Me 246 (1-5)

Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture. (Week 1-1)

Combustion Engine, Introduction
 Heat engines or combustion engines are the most frequent type of drive
used in motor vehicles and other purpose.
 I.C. (Internal Combustion) Engines generating power by converting heat

energy into mechanical work. Process of conversion of heat into
mechanical work takes place with some loses of energy due to friction and
cooling, this is shorten by what is called mechanical efficiency. (Actually
I.C. engines make use of only 20% of heat energy of the fuel).
 Fuels, most of which consist of hydrocarbons, requires oxygen in order to

burn, oxygen is usually supplied as a constituent (Component) of sucked or
intake air.
 If fuel combustion occurs in the cylinder itself, the process is called

internal combustion also for the combustion outside cylinder is called
external combustion.
 I.C. Engines always requires an open cycle, which is characterized as a

cyclic gas exchange, (Suction, Compression, Power, and Exhaust), i.e.
supply of fresh (new) charge and removal of combustion gases (exhaust).
 In case of external combustion, the actual working medium remains

chemically unchanged and can be returned to its initials condition by
suitable means (cooling, condensation), this enables to use a closed loop
process (Steam Engine).
1
Dr / Hasanien Khalil
Prepared by / Khaled.Burham
Lecture (Week 1-2)
Heat Engine Story
 Firstly, it was a challenge for humans how to get water from well for
agriculture irrigation, then came the era of steam with the beginning of
nineteen century.
 Then appeared Mr. Auto 1876 and his engine working with gasoline, in
1878 Mr. Diesel notice the lake of mechanical power of petrol engine, Mr.
Diesel tried to build another engine with higher capabilities of mechanical
power, in 1892 he received a patent on his great invention (Diesel Engine).
Operation of Internal Combustion Engine & Cycles

 In all reciprocating piston engines, air (as in Diesel engine) or air & fuel
mixture (as in Petrol engine) is compressed in the working cylinder, the
mixture is ignited by spark (Petrol engine) or fuel is injected and ignited
into the hot compressed air in the cylinder (Diesel engine).
 Fuel ignition or combustion generates high pressure on the piston which

converted into torque and power by the crank mechanism and fly wheel at
the end of the shaft.
Petrol Engine Power Cycle
2
Lecture (Week 2-1)
Engine Types
 Mono-piston power unit (Types 1, 2, 3, 4). The working champers is
formed by the cylinder head, cylinder sleeve and the piston.
- Fig. (1.1) In-line Engine: - The cylinders are arranged in a line.
- Fig. (1.2) Vee-Engine: - The cylinder are arranged in 2-plans in a V
configuration.
- Fig. (1.3) Radial Engine: - The cylinder are arranged radially in one or
more plans.
- Fig. (1.4) Flat Engine: - (Opposed Cylinder) the cylinder are arranged
horizontal and opposed.
 Multi-piston power unit (Types 5, 6). More than one piston usually two.
Working piston share a common combustion chamber.
- Fig. (1.5) U-Engine: - The pistons move in same direction.
- Fig. (1.6) Opposed Piston Engine: - The pistons move in opposite
direction, but firing in the same time.
Fig.1. Engine Types
3
Engine Direction of Rotation
 Each engine rotates in one direction only, Clock-Wise (CW) or Counter
Clock-Wise (CCW) rotation.
Numbering the cylinder

 The cylinders are numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, 4, etc, as viewed looking
at the end opposite to the power output shaft.
Firing Order
 Is the sequences in which the cylinders fire, (The Sequences of Power
Strokes)
 It is determined by the engine design, Equal ignition intervals (for

balancing), Easy to design and manufacture crank shaft, also to get
favorable crank shaft loading.
Fig.2. Cylinders numbering of firing order
4
Lecture (Week 2-2)
Engine Power Cycle
 The P–V diagram indicates the change of pressure inside the cylinder with
crank position (crank angle or piston position).
 The number of working

cycles per unit time
indicates the piston
power or the indicated
power the engine.
 The power generated by

an I.C. engine increase
with engine speed
(r.p.m).
Fig.3. P-V Diagram & Timing Diagram
 At Ө = 0° , The volume
above piston is minimum and called clearance volume or volume of
combustion chamber .
 At Ө = 180° , The volume above piston is

max. and it is the sum of clearance
volume and swept volume.
 b :- Cylinder Bore
 L :- Connecting-rod Length
 S :- Stroke
 Ө :- Crank Angle
- At Ө = 0° Piston at T.D.C
- At Ө = 180° Piston at B.D.C
Fig.4. Piston Cylinder Parameters
5
 Displacement volume is the volume displaced by the piston from T.D.C
(Top Dead Center) to B.D.C (Bottom Dead Center) , and also called swept
volume. Also displacement volume is the difference between Max. and
Min. volume displaced by the piston from T.D.C to B.D.C
 = − = ∗ (Volume per cycle, C.C (Cubic Centimeter cm3))

 Engine Total Swept Volume = ∗ ( . )
- N :- Number of Cylinders
 Compression Ratio (r) :- is the ratio of maximum to minimum volume over

the piston at B.D.C and T.D.C consequently.
- = = = +
 Compression ratio is an important factor in engine performance, increasing

the compression ratio, increase engine power output. Max compression
ratio of petrol engine is (12 : 1).
 Higher compression ratio more than (10:1) can be achieved in overhead

valve engine.
Fig.5. Flat Head/Side Valve (left) versus Overhead Valve (right) arrangement
6
Lecture (Week 3-1)
Mean Piston Speed
∗ ∗ ⁄
 = =
⁄
- S :- Stroke
- n :- Engine (r.p.m)
 It has harmful effects on engine internal stresses and finally engine
estimated life time.
Piston Rings
 Piston rings are used to seal gases within the cylinder and keep oil out, the
gaps of rings are for thermal expansion.
 The blow-by due to gaps are degrading (decrease) engine performance.
Summary of laws.
 = − = ∗
 = ∗
 = = = +
 =
- :- Displacement Volume or Swept Volume or Volume Per Cycle.

- :- Maximum Volume (Clearance + Displacement).
- or :- Minimum Volume or Clearance Volume or Combustion
Chamber Volume.
- :- Total Swept Volume.
- :- Number of Cylinders.
- :- Compression Ratio.
- :- Mean Piston Speed.
- S :- Stroke
- n :- Engine (r.p.m)
7
Examples
1- What is the compression ratio and the total swept volume of a 4–Cylinder
engine of 80 mm bore and 110 mm Stroke, if clearance volume is 60 cm3.
Solution
= +1
= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 80 ∗ 110 = 552920.3070 ( )
552920.3070
= + 1 = 10.2
60 ∗ 10
= ∗ = 552920.3070 ∗ 4 = 2211681.228 ( )
= 2211.681 ( ) = 2.11 ( )
2- A 4–Stroke, 3 cylinder spark ignition engine of compression ratio 10:1 find

its clearance volume, if its bore 80 mm and stroke is 90 mm.
Solution
= +1
= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 80 ∗ 90 = 452389.3421 ( )
4 4
.
10 = +1
= 50265.48 ( ) = 50.265 ( )
3- Calculate the mean piston speed at 5000 r.p.m if engine stroke is 80 mm.
Solution
2∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 80 ∗ 10 ∗ 5000
= = = 13.33 ( )
60 60
8
4- An engine of 4–Cylinder, Petrol fuel and of compression ratio ( = 11 : 1),
Cylinder bore is 88 mm and stroke 106 mm calculate the volume of
combustion chamber and the total swept volume.
Solution
= +1
= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 88 ∗ 106 = 644705.0780 ( )
4 4
.
11 = +1
= 64470.50780 ( ) = 64.4705 ( )
= ∗ = 644705.0780 ∗ 4 = 2578820.312 ( )
= 2578.8203 ( ) = 2.57 ( )
5- (H_W) An Engine of 4–Cylinder, 4–Stroke, Diesel fuel of Compression

ratio 26 : 1 , = 1.2 , Calculate bore and stroke of the design engine if
= 220 ( . ).
Solution
= +1
∗ ∗
4 + 1 = 26
220
= 1.2 , = 1.2 ∗
∗ 1.2 ∗
4 + 1 = 26
220
= 18.0037 ( )
= 21.6045 ( )
9
Lecture (Week 3-2)
Valves Overlapping
 Is the period during which both valves exhaust and intake are open
simultaneously (in the same time), this period is about 25° to 35° degree of
crank angle, (Fig.3).
Horse Power and Definition of Power
 = −
- B_hp :- Break Horse Power (Measured)
- I_hp :- Indicated Horse Power (Theoretical – Maximum)
- f_hp :- Friction Horse Power (Power Losses)
 For example an engine of 300 HP may show only 250 HP maximally on

the dynamometer (Power Tester)
 Rated power or net power is the maximum effective power of an engine at
full throttling.
 Power friction losses occurs as a result of relative motion between engine
parts.
 Factors affecting the resistance are the pressure between frictional surfaces,
surface roughness, metal structure and lubricant viscosity.
Power Measurement and Break Dynamometer.

 There are many types of dynamometer, hydraulic one which resist the
engine power by a fan wheel in water according to the water level.
 Also the electric resistance type which is derived by the tested engine and
the generated electric power is consumed till the engine is about to stop,
then the power is calculated or estimated according to conversion tables.
10
Week 4, Data Show
Lecture (Week 5-1)
Characteristics' Curves
 This curves indicate
the rate of change of
engine power, engine
torque, and fuel
consumption
according to the
engine speed (r.p.m).
 At higher speeds
volumetric efficiency*
lowers, combustion
pressure are also
lower, and thus torque
is low. Fig.6. Characteristics Curves
 Also at high speed piston is
moving so much faster and as a result less thrust (Pressure) is exerted on
the piston due to less pressure of combustion.
Mechanical Efficiency
 It is the ratio of Break Horse Power B_hp to Indicated Horse Power I_hp :-
−
= =
Example:-
An Engine of I_hp 200 KW, and 25 KW frictional horse power, what is estimated
mechanical efficiency? (87.5 %)
* Volumetric Efficiency / used to measure the effectiveness of an engine's induction process,

defined as the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate at which
volume is displaced by the piston.
11
Engine Heat Losses
 Actually 2 3 or more of fuel Heat Energy is lost as indicated in fig.7 and
only 20% produce power output from the engine out-put shaft, also the
10% value is lost as 5% friction and 5% as heat emissions from engine
body.
Fig.7. Total Heat Energy in Fuel
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Lecture (Week 5-2)
Engine Power
Summary of Laws
- = ∗ ( . )
∗ ∗
- = ∗ = ∗ =
∗ ∗
= ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
= ∗ ∗ = ∗( ∗ )∗
= ∗ ∗
- = ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ ( )
∗
- = ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ (2 Stroke Engine)
∗
- W :- Work
- P :- Power Generated at Power Stroke
- Pt :- Total Power Generated by the Engine
- Pi :- Mean Effective Pressure
- A :- Piston Sectional Area
- Vs or Vd :- Swept Volume
- Vt or VH :- Total Swept Volume
- Vm :- Mean Piston Speed
- Z or N :- Number Of Cylinder
- S :- Stroke
- = , = ( . ) , =
- = = =
- = . , = .
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Examples
1- A 4-stroke petrol engine of 4 cylinders, its bore 77 mm , stroke 84 mm ,
mean effective pressure Pi = 10.96 bar , Mechanical efficiency = 84 %
Calculate at 5500 (r.p.m) :-
- Total Swept Volume in Liters.
- Engine Indicated Power in KW & HP.
- Engine Break Power.
Solution
= ∗
= ∗ ∗ = 391156.5597
= 391156.5597 ∗ 4 = 1564626.239 = .
5500
= ∗ ∗ = 10.96 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.5646 ∗ 10 ∗ = 78595.07
120 120
= . = .
= 0.84 = ∴ = .
78.59
2- An Otto 4-Stroke Engine of 4- cylinder, its bore 69.5 mm , stroke 72 mm ,

Mean Effective Pressure Pi = 7.7 bar , Calculate Vt in liters & Engine
power at 6000 (r.p.m).
Solution
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = 1092576.81 = .
6000
= ∗ ∗ = 7.7 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.0925 ∗ 10 ∗ = .
120 120
= . = .
14
3- A car of 17500 N in weight lifted to 1.8 m within 20 (sec), Calculated
generated Power in W, KW, HP.
Solution
1.8
= ∗ = 17500 ∗ = = . = .
20
4- A 4-Cylinder engine of 4-stroke, its stroke 120 mm, what is the power
generated by the engine in KW at 3600 (r.p.m), if the acting force on the
piston is 2000 N.
Solution
- Power generated at power stroke :-
2∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 120 ∗ 10 ∗ 3600
= = 2000 ∗ = 28800 = 28.8
60 60
- Total Power generated by the Engine
2 2 2
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗( ∗ )∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ ∗
60 ∗ 4 60 ∗ 4 60 ∗ 4
2 ∗ 3600
= 2000 ∗ 120 ∗ 10 ∗ 4 ∗ = 28800 = .
60 ∗ 4
5- An Otto Engine of 2 Stroke & 2 cylinders, the mean piston speed

Vm = 12.5 (m/s) if the acting force on the piston is 1800 N, Calculate the
Power generated by the engine.
Solution
- Power generated at power stroke :-
= ∗ = 1800 ∗ 12.5 = 22500 = .
- Total Power generated by the Engine :-
2
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = ∗ = .
60 ∗ 2 2
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Lecture (Week 6-2)
Fuel Feed System.
Carburetion & Carburetor Fuel System.
 Carburetor compared to fuel injection, first understand of carburation
theory depends on vacuum operation, where fuel injection operates on
pressure.
 When talking about fuel injection compared to carburetor, we must take
into consideration that fuel injection is more efficient than the carburetor
and creates a little more power through the power band and it makes the
motor run smoother than carburetor system and usually gets a little more
gas millage.
 In Otto cycle engines fuel must be sufficiently volatile and premixed with
the intake air before the starting of the ignition by the spark from the plug.
 Air & fuel are introduced in the carburetor according to vacuum generated
on fuel jets.
 Air to fuel ratio (A/F) means the ratio of air mass to that of fuel mass
entering the engine for operation.
 Carburetors must perform 3 main basic functions:-
- Adjusting A/F ratio according to driver demand, this control the power
delivered by the engine.
- Keeping the F/A ratio in the optimum range over the working range to
save fuel from higher consumption.
- To homogenize the air & fuel mixture in order to make the ignition &
combustion proceed properly with minimum exhaust pollution products.
 Carburetor main Demands:-
- Starting – Rich mixture
- Idling Speed
- Fast idling or economic speed
- Acceleration
- Engine shut-off
16
Electronic Fuel Injection System (EFI – System)
 Electronic fuel injection system consists of four main subsystem.
1- Fuel delivery System that includes:-
- Electronic Fuel pump
- Fuel Filter
- Pressure regulator (injector valves)
- Connecting lines and hoses
 The fuel pressure regulator (FPR) controls the value of pressure
entering the injector valves
 When sufficient pressure is attained, the regulator return excess fuel
to the tank.
2- Air Subsystem that includes:-
- Air filter (Air Cleaner)
- Intake (inlet – induction) manifold
3- Sensor System, that feeds engine operating data to the electronic
control unit (ECU)
4- Control Subsystem or (ECU)
- Uses sensor data to operate the fuel delivery system.
- The time interval of power Control module (PCM) that turns the
fuel injectors on, is known as the pulse width.
- The pulse width varies depending on the demand for fuel from
2 millisecond (.002 Sec.) during deceleration to 30 milliseconds
(.030 Sec.) during acceleration.
Spark Ignition System
 An ignition system changes battery Voltage (12 V) to a very high voltage
(Spark) (30,000 to 60,000 Volts) and distribute to the spark plugs according
to the engine firing order.
 Ignition system is mainly consists of 2 circuits, the primary circuit &
secondary one.
- Primary circuit operates on a low voltage (battery or alternator) 12.6 v.
- Secondary circuit is high voltage section and normally range from 4000
to 30,000 volts depending upon system design, also secondary circuit
uses thicker insulation wires to prevent electrical leakage and radio
noise.
17
 Main function of an ignition system:-

- Provides a method of turning a spark ignition engine on/off.
- Operates on various supply voltages (battery or alternator voltage)
- Products high voltages arcs at the spark plug electrode to start
combustion.
- Distribution high voltage plugs to each spark plug in the correct
sequence.
- Times the spark so that it occurs as the piston nears (TDC 7°) on
compression stroke.
- Varies Spark timing according to engine working condition (load –
speed – octane No … etc.)
 Types of ignition systems:-

- Contact points ignition system.
- Electronic ignition system.
- Distributer less ignition system.
18
Lecture (Week 7-2)
Exhaust System
 An Exhaust system carries exhaust fume to the rear of the vehicle , it
consists of :-
- Exhaust manifold that connecting to the cylinder head exhaust ports.
- Header Pipe, Steel pipe that carries exhaust gases to the catalytic
converter or muffler.
- Catalytic Converter.
- Intermediate Pipe.
- Muffler Pipe
- Tail Pipe
- Hangers
- Heat Shield
- Exhaust System clamps (U-bolts)
 Exhaust Back Pressure, is the pressure developed in the exhaust system

during engine running, high back pressure reduces engine power.
 A well design exhaust system should have low back pressure.
Fig. 8. Exhaust Sys. Main Component

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The cooling and lubrication System
 They are designed to prevent engine damage and wear, they are preventing
the engine from self-destruction.
 The cooling system maintain a constant engine operating temperature, it
removes excess combustion heat to prevent engine over-heating and
damage, also speeds engine warming up.
 The water pump forces coolant (water & antifreeze solution) through the
inside of the engine hoses & radiator.
 The coolant collects heat from the engine hot parts and carries it back to the
radiator to emit heat by the engine fan, which draws air through radiator.
 The thermostat controls coolant flow and engine temperature, it usually
located where the top radiator hose connects to the engine.
The lubrication system
 Reduces friction & wear between internal engine parts by circulation
filtered engine oil to high friction points.
 In addition, help cool engine parts by pushing pressurized oil to various
moving parts of the engine.
20
Lecture (Week 8-1)
Advantages of S.I. Engines
- Simple Design (simple than diesel).
- High power to weight ratio.
- Ideal heat release curve.
- Good full load fuel combustion.
- Easy repair and maintenance.
Disadvantages of S.I Engines
- Poor part load efficiency ( ∝ )
- Relatively high amounts of pollutants ( , , , , , )
Engine Torque
Summary of Laws
∗
= ∗ , = = = ∗
∗ ∗ ∗2 ∗ 2 ∗
= ∗ = ∗ =( ∗ )∗
60 60 60
= ∗ 9.55
∗ 9.55
=
- P : Power
- F : Acting force in the piston
- S : Stroke
- T : Time
- r : Crank Radios , = 2 =
- n : Engine rpm
- v : Speed
(All Dimensions in SI unit System)
21
Examples
1- What is the effective power of an engine has 91 (N-m) Torque and 2100
rpm?
Solution
= ∗ 9.55
2100
= 91 ∗ = 20010.4 ( ) = 20.01 ( )
9.55
2- An Engine of 35 (N-m) Torque at 3200 rpm, Calculate B_hp if its

mechanical efficiency 88 %?
Solution
= ∗ 9.55
3200
= 35 ∗ = 11727.748 ( ) = . ( )
9.55
= 0.88 = ∴ = .
11.727
3- An engine of mechanical efficiency 85%, B_hp = 88 (kW) at 4000 rpm

calculate the delivered torque?
Solution
88
= 0.85 = ∴ = 103.529
∗ 9.55 103.529 ∗ 10 ∗ 9.55

= = = ( . )
4000
4- A four stroke petrol engine of four cylinders, its stroke 120 mm, what is
the power generated by the engine in kW, at 3600 rpm if acting force on
the piston is 2000 N?
Solution
= = 120
∗ ∗ 2000 ∗ ∗ 120 ∗ 10 ∗ 3600
= ∗ = = 45238.934 ( )
60 60
= . ( )
22
Lecture (Week 8-2)
Diesel Engine Vs Gasoline Engine
 The basic difference between gasoline engine and diesel engine is the mean
by which fuel and air is mixed.
 In the gasoline engine, fuel and air are mixed externally to the cylinder
volume but in diesel engine fuel and air are mixed internally, i.e. during
suction start air only is inducted into the cylinder.
 Diesel engines are able to operate at higher compression ratio than that in
gasoline engine, this is to raise the temp of compressed air inside cylinder
to enable the burn and auto ignite of the injected diesel spray from the
diesel injection fuel system.
 The period between the start of fuel injection and auto ignition is called
(the ignition delay period), this delay time must to be small as possible to
prevent knock or what is called detonation.
 Diesel fuel must possess (have) the ability to auto ignition easily, where as
gasoline must resist auto ignition.
Combustion Process
 The start of diesel injection (mixture formation) and start of exothermic
reaction (ignition) are separated by a certain period of time called ignition
lag, or period, this time depend on many factors such as :
- The fuel quality (Cetan number)
- Compression ratio
- Final compressed air temp.
- Engine operation load.
23
 Combustion Process can be subdivided into 2 main phases.
- Pre-Mixed flame phase, in which fuel injected prior (before) the start of
ignition and mixed with air combusted.
- The diffusion flame phase, in which the flame is injected after the start
of ignition, the portion of combusted fuel which burns as a very rapid
pre-mixed flame is primary responsible for the pressure increase and
cause the engine noise and generation of oxides of nitrogen.
- The slower burning diffusion flame is mainly responsible for soot

formation unburned hydrocarbons
- To reduce engine noise a pre-combustion and swirl combustion chamber

used rather than direct injection champer.
24
Lecture (Week 9-2)
Advantages of Diesel Engine:
- Very low fuel consumption (compare to carburetor)
- Long service life (because highly qualified material)
- Low pollutants emissions.
- Easy to supercharge.
- Good volumetric efficiency for all engine speed range. (due to relatively
low rpm)
Disadvantages of Diesel Engine:
- Valve control mechanism is highly complex.
- Relatively low power to weight ratio.
- Highly capital engine price & Spare parts.
- Uneasy repair & maintenance
- Noisy engine.
Basic Diesel Injection System

 It consists of four main items :-
1- The Injection Pump :
- High pressure mechanical pump that meters (distributes) the correct
amount of fuel and delivers it to each injector nozzle at the proper
time.
2- Injection Lines :
- High strength steel tubing that carries fuel to each injector nozzle.
3- Injector Nozzle :
- Spring loaded valves that spray fuels into each combustion chamber.
4- Glowing Plugs :
- Electric heating elements to warm air in pre-combustion chamber to
aid starting of cold engine
25
Fig. 9. Typical port fuel-injection system, indicating the location of various components.
Notice that the fuel-pressure regulator is located on the fuel return side of the system.
The Diesel fuel supply system

- Feed fuel to the injection pump, normally using an in-line electric pump.
- The injection pump controls how much fuel is forced to the injection
nozzle inside the engine cylinder to start combustion.
- A return line carries excess fuel back to the fuel tank.
Electronic diesel injection system
- The computer-controlled diesel system uses a computer sensors and
actuator to increase the efficiency of mechanical diesel injection.
- The sensors feed signals to computer (ECU).
- This system is similar to that used for gasoline injection.
Turbo Charger & Turbo Super-Charger
- A normally aspirated engine or atmospheric engine, uses atmospheric
pressure to push air into the engine under pressure.
- It is used in small gasoline and diesel engines to increase power output.
- It improves engine efficiency, fuel economy, emission levels…. This is
especially true with diesel engine.
26
Lecture (Week 10-1)
Super-Chargers
 It is a compressor or blower
driven by a belt chain or
gears. Unlike turbo-charger
it is not driven by engine
exhaust gases!
 It has a driven rotor which
compresses air inside the
housing and force the air
under pressure into the
engine manifold.
 Most passenger cars super-
charger are driven by a belt
in the front of the engine.
Fig. 10. Turbo Supercharger diagram
Gas Turbine
 In a gas turbine the individual changes of state during the cycle takes place
in especially separates component (Compressor, Burner, Turbine) which
connected with one another via flow conducting components (Diffusers,
spirals and so on. )
Fig. 11. Gas Turbine Main Component
27
How gas Turbine Operates
 The compressed and preheated air flow into the burner, where directly
heated through injection and combustion of gaseous, liquid or emulsified
fuels.
 Energy from the compressed and heated gases is then transmitted to one,
two or three turbine stages on one shaft with a reduction gear and
transmission system.
Advantages of gas Turbine
 Clean exhaust without supplementary emission control devices.
 Extremely smooth running.
 Multi-fuel capability.
 Extended maintenance intervals. (Usually every 5 years)
Disadvantage of gas turbine
 High manufacturing costs.
 Higher fuel consumption.
 Less suitable for power application.
 Poor transportation response.
28
Lecture (Week 11-1)
How Jet Engine Work
 Jet engine moves the air plane forward with a great force that is produced
by air tremendous (huge) thrust and cause the plane to fly very fast.
 All Jet engines which are also called gas turbines work on the same
principles of gas turbine (Usually one stage turbine).
 The engine sucks (draw) air in at the front with a fan then the compressor
raises the pressure of the air.
 The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a

shaft, the compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark
lights (ignite) the mixture.
 The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzle at the back of
the engine, as the jets of gas shoot backward the engine, the air craft thrust
forward.
Turbo Prop. Engine
 A turbo prop. Engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller, the turbine at
the back is turned by hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives a propeller.
Fig. 12. Turbo Prop Engine
29
 Some small air lines and transport air craft are powered by a turbo props.
 Like the turbo jet, the turbo prop engine consists of a compressor,
combustion chamber and turbine.
 The air and gas pressure is used to turn the turbine, which is creates power
to drive the compressor.
 Comparing with the turbo jet engine, turbo prop has a better efficiency at
flight speed below 500 miles/hour.
 Modern turbo prop engine are equip with propeller that have a smaller
diameter but a larger number of blades for efficiently operation at much
higher flight speed.
 To accommodate the higher flight speed the blades are scimitar shape with
swept back leading edges at the blade tips engine featuring such propellers
are called prop fan.
Rocket Engine
 A rocket in the simplest form is champers enclosing a gas under pressure.
 A small opening at one end of the chamber allows the gas to escape and
provides a thrust that propels in the opposite direction. A good example of
this is the balloon.
 When we think of rockets we rarely think of balloons, instead our attention

is drawn to the giant vehicles that carry satellites into orbits in space craft
to the moon and planets.
30
Lecture (Week 11-2)
 The science of rocketry began with publishing of a book by the great
English scientist sir Isaac Newtown in which he mention the law of
motion:-
- Objects at rest will stay at rest and objects in motion will stay in
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
- Force is equal to mass times acceleration.
- For every action there is always an opposite and equal reaction.
 As well be explained shortly all three laws are really simple statements of
how thing moves, but with them predetermination of rocket performance
can be made.
31

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)

Lecture. (Week 1-1)

 I.C. (Internal Combustion) Engines generating power by converting heat

 Fuels, most of which consist of hydrocarbons, requires oxygen in order to

 If fuel combustion occurs in the cylinder itself, the process is called

 I.C. Engines always requires an open cycle, which is characterized as a

 In case of external combustion, the actual working medium remains

Operation of Internal Combustion Engine & Cycles

 Fuel ignition or combustion generates high pressure on the piston which

Petrol Engine Power Cycle

Fig.1. Engine Types

Numbering the cylinder

 It is determined by the engine design, Equal ignition intervals (for

Fig.2. Cylinders numbering of firing order

 The number of working

 The power generated by

 At Ө = 180° , The volume above piston is

Fig.4. Piston Cylinder Parameters

 = − = ∗ (Volume per cycle, C.C (Cubic Centimeter cm3))

 Compression Ratio (r) :- is the ratio of maximum to minimum volume over

 Compression ratio is an important factor in engine performance, increasing

 Higher compression ratio more than (10:1) can be achieved in overhead

- :- Displacement Volume or Swept Volume or Volume Per Cycle.

2- A 4–Stroke, 3 cylinder spark ignition engine of compression ratio 10:1 find

5- (H_W) An Engine of 4–Cylinder, 4–Stroke, Diesel fuel of Compression

 For example an engine of 300 HP may show only 250 HP maximally on

Power Measurement and Break Dynamometer.

* Volumetric Efficiency / used to measure the effectiveness of an engine's induction process,

Fig.7. Total Heat Energy in Fuel

2- An Otto 4-Stroke Engine of 4- cylinder, its bore 69.5 mm , stroke 72 mm ,

5- An Otto Engine of 2 Stroke & 2 cylinders, the mean piston speed

 Main function of an ignition system:-

 Types of ignition systems:-

 Exhaust Back Pressure, is the pressure developed in the exhaust system

Fig. 8. Exhaust Sys. Main Component

(All Dimensions in SI unit System)

2- An Engine of 35 (N-m) Torque at 3200 rpm, Calculate B_hp if its

3- An engine of mechanical efficiency 85%, B_hp = 88 (kW) at 4000 rpm

∗ 9.55 103.529 ∗ 10 ∗ 9.55

- The slower burning diffusion flame is mainly responsible for soot

- To reduce engine noise a pre-combustion and swirl combustion chamber

Basic Diesel Injection System

The Diesel fuel supply system

Fig. 11. Gas Turbine Main Component

 The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a

Fig. 12. Turbo Prop Engine

 When we think of rockets we rarely think of balloons, instead our attention

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