest,
colonization, and imperialism. Other viewers felt deterritorializedthrough the
encounter. One woman, sensing the ground beneath her feet shifting, giggled
nervously as she concluded that the spectacle made tourists of its audiences.
Several people identified (with) the very "real" message underlying the highly
parodic performance-a Spaniardknew it was about the conquest and coloni-
zation. A Pueblo elder looked in the cage and recognized the faces of his
grandchildren, and lamented that Native Americans are not much better off
today. The video shows an Anglo man staring at the couple with rapt atten-
tion. He (much like Santos on his Brazilian expedition) marveled at how "na-
tives" are fascinated by miracles of technology they cannot understand. He
kept looking, fascinated, at "their" fascination.9
The responses that the video highlights, however, are those by people who
felt deceived or offended by the show. These stemmed from people who felt
drawn or coerced into the scenario of discovery and either "believed" or felt
that they were being asked to believe that "primitives" existed. Why these re-
sponses, one wonders, given that there was little illusion of authenticity to the
performance? Aside from the "authoritative"framework provided by the mu-
seum, the guides, and the Encyclopedia Britannica, everything that the audi-
ence saw was blatantly theatrical. The Guatinauis, linguistically derived from
"what now," demanded incredulity. The point of the performance was to
highlight, rather than normalize, the theatricality of colonialism. Fusco and
G6mez-Pefia parodied Western stereotypes of what "primitive" people do.
Every stereotype was exaggerated and contested-the sunglasses offset the
body paint, the "traditional tasks" included working on a computer. When
paid to dance, Fusco performed a highly unritualistic dance to rap. So, two
questions: How could people either believe the show or feel offended by it,
maintaining that they were being "deceived?" And, secondly, why were they,
and subsequent viewers of the film, so angry?
Let's start with the first. The gullibility and deception are flip sides of the
same will-to-believe. The first accepts "the truth" of the colonial claim, the
other sees only the "lie." One stubbornly clings to the official version, no
matter how glaring the contradictions; the other feels nothing but outrage-
can't anyone be trusted anymore? Some viewers clearly wanted to believe in
the Guatinauis. They longed for authenticity. One dollar was a small price to
pay for an encounter with "real" otherness. The reassuring notion of stable,
identifiable, "real" otherness legitimated fantasies of a real, knowable "self."
The cage might signal dislocation, placed as it was in the very heart of civili-
zation. But the dislocation, one might choose to believe, resulted from the
momentary interruption of the barbaricinto "our" world. It didn't have any-
thing to do with the diasporasand cultural transformationsprovoked by colo-
nialism. It was worth a dollar to imagine that the Guatinauis' primitive cage in
no way reflected back on the troubles of our postmodern societies, and most
emphatically not on what Homi Bhabha calls the "unhomeliness" of the colo-
nial and postcolonial condition stretching from I492 to the present (I994:9).
The Cage promised the security of partial recognition; visitors could marvel at
the stereotype of the uprooted natives without worrying about the contempo-
rary reality of displacement and migration. Most, if not all, native peoples of
the world today are uprooted, forced to migrate, or are pushed onto reserva-
tions of some sort or another. But one could pretend that the show of dis-
placement was unrelated to that history, or to the current history of political
I68 Diana Taylor

exile and migration of artists like U.S.-Cuban Coco Fusco or Chilango-

Mexicano-ChicanoGomez-Pefia. "Home" for the migrant, "is always some-
where else" as G6mez-Peiia puts it (I995). For Fusco, deterritorialized from
postrevolutionary Cuba, or for G6mez-Pefia, who fled Mexico City, there is
no "there" there. They, like many others including myself, really are from
nowhereland, really are Guatinauis of sorts, though not in the way their spec-
tators were being asked to believe. For some viewers, the bars actually pro-
tected against that realization, marking the radical boundary between the
"here" and the "there," the "us" and the "them," allowing for no inter-, no
cross-, no trans-cultural-nada. Precolonial subjects, frozen in static essence,
didn't experience today's hybrid ethnic and racial identities. The native body
was believable, then, not because it was "real" but precisely because it wasn't.
It served to maintain a distance between the pre- and the post-: precolonial to
postcolonial; premodern to postmodern. Rather than challenging us to more
fully acknowledge the racial and cultural heterogeneity of societies such as
Latin America's in which very real indigenas continue to live in or alongside
industrialized centers, the "pre"/"post" hammers in distinct and identifiable
boundaries. Suspended overthere,outside time, beyond civilization, the naked,
mute native body lures the destabilized postmodern viewer into dreaming
about fixed positions, stable identities, and recognizable difference. The de-
gree to which some of the viewers continued to disavow the marked theatri-
cality of the performance attested to how deeply invested they were in
maintaining the colonial fantasy. The last thing they wanted, it seems, was to
recognize the contemporaneity of the postmodern, postcolonial encounter.
Maybe that's what made the spectacle so troubling to many spectators-when
they got close to the cage and stared at the "savages,"they saw themselves re-
flected in artists'dark glasses.
Bringing the spectator into the frame, making people see themselves as im-
plicated in these colonial fantasies, is what the performance and the video
were all about. So why are so many people who agree politically with the
project so angry?

Once again, the video watcher is outside the frame, the un-
seen-seer. We can laugh at others' reactions. We know; they
don't. The hierarchies and epistomologies that the perfor-
mance attacked are in danger of being reproduced.

While I personally love the video, and the live performance that I imagine I
see in it, I believe the anger in part comes from the "testlike" quality of both.
No matter what, we fail. Would audience members go along with the
expert's explanations about the Guatinauis and their island? If the spectators
believed the show, they were gullible fools or self-interested colonists. But
what if they didn't believe the show, that is, if they understood it as a perfor-
mance? Some people recognized it as performance without recognizing that
Fusco and Gomez-Pefia were the artists. Coco Fusco complains about an au-
dience member at the Whitney Biennial who was willing to pay $Io to feed
her a banana. In her essay, she writes: "even those who saw our performance
as art rather than artifactappeared to take great pleasure in engaging in the fic-
tion, by paying money to see us enact completely nonsensical or humiliating
acts" (I995:50). Could we argue, conversely, that the man was just willing to
 Couplein the Cage I69

play along? I asked Gomez-Pefia what his ideal spectator would have done.
He stated, "open the cage and let us out." But, unlike the performance that
Gomez-Pefia and Roberto Sifuentes staged on the Tijuana/San Diego border
in which they crucified themselves and explicitly asked audience members to
bring them down from the cross, there is nothing in this performance that
calls for intervention. The prohibition against uninvited intervention comes
specifically from its performative nature. People who recognize the conven-
tions of performance, as Cervantes so ferociously demonstrated in Don
Quixote, don't interrupt the show. And, ironically, the ones who actually tried
to open the cage during the world tour were the skinheads who wanted to at-
tack the actors physically. So what do we do? Play along as a "good" audi-
ence? And what would that mean, exactly? Participate in the fantasy by posing
for a photograph with the "natives"?Would it be appropriate to laugh at the
obvious parodic mode? Or would that be highly inappropriate, given the
West's violent history of displaying, incarcerating, and exterminating human
beings? Should we walk out and cancel our membership to the museum?
There is no appropriatereaction, no "true" or "false" response to this perfor-
mance that, as Fusco writes, "falls somewhere between truth and fiction"
(I995:37). Some spectators felt offended. Others felt sad and confused.
The video further accentuates the spectators' discomfort when suddenly
faced with the disturbing spectacle of people locked in cages. Several specta-
tors I've watched the video with felt angry at the intrusive video camera that
"outs" spectators as closet colonists or dupes. Sprung upon the viewer with
the intention of creating "a surprise or 'uncanny encounter"' (Fusco
1995:40), the spectacle would surprise anyone. As Gomez-Pefia stated toward
the end of the video, sometimes it takes a while for the viewers to under-
stand what they're seeing and their role in it. Most of us know all about im-
perfect responses, painful pauses, or delayed witticisms of the "this is what
she was thinking but could not say" variety. But though it might have been
the artists' intention to create a pause for reflection, this is the space that the
video does not allow for. Quite the opposite, it freezes that immediate re-
sponse. Before the spectator can digest and come to terms with the show,
that response is turned into a show for someone else. As video watchers, our
pleasure is somehow tied into the audience members' floundering or, worse,
humiliation. I, personally, feel gloriously Latin American when I watch this
video, very empowered knowing I "get it" and "they" don't. That's what
relajo is all about. Through a disruptive act, it creates a community of resis-
tance, a community (as Portilla puts it) of underdogs. Maybe that's why I
love it. But my own pleasure troubles me-is this the "appropriate"response
to a history of dehumanizing colonial subjects? (Even though I enjoyed the
performance and relished its sardonic humor, I knew I'd failed the test.) And
is putting the viewer on the spot automatically a form of critiquing the eth-
nographic, one-way focus? While the live performance situates us all in the
Lacanian field of the gaze, in which we're all in the frame, looking at each
other looking, the video shifts the borders. Once again, the video watcher is
outside the frame, the unseen-seer. We can laugh at others' reactions. We
know; they don't. The hierarchies and epistemologies that the performance
attacked are in danger of being reproduced. Our looking becomes unidirec-
tional and invasive. "Their" gullibility reaffirms our superior wisdom; "they"
once again serve to stabilize "us." Does reversing the ethnographic lens, albeit
sardonically, prove less invasive than the ethnographic practice under critique?
Unlike the live performance-which offers the spectators a little room to
pause, look, and look again in their attempts to grapple with the colonialism
in the heart and soul of Western cultures (assuming the video camera doesn't
170 Diana Taylor

pounce on them)-the video "captures" or "cages" the viewer. It, like the
systems of representation it parodies, produces and exposes the other, and
unwittingly colludes with the ethnographic pleasures it sets out to
deconstruct. So is that the point? That there is no "other"-no noncoercive
system of representation? We're all trapped in our performative traditions,
mimicking the seemingly endless slate-cleaning, original, and elucidating ges-
tures of those who came before even as we struggle to do away with the
cage? Or does the problem have more to do with the way ethnography and
performance come together in staging encounters with otherness as they seek
to elucidate the drama of cultural encounters?

Ethnography
Ethnography, I have suggested throughout, not only studies performance
(the rituals and social dramas commentators habitually refer to); it is
performative. Many commentators, Edith Turner and Victor Turner most no-
tably, have stressed that they peform ethnography by recording social dramas,
ritual action, and other forms of "twice-behaved behavior" that Richard
Schechner, in BetweenTheatreand Anthropology,calls "restored behavior." As
Schechner puts it: "Directors have been, and fieldworkers are becoming, spe-
cialists in restored behavior" (I985:IO9). And other performative aspects have
been stressed. The ethnologist studies theatrical aspects normally associated
with acting (movement, body language, gesture), with staging (backdrop,
context), with dramatic plot (crisis, conflict, resolution), and with cultural
meaning. The object of analysisis present, embodied cultural behavior which,
as in theatrical performances, takes place live in the here and now. Like the
director, as Schechner points out, the ethnologist mediates between two cul-
tural groups, presenting one group to another in a unidirectional way. The
target group that is the object of analysis (like the actors) does not usually see
or analyze the group that benefits or consumes the ethnographer's accounts
(the audience). And it rarely, if ever, gets to respond to the written observa-
tions which, in some cases, it might never even see. The addressed audience
for both, Schechner continues, is not necessarily the same as the audience for
which it was (or will be) written (1997).
Moreover, the ethnologist plays a role in the dramathat he or she (in theory)
is there to simply observe. Victor Turner tries to dispel notions that the eth-
nologist imposes a Western narrative on the material under examination: "It
may perhapsbe argued against me," he writes, "that I have imposed a Western,
even an Aristotelian, form on my field data" (1986:37). Though it's hard to
imagine a more Western narrative of discovery into the "heart of darkness"
than Claude Levi-Stauss'sdescription of his voyage into the "primitive" societ-
ies of Brazil in TristesTropiques,which is subdivided into chapterssuch as "De-
parture," "On Board Ship," and "A Backward Glance" (1967), I have tried to
argue that ethnography is performative primarily in the way it stages, or re-
stores, the social drama. The encounter is constructed theatrically,staged in the
here and now, rather than as a past-tense narrativedescription. The ethnogra-
pher brackets the moment [here the drama of"discovery"], chooses the cast of
charactersby virtue of framing the event, and endows it with shape and mean-
ing. The ethnographic "other," like the dramatic characteracted by a live ac-
tor, is part "real," part "fiction"-that is, real bodies come to embody fictional
qualities and characteristicscreated by the ethnographer/dramatist.Nonetheless,
the ethnographer insists that the spectacle is "real" or, as Turner puts it, quot-
ing Galileo's affirmationof the incontestable order of our solar system, "and yet
it moves" (1986:37). The spectacle is "real"; it comes first, he insists, and the
theoretical framework after.'?And yet, we would answer, we are the products
 Couple in the Cage 17I

ME COUPLE IN THE CAGE:

II A GU A TINA UI ODYSSEY
a video by Coc Fusco and Paua Heredia
I 1. A flyerfor thefilm The
EDITED
BY DAISYWRIGHTi, BY GUILLERMO
PERFORMANCE GOMEZPENAAND COCO FUCO Couple in the Cage: A
UNNI 0 MN j Guatinaui Odyssey by
CocoFuscoand Paula
Heredia (1993).

of our own discursive and epistemic systems; we are no more outside the cul-
tural repertoires that produce us than the earth is free from the sun's pulls and
tugs. This created, fictional other, child of the ethnographers' cultural reper-
toire, is the figure that Coco Fusco and Guillermo Gomez-Pefia capture and
put behind bars. Their enactment shows the violence of the ethnographic per-
formance that tries to pass as real-violent because its performative strings are
hidden from the spectator'sview. The spectator of "real" ethnography (as op-
posed to Fusco and G6mez-Pefia's parody) is supposed to see it as objective sci-
ence of authenticity ratherthan as fantasy.
However, there is also a way in which performance, or at least this perfor-
mance, is ethnographic-though not perhaps in the way that it intends. All
performance,in a sense, has much in common with the raw materialof ethnog-
raphy-stemming from the same rituals and social dramas that ethnographers
172 Diana Taylor

make their focus. Performance,too, explores the use and significance of gesture,
movement, body language, and so on. And 20th-century artists have actively
tried to reconnect to ritual action, as evident in the writing and work by major
practitioners such as Artaud, Grotowski, Barba, and others. However, perfor-
mance is not just a doing, a form of "carryingthrough" as its etymological roots
(parfournir = to perform, carrythrough thoroughly) would suggest. Performance,
like ethnography,has also served as an instrumentof culturalanalysis,though the
society under examination has tended to be the artist's own, rather than the
"other's." The subject of analysisin the Cage performance is not the "couple"
inside but the audience outside. Certainly, the history and practice of Western
ethnography is the target of the parody. But the performance is in itself ethno-
graphic. Like the ethnographer, these performance artists made assumptions
about the imagined viewers (a "white audience" as Coco Fusco describes it in
the opening paragraphof her essay [I995:37]), formulatedtheir goal ("to create a
surprise or 'uncanny' encounter, one in which audiences had to undergo their
own process of reflection as to what they were seeing" [40]), defined their meth-
odology (interactive performance), and adjustedtheir expectations according to
information gained in the field ("We did not anticipate that our self-conscious
commentary on this practice could be believable" [50]). They then decided to
measure (collect hard data) the size and range of reactions of the audiences that
attended the performance. This analysisled to certain conclusions about deeply
held Western cultural stereotypes and anxieties that manifest themselves in cer-
tain forms of public behavior on the part of spectators(chagrin,insulting and hu-
miliating speech, etc.), which were then broken down and classifiedaccording to
age, race, class, gender, and national origin. "[W]e found that young people's re-
actions have been the most humane" Fusco writes (I995:52). Or, "Severalfemi-
nist artistsand intellectuals at performancesin the United States" said this (55);
"Artistsand culturalbureaucrats,the self-proclaimedelite" did that (52); "people
of color who believed, at least initially, that the performancewas real" did some-
thing else (53); while "Whites outside the U.S. were more ludic in their reac-
tions than American whites" (55). While the performance sardonically mimics
the gestures of ethnographic displays and dismantles the "real" they purport to
reveal, the video in turn wants to function as a "document" of culturalbehavior.
So, is this reverse ethnography that sardonicallyshows up the violence inherent
in ethnographicpractice, as G6mez-Pefia and Fusco intend, or is it ethnography,
complete with its own inherent violence? Is the discomfortmanifestedby the au-
dience simply about the troubling content (the treatment of aboriginalpeoples)?
Is it about the disconcerting true/false setup? Or, is it also about the way in
which it, the audience, is being constructed?Does the scrutinyof the audience in
fact end up turning spectatorsinto specimens?Does the encounter give us more
information about our own culturalfearsand fantasies,"our" being the audience
at the performanceand capturedon tape, or is the data being used, classified,and
presented to some other audience entirely?Does that audience get to respond to
the show, ratherthan as the show?
These questions, though directed at the performance and particularly the
video of the Cage, hold for other forms of performance that move the focus
from the stage onto the audience in an attempt to gauge its habits and belief
systems. As culture becomes less a synonym for performance than its field of
work, and as performance complicates our understanding of cultural practice
so that we recognize the rehearsed and produced and creative nature of every-
day life, perhaps we may be excused for wondering who the artists are, who
the ethnographer, who the dupe, who the closet colonist. Who, ultimately,
pulls the performative strings?Who is positioned where in this most uncanny,
postmodern drama of cultural encounters?
 Couple in the Cage 173

Notes
i. On an island,in the middle of nowhere:

(Airplanenoises.Like a trappedandfrightenedanimal,the ARCHITECT looks

for a refuge.[...] Explosion.A brightflashofflames.Trembling
withfear,theAR-
CHITECT, hisface againstthe sand,puts hisfingersin his ears.A few moments
laterthe EMPEROR appears.He is carryinga largesuitcase.He has a certain
forcedelegance.He triesto keep his composure.He touchesthe ARCHITECT
with the tip of his cane.)
EMPEROR: Help me, sir! I am the only survivorof the accident.
ARCHITECT: (Horrified) Fee! Fee! Feegaa!Feegaa!Fee! Fee!
(Fora momenthe looksat the EMPEROR and then runsoff asfast as he can.
Blackout.)(Arrabal1969)
2. See also Rey Chow's discussionof Spivak'sessay in WritingDiaspora,"Where Have All
the Natives Gone?" (1993).
3. The essaycited here, "The Other History of InterculturalPerformance,"was first pub-
lished in TDR 38, I (TI4I), Spring 1994.
4. "Genealogiesof performance,"Joseph Roach explains,"documentthe historicaltransmis-
sion and disseminationof culturalpracticesthroughcollective representations"
(1995:48).
5. For a discussion of the ethnographic fairs see Fatimah Tobing Rony's The ThirdEye:
Race, Cinema, and EthnographicSpectacle(1996).
6. Relajois "una burla colectiva" (a collective prank),an act of sardonicdevalorization,or
what the late Mexican intellectualJorge Portilla, in Fenomenologia del relajo(1984), calls
"desolidarization"with dominant norms in order to create a different, rebellious soli-
darity-that of the underdog.
7. The comment was made during a discussion following my lecture, "A Savage Perfor-
mance," in the "Performing Identities" lecture series, Center for Ideas and Society,
University of California,Riverside, 28 February1997.
8. While Fusco and G6mez-Pefia had intended to play "the identity of an Other for a
white audience" (1995:37),it never occurredto them that they would be taken literally.
In an essaywritten afterthe experience, Fusco notes that more than half of their 150,000
spectatorsbelieved the Guatinauiswere "real."This was in spite of the fact that the in-
formationon the walls around the cage specificallyset the piece in a traditionof a rep-
resentationalpractice-nonwhites and "freaks"have been exposed for centuries.
9. See the video by Coco Fusco and Paula Heredia, The Couplein the Cage:A Guatinaui
Odyssey (I 993).
Io. Applying terms such as "real"and "authentic"to culturalbehavior has been continually
problematizedby people such asJames Clifford (1988), Richard Schechner (I985), Ella
Shohat and Robert Stam (I994), FatimahTobing Rony (1996), and many others, and
therefore requiresno furtherelaborationhere.

References
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and Adele Shank. New York: Grove Press.
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Diana Taylor. Madrid:Ediciones Catedra.

Bhabha, Homi K.
1994 TheLocationof Culture.New York: Routledge.
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1993 BodiesThatMatter:On the DiscursiveLimitsof "Sex."New York: Routledge.
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de Certeau, Michel
1988 The Practice
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174 Diana Taylor

Chow, Rey
1993 "Where Have All the Natives Gone." In WritingDiaspora.Bloomington:
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1988 The Predicament
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1994 UnthinkingEurocentrism:
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 Couplein the Cage 175

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Diana Taylor is Professorand Chair of Performance Studies at Tisch Schoolof the

Arts/NYU. She is the authorof Theatre of Crisis: Drama and Politics in Latin
America (University Press of Kentucky, 1991), which won the Best Book Award
given by the New England Councilon Latin AmericanStudiesand HonorableMen-
tion in theJoe E. CallawayPrizefor the Best Book on Drama, and of Disappearing
Acts: Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina's "Dirty War" (Duke
UniversityPress, 1997). She has editedthreevolumesof criticalessayson Latin Ameri-
can, Latino, and Spanishplaywrights.Her articleson Latin Americanand Latinoper-
formance have appearedin TDR, Theatre Journal, Performing Arts Journal,
Latin American Theatre Review, Estreno, Gestos, and otherscholarlyjournals.
She has directedand participatedin staging Latin Americanand Latino theatrein
Mexicoand the United States.

The EthnographicBurlesque

BarbaraKirshenblatt-Gimblett

The Couplein the Cage restagesrepudiated modes of ethnographic knowledge

and display. The flyer announcing the video explicitly positions the staging in
tabloid terms by faking the front page of the fictional NaturalEnquirer.Indeed,
the "ghosts of history" that the piece unleashes are still palpable in tabloids and
tourism, which can be said to be "museums" of repudiated anthropological
knowledge, as is The Couplein the Cage. Rather than offering a critique of con-
temporary (or even modern) ethnographic theory and practice, The Couple in
the Cage uses the ethnographic burlesque in the service of a shameful ethnol-
ogy, practices associatedwith the early history of ethnographic writing and dis-
play and with popular entertainment.' Before the advent of public museums,
such displays were largely in the hands of commercial showmen, who com-
bined edification and amusement in various ratios (Altick 1978).

The Drama Review 42, 2 (T158), Summer 1998.

Copyright ? 1998 Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett.