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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)


2. Definition of GIS
GIS referred to 3 elements;
• Real world; spatial reality
• Information Data and information; the meaning and functions.
• Systems; Computer technology and support systems
• “A computerized database management system for capture, storage, retrieval,
analyze, and display of spatial data or information defined by its location”
• A system for managing spatial (mappable) information
• To support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural
resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative
records
• Data collections/gathering; Gathering data from many sources.
• Storage and management; Efficient storage is necessary. (Hard Disk, CD,
Internet and other media).
• Data manipulations; Conversion; Changing data from one form to another or
one map format to match another.
• Analysis; Analyzing data to procedure insight and new information.
• Modelling; Simplifying the data to understand how things work to explain what
the data means.
• Presentation; Presenting data in various ways (such as maps, graphs, and reports)
for easy understanding.

The elements GIS


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Procedure and Analysis


Knowledge and experiences in data analysis
(eg; planning, hydrology, engineering, landscape….)

Hardware/Devices
Computer
Server
Network
Printer
Scanner
etc..
GIS software
Asas Perisian GIS (ERSI Product, MapInfo, AutoDesk, Idrisi….)
Extension Software
GIS Support System (What If, Ilwis,..)
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GIS Applications:

Agriculture

Ecology and Preservation

Environmental Management

Forestry

Landscape

Urban & Regional Planning

Business

Defense

Telecommunications

Etc.
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Data Modelling

3 types of data

Vector data (Topology)

• Line, point and polygon

Raster Data

• Raster data (grid/cell) –

continuous data

Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)

• TIN (Triangle Irregular

Network) shows a surface of the

earth.
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GIS Application Process


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ArcGIS Spatial Analyst


Hydrologic Analysis with GIS

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst contains specialized tools for working with and deriving new
information from hydrologic and landscape data.

Its toolset includes methods for describing hydrologic characteristics and tools to
calculate flow across an elevation surface, calculate flow path length, and assign stream
orders.
DTMs (Digital Terrain Models)

Hydrologic Modeling Procedure

1. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)


2. Flow direction
3. Flow accumulation
4. Identify and removing sink
5. Stream Network
6. Stream Links
7. Watershed analysis

How to turn on Hydrologic Modelling in ArcGIS


1. Open ArcMap and Select a new empty map than press Ok (Button)
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2. Turn on Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst Extension

2.1. From toolbars activate spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst tools


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3. Hydrology Tools

 Activate ArcToolbox

from window menu

 Expand “Hydrology”

from “Spatial Analyst”

Tools

4. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)


 Add data for digital elevation
model
 Click on + icon and select
data layer or shape file
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For Hydrology Modelling, we have to create TIN (DEM) first from 3D


Analyst tool

3D Analyst Data Management TIN


Create TIN
3D Analyst TIN To Raster
Conversion From TIN
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To convert TIN (DEM) to raster


3D Analyst Tool Conversion From
TIN TIN to raster
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5. Flow Directions

 Flow directions simplified: “Dump


a bucket of water on your surface
and see which of way it flows!”
 Shows the direction water will This DEM will be used to
flow out of each cell of a filled calculate Flow direction
elevation raster.

 Basis of most all GIS hydrological


analysis
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 Once flow direction is known it is – If one cell’s slope is lower


possible to determine how many than its neighbor, flow will
cells flow into a given cell be in the direction of that
 Basis of watershed delineation and cell
stream networking
5.1 FLOW DIRECTION GRID
– Determine flow direction
with slope grid
Flow direction using ArcToolbox Click flow direction and select tindem as
input surface raster

Flow direction raster


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6. FLOW ACCUMULATION

– Trace backwards up the flow direction grid and determine the number of cells
flowing into each cell
– Accumulated flow is the number of cells flowing into each cell
– generate a grid to represent the total number of cells flowing into each cell
– Cells that have high accumulation are designated as stream channels

Flow accumulation using Arc Toolbox


Click flow accumulation and select flowdir as input surface raster
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Flow accumulation raster


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Identify sink using Arc Toolbox


• Click on Sink from hydrology
• Select flowdir_bgd91 as input flow direction raster
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Sink raster
• For example -A total of 4621
sinks found
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Fill Sink using Arc Toolbox


 Click on Fill from hydrology Select bgd900dem as input flow direction raster

Filled sink DEM


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Use filled sink DEM


 Now create Flow direction raster aging using this filled sink DEM.
 Create Flow Accumulation raster using this new Flow direction raster.

Flow Direction raster using filled sink DEM


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Flow Accumulation raster using filled sink DEM


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Stream network
• You can use the flow accumulation grid to identify drainage courses by
extracting those cells with the highest accumulated flow values ( cell
contains the most water are stream channel).
• You can create a drainage network of any detail by choosing the
appropriate volume values (300 is used for this data).
• Choice of threshold value can be arbitrary. It should be corresponding to
high resolution topographic maps of filed maps.

• Select Flow accumulation as


input conditional raster
• Set 1 as constant value
• Expression: Value > 300
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Stream Network raster

Stream network on Flow accumulation raster


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Stream Links
• After a stream network is derived from a flow accumulation raster, each
section of the stream raster line is assigned a unique value and is
associated with a flow direction.
Arbitrarily assign unique values to each
link of the stream networks.

Stream link using Arc Toolbox


• Select Stream network as input stream raster
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Watershed Analysis
• Watersheds delineate a drainage
area.
• Drainage basin, water sheds, basin,
catchments area, and contributing
area are synonymous terms
referring to an area of drainage that
contributes water to a common
outlets (pour points).

Water shed using Arc Toolbox

• Select stream link as input raster

Watershed
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