Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings

Seminar and Workshop | 3 – 6 October 2017

Novotel Manila, Quezon City, Philippines

Important Considerations in Design of Primary

Structural Components: Foundations
Organized by: In collaboration with:

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Foundations

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 Foundations

• Foundations must be designed to transmit

forces from the superstructure into the
supporting soil within acceptable
deformations while providing adequate safety
against bearing or uplift failure.
• Design should consider both the structural
elements of the foundation (including
isolated footings, mat foundations, piles, ties,
and other foundation elements) and the soil
that supports those elements.

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 Shallow Foundations

Mat foundations may be suitable where soil and load conditions result in unacceptably large differential
settlements across the foundation plan.

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Shallow Foundations

Resistance mechanisms for shallow foundations

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Deep Foundations
• One of the most
common types of deep
foundations is the pile
foundation.

• Piles can be precast or

cast-in-place concrete,
or can be made of other
materials.

• Precast piles must be

driven into place, while
cast-in-place piles are
cast in pre-excavated
holes.
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Deep Foundations
• End-bearing pile: This type of pile derives most
of its capacity from a bearing stratum on which
the tip bears.

• Friction pile: This type of pile derives its

resistance primarily from friction or adhesion
along the length of the pile. They are commonly
used where a bearing stratum is too deep to be
usable. A pile that resists tension does so by
friction and would be considered a friction pile.

• Combined end-bearing and friction pile: This

type of pile derives its resistance from a
combination of end bearing and friction.

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 Foundation Performance
Objectives

• Foundation performance under

sustained gravity loads should consider
settlement (both total and differential),
soil bearing capacity, and structural
capacity of the foundation elements.
• Wind and seismic loads induce transient
effects on the soils. The primary concern
is structural capacity and bearing failure
rather than long-term settlement. For
this reason, allowable stresses specified
for gravity loads usually are allowed to
be increased by one-third for service-
level load combinations including wind
or seismic effects.

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Modeling of Foundations

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 Foundation Modeling

• Foundation should be
modeled together with
superstructure in linear
analysis 3D finite element
model.
• Soil springs should be
added to consider the
restraining effect of soil.

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Mat Foundations, Isolated Footings, and
Basement Walls
• Modeled with shell elements.
• Area springs are applied perpendicular to the shell elements.
• Area spring stiffness is generally determined from sub-grade modulus
of soil.
• Lateral spring stiffness of basement walls are generally estimated by a
fraction of vertical spring stiffness.
• Strip footings of basement walls can be modeled with frame elements
to apply the line springs.

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Pile Foundations

• Pile caps are modeled with shell elements.

• Piles are modeled with frame elements.

• Soil springs
• End bearing spring (Point spring in z-direction at the base of pile)

• Skin friction spring (Line spring in local 1 axis of pile)

• Lateral spring (Line spring in local 2 and 3 axes of pile)

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 Pile Foundation (End
Bearing Spring)

• Calculate using ultimate end

bearing pressure of piles based
on 1 in. settlement
Pile diameter = 1.2 m
Ultimate end bearing pressure = 1000 kPa
Cross-sectional area of pile = 1.13 m2
End bearing spring stiffness = 1000 x 1.13 x
40 = 45,239 kN/m
Ultimate end bearing pressure vs. pile length
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 Pile Foundation (Skin
Friction Spring)
• Calculate using ultimate skin friction
pressure of piles based on 1 in.
settlement
Pile diameter = 1.2 m
Ultimate skin friction pressure (20 m -40 m)=
88 kPa
Perimeter of pile = 3.77 m
Spring stiffness for skin friction (20 m – 40 m)=
88 x 3.77 x 40 = 13,270 kN/m/m
Ultimate skin friction pressure vs. pile length
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Pile Foundation (Lateral Spring)

Pile diameter (m) Length (m) 0-8 m 8-10 m 10-60 m

(kN/m/m) (kN/m/m) (kN/m/m)

1.2 54 2,000 12,000 30,000

1.5 54 2,000 12,000 30,000

1.8 54 2,000 12,000 30,000

0.45 (width) 25 2,000 12,000 30,000

Lateral spring stiffness is obtained from geotechnical investigation report.

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Modeling of Mat Foundation on Piles in SAFE

• Vertical spring stiffness of each pile type is determined.

• Apply arbitrary load on single pile model with soil springs and
determine the spring stiffness by dividing applied force with
displacement.
• Mat foundation is modeled as shell elements while piles are not
modeled.
• Point springs are used to represent the piles.

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Design of Foundations

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Mat Foundations

• Bearing capacity
• Allowable bearing capacity (to control the settlements)
• Use allowable load combinations
• Ultimate bearing capacity (for strength check)
• Use factored load combinations
• Use Φ factor (generally Φ = 0.7)
• If uplift pressure occurs, nonlinear uplift analysis should be conducted.
• Ultimate strength capacity
• Flexure strength
• One-way shear
• Two-way shear

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Comparison of Settlement between ETABS and
SAFE Models

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Bearing Pressure Check

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Flexure Strength Check

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Curtailment of Longitudinal Reinforcement

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One-way Shear

• In U.S practice, 50% of Vc (0.085 √f’c, MPa) is used in checking of

one-way shear of mat foundation unless shear reinforcement is
provided.

• Effective strip width is equal to the width of the superstructure element

imposing the demand, plus one mat thickness either side of the same
element.

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Punching Shear

• Entire core wall punching shear should be checked.

• Punching shear would be critical at outrigger column locations.

• 100% of Vc is used in punching shear capacity calculation.

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 BP6 (Below 10 m)

Pile Foundations 20,000

10,000

• Allowable compression 0
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

capacity

Axial load (kN)

-10,000

-20,000
• Allowable uplift capacity P1500-24-DB36
-30,000
P-M2

• PMM capacity P-M3

-40,000

• Shear capacity -50,000

Moment (kNm)

Sample PMM check of pile

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