Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transmission Lines
Fall 2018
Zg
A B
+
~ Sending-end Receiving-end
Vg Transmission line ZL
port port
A' B'
Generator circuit Load circuit
A i B
+ +
+ R
Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
C
A' l B'
A i B
+ +
+ R
Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
C
A' l B'
A i B
+ +
+ R
Vg VAA' Transmission line VBB'
C
A' l B'
Dispersionless line
Metal Metal w
2b
2a d
h
D
Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing Dielectric spacing
(a) Coaxial line (b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line
h
Metal ground plane
Dielectric spacing Metal ground plane Dielectric spacing
Dielectric spacing
(d) Strip line (e) Microstrip line (f) Coplanar waveguide
Metal
Concentric
dielectric
layers
Parallel-wire representation
✤z ✤z ✤z ✤z
✤z ✤z ✤z ✤z
Each section is represented by an equivalent circuit
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
Apply KVL
∂i(z, t)
v(z, t) − R′ ∆zi(z, t) − L′ ∆z − v(z + ∆z, t) = 0
∂t
Take the limit as ∆z → 0
∂v(z, t) ∂i(z, t)
− = R′ i(z, t) + L′
∂z ∂t
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
Apply KCL
∂v(z + ∆z, t)
i(z, t) − G ′ ∆zv(z + ∆z, t) − C ′ ∆z − i(z + ∆z, t) = 0
∂t
Take the limit as ∆z → 0
∂i(z, t) ∂v(z, t)
− = G ′ v(z, t) + C ′
∂z ∂t
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
∂v(z, t) ∂i(z, t)
− = R′ i(z, t) + L′
∂z ∂t
∂i(z, t) ∂v(z, t)
− = G ′ v(z, t) + C ′
∂z ∂t
G' ✤ z C' ✤ z
✂(z, t) ✂(z+✤ z, t)
✤z
dVe (z)
− = (R′ + jωL′ )eI (z)
dz
de
I (z) e (z)
− = (G ′ + jωC ′ )V
dz
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e✁✂✄ Incident wave
Vg ZL
(V0✁, I0✁)e✂✄ Reflected wave
☎
Combine two first-order coupled equations into two uncoupled second-order
equations. Take d/dz
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e✁✂✄ Incident wave
Vg ZL
(V0✁, I0✁)e✂✄ Reflected wave
☎
Substitute for d e e (z)/dz
I (z)/dz and d V
d 2Ve (z)
− (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )Ve (z) = 0
dz 2
d 2e
I (z)
− (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )e
I (z) = 0
dz 2
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e✁✂✄ Incident wave
Vg ZL
(V0✁, I0✁)e✂✄ Reflected wave
☎
p
Wave equations with γ = (R′ + jωL′ )(G ′ + jωC ′ )
d 2Ve (z)
− γ2V e (z) = 0
dz 2
d 2e
I (z)
− γ 2e
I (z) = 0
dz 2
The complex propagation constant, γ = α + jβ, consists of the real part α,
attenuation constant, and imaginary part β, phase constant
Zg
+ (V0+, I0+)e✁✂✄ Incident wave
Vg ZL
(V0✁, I0✁)e✂✄ Reflected wave
☎
Where γ is called the complex propagation constant. It consists of a real part
α, attenuation constant, and imaginary part β, phase constant. The solution
e (z) = V0 e γz . We can also have a solution with a
will be exponential, V
negative exponent, Ve (z) = V0 e −γz . The total solution contains both
e (z) = V + e −γz + V − e γz
V 0 0
e
I (z) = I + e −γz + I − e γz
0 0
e (z) = V + e −γz + V − e γz
V 0 0
e (z)
dV + −γz
− = γ V0 e − V0− e γz
dz
and substitute
dVe (z)
− = (R′ + jωL′ )e
I (z)
dz
γ V0+ e −γz − V0− e γz = (R′ + jωL′ )eI (z)
γ + −γz
e
I (z) = ′ V0 e − V0− e γz
R + jωL ′
compare with
e
I (z) = I0+ e −γz + I0− e γz
or
V0+ V0−
Z0 = + =− −
I0 I0
s
R′ + jωL′ R′ + jωL′
Z0 = =
γ G ′ + jωC ′
• Use a conductor (wires) with low resistance; this minimizes ohmic losses
so that R′ ≪ ωL′
• Use a very good dielectric between the conductors, so that G ′ ≪ ωC ′
• Results in R′ ≈ 0 and G ′ ≈ 0
√
γ = α + jβ = 0 + jω L′ C ′
√
β = ω L′ C ′
s r
R′ + jωL′ L′
Z0 = =
G + jωC
′ ′ C′
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
With γ = jβ for the lossless line, the total voltage and current become
e (z) = V + e −jβz + V − e jβz
V 0 0
e V+ V−
I (z) = 0 e −jβz − 0 e jβz
Z0 Z0
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
For convenience, the reference of the spatial coordinate z is chosen such that
z = 0 corresponds to the location of the load. At the sending end, z = −l. In
terms of distance from the load d, we define d = −z
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
At the load
eL = V
V e (z = 0) = V + + V −
0 0
e V+ V−
IL = e
I (z = 0) = 0 − 0
Z0 Z0
VeL V0+ + V0−
ZL = = Z0 +
e
IL V0 − V0−
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
ZL − Z0
V0− = V0+
ZL + Z0
V0− ZL − Z0 ZL /Z0 − 1
Γ= + = =
V0 Z L + Z 0 ZL /Z0 + 1
Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 13 / 18
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
~
Ii
Transmission line
Zg + + ~
IL
+
~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Z0 VL ZL
Generator Load
z
z = ✤l z=0
d
d=l d=0
I0− V0−
= − = −Γ
I0+ V0+
In gneral
Γ = |Γ| e jθr
e V+
I (z) = 0 e −jβz − Γe jβz
Z0
similarly for e
I (d)
+ h i1/2
e V0 2
I (d) = 1 + |Γ| − 2 |Γ| cos (2βd − θr )
Z0
~
|I(z)|
Current
~ 30 mA
|I|max 25
20
~ 15
|I|min
max min 10
5
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
2βdmax − θr = 2nπ n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
e
V = V0+ [1 + |Γ|]
max
• Standing wave pattern repeats every λ/2, where λ is associated with the
traveling waves
• Current and voltage are in opposition; when voltage peaks, current has a
minimum and vice versa
• The voltage and current magnitudes are oscillatory with position on the
line and are out of phase with each other
• The matched load results is Γ = 0, i.e. without any reflected waves there
can be no interference, no standing waves
• The Short-Circuited (SC) and Open-Circuited (OS) Lines have |Γ| = 1, or
ΓSC = −1 and ΓOC = 1
• The SC and OC lines have the same maximum value: 2 V0+ , and mini-
mum value of zero. Their patterns are shifted by λ/4
• The first voltage minimum is at z = 0 for SC line, while for the OS line
the first maximum is at z = 0
• Spacing between dmax and dmin is λ/4
Short-circuited line ~
✤ /2 |V(d)|
2|V0+|
d
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂ 0
4 2 4
(b) ZL = 0 (short circuit)
Open-circuited line ~
✤ /2 |V(d)|
2|V0+|
d
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂ 0
4 2 4
(c) ZL = (open circuit)
8
A B C A B
Zg Zg
+ +
⑦ Z(d ) Z0 ZL ⑦ Z(d )
Vg Vg
A✁ B✁ C✁ A✁ B✁
d=l d 0
Using the expression for the reflection coefficient at the load and Euler’s
formula
ZL + jZ0 tan βd
Z (d) = Z0
Z0 + jZL tan βd
Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 15 / 18
Solution
~ ~
Ii A Ii A
Transmission line
Zg ~ Zg
+ + IL +
+ +
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Vg Vi Zin Z0 VL ZL Vg Vi Zin
✂ ✂
✂ ✁ ✂ ✂ ✁
Generator Load
z = ✤l z=0
d=l d=0
Short-circuited line
Open-circuited line
−jZ0
ZL = ∞ Γ=1 S =∞ Zin =
tan βl
Half wavelength line
λ
l=n βl = nπ n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Zin = ZL
2
Quarter wave transformer
λ λ π Z02
l= +n βl = (2n + 1) n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Zin =
4 2 2 ZL
d
l 0
~
Vsc(d)
2jV0+
Voltage 1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
~
Isc(d) Z0
2V0+
1
Current
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
Zinsc
jZ0
Impedance
l 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
d
l 0
~
Voc(d)
2V0+
Voltage 1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
~
Ioc(d) Z0
Current 2jV0+
1
d 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✤1
Zinoc
Impedance jZ0
l 0
✂ ✸✂ ✂ ✂
4 2 4
✂/4 transformer
Z0 Zin Z0t ZL
✂/4
d=l d=0
We will examine the flow of power on a transmission line. We begin with the
phasorand instantaneous voltage and current as a function of d. Note that
+
V0+ = V0+ e jφ and Γ = |Γ| e jθr
e (d) = V + e jβd + Γe −jβd
V 0
e V+
I (d) = 0 e jβd − Γe −jβd
Z0
v(d, t) = V0+ cos (ωt + βd + φ+ ) + |Γ| cos (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
+
V
i(d, t) = 0 cos (ωt + βd + φ+ ) − |Γ| cos (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
Z0
Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 18 / 18
Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
2 1
Instantaneous Power is v(d, t)i(d, t) and using cos x = 2 (1 + cos 2x)
+ 2 h i
V 2
0
P(d, t) = cos2 (ωt + βd + φ+ ) − |Γ| cos2 (ωt − βd + φ+ + θr )
Z0
+ 2
V
P i (d, t) = 0 1 + cos (2ωt + 2βd + 2φ+ )
2Z0
+ 2
2 V0
r
P (d, t) = − |Γ| 1 + cos (2ωt − 2βd + 2φ+ + 2θr )
2Z0
Note that the instantaneous power consists of a dc term and an ac term that
oscillates at an angular frequency of 2ω.
Dr. B. Hakim (KAU ECE) EE 302 Fall 2018 18 / 18
Power Flow
Transmission line
Zg
i
+ Pav
~ ZL
Vg r
Pav = |✤ |2 Pav
i
d=l d=0
d=l d=0