Chapter 4 Design of Rectangular

Beams and One-Way Slabs

• Load factors
• Design of rectangular beams
• One-way slabs
• Cantilever beams and continuous beams
 Load Factors
9.2.1 ― Required strength U shall be at
least equal to the effects of factored
loads. The effect of one or more loads not
acting simultaneously shall be
investigated.
ACI 318M-05
 Load Factors
• Always greater than 1.0
• The required strength U must be equal to or larger
than the largest value of
– U=1.4(D+F)
– U=1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R)
– U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0L or 0.8W)
– U=1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+ 0.5(Lr or S or R)
– U=1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S
– U=0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
– U=0.9D+1.0E+1.6H
• The value calculated in this way is the minimum
requirement
Design of Rectangular Beams
• Beam proportions
• Deflections
• Estimated beam weight
• Selection of bars
• Concrete cover
• Minimum spacing between bars
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Beam Proportions
• Depth to width ratio of a usual beam
section is 1½ to 2 for economical
design
• However, varies depending on the
situation such as
– Span
– Architectural requirement
– Construction limitation
– Structural engineer’s decision
(Conventional units)
(SI units)
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Estimated Beam Weight

• Includes all of the loads in addition to the self
weight
• Inclusion of self weight requires a repetitive
calculation in principle
• However, the change in beam weight usually
does not significantly affect the calculation of
demand
• The change in slab weight due to re-
dimensioning may rather affect
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Selection of Bars
• Provide reinforcing bars equal to or
slight greater than the required quantity
• Use larger number of smaller diameter
bars rather than fewer number of larger
diameter bars for bond strength
• For the sake of workmanship, use fewer
number of bar sizes in a beam
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Concrete Cover
• Required to protect reinforcing bars from the
surrounding environment causing corrosion
• Also required for fire protection
• Defined as the distance from the surface of
concrete to the surface of the first reinforcing
steel
• Requires minimum 40 mm for beams located
inside building
• Requires minimum 20 mm for slabs located
inside building
 Concrete Cover
7.7.1 ― Cast-in-place concrete (nonprestressed)
(a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth : 75
(b) Concrete expose to earth or weather
No. 19 through No. 57 bars : 50
No. 16 bar and smaller : 40
(c) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
No. 43 and No. 57 bars : 40
No. 36 bar and smaller : 20
(d) Beams, columns (primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals : 40
(e) Shells, folded plate members
No. 19 bar and larger : 20
No. 16 bar and smaller : 13
ACI 318M-05
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Minimum Spacing between Bars

• Defined as the clear space (or distance)
between longitudinal bars
• Required for aggregates included in concrete
to freely pass between bars
• Also required for normal bond strength
• Requires minimum 25 mm
• Refer to table B.5 for minimum beam width to
accommodate the given number of bars
 h = d + db/2 + ds + cover

h d

b = 2cover + 2ds + ndb + (n-1)s

Cover and Spacing
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Design Procedure
• Assume that tension steel yields
• Assume a value for the internal lever
arm jd (say, initially j=0.9)
• Calculate
Mu
As,required 
 f y jd

• From As,required , choose an appropriate

number of bars  As,provided
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Design Procedure - 2
• Using As,provided , Calculate a and jd
• Check tensile strain of reinforcing steel
using the strain profile to make sure
tension-controlled beam design
• Calculate
M n  As f y d  a 2 
• Check
M n  M u
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Using Graphs and Tables

• Analysis
– For given , f’c and fy, calculate
Mu  1 f y 
Rn   f y 1  
bd 2
 1.7 f c 

• Design
– For given Mu, calculate Rn and calculate 
or read it from table B.8 and B.9
0.85 f c  2 Rn 
  1 1
fy  0.85 f c 
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Miscellaneous Beam
Considerations
• Lateral support
– Required to prevent lateral torsional buckling
– Almost ignored in RC beams with slab system
• Skin reinforcement for deep beams
– For beams with d  1 m
– At spaces lesser of d/6, 300 mm, 1000Ab/(d-750)
• Further notes on beam sizes
– Use small variations in section of beams in a floor
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Skin Reinforcement of Deep

Beams
 Design of Rectangular Beams

Bundled Bars
• Used for large amount of steel required
in limited sectional dimension
• Up to four bars, if enclosed stirrups or
ties
• Typical configurations are
Example 4.2 Design a rectangular beam for 6.7 m simple
span if a dead load of 14.6 kN/m (not including the beam
weight) and a live load of 29.2 kN/m are to be supported.
Use f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 Mpa.
Beam section dimension assumption:
h  0.1 6700  670  h  700 mm  d  640 mm

b  0.5h  350 mm

beam weight  0.35  0.7  24  5.88 kN / m

Computing wu and Mu:

wu  1.2  14.6  5.88  1.6  29.2  71.3 kN / m
M u  wu L2 8  71.3  6.7 2 8  400.1 kN  m
 Example 4.2 Design a rectangular beam for 6.7 m simple
span if a dead load of 14.6 kN/m (not including the beam
weight) and a live load of 29.2 kN/m are to be supported.
Use f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 Mpa.
Mu 400.1106
Assuming =0.9, Rn    3.1 MPa
bd 2
0.9  350  640 2

0.85 f c  2 Rn  0.85  27.6  2  3.1 

 1 1   1 1   0.00806
fy   
0.85 f c  414  0 .85  27 .6 
 
As ,required  bd  0.00806  350  640  1805.4 mm 2
→ use 3-#29 (As,provided=1935 mm2) → =0.00864
min=0.0033 and max=0.0181 → ductile behavior → =0.9
As f y 1935  414
a   97.6 mm
0.85 f cb 0.85  27.6  350
M n  As f y d  a 2   0.9 1935  414  640  97.6 2 10 6  426.2 kN  m
M n  M u
Example 4.2 Design a rectangular beam for 6.7 m simple
span if a dead load of 14.6 kN/m (not including the beam
weight) and a live load of 29.2 kN/m are to be supported.
Use f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 Mpa.

640 700
3#29 bars

350
Example 4.4 A rectangular beam is to be sized with fy=414
MPa and f’c=20.7 MPa, and =0.18f’c/fy. It is to have a 7.6
m simple span and to support a dead load equal to 29.2
kN/m in addition to its own weight and a live load equal to
43.8 kN/m.
w/o w/beam wt
wu  1.2 D  1.6 L  1.2  29.2  1.6  43.8  105.1 kN / m 114.3 kN / m
w/o w/beam wt
M u  wu L2 / 8  105.1 7.6 2 / 8  759 kN  m  825.4 kN  m

  0.18 f c f y  0.18  20.7 / 414  0.009

From table B.8, Rn=3.38 MPa

M u 759 106
bd 
2
  2.5 108 mm3  b  d  400  800 mm
Rn 0.9  3.38
2.71108 mm3 → 400800 mm say O.K.

With beam weight 7.68 kN/m, load and moment are updated and
the appropriateness of the section checked again.
Example 4.4 A rectangular beam is to be sized with
fy=414 MPa and f’c=20.7 MPa, and =0.18f’c/fy. It is to
have a 7.6 m simple span and to support a dead load in
addition to its own weight equal to 29.2 kN/m and a live
load equal to 43.8 kN/m.
Assume tension steel yields
Assume a value for the internal lever arm jd (say, initially j=0.9)
Calculate the effective depth
d  800  40  10  29 / 2  735.5 mm (#29 assumed)
Required steel quantity
Mu 825.4 106
As,required    3346.5 mm2
 f y jd 0.9  414 0.9  735.5

Use 5-#29 bars  As , provided  3225 mm ;   0.011  0.009

2

400  2  40  2 10  5  29
Spacing check: s   38.75 mm  25 mm
5 1
 Example 4.4 A rectangular beam is to be sized with fy=414
MPa and f’c=20.7 MPa, and =0.18f’c/fy. It is to have a 7.6
m simple span and to support a dead load in addition to its
own weight equal to 29.2 kN/m and a live load equal to
43.8 kN/m.
As f y 3225  414
a   189.7 mm
0.85 f c b 0.85  20.7  400

M n  As f y d  a 2   3225  414  735.5  189.7 2 10 6  855.4 kN  m

1  0.85 
0.05
 f c  28  1  0.85
7
c  a 1  189.7 0.85  223.2 mm
d c 735.5  223.2
 t  0.003   0.003   0.0069  0.005
c 223.2
 tension  controlled section    0.9
 M n  0.9  855.4  769.9 kN  m  M u N.G.
→ increase section size or material strength!
Example 4.4 A rectangular beam is to be sized with fy=414
MPa and f’c=20.7 MPa, and =0.18f’c/fy. It is to have a 7.6
m simple span and to support a dead load in addition to its
own weight equal to 29.2 kN/m and a live load equal to
43.8 kN/m.
Use bh = 450900
wu  1.2 D  1.6 L  1.2  29.2  1.6  43.8  1.2  0.45  0.9  24  116.8 kN / m
M u  wu L2 / 8  116.8  7.6 2 / 8  843 kN  m
d  900  40  10  25 / 2  837.5 mm (#25 assumed)
Mu 843106
As,required    3001.6 mm2
 f y jd 0.9  414 0.9  837.5

Use 6-#25 bars  As , provided  3060 mm 2 ;   0.0081  0.009

450  2  40  2 10  6  25
Spacing check: s  40 mm  25 mm
6 1
Example 4.4 A rectangular beam is to be sized with fy=414
MPa and f’c=20.7 MPa, and =0.18f’c/fy. It is to have a 7.6
m simple span and to support a dead load in addition to its
own weight equal to 29.2 kN/m and a live load equal to
43.8 kN/m.
As f y 3060  414
a   160 mm
0.85 f c b 0.85  20.7  450

M n  As f y d  a 2   3060  414  837.5  160 2 10 6  959.6 kN  m

1  0.85 
0.05
 f c  28  1  0.85
7
c  a 1  160 0.85 188.2 mm
d c 837.5  188.2
 t  0.003   0.003   0.01  0.005
c 188.2
 tension  controlled section    0.9

 M n  0.9  959.6  863.6 kN  m  M u O.K.

Example 4.5 The dimensions of the beam has been
selected for architectural reasons. Determine the
reinforcing steel area by each methods described in this
section.

533 mm 217 kN-m

610 mm 20.7 MPa
414 MPa

76

76 254 76

406 mm
Example 4.5 The dimensions of the beam has been
selected for architectural reasons. Determine the
reinforcing steel area by each methods described in this
section.

Using Table B.8

Mu 217 106
Rn    2.09 MPa    0.00531
bd 2
0.9  406  533 2

As ,required  bd  0.00531 406  533  1148.7 mm 2

Use 3-#22 (As,provided = 1161 mm2)

Example 4.5 The dimensions of the beam has been
selected for architectural reasons. Determine the
reinforcing steel area by each methods described in this
section.

Using formula

Mu 217  106
Rn    2.09 MPa
bd 2
0.9  406  533 2

0.85 f c  2 Rn  0.85  20.7  2  2.09 

 1  1    1  1    0.0054
f y  0.85 f c  414  0 .85  20 .7 
 

As ,required  bd  0.0054  406  533  1168.5 mm 2

Use 3-#22 (As,provided = 1161 mm2)

Example 4.5 The dimensions of the beam has been
selected for architectural reasons. Determine the
reinforcing steel area by each methods described in this
section.
Using trial-and-error method:
Assume jd=0.9d
Mu 217 106
As ,required    1060.8 mm 2
f y jd 0.9  414  0.9  610
Use 3-#22 (As,provided=1161 mm2)
As f y 1161 414 a 67.3
a   67.3 mm  c    79.2 mm
0.85 f cb 0.85  20.7  406 1 0.85

 610  79.2   0.0201  0.005    0.9

0.003
t 
79.2
M n  As f y d  a 2   1161 414  610  67.3 2 10 6  277 kN  m
M n  0.9  277  249.3 kN  m  M u  217 kN  m
 One-Way Slabs
• Supported by two opposite sides only
• Supported by four sides but the long side is
two or more times as long as the short side
• Regarded as rectangular beams with a large
ratio of width to depth
• Assumed to consist of a series of rectangular
beams having unit width arranged in side by
side
 One-way Slab

1m
1m
 One-Way Slabs - 2
• Minimum ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
– 0.002bh up to 350 MPa
– 0.0018bh for 420 MPa
– [(0.0018420)/fy]bh  0.0014bh for fy > 420MPa
• Spacing for shrinkage and temperature bar in
transverse direction is lesser of
– 5 times the slab thickness
– 450 mm
 One-way slabs
7.12.2.2 ― Shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart
than five times the slab thickness, nor farther
apart than 450 mm.
ACI 318M-05
Slab Reinforcement and Concrete
 Example 4.6 Design a one-way slab for the
inside of a building using the span, loads and
other data given below.

LL=9.58 kN/m2
f’c=20.7 MPa
fy=414 MPa
3000 mm

Minimum slab thickness: h  l 20  3000 20  150 mm d  120 mm 

For unit width (usually 1 m wide),

DL  0.15  24  3.6 kN / m 2
wu  1.2  3.6  1.6  9.58  19.6 kN / m 2
M u  wu L2 8  19.6  32 8  22.1 kN  m / m
 Example 4.6 Design a one-way slab for the
inside of a building using the span, loads and
other data given below.
Mu 22.1106
Rn    1.71 MPa
bd 2
0.9 1000 120 2

0.85 f c  2 Rn  0.85  20.7  2 1.71 

 1  1    1  1    0.0044
f y  0.85 f c  414  0. 85  20. 7 
 
min=0.0033 and max=0.0135 (see Table B.7)

As ,required  0.0044 120 1000  528 mm 2 / m

Use #13@250 (As,provided=516 mm2/m)

For transverse reinforcement

As  0.0018bh  0.0018 1000 150  270 mm 2 / m
Use #10@250 (As,provided=284 mm2/m)
Cantilever and Continuous Beams
Example 4.7 All students must have enough
background to comprehend this example.
Therefore, practice this example by yourselves
to be familiar with. Complete the example by
trial-and-error.