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Abstract--- The Hybrid Power Flow Controller (HPFC) is increases the cost of the electricity and threatens the system
a versatile FACTS device which can independently control the security and stability. Generation pattern is one of the major
power losses and voltage stability. The main purpose of my reasons which results in heavy flows tend to greater losses,
work is to identify the optimal location and sizing of Hybrid and to threaten stability and security, ultimately making
Power Flow Controller (HPFC) by using Chaotic certain generation patterns economically undesirable
Evolutionary Algorithm and it is implemented inaIEEE-30 Bus These problems are avoided by installing the Flexible AC
systems for analyses. The algorithm employs logistic map and
Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices such as series and
tent map as two chaotic systems to generate chaotic value. By
combined series-shunt controllers. Flexible AC Transmission
this type of selection process location of required bus have
System (FACTS) controllers are used increasingly to provide
been identified easily. This Algorithm technique used in phase-
voltage and power flow control in many utilities. These
I it is very fast and contains lower number of iterations. To
devices used to control the power flows in the network, can
show the validity of the proposed techniques and for
help to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, the resulting
comparison purposes, simulations are carried out by
in increased load ability, low system loss, improved stability
MATLAB on IEEE-30 bus power system.
of the network, reduced cost of production and fulfilled
Keywords--- HPFC,CEA, IEEE 30 Bus System. contractual requirement. A possibility of controlling power
flow in the electric power system without generation
I. INTRODUCTION rescheduling or topological changes can improve the
performance considerably. It is important to ascertain the
E CONOMIC and operational factors make power systems
to utilize maximum percentage of their transmission
capacity and consequently operate close to the stability limit
location for placement of these devices because of their
considerable costs.
with fewer margins. Existence of transmission system The proposed topology of HPFC consists of a shunt
constraints dictates a finite amount of power that can be connected controllable source of reactive power, and two
transferred between two points on the electric grid. In practice, series connected voltage–sourced converters and one on each
it may not be possible to deliver the all bilateral and side of the shunt device. The two converters can exchange
multilateral contracts in full and to supply all pool demand at active power through a common DC circuit. By controlling the
low cost as it leads to violation of operating constraints such magnitudes and the angles of voltage vectors injected by the
as voltage limits and line overloads [2]. In such stressful and converters, the flow of active power through the line and the
tensional environment, power system congestion and voltage amounts of reactive power supplied to the sending and
instability can be emerged as major threats that the system receiving segments of the line can be simultaneously and
operators (SOs) may be faced with them. The SO should independently controlled. The control of the shunt device is
ensure the operation of transmission system within acceptable coordinated with the control of the converters to provide the
operating limits. Voltage security is a limiting factor in the bulk of the total required reactive power. Since the converters
planning and operation of many power systems. With are used along with the passive components the proposed
increased system loading and a open transmission access topology can be considered “hybrid” and consequently, the
pressures, power systems are more vulnerable to voltage proposed FACTS controller is named the “Hybrid Power Flow
instability. In a deregulated electricity market, it may always Controller” (HPFC).The main advantage of the HPFC is that it
not have been possible to dispatch all of the contracted power can utilize existing equipment, and hence substantial cost
transactions due to congestion of the transmission corridors. savings in the required converter ratings can be realized.
System operators try to manage congestion, which otherwise In this thesis, a chaotic evolutionary algorithm based is
proposed to determine the suitable number and size of HPFC
Dr.B. Gopinath, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women,
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode.
and also its optimal location in power systems for improving
M. Kalyanasundaram, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, the voltage security and active power loss reduction. Hence, a
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode. number of HPFC are allocated at particular buses and lines in
M. Pradeepa, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, order to improve the voltage security margin and active power
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode.
V. Karthika, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women,
loss reduction. The investment cost of this kind of FACTS
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode. devices is also considered in this paper study. The
DOI:10.9756/BIJSESC.8382
optimization is carried out on the basis of location, size and point shown in Figure 2 reduction of power flow is achieved
number of UPFC using CEA. by injecting voltages VX and VY to reduce the angular
differences between VS and V1, and V2 and VR, respectively
II. STATIC MODEL OF HPFC The viable operating points could be obtained using
Let the circuit losses be neglected: iterative numerical techniques. A traditional approach is to
express the desired output quantities (i.e., P2, Q1, and Q2) and
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0 (1) variables subject to constraints (i.e., PX −PY, IS, IR, |V1|,
To generalize the discussion with respect to the point of |V2|, and |VM|) as functions of control variables (VX, δX, VY,
equipment installation, let XL and k be defined as: δY, BM); and then, to use numerical iterations to achieve the
X𝐿𝐿 = 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑆 + 𝑋𝑋𝑅𝑅 (2) desired solution. It can be observed that five control variables
𝑋𝑋 are at disposal to solve a system of four nonlinear equations,
𝐾𝐾 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆 (3)
𝐿𝐿 (i.e., P2 = P2ref, Q1 = Q1ref, Q2 = Q2ref, and PX −PY = 0).
Next, let the following phasors be introduced: The existence of an additional degree of freedom gives rise to
V𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ∠𝛿𝛿 (4) a notion of optimization, and qualifies the problem of selecting
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ∠0 (5) viable operating points into the class of problems of nonlinear
𝑉𝑉𝑋𝑋 = 𝑉𝑉𝑋𝑋 ∠𝛿𝛿𝑋𝑋 (6) constrained optimization.
𝑉𝑉𝑌𝑌 = 𝑉𝑉𝑌𝑌 ∠𝛿𝛿𝑌𝑌 (7)
The steady state phasor equations of the AC portion of the
circuit are:
1 1
𝑗𝑗k𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 − 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 − 𝑉𝑉𝑋𝑋 −
(8) (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 − 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 ) + 𝑗𝑗(1 − k)𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 = −𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝑌𝑌 8
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑀𝑀 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑀𝑀
reserves the best fit chromosome, but also maintains A. Chaos Genetic Algorithm Procedure
population diversity. Recently, chaos theory and the generation of chaotic
By using these properties, an effective approach was sequences instead of random ones have been adopted, which
proposed for maintaining the population diversity and avoids has led to very interesting results in many applications such as
the search being trapped in local optimum. In this paper, we optimization of power flow problems, control systems, neural
use logistic and tent maps to generate the chaotic sequence. networks, cryptography and image processing and others. Due
Chaotic sequences have been proven easy and fast to generate to the easy implementation and special ability to avoid being
and store, there is no need for storage of long sequences. In trapped in local optima, chaos has been a novel optimization
addition, an enormous number of different sequences can be technique and chaos based search algorithms have aroused
generated simply by changing its initial condition. Moreover, intense interests. Many researchers have found a close-knit
these sequences are deterministic and reproducible. We relationship between chaos and cryptography and many of
outline the two chaotic mappings as follows: their properties can be found in traditional cryptosystems.
Abdullah et. al[16] introduced a hybrid method based on GA
1. Logistic Map: Is one of the simplest forms of chaotic and chaotic function for image encryption; their results show
mappings. Basically, this map is a polynomial mapping of that the hybrid method can perform a high level of resistance
degree 2, whose equation is the following: against statistical invasions. In random-based optimization
𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛+1 = 𝛾𝛾𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 (1 − 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 )𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 𝜖𝜖(0,1) (4.1) algorithms, are used chaotic variables instead of random
Where, r is a control parameter which is between 0 and 4. variables. Experimental studies assert that the benefits of using
Obviously, Xϵ (0, 1) under the conditions that the initial X0ϵ chaotic signals instead of random signals are often evident
(0, 1) and that X0ϵ {0.0, 0.25,0.75, 0.5, 1.0}. When 3.57< r≤ although, it is not mathematically proved yet. GA has aroused
4, the system has proven to be chaotic state. In this paper, r=4 intense interest, due to the flexibility, versatility and
is used. Figure 1-b shows its chaotic dynamics, where,𝑋𝑋0 =0.4. robustness in solving optimization problems, which
2. Tent Map : Is one of the known chaotic systems and it is a conventional optimization methods find difficult [17]. One of
discrete-time dynamical system, whose equation is the the major disadvantages of the GA is its premature
following: convergence, especially while optimization problems have
1 more local optima. In this situation, the solving procedure is
𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 <
2
𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛+1 = � 1 (4.2)
trapped in the local optimum and most of the operators can’t
𝜇𝜇(1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 )𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 < 2 produce offspring surpassing their parents any more. In this
Where, µ is a control parameter, when 1< µ< 2, the paper, CGA is proposed that combine the concept of chaos
system exhibits chaotic behaviour. In this thesis, we take with GA.
µ=1.5. Figure 1-a shows its chaotic dynamics, where, 𝑥𝑥0 =0.3. The chaos as it was cited in pervious section is a general
phenomenon is nonlinear system that has some properties such
as randomness, ergodicity; regularity and sensitivity to initial
condition. By use of these properties of chaos, we propose
CGA based on two kinds of chaotic mapping. In improving
the algorithm, we use chaotic mapping instead of random
process. The standard GA uses random sequences in the initial
population, crossover and mutation.
In the GA method, the initial population generated by a
random approach might be unevenly distributed and away
from the optimal solution. Hence, the algorithmic efficiency
can be very low and more number of iteration is needed to
find the global optimum. Therefore, we use the uniform
Fig. 3: Dynamics of Tent Map distribution of the tent map to generate the initial population.
Then, we use logistic map output instead of crossover and
mutation each time a random number is needed. The flowchart
of the proposed method has been shown in Figure 5.
B. Algorithm
Step 1: Start the iteration process
Step 2: First use the tent map to generate the initial
population as assign as the required parameters
Step 3: Calculate required fitness for the individuals for a
required parameters
Fig. 4: Dynamics of Logistic Map Step 4: The overall evolution process is done in this
process
Step 5: After the evolution process if its satisfied all the shows at the 200th iteration the location of the bus system is
conditions stop the iteration. If it was not satisfied again it obtained and their fitness is 22500 then its shows the best
starts from step:3 location of bus system as 15th bus from IEEE 30 bus system
B. Required Power Losses of the System
The Figure 8 shows that the power before and after
implementation of the HPFC. Before implementing the device
the losses of the system is in increased manner. After the
device implementation in the bus system have regulate the
overall system. The losses of the system is reduced. Here the
output is obtain with respect to time
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