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269 MBay,I894. MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. Vol. ix, No. 5. 270

in this. But we can go fartherthan this in the For the s/Zikih it seems as if we could al-
explanationi of Zeber. Kluge, s. v., gives a most go back to its physiological origin. The
Germanic '-vowel, and this *lib- may derive tongue makes no more characteristic noise
from lighw-, and its -r suffix be a remnant of than the implosive sound produced by fitting
the old lost word for ' liver' corresponding to the tongue close to the palate, and then draw-
Lat. jecur. This treatment of g/z_wIjh is seen ing it very suddenly down. I have made the
also in Ger. abentd; Eng. even-(ing): Sk. ahan- sound for a number of people and have asked
'day' (cf. supra). We have a similar treat- them to pronounce it. The invariable answer
ment of -t- in Ger. Eben, Eng. even: Lat. has been 'click.' The Aryan explosive
aequus. The gradation is alIai. rendering of this implosive sound was "li,h.
If we may regard German lende 'loins' as The meaning 'lick' was subsequent to 'tongue.'
borrowed fromSlavic we have an explanation I attempt to bridge the connection of noun
to our hands for 0. Bulg. ledzev'as a bit of and verb in my studies in Agglutination which
conservation and adaptation. Ledwzu means will be summarized in the Proceedings of Ikie
'kidneys,' 'loins.' If the association of liver, Ami. Or. Soc. for I894.
lungs, heart and kidneys in the haslet with the EDWIN W. FAY.
ITIashinglonand Lee Unziv.
tongue as a generally similar and edible in-
meat be a natural one, so we might expect
'kidneys' to be linguistically corrected with "EARTH UPON EARTH."
'tongue.' The nasalisation in ledwi may THE stanzas published by Dr. W. P. Reeves
have been the firststage in the affectionof the under the title " Earth upon Earth " in MOD.
early Slavic representationi of likl/; and -dwl LANG. NOTES forApril (ix, 204) consist of two
for *-gw! is possibly an affection from jfdro distilnctdocuments: (i) the poem " Earth upon
'testiculus, 'jeiro 'liver.' In Lat. Iiunbi 'loins,' Earth " (seveln stanzas, twenty-eight verses),
'genital organs,' we hiave, perhaps, the same and (2) the lines " Whoo soo hiymbethowght,"
development of meaninlg. For the group -mb- etc. (vv. 29-31 in Dr. Reeves's numbering).
cf. lainzboabov7e. The second of these documents was long
I note, finally,that in 0. BL1Ig. jetro we have, ago published by Thomas Wright, 'Rel. Ant.,'
perhaps, the original Aryan word for liver. i, 235-236 (repeated in Matzner, 'Altengl.
From Sk. yadkrl Gen. yakna's, Gr. Gen. Sprachpr., Poesie,' p. 51). Bede in Dr.
717rcro5,we call assunme an early Slavic je- Reeves's text is not " prayer," as he interprets
knz-t-and a je-kr. These, by contamination, it, but a bad formfor bedde. In several other
would result in a stem jir-. Cf. Lat. jeci1z- particular-s Wright's text (Arundel MS. 292)
oris. likilosich, s. v., refers the form to Gr. furniishesbetter readilngs than those of the
,E1-r-pov 'in'ards,' as a borrowing. Stratford scroll. A similar scrap is in 'Rel.
Perhaps, 0. Bulg. lit-gali'lie,' ought to be Ant.' i, i6o.
referredto lukh/w-<(g)ogIzw. We might then The poem "Earth ulponI Eartlh" lhas been
explain Gothic lug-itin 'we lied,' lzugans 'lying' several tillmespublished. The Stratford text
as borrowed words, to which the formsliugaiu, is given by Longfellow (apparenitlyfiom R. B.
etc., have been ainalogically created. T he Wheler, 'History and Anitiquiitiesof Strat-
sematology involved is that of Germ. Zituzgeiz ford-upon-Avon,' p. 98)' in 'Outre-Mer' (Pare
defined by Sanider's Wbrt., s. v.: Schilaigen- i See Xotes anzd Queries, 3rd Ser., i, 389,
haft falsch sein und wirken, inam: von einer I have not seen Bateman's voIlme. The title-page, as
hinter scheinbarer Harnmlosigkeitsich beweg- given in the British Museum Catalogue, runs " The Five
enden lauernden Bosheit. The much-talkecl- Wounds of Christ. A Poem. From an ancient Parchment
Roll. By William Billyng. Alanchester, i8I4." The
of Euripidean line, 'Hipp.' 612:
volume is a quarto and btt fortycopies were printed. Dr.
C y?& aj661 Wl ?Xt
0J$1,6p/o,y ppiv da'c6Y,lloro5, Furnivall, with much probability, conjectures that Billynlg
was the copier not the author of " The Five Wounds " and
is commonily warped to this sense. English the other pieces (including " Earth upon Earth ") fotundin
the roll (see his remarks in Notes and Queries, 4th Ser., iii,
two-tongued may also be brouglhtin evidence,
I03). As to the MS., wvhich Bateman dates " about the
and Sk. jihznd- means 'false,' ' treacherous.' reign of Henry V.," see Jewitt, id., p. 229.

I35
271 May, 1894. MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. Vol. ix, No 5 272

la Chaise, note). Another text was edited by 'Rel. Ant.,' i, 56, from Harl. MS. 3810 (fif
William Bateman in i814. From Bateman, teenithcentury); cf. also ' Rel. Ant.' i, 233.
Montgomery reprinted the poem in his
G. L. KITTREDGE.
'Christian Poet,' 3d ed., p. 58 (see Notes and Harvar-d University.
Queries, Ist Ser., viii, iio). Robert Thorn- (April I2, 1894.)
ton's MS. (about 1440) contains a version cor-
responding in general to the first five stanzas 7TEA T- YURSE.
of the Stratford text. Thornton's copy has
ONCE upon a time there was a school-mistress
been twice printed (in Perry, 'Religious Pieces
whose sense of humor had not been entirely
in Prose and Verse,' E. E. T. S., i867, no. x,
destroyed by the necessity of posing five hours
p. 95, and in the revised edition of the same,
a day as an oracle. In a fit of disgust at the
I889, p. 96). A longer version consisting of
unthinking way in which " facts " are received
twelve stanzas has been edited by Furnivall
and spread a,broad, she turned suddenly upon
(' Hymns to the Virgin,' etc., E. E. T. S., i867,
her pupils-several of whom had forsome time
pp. 88-go) from Lambeth MS. 853. The Lam-
been brandishing their arms and calling, in a
beth version has all the Stratford stanzas.
stage whisper, " Teacher, teacher" I-and
Parts of "Earth tipon Earth" have been rather
said to them: " Now, children, which do you
often utilized as epitaphs (see Notes and
think is the right pronunciatioin, teacher or
Queries, Ist Ser., vii, 577, viii, 575; 3rd Ser.,
IeaI-yure?" And the class, with one voice,
i, 389, ii, 55; Milledulcia, i857, p. 258).
uinhesitatinglyresponded: "Teat-yure! "
A much older English poem on the same
How could they answer otherwise? Had
subject, with the corresponding Latin ("Terram
they not been carefully taught to say nale-
per injuriam cum terra lucratur "), has been at
yure, fort-yune, ed-yucate-clumsy combi-
least twice printed (from MS. Harl. 913),-by
nations which they had never heard from any
Wright, 'Rel. Ant.,' ii, 2i6-2i8; by Furniivall,
'Early English Poems and Lives of Saints,' human being outside of the school-room?
Philol. Soc., i862, pp. I50-152. There are Were they not forced to the conclusion that
some striking resemblances between this and the pronunciation which nobody ever uses is
" Earth upon Earth," and it is not improbable invariably the correct onie? And, in poinit of
that the earlier poem inspired the later. fact, why is tea/-yure so much worse than.
Of the three Latin leonines cited by Dr. feat-yure? From the historical and the pho-
Reeves (col. 205)- nological standpoint one is as justifiable as the
other; the two are equally harmonious; and,
Sede se[de]ns istajudex inflexibilis sta
as forusage, the preference forfeacher, among
Sit tibi lucerna lex lux pellisque paterna
A manibus reuoces munus ab aure preces- cultivated speakers, is scarcely less marked
than the predilection for teacher.
the following verses are evidently a trans- A hulndred years ago orthoepists really at-
lation: tached some importance to the practice of
gis 2 is gi sete, domes man, good speakers. Sheridan (178o), Walker
sif rihtful dom gif gow kan; (I79J), and even Smart (1836) prescribe the ck
Wiht ,gin hond tak gow no gifte, sound in feature, natural, nature, virtuous,
Ne forbisekiug doi non unriht; etc.; and Walker gives the j sound in educate.
Lawe and llht is Xi faderis fel, But later dictionary-makers have genierally
Loke on gat and deme wel ! been inclined to follow their oWJ1arbitrary
-'Rel. Ant.,' ii, 120 (from Harl. MS. 23I6). notions, or the vagaries of their colleagues,
The second stanza of the Scottish poem rather than the good examples they must have
printed by Dr. Reeves in col. 206 corresponds had about them. The best and most recent
to st. i of the "Song" edited by Halliwell, publications are not satisfactoryin this respect.
Murray purposely and confessedly gives the
2 For b Wright prints g in his extracts from this manu- preference everywhere to the more artificial
script. forms; the 'Century' dodges the question by

136

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