You are on page 1of 22

Geographic Information

Systems (GIS)
SUPARCO

Presentation Organisation

1. Conventional Ways to Store Data


• Databases
• Maps
• Databases Vs Maps
2. What is GIS?
3. GIS Inputs
4. Mapping Through GIS
SUPARCO

1. Conventional Ways to Store Data

DATABASES

A collection of data arranged for case & speed of search and retrieved
is called data bank. It is one or more structured sets of persistent
data, usually associated with software to update and query the data.
A simple database might be a single file containing many records or it
comprises tables having fields with specific data structure. The tables
are linked with each other through various common fields in these
tables. It is a logical collection of interrelated information, managed
and stored as a unit, usually on some form of mass storage system
such as magnetic tape or disc. A database is one component of a
database management system.
SUPARCO

Conventional Ways to Store Data

MAPS

“An abstract representation of the physical features of a portion of


the earth’s surface graphically displayed on a planar surface. Maps
display signs, symbols and spatial relationship among the features”
or “A Facility for displaying interpretation of geographic information
on a flat surface.” Location information describes the position of a
particular geographic feature on earth's surface & provides the basis
for representing spatial relationships between these features.
The relationship that exist between a distance on a map and the
corresponding distance on the earth. It may be expressed as an
equivalence, one inch equals 16 statute miles; as a fraction or ratio,
1:1, 1,000,000; or as a bar graph subdivided to show the distance
that each of its parts represents on earth.
SUPARCO

Conventional Ways to Store Data


DATABASES Vs MAPS

Strong Point: Strong Point:


Very good for Very good for visual
Searching Interpretation

Weak Point: Weak Point:


Bad for visual Bad for searching
Interpretation
SUPARCO

WHAT IF
THE TWO
COULD BE LINKED?
SUPARCO
2. What is GIS?

The automated Searching


of a conventional
database gets Visual
Interpretation through its
connectivity with Map!
SUPARCO

THAT’S WHAT WE CALL

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
SUPARCO

DEFINITION

GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing,

manipulating and displaying geographically referenced information

i.e. data identified according to their locations. Practitioners also

regard that total GIS includes operating personnel and the data that

goes into the system.


GIS - Today
SUPARCO

Geographic
Information
Technology
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs

• Survey Maps

• Remote Sensing Data

• Field Sampling Data

• Statistical Data
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs
SURVEY MAPS

• The term map refers to a


data set which contains
accurate information about
features on the surface of
Earth

• Map data have two


principal components:
geometry and attributes
(annotations)
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs
REMOTE SENSING DATA

In order to produce map


from satellite image it is
necessary to
•Define the geometry of the
image
• It must be converted into
a suitable GIS format
• The theme be selected in
which the end user is
interested
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs

FIELD SAMPLING DATA

• GIS is a versatile tool, its main potential lies in its data analysis
capability

• Only the map data are not sufficient for analysis purposes

•Attribute data are also included in a GIS based study / project to


make it a more smart and intelligent system

• Field Sampling data are also a part of GIS that makes the GIS
based study more meaningful and authentic
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs

SOURCES OF FIELD SAMPLING DATA

• Global Positioning System (GPS) is most widely used for collecting


field data. It not only gives accurate position measurements but is
also a good source for attribute data collection

• Conventional survey data can also be incorporated in a GIS


database like; soil survey data including pH, phosphorous,
potassium, electrical conductivity etc. to make the database more
useful
SUPARCO

GIS Inputs
STATISTICAL DATA
GIS analytical capabilities can also be used to analyse Statistical
data like:

• Demographic Data

• Education & Health

• Agricultural Data

• Gross National Product (GNP)

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• Census Record

• Hydrological Data
SUPARCO

INPUTS
9 Survey Maps

9 Remote Sensing Data

9 Field Sampling Data

9 Statistical Data
SUPARCO

4. Mapping through GIS

The information conveyed by a map can be said to be represented


graphically as a set of map components. Location information on a
map is represented by:

• Points, for features such as site locations or electric poles

• Lines, for features such as streams, roads or contour lines

• Areas, for features such as lakes, political boundaries or soil units


SUPARCO

Mapping through GIS

POINT FEATURE
A point feature is represented by a single location that defines a map
object whose boundary or shape is too small to be represented by a line
or an area. A special symbol or label often depicts a point location.
LINE FEATURE
A line feature is a set of ordered coordinates which connect to represent
the linear shape of a map object that is too narrow to be displayed as an
area. Or, it could be a feature which has no width such as a contour
line.
AREA FEATURE
An area feature is described by a closed boundary which encloses a
homogenous area, such as a lake or a park.
SUPARCO

Mapping through GIS


GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
SUPARCO

Mapping through GIS

MAP SCALE

Map scale is the extent of reduction required to display a portion of

the earth's surface on a map. It is expressed as a ratio of the

distance on the map page to the distance on the ground.


SUPARCO

Thank You

You might also like