Faculty of Chemical Engineering

CPE501
Chemical Process Control

HOMEWORK #4
CONTROL VALVE

Name: Nur Shahida binti Abu Hanifah

Student no: 2017631872
Class: EH2205H

SUBMISSION DATE:
28 OCT 2018
1. Name the following acronyms and define their functions:
ATO
a. Acronym: Air-to-open
b. Synonym: Fail closed
c. Function: To prevent flow when no pneumatic air supply. This action may
prevent hazardous chemical or flammable fluid from endangering lives.

ATC
a. Acronym: Air-to-closed
b. Synonym: Fail open
c. Function: Use to allow flow of fluid during loss of pneumatic air supply. This
action may save overheating of temperature related processes such as catalyst
heating or heating of polymerization process.

NO
a. Acronym: Normally open
b. Function: the contact are normally open and close when the switch is
actuated

NC
a. Acronym: Normally closed
b. Function: the contact are normally close and open when the switch is
actuated

FO
a. Acronym: Fail open
b. Function: Use to allow flow of fluid during loss of pneumatic air supply.
This action may save overheating of temperature related processes such as
catalyst heating or heating of polymerization process.
FC
a. Acronym: Fail closed
b. Function: To prevent flow when no pneumatic air supply. This action may
prevent hazardous chemical or flammable fluid from endangering lives.

2. Label the following valve.

D Air supply
I Stem
H Indicator
B Diaphragm
G Spring
L Plug
K Valve seat
J Body
C Mechanical strap
E Upper chamber
F Lower chamber
A Housing
3. Elaborate the differences between these flow control devices. Place diagrams or
images in your answers.

a. Control valve: Used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow
passage as directed by a signal from a controller

b. Solenoid valve: Used to generate a magnetic field and operate a mechanism

which regulates the opening of fluid flow in a valve

c. Dosing/metering pump: A device that moves a precise volume of liquid in a

specified time period providing an accurate volumetric flow rate

d. Variable speed drive: To control AC motor speed and torque by varying

motor input frequency or voltage
 4. What make a control valve becomes linear, equal percetage or quick opening

control valve?

Becomes linear: if the available pressure drops across the valve is remains

constant over the design range of operation.

Equal (%): Because rate of increase at CV proportional to the percent opening

of the valve. Besides, because it gives relatively small increments in CV for first

50% of but still has good capacity as valves opens at a faster rate after date.

Quick Opening: significant flow rate established quickly as the valve begins to

open.

5. Why an I/P is required in the installation of a control valve.

I/P is required in the installation of a control valve to convert current into the

pneumatic.

6. What is the range of pneumatic air pressure should be supplied to an I/P.

The range of pneumatic air pressure should be supplied to an I/P is 3 to 15 psi.

7. Why flashing and cavitation are serious problem in control valve?

Flashing– It reduces the flow, which increase the flowrate and decrease the

pressure. Besides, it cause severe damage to valve in the form of erosion of the valve

plug.

Cavitation – Cavitation happens between the two stage process of vaporization

and condensation of a liquid. As fluid passes through a valve just downstream of

the orifice area, that is an increase in velocity or kinetic energy that is

accompanied by a substantial decrease in pressure or potential energy. This

occurs in an area called the vena contracta. If the pressure in this area falls below
 that of the vapour pressure of the flowing fluid, vaporization occurs. Vapour

bubbles then continue downstream where the velocity of the fluid begins to slow

and the pressure in the fluid recovers. Vapour bubble then collapse or implode.

8. What causing flashing and cavitation in a control valve.

Flashing – occurs in the liquid flow when the internal pressure of a liquid falls

below vapour pressure and remains below it.

Cavitation - occurs in control valve in liquid media application. It happen when

localized low pressure caused bubbles to form and then suddenly collapse.

9. What is rangebility?

Rangebility is the bench tested ratio of a maximum controllable flow to the

minimum controllable flow through a valve.