Heat Transfer Extended Surface

Extended
Surface Heat
Transfer -
Analytical
Note:
Note:The
Theextended
extendedsurface
surfaceheatheat
transfer
transfer in the plates along theback
in the plates along the backofof
this
this stegosaurus (and in the earsof
stegosaurus (and in the ears of
elephants)
elephants)isisan activeprocess
anactive process
involving
involving longitudinaltransport
longitudinal transportof ofheat
heat
via blood flow. In what follows
via blood flow. In what follows
CONDUCTION
CONDUCTIONisisthe theonly
only mechanism
mechanism
for
for heat transfer alongthe
heat transfer along thesolid
solidfin.
fin.
Farlow,
Farlow,J.O.,
J.O.,Thompson,
Thompson,C.V.
C.V.and
andRosner,
Rosner,D.E.,
D.E.,“Plates
“Platesofof
the
theDinosaur
DinosaurStegosaurus:
Stegosaurus:Forced
ForcedConvection
ConvectionHeat
HeatLoss
Loss
Fins?” Science,192,
Fins?”Science, 192,No.
No.4244,
4244,pp.
pp.1123-25,
1123-25,June
June1976.
1976. 1
Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 1
Extended Surface Heat Transfer - Fins
Add this additional
surface area!
Ts -T∞ ⎛ ΔT ⎞
q= =
1 ⎝ R conv ⎟⎠
⎜
hA
If increasing the surface temperature (Ts) or the

convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is not practical,
then increase A by adding fin or array of fins. Of course
you are adding conductive resistance at the same time. 2
Analyze Fins as “1-D” Systems –
T = T(x)
(Obviously there also has to
be conduction in the other
(lateral) directions to get the
qconv heat out to the surface, but T
is mainly a function of position
along the fin.)
x
Qcond -in Qcond - out
qconv
qconv
3
Energy Balance on Differential
Length:
incond - outcond - outconv = 0.0 (no storage, no generation)

dT ⎛ dT d ⎛ dT ⎞ ⎞
-kA c - ⎜ -kA c + ⎜ -kA c ⎟ dx ⎟ - hdA s ( T - T∞ ) = 0
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠
where:
dAs= surface area of element (for convection)
Ac= cross-sectional area (for conduction along metal)

T∞= fluid temperature
4
Assume k = constant, shrink dx to 0.0:
d ⎡ dT ⎤ h dA s
⎢ Ac ⎥ - ( T-T∞ ) = 0
dx ⎣ dx ⎦ k dx
Often f(x) - as in tapered fins and annular fins.
Above equation applies to any 1-D geometry

with h and k assumed constant, including
those having areas that are functions of x.
5
Example: Straight Fin of
Uniform Cross-Section
Ac = cross-sectional area = const.
dA s = P = Perimeter
dx
2
“Fin Equation”
d T hP
2
- ( T-T∞ ) = 0
dx kA c
2
m2 =
hP
θ ≡ T-T∞
dθ 2
Let
kA c
,
2
- m θ =0
dx
temperature
excess 6
Take Closer Look at Fin
Equation for Straight Pin of
Uniform Cross-Section
hP Notice
Noticehow
howthe
theconvective
convectiveheatheat transfer
transfercoefficient
m2 = (h),
(h),thermal
thermalconductivity
conductivity(k)
(k)and
andgeometric
coefficient
kA c quantities
quantities(perimeter
(perimeter and
geometric
andcross-sectional
cross-sectionalarea)
area) are
are
grouped together in the m 22parameter.
grouped together in the m parameter.
2
dθ 2
2
-mθ= 0 Without convection from the exposed sides
dx of the fin (h = 0), the temperature profile
would be linear. Big values of m2 (h large, k
small, etc.) cause curvature of the
temperature profile, driving the temperature
excess to 0 in a short distance.
7
Straight Pin of Uniform Cross-
Section
2
dθ 2
2
-mθ =0
dx
λx
To solve this O.D.E. assume: θ = θo e
2 λx 2 λx
λ θo e -m θo e =0
λ=± m
+mx -mx
θ= C1e +C2 e
8
Need Two Boundary Conditions:
• Base (root) Temp: θ ( 0 ) = Tb -T∞ =θ b
• Tip End: 4 possibilities:

dT
hA c [ T(L) - T∞ ] = -kA c
– a. Convection dx x=L

– b. Adiabatic: dθ
=0
dx x=L (What
(Whatgets
getsconducted
conducted
to
tothe
thefar
farend
endgoes
goesout
out
– c. Prescribed Temperature the
theend
endbybyconvection)
convection)
– d. Infinite Length θ x=L = θ t

9
Solutions
• For straight fin of uniform cross-section, all four
possibilities have analytical solutions for the
temperature distribution as function of x. They are
tabulated in textbooks.
• Solutions for triangular fins, annular fins found in

terms of Bessel functions and just the efficiency is
graphed (as on next slide). The efficiency and other
measures of fin performance are discussed under
“Performance Measures.”
• Easy to do same analysis with computer using

numerical techniques. This is how module solves the
governing heat balance equations.
10
Example: Annular Fins
AAchart
chartlike
likethis
thisis
isbetter
betterthan
than
having
havingto
toevaluate
evaluatethe
the
solution
solutionyourself,
yourself,but
butis
isstill
still
tedious and doesn’t give
tedious and doesn’t give
much
muchinsight.
insight.
Figure
Figureout
outx,
x,the
thefin
finparameter,
parameter,and
and
the
theradius
radiusratio.
ratio. Then
Thenpick
pickthe
thefin
fin
efficiency
efficiency(more
(moreabout
aboutwhich
whichlater)
later)
off this chart.
off this chart.
Numerical Solution for Heat
Transfer in a Fin
• In an analytical solution we solve the ODE that
came about from applying a heat balance to a
differential length of fin. For an analytical solution
we usually use pencil and paper. We may use a
computer to evaluate the analytical expression
and view the solution.
• In a numerical solution we write a control volume
energy balance for a finite-sized (but small)
volume, apply that same balance to a
representative number of volumes and then use
the computer to solve the resulting system of
linear equations. 12
Numerical Solution for Heat
Transfer in a Fin (cont.)
• In a numerical solution we do not find the functional form
of the solution (i.e., in terms of hyperbolic sines, Bessel
functions, etc.)
• We do compute the numbers corresponding to the

temperature distribution AND CAN VIEW THE
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION READILY for any 1-D
geometry. With these numbers we can find any of the
other measures of fin performance.
• As long as we can compute the cross-sectional area for

conduction and the exposed surface area as a function of
x, then we can use the same algorithm for any 1-D
geometry.
13
In this illustration the length of the Note
Notethat
thatfor
foraastraight
straightfin
finof
ofuniform
uniformcross-
cross-
section,
section, the orange resistors would allhave
the orange resistors would all havethe
the
fin is chopped up (discretized) same value. Similarly the blue ones representing
same value. Similarly the blue ones representing
into 7 representative volumes. A convective
convectiveresistance
resistancewould
wouldallallbe
bethe
thesame
same
except
except for the ones at the base and tip,where
for the ones at the base and tip, wherethethe
real calculation would use many area
area for convection is different. In moregeneral
for convection is different. In more general
more. cases,
cases,including
includingannular
annularand andtriangular
triangularfins,
fins,all
all
these resistors would have different values.
these resistors would have different values.
Base (T fixed) Tip
Analogous
Analogous
electrical
electricalcircuit
circuit
The orange resistors represent conductive
resistance along the fin itself; the blue ones
represent convective resistance between the
14
exposed surface and the fluid.
A typical control volume energy balance:
Tip

⎛ Ti - Ti-1 ⎞ ⎛ Ti+1 - Ti ⎞
-k 1 Ac 1 ⎜ ⎟ - ( - ) k 1 Ac 1 ⎜ ⎟
i-
2
i-
2 ⎝
Δx ⎠ i +
2
i +
2 ⎝
Δx ⎠

- hApi ( Ti -T∞ ) = 0.0
i.e., conduction in through the left –
conduction out through the right –
convection from the surface = 0.0
Note
Note that
that the
the areas
areas for
for conduction
conduction (Ac)(Ac) and
and that
that for
for convection
convection
(Ap)
(Ap) may be functions of position along the fin. That allows
may be functions of position along the fin. That allows the
the
algorithm to be used for any 1-D fin geometry.
algorithm to be used for any 1-D fin geometry. The thermal The thermal
conductivity
conductivity (k)(k) and
and the
the convective
convective heatheat transfer
transfer coefficient
coefficient (h)
(h)
could
could also
also vary
vary with
with x,
x, but
but that
that feature
feature is
is not
not implemented
implemented here.
here. 15
More Notes
• Note that Fourier’s Law of Conduction and Newton’s
Law of Cooling are used to quantify the conduction
and convection terms, respectively.
• Consistent with the electrical analogy, the energy

balance equation on previous slide can be rearranged
easily so that each term looks like a potential
difference over a resistance.
• The base (root) temperature is usually fixed; at the tip

there will one convection term and only one
conduction term. (This is consistent with tip
condition “a” in the analysis slides.)
16
Still More Notes
• Since each temperature in turn depends on
that of its neighbors to the left and right and
only those, a tri-diagonal system of linear
equations results. This system is solved
easily with the Thomas algorithm.
• Once the temperature distribution has been

found, the other usual measures of fin
performance (next section), i.e., efficiency,
effectiveness and net resistance may be
computed.
17
Extended
Surface Heat
Transfer –
Performance
Measures
18
Fin Efficiency
• Defined as ratio of actual heat transfer to
that which would occur if the entire fin was
at the temperature of the base.
qf
η≡
hA f θb total surface area of fin
• Fin efficiency is usually graphed for various
geometries as a function of a fin parameter.
• Its magnitude can be easily estimated from

the temperature distribution along the fin.
19
Fin Efficiency: an Example
(The
(Thegeometries
geometriesareareidentical,
identical,so
so
the blue fin is covered by the red
the blue fin is covered by the red
one
onein
inthis
thisscaled
scalededge
edgeview.)
view.)
These
Thesetwotwofins
finsare
areidentical
identicalexcept
exceptthat
thatthe
theconvection
convectioncoefficient
coefficientforforthe
thered
red
fin
finis
is100
100times
timesthat
thatofofthe
theblue.
blue. The
Theheat
heatconducted
conductedalong
alongthe
thered
redfin
finisisreadily
readily
carried away from its surface. Therefore the temperature in the
carried away from its surface. Therefore the temperature in the red fin drops red fin drops
very
veryrapidly
rapidly to tonearly
nearlythat
thatof
ofthe
thefluid;
fluid;i.e.,
i.e., much
muchofofits
itslength
lengthis iswasted.
wasted. The The 20
red fin efficiency is thus very low compared to that of
red fin efficiency is thus very low compared to that of the blue.the blue.
A Mathematical Aside: Use the ODE for a
Straight Fin of Uniform Cross-section to
Explain the Curves to the Right:
d2θ 2
2
- m θ =0
dx
hP
m2 = , θ =T - T∞
k Ac
21
Another Measure of Performance:
Fin Effectiveness
• Defined as ratio of fin heat transfer

rate to the heat transfer that would
exist without the fin.
qf
εf =
hA c,b θb
Fin cross-sectional
area at its base.
22
Note: Neither Fin Efficiency nor
Fin Effectiveness Should Be
Maximized in a Design!
• You can increase the efficiency of a particular
fin by decreasing its length – removing it!
• You can increase the effectiveness of a
particular fin by increasing its length –
indefinitely! Computed
Computedresults
results
• So what should
for a spine
for a spine
(cylindrical
(cylindricalpin)
pin)fin
fin
with
with k = 200W/mK,
k = 200 W/mK,
you maximize?*
2
hh==20
20W/m
W/m K,
K, 2
diameter
diameter==.005m.
.005m.
*Give
*Giveup?
up? See,
See,e.g.,
e.g.,Bejan,
Bejan,A.,
A.,
Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York
Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York
(1993),
(1993),pp
pp65-67.
65-67. 23
Fin Resistance – Use with DC Network
Analogy for complicated systems
⎛ Watts ⎞ q(Watts)
Q⎜ ⎟ = hA base ε =hA finη =
⎝ K ⎠ ΔT(K)
effectiveness efficiency
⎛ I 1⎞
⎜ E = IR = ⎟
E R⎠
Note:
Note: efficiency,
efficiency,
⎝ effectiveness,
effectiveness, fin
fin
resistance
resistance and
and QQ are
are all
all
1 1 1 reported
reported byby extended
extended
R fin = = = surface
surface module.
module.
Q hA base ε hA finη
24
(Reported by program for a single fin)
When To Add Fins:
1. Take analytical expression corresponding to
Case a. - convection at end.
2. Differentiate it with respect to L (length).
3. If q increases with L, then fin advantageous.
4. If q decreases with L, than advantageous to

remove.
b
1
5. If derivative taken and set to 0.0: = 2
h k
25
Interpret this physically:
b
1 2
b =
h k
x
convective
resistance conductive
resistance of
plane wall equal
to 1/2 the fin
thickness
26
This suggests using the Biot
modulus as a guideline:
• Bi = hb/k < 2 is a good rule of thumb
as to when to add fins.
• Generally implies that:

– h low - as with gases
– b low - make fin thin
– k high - make fins out of metals
27
Performance
of Fin Arrays
28
Performance of a Multi-finned Array
For a proprietary (and geometrically complicated) heat
sink like the one shown at the top right on the previous
slide (used with a Pentium® processor), the effective
resistance of the whole array may be made available by
the manufacturer.* Then:
ΔT K
=[ W ]
The
Theresistance
resistancevalue
value
q= = supplied
suppliedfor
for the
theheat
heat sink
sink
R ⎡K ⎤ [K/W]
[K/W]may
thermal
maybe beused
thermalcircuit
usedin
circuitfor
inaa
forthe
the
⎢⎣ W ⎥⎦ overall
overall configuration.
configuration.
** Probably
Probablywithout
withoutmuch
muchspecificity
specificityas
asto
to
the
theconditions
conditionsunder
underwhich
whichititwas
wastested!
tested! 29
For Simpler Configurations Performance
Measures for a Single Fin Can Be Used to
Estimate the Performance of a Multi-fin Array
The same convection coefficient (h) is usually applied both to the
fins and to the remaining area of the base not covered by a fin.
Then:
q = hA unfinned ( Tb -T∞ ) + NhηA fin ( Tb -T∞ )

NNfins
finseach
eachhaving
havingaafin finefficiency
efficiencyeta
etaand
and
surface
surfacearea
areaAAfin are acting in parallel with
fin are acting in parallel with
the
theremaining
remainingunfinned
unfinnedsurface.
surface.
1 Question:
Question:Why Whydoes
does
∴
the
thefin
finresistance
=hA unfinned +NhηA fin
resistance
appear
appear NOTto
NOT to
Reff
depend on
depend on thethe
thermal
thermalconductivity
conductivity
of
of the materialfrom
the material from
which it is made? 30
which it is made?
The Fin Effectiveness Can Just as
Easily Be Used as the Fin Efficiency:
q = hA unfinned ( Tb - T∞ ) + NhεA fin base ( Tb - T∞ )

1
∴ = hA unfinned + NhεA fin base
Reff So
Sothe
theeffective
effective
resistance
resistancefound
foundusing
using
the effectiveness
the effectiveness isis
A finη identical
identicaltotothat
thatgiven
given
ε= in
in the expressionon
the
the expression
previous slide
on
A fin base the previous slide
using
usingthe
theefficiency.
efficiency.
Note:
Note:AAunfinned + NA base == AAbase total
unfinned + NA fin
fin base base total
31
Using a single value of “h” for a whole fin
array or even a single fin is quite a stretch
• The convection coefficient for the fins
at the upstream end is clearly much
higher than it is for those fins in their
wake.
• You would say that the “efficiency” of
the upstream fins is much lower than
those downstream (because their
temperature has dropped off so much
more). (Here white is hottest; dark red
is coolest.)
• This fin array presents an obstacle to
the flow and you might want to install
a “shroud” to force the flow to go
straight through instead of being
diverted around it.
• Compare to flow over a tube bank
where each row of tubes is in the
wakes of previous tubes.
“Polynomial” Fins
• The Httextnd module includes these basic
geometries:
– Straight, rectangular fins of finite width
– Cylindrical pin fins
– Annular fins with rectangular profile
– 2-D triangular fins
• The “Polynomial Fin” option greatly extends

the capability
– You can analyze a wide variety of fins whose
profile is described by a polynomial

The fin is considered to be symmetric
when viewed from the side so the
thickness is actually twice y'.
• X = 0 is the root, x = L is the tip
• User supplies one or more of the numerical
coefficients (a-f in the input box seen below)
1
2 3
⎛ y⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ x ⎛ x⎞ 3
y' ⎜ = ⎟ = a + b ⎜ 1- ⎟ + c ⎜ 1- ⎟ + d ⎜ 1- ⎟ + e 1- + f ⎜ 1- ⎟
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠ L ⎝ L⎠
y’
y’ is
isnon-dimensionalized
non-dimensionalized
by
bythethelength
lengthof
ofthe
thefin!
fin!

This Fin has a Trapezoidal Profile
Inputs
Inputsfor
forthe
thepolynomial
polynomialare arenon-
non-
dimensionalized
dimensionalizedby bythe
thelength
lengthofof
the
thefin.
fin. The
Thefin
finto
tothe
theright
righthas
hasaa XX==0.0
0.0
uniform
uniformhalf-thickness
half-thicknessequal equalto
to XX==LL
10%
10%of ofthe
thelength
length++aalinear
lineartaper
taper .10
.10
.10
.10
corresponding
correspondingto toaa10%10%slope.
slope.
The
Thetotal
totalthickness
thicknessat at the
thebase
baseis is
thus
thus40%
40%of ofthe
thefin
finlength.
length.
1.0
1.0
The
The inputs
inputs on
on the
the main
main sheet,
sheet,
including
including for
for this
this particular
particular fin
fin
the
the length
length and
and width,
width, DO
DO have
have
dimensions.
dimensions.

This heat sink has 48 finite-width fins,
each having a trapezoidal profile
End
EndView
Viewof ofone
onerow
row (Ignore
(Ignorethe
the
rounding
roundingofofthe
thetips
tipsand
andthat
thatthe
thefirst
first
and
andlast
last ones
onesare
arenot
not symmetric)
symmetric)

A Parabolic (Concave) Fin
with a Blunt Tip
At
Atbase
base(root)
(root) the
the
thickness
thicknessadds
addsto to
2*(0.1
2*(0.1++ 0.2)
0.2) == 0.6
0.6

A Convex Pin (Spine)
(Axisymmetric) Fin

Heat Transfer Extended Surface

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Heat Transfer Extended Surface

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Extended

If increasing the surface temperature (Ts) or the

Qcond -in Qcond - out

Ac= cross-sectional area (for conduction along metal)

Often f(x) - as in tapered fins and annular fins.

Above equation applies to any 1-D geometry

• Tip End: 4 possibilities:

– d. Infinite Length θ x=L = θ t

• Solutions for triangular fins, annular fins found in

• Easy to do same analysis with computer using

• We do compute the numbers corresponding to the

• As long as we can compute the cross-sectional area for

Base (T fixed) Tip

• Consistent with the electrical analogy, the energy

• The base (root) temperature is usually fixed; at the tip

• Once the temperature distribution has been

• Its magnitude can be easily estimated from

• Defined as ratio of fin heat transfer

2. Differentiate it with respect to L (length).

3. If q increases with L, then fin advantageous.

4. If q decreases with L, than advantageous to

• Generally implies that:

q = hA unfinned ( Tb -T∞ ) + NhηA fin ( Tb -T∞ )

q = hA unfinned ( Tb - T∞ ) + NhεA fin base ( Tb - T∞ )

• The “Polynomial Fin” option greatly extends

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 33

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 34

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 35

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 36

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 37

Heat Transfer Today - rjr HTTextnd 38

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