INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

Atty. Edmund Jason G. Baranda

1st Semester, SY 2018-2019

RECOMMENDED CASEBOOKS

Julie E. Cohen, Lydia Pallas Loren, Ruth Gana Okediji & Maureen A, O'Rourke, COPYRIGHT IN A GLOBAL
INFORMATION ECONOMY (4th edition 2015)

Robert Patrick Merges and John Fitzgerald Duffy, PATENT LAW AND POLICY: CASES AND MATERIALS (7 th
edition 2017)

I. Introduction

A. Overview of intellectual property law

1. History of development
2. Philosophical aspects of IP protection
3. Significance in the IP regime and economy
4. Principles of protection

Justin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, 77 Geo. L.J. 287 (1988)

Cohen, et al., Copyright in a Global Information Economy, pp. 3 – 42.

Kenneth W. Dam, The Economic Underpinnings of Patent Law, 23 J. of Legal Studies 247 (1994)

Michael A. Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg, Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anti-commons in
Biomedical Research, 280 Science 698 (1998)

B. Constitution
Article XII, Section 6
Article XII, Section 14
Article XIV, Sections 10-18

C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 17
Article 19
Article 26
Article 27
Article 29

D. Civil Code
Article 712
Articles 721-724
Articles 520-522

Kho v. Court of Appeals, 379 SCRA 410 (2002)

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E. International treaties
The Berne Convention
The TRIPS Agreement
The Rome Convention
The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)
The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

II. Copyright Law

A. Definition of Copyright
Section 177, Intellectual Property Code (IPC)
Rule 2, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations (issued by the National Library)
Rules 11-12, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations

B. Elements of Copyrightable Subject Matter

Section 172.1, IPC
Section 172.2, IPC

Ching Kian Chuan v. CA, 363 SCRA 142 (2001)

Sambar v. Levi Strauss, 378 SCRA 364 (2002)

US cases on originality

Muller & Co. v. New York Arrows Soccer Team Inc., 802 F.2d 989 (US: Court of Appeals, 8th Cir., 1986)
Meshwerks, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A., Inc. 528 F.3d 1258 (10th Cir. 2008)
Mannion v. Coors Brewing Company, 377 F. Supp. 2d 444 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)

C. When Copyright Vests

Santos v. McCullough Printing Co., 12 SCRA 321 (1964)
Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987)
Unilever Philippines (PRC) v. CA, GR No. 119280, 10 August 2006

Section 2, PD 49
Article 5(2), Berne Convention for the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works
Section 172 and 172.2, IPC
Rule 7, Sections 2-4, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations

D. Scope of Copyright
1. Original works

Article 2, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works
Sections 172, 172.2, 173, 173.2, 174, IPC
Section 175, IPC
Section 176, IPC

Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)

United Feature Syndicate v. Munsingwear, 179 SCRA 260 (1989)

2. The "Idea/Expression" Distinction

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 Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879)
A.A. Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 841 (1980)

2. Derivative Works and Compilations

L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder, 536 F.2d 486 (2d Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 857 (1976)
Entertainment Research Group, Inc. v. Genesis Creative Group, Inc., 122 F.3d 1211 (9th Cir. 1997),
cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1021 (1998)
Pickett v. Prince, 207 F.3d 402 (7th Cir. 2000)
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)
Mason v. Montgomery Data, Inc., 967 F.2d 135 (5th Cir. 1992)

E. Authorship

Section 178, Section 179, Section 174, IPC

Article 722 and 723, Civil Code
Article 520 of the Civil Code
1. Sole Authorship

Lindsay v.The Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel R.M.S. Titanic, 52 U.S.P.Q.2d 1609 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)

2. Joint Authorship
Erickson v. Trinity Theatre, Inc., 13 F.3d 1061 (7th Cir. 1994)
Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 1999)
3. Works Made for Hire
Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)
Aymes v. Bonelli, 980 F.2d 857 (2d. Cir. 1992)
Roeslin v. District of Columbia, 921 F. Supp. 793 (D.D.C. 1995)
4. Government Works

Section 176 IPC

F. Duration of Copyright

Articles 7 and 7bis, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

Section 213, Section 214, IPC

G. Protected Works and Boundary Problems (see Chapter 4 of Cohen, et al.)

1. Useful Articles with Pictorial, Graphic, or Sculptural Aspects

a. "Kitsch" or "Progress"?

Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201 (1964)

b. Defining Useful Articles and Determining Separability

Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Inc., 632 F.2d 989 (2d Cir. 1980)

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 Carol Barnhart Inc. v. Economy Cover Corp., 773 F.2d 411 (2d Cir. 1985)
Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co., 834 F.2d 1142 (2d Cir. 1987)
c. Computer Software

a. Text or Machine?

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir. 1983), cert.
dismissed, 464 U.S. 1033 (1984)

b. Distinguishing Idea from Expression in Software

Lotus Development Corporation v. Borland International, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995),
affirmed by an equally divided court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996)

EU Software Directive, Directive on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs, 1991 O.J.
(L-122) 42 (EU Software Directive)

d. Architectural Works

Section 186, IPC

Intervest Construction, Inc. v. Canterbury Estate Homes, Inc., 554 F.3d 914 (11th Cir. 2008)

e. Characters

2. Expression or Idea?
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. American Honda Motor Co., 900 F. Supp. 1287 (C.D. Cal.
1995)
Titan Sports, Inc. v. Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc., 981 F. Supp. 65 (D. Conn. 1997)
Designers Guild Ltd. v. Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd, [2000] 1 W.L.R. 2416 (U.K.: House of
Lords)
Norovzian v. Arks Ltd (No. 2), [2000] E.M.L.R. 67 (U.K.: Court of Appeal)
Fraser v. Thames Television Ltd, [1984] 1 Q.B. 44 (U.K.: High Court)
Anderson v. Stallone, 11 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161
Microstar v. FormGen Inc., 154 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 1998)
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 286 F.3d 1257 (11th Cir. 2001)

3. Rights of Publicity
Wendt v. Host Int’l, Inc., 125 F.3d 806, 811 (9th Cir. 1997)
White v. Samsung Elecs. Am., Inc., 971 F.2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992)
4. Databases

a. Selection, Arrangement, and Utility

Bellsouth Advertising & Publishing Corp. v. Donnelley Information Publishing, Inc., 999 F.2d
1436 (11th Cir. 1993) (en banc), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1101 (1994)
CCC Information Services, Inc. v. Maclean Hunter Market Reports, Inc., 44 F.3d 61 (2d Cir.
1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 817 (1995)
b. What Is a "Fact"?

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 CDN Inc. v. Kapes, 197 F.3d 1256 (19th Cir. 1999)
Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co., 158 F.3d 693 (2d. Cir. 1998), cert. denied,
526 U.S. 1154 (1999)
EU Database Directive, Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
March 11, 1996 on the Legal Protection of Databases, 1996 O.J. (L 77) 20
Jane C. Ginsburg, No "Sweat"? Copyright and Other Protection of Works of Information
after Feist v. Rural Telephone, 92 Colum. L. Rev. 338
J.H. Reichman & Pamela Samuelson, Intellectual Property Rights in Data?, 50 Vand. L. Rev.
51, 144-46 (1997)
H. Works that violate the public order

Art. 17 of the Berne Convention

Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd., [1990] A.C. 109 (U.K., House of Lords)

I. Literary works

Short phrases

Exxon Corp. v. Exxon Insurance Consultants Ltd, [1982] Ch. 119 (U.K.: High Court and Court of Appeal)

Speech and interviews

Falwell v. Penthouse International Ltd, 215 U.S.P.Q. 975 (U.S.: District Court, West Virginia, 1981)

Blank forms

Bibbero Systems Inc. v. Colwell Systems, Inc., 893 F.2d 1104 (U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Cir., 1989)
J. Acquiring and Transferring Copyright
1. Deposit and Notice
Section 191, 192, IPC
Section 227-229, IPC
Rule 5, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations
What Is Publication?

Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 194 F.3d 1211 (11th Cir. 1999)

2. Transfer of Copyright

Sections 180, 181, 182, 183, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Section 4.2 in relation to Sections 87 and 88, IPC
Section 92, IPC
Section 237, IPC
Asset Marketing Systems, Inc. v. Gagnon, 542 F.3d 748 (9th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2442
(2009)

Random House v. Rosetta Books, LLC, 150 F. Supp. 2d 613 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)

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 3. Open source software and creative commons

a. Open source licenses, see http://www.fsf.org/

b. Creative commons licenses, see http://creativecommons.org/

K. Limitations on Copyright

1. Express limitations under the IPC

Sections 176, 171.11, 184, 186, 187, 188, IPC
Section 189, IPC
Section 190, IPC
Rule 14, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations

Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987)

Philippine Education Co. v. Sotto, 52 Phil. 580

2. Fair use
Section 185, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Harper & Row, Publishers v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985)
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994)
New Era Publications Int'l v. Carol Publishing Group, 904 F.2d 152 (2d Cir.), cert. denied,
498 U.S. 921 (1990)
Castle Rock Entertainment v. Carol Publishing Group, Inc., 150 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1998)
Nuñez v. Caribbean International News Corp. (El Vocero de Puerto Rico), 235 F.3d 18 (1st Cir.
2000)
Video Pipeline, Inc. v. Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc., 42 F.3d 191 (3rd Cir. 2003)
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 448 F.3d 605 (2d Cir. 2006)
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992)
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp. 203 F.3d 596 (9th Cir.), cert. denied,
531 U.S. 871 (2000)
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon, Inc., supra
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 2000 WL 573136 (N.D. Cal. 2000)
American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1995)
Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services, Inc., 99 F.3d 1381 (6th Cir. 1996)
(en banc), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1156 (1997)

L. Technological Protections (see Chapter 9, Cohen, et al.)

1. The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act

DMCA Act of 1998

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)

2. Authorized Versus Unauthorized Access and Interoperable Products

Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522 (6th Cir. 2005)

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 Section 186.1 (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)

M. Copyright Scope and Enforcement

1. Infringement
Remedies

Sections 221-224, IPC

Section 3, IPC
Section 10.2, IPC
Sections 216-220, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Sections 225-226, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Section 231, IPC
Rule on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (A.M.
No. 02-1-06-SC)

20th Century Fox v. CA, 164 SCRA 655 (1988)

Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 367 (1994)
Columbia Pictures v. Court of Appeals, 261 SCRA 144 (1996)
People v. Ramos, 83 SCRA 1 (1978)
Serrano Laktaw v. Paglinawan, 44 Phil. 855
Habana v. Robles, 310 SCRA 511 (1999)
Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)
Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)
Microsoft Corporation v. Manansala, G.R. No. 16639, 21 October 2015

2. Copying in Fact
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Michael Bolton, 212 F.3d 477 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1126
(2001)
Selle v. Gibb, 741 F.2d 896 (7th Cir. 1984)
Ty, Inc. v. GMA Accessories, Inc., 132 F.3d 1167 (7th Cir. 1997)
Bauman v. Fussell, [1978] R.P.C. 485 (U.K.: County Court & Court of Appeal, 1953)
3. "Substantially Similar" Copy
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119 (2d Cir. 1930), cert. denied, 282 U.S. 902 (1931)
Arnstein v. Porter, 154 F.2d 464 (2d Cir. 1946), cert. denied, 330 U.S. 851 (1947)
Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 706 (S.D.N.Y. 1987)
Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d 262 (2d. Cir. 2001)
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992)
Cavalier v. Random House, Inc., 297 F.3d 815 (9th Cir. 2002)
Swirsky v. Carey, 376 F.3d 841 (9th Cir. 2004)
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. v. McDonald's Corp., 62 F.2d 1157 (9th Cir. 1977)
4. The Distribution Right

Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F.Supp. 2d 1210 (D. Minn. 2008)

5. The Right to Prepare Derivative Works

Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group, Inc., 150 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1998)

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 Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. v. RDR Books, 75 F.Supp. 2d 513 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)
Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Company, 856 F.2d 1341 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489
U.S. 1018 (1989)
Lee v. A.R.T. Company, 125 F.3d 580 (7th Cir. 1997)
6. The Direct Infringer

Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1361
(N.D. Cal. 1995)

7. Vicarious and Contributory Infringement

Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc., 76 F.3d 259 (9th Cir. 1996)
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., supra
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa International Service Association, 494 F.3d 788 (9th Cir. 2007), cert. denied,
128 S. Ct. 2871 (2008)
8. Liability of Device Manufacturers

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 125 S. Ct. 2764 (2005)

N. Related Rights

1. Moral Rights

Article 6bis, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
Sections 193-199, IPC

2. Right to Proceeds in Subsequent Transfers (Droit De Suite or Follow Up Rights)

Sections 200-201, IPC

3. Neighboring Rights

Section 202, IPC

Section 212, IPC

a. Rights of Performers

Sections 203-207, IPC

Section 215, IPC

b. Rights of Producers of Sound Recording

Sections 208-210, IPC

Section 215, IPC

c. Rights of Broadcasting Organizations

Sections 211, IPC

Section 215.2, IPC
P.D. No. 285

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 Section 239, IPC
In the Matter of the Charges of Plagiarism, etc., against Associate Justice Mariano C. del
Castillo, A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC, 15 October 2010 and 8 February 2011

4. Moral Rights under US Law

Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 538 F.2d 14 (2d Cir. 1976)

The Visual Artists Rights Act

Lilly v. Stout, 384 F.Supp. 2d 83 (D.D.C. 2005)

Martin v. City of Indianapolis, 192 F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 1999)

The Right of Attribution

Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23 (2003)

Public Performance

Columbia Pictures Indus. v. Redd Horne, Inc., 749 F.2d 154 (3d. Cir. 1984)
Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2008)

Public Performance, Public Display, and the Internet

Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amacon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2007)

The Music Industry

Newton v. Diamond, 388 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2004)

Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films, 410 F.3d 792 (6th Cir. 2005)
Arista Records, LLC v. Launch Media, Inc., 578 F.3d 148 (2d Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S.Ct. 1290
(2010)

III. Trademark Law

A. Legislative History
Republic Act No. 166
Sec. 239.2, IPC
Sec. 235.2, IPC
Sec. 236, IPC
Sec. 241, IPC
Sec. 239, IPC

B. Definition of trademarks
Section 121.1, IPC
Distilleria Washington v. CA, 263 SCRA 303

C. Functions of trademarks

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 Ang v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50
Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495
Mirpuri v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 516 (1999)

D. How Are Marks Acquired?

Section 122, IPC
Contrast this with Sec. 2-A of Republic Act No. 166 and cases decided under RA 166:
Unno Commercial Enterprises v. General Milling Corp., 120 SCRA 904
Kabushi Kaisha Isetan v. IAC, 203 SCRA 583
Philip Morris v. CA, 224 SCRA 576
Philip Morris v. Fortune Tobacco, GR No. 158589, 27 June 2006
Shangrila v. DCCI, GR No. 159938, 31 March 2006
Shangrila v DCCI, GR No. 159938, 22 January 2007
Birkenstock Orthopaedie GMBH and Co. KG v. Philippine Shoe Expo Marketing
Corporation, G.R. No. 194307, 20 November 2013

E. What Marks May Be Registered?

Sec. 123 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495
Baxter v. Zuasua, 5 Phil 160
Compania Gral de Tabacco v. Alhambra Cigar, 33 Phil 485
Ang v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50
Arce Sons v. Selecta Biscuits, 1 SCRA 253
Kabushi Kaisha Isetan v. IAC, 203 SCRA 583
Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437 (1993)
Emerald Garment Manufacturing v. CA, 251 SCRA 600
Tanduay Distillery, Inc. v. Ginebra San Miguel, Inc., 596 SCRA 114, 14 August 2009
Espiritu, et al., v. Petron Corporation, Carmen J. Doloiras, doing business under the name
“Kristina Patricia Enterprises”, G.R. No. 170891, 24 November 2009
Prosource International, Inc. v. Horphag Research Management SA, G.R. No. 180073, 25
November 2009
Coffee Partners Inc., v. San Francisco Coffee & Roastery, Inc., G.R. No. 169504, 3 March
2010
Superior Commercial Enterprises, Inc. v. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd. And Sports Concept &
Distributor, Inc., G.R. No. 169974, 20 April 2010
Dermaline, Inc. v. Myra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., G.R. No. 190065, 6 August 2010
Societe Des Produits Nestle, S.A., v. Dy, G.R. No. 172276, 9 August 2010
Berris Agricultural Co., Inc., v. Abyadang, G.R. No. 183404, 13 October 2010
E.Y. Industrial Sales, Inc. and Yap v Shen Dar Electicity and Machinery Co., Ltd. , G.R. No.
184850, 20 October 2010
Skechers U.S.A., Inc., v. Inter Pacific Industrial Trading Corp., Et., Al., G.R. No. 164321, 23
March 2011
Fredo Manufacturing Corporation v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard
University), G.R. No. 185917, 1 June 2011
Great White Shark Enterprises, Inc., v. Danilo M. Caralde, Jr., G.R. No. 192294, 21
November 2012
Ecole de Cuisine Manille (Cordon Bleu of the Philippines) vs. Renaud Cointreau & Cie and Le
Cordon Belu Int’l., B.V., G.R. No. 185830, 5 June 2013

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 Taiwan Kolin Corporation, Ltd. v. Kolin Electronics Co., Inc. , G.R. No. 209843, 25 March
2015
UFC Philippines, Inc. v. Barrio Fiesta Manufacturing Corporation, G.R. No. 198889, 20
January 2016

F. Application for Registration

1. Application
Sec. 3, IPC
Sections 124 (and its sub-paragraphs), 125, 126, 128, 130 (and its sub-paragraphs),
IPC
Sec. 124.2, IPC
Sec. 131 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
(Claim of Priority Date)
Sec. 239.2, IPC

2. Assignment of Application Number and Filing Date

Sec. 127, IPC
Sec. 132 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

3. Examination
Sec. 133 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 126, IPC
Sec. 129, IPC

4. Publication
Sec. 133.2, IPC

5. Opposition
Sections 134 and 135, IPC
Bata Industries v. CA, 114 SCRA 318
Mirpuri v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 516 (1999)

6. Issuance and Publication of Certificate

Sections 136 and 137, IPC
Sec. 138, IPC
Sec. 139, IPC
Sec. 144 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 4.2, IPC

7. Duration of Certificate
Sec. 145, IPC

8. Voluntary Cancellation of Certificate

Sec. 140, IPC

9. Correction of Mistakes
Sections 142 and 143, IPC

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 10. Renewal
Sec. 146 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

G. Rights Conferred
Sec. 147 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally
Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008)
Sec. 148, IPC
Section 4.2 in relation to Sections 87 and 88, 92, IPC
Sec. 149 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 150 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 231, IPC

Is there infringement even if the goods are non-competing?

Ang Tibay v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50
Chua Che v. Philippine Patent Office, 13 SCRA 67 (1965).
Sta. Ana v. Maliwat, 24 SCRA 108
Philippine Refining Company v. Ng Sam, 115 SCRA 472
Esso Standard Eastern, Inc. v. CA, 116 SCRA 336
Hickok Manufacturing Co. v. CA, 116 SCRA 387
Faberge v. IAC, 215 SCRA 316
Canon Kabushiki v. CA, 336 SCRA 266 (2000)
Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)
246 Corporation v. Daway, 416 SCRA 315 (2003)
Societe Des Produits Nestle v. CA, 356 SCRA 207 (2001)
Levi Strauss v. Clinton Apparelle, GR No. 138900, 20 September 2005
Section 20, RA 166 as compared to Sec. 138, IPC
Issue of Parallel Importation:
Yu v. CA, 217 SCRA 328

H. Remedies
Sec. 3, IPC
Sec. 160, IPC
Sec. 231, IPC
Leviton Industries v. Salvador, 114 SCRA 420
Puma v. IAC, 158 SCRA 233
La Chemise Lacoste v. Fernandez, 129 SCRA 373

1. Administrative
a) Cancellation Proceedings
Sec. 151 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 152 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sections 153 and 154, IPC
Sec. 230, IPC
Sec. 232.2, IPC
Romero v. Maiden Form, 10 SCRA 556
Philippine Nut Industry v. Standard Brands Inc., 65 SCRA 575
Anchor Trading Co. v. Director of Patents, 99 Phil.1040
Clorox Company v. Director of Patents, 20 SCRA 965 (1967)
Wolverine Worldwide, Inc. v. CA, 169 SCRA 627 (1989)

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 Shangrila v. CA, 359 SCRA 273 (1999)

b) Intellectual Property Rights Violations

Sec. 10(2) (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 232, IPC
Sec. 232.2, IPC
IN-N-Out Burger v. Sehwani, G.R. No. 179127. December 24, 2008.

c) Prohibition of Importation
Sec. 166, IPC

2. Civil
a) Infringement

Sec. 155 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

Sec. 156 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC
Sec. 157 (and its sub-paragraphs). IPC
Sec. 158, IPC
Sec. 159 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally
Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008)
Sec. 161, IPC
Sec. 163, IPC
Sec. 164, IPC
Sec. 232, IPC
Rule on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of Intellectual Property
Rights (A.M. No. 02-1-06-SC)
Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495 (1966)
Esso Standard Eastern v. CA, 116 SCRA 338
Fruit of the Loom v. CA, 133 SCRA 405 (1984)
Del Monte Corporation v. CA, 181 SCRA 410
Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437
Conrad v. CA, 246 SCRA 691
Emerald Garment Manufacturing v. CA, 251 SCRA 600
Amigo v. Cluett Peabody, 354 SCRA 434 (2001)
Societe Des Produits Nestle v. CA, 356 SCRA 207 (2001)
Shangri-La v. CA, GR No. 111580, 21 June 2001
Mighty Corporation v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, GR No. 154342, 14 July 2004
McDonald's Corp v. L.C. Big Mak, GR 143993 dated 18 August 2004
McDonald's Corp. v. Macjoy Fastfood Corp., GR No. 166115, 2 February 2007

Cases on bottles and containers:

Cagayan Valley Enterprises v. CA, 179 SCRA 218
Distilleria Washington v. CA, 263 SCRA 303
Distilleria Washington v. La Tondena, 280 SCRA 116
Twin Ace Holdings v. CA, 280 SCRA 884
Ty vs. De Jemil, G.R. No. 182147, 15 December 2010

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 Republic Gas Corporation, Arnel Ty, et al., v. Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell
Petroleum Corporation and Shell International Petroleum Company Limited, G.R.
No. 194062, 17 June 2013

b) Unfair Competition

Sec. 168 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

Sec. 232, IPC

Difference between Infringement and Unfair Competition:

Del Monte Corporation v. CA, 181 SCRA 410
Pro Line Sports Center v. CA, 281 SCRA 162
Universal Rubber Products v. CA, 130 SCRA 104
Converse Rubber Corp. v. Jacinto Rubber and Plastic Co., 97 SCRA 158
Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437 (1993)
Solid Triangle v. Sheriff, 370 SCRA 491 (2001)
Sony Computer v. Supergreen, Inc., GR No. 161823, 22 March 2007
Sehwani, Inc. and Benita’s Frites, Inc. vs. IN-N-OUT Burger, Inc., 536 SCRA 255
(2007)
Coca Cola v. Gomez, G.R. No. 154491, November 14, 2008
Torres v. Perez, G.R. Nos. 188225 and 198728, 28 November 2012

c) Action for False or Fraudulent Declaration

Sec. 162, IPC
Sec. 163, IPC
Sec. 164, IPC
Sec. 232, IPC

d) Action for False Designation of Origin

Sec. 169 (and its sub-paragraphs), IP Code
Sec. 232, IPC

3. Criminal
Sec. 170, IPC
Sy v. Court of Appeals, 113 SCRA 334
Samson v. Judge Daway, G.R. Nos. 160054-55, July 21, 2004
Gemma Ong A.K.A. Maria Teresa Gemma Catacutan v. People of the Philippines ,
G.R. No. 169440, 23 November 2011
Uyco, et. al., vs. Lo, G.R. No. 2024213, 28 January 2013
Diaz vs. People of the Philippines and Levi Strauss [Phils.], Inc., G.R. No. 180677, 18
February 2013

J. TRADENAMES
1. Definition
Sec. 121.3, IPC
Converse Rubber Corporation v. Universal Rubber Products, 117 SCRA 154

2. What May Not Be Used As A Tradename?

Sec. 165.1, IPC

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 3. Rights of the Tradename Owner
Secs. 165.2, IPC
Sec. 165.3, IPC
Sec. 165.4, IPC
Philips Export v. CA, 206 SCRA 457
Armco Steel Corporation v. SEC, 156 SCRA 822
Western Equipments & Supply Co. v. Reyes, 51 Phil 115

K. COLLECTIVE MARKS
1. Definition
Sec. 121.2, IPC

2. Section 167 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

IV. Patent Law

A. Legislative History

Republic Act No. 165

Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code ("IPC"))

Sec. 239.1, IPC
Sec. 235.1, IPC
Sec. 236, IPC
RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) (see amendments
to the IPC)

B. Definition of Patentable Inventions

Sec. 21, IPC

C. Purpose

Manzano v. CA, 278 SCRA 688

Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)

D. Non-patentable inventions

Sec. 22, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines
Act of 2008)
Article 27, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS)
Plant Variety Protection Act, Republic Act No. 9168

Sections 32 and 34 of the IPRA Law (RA 8371)

1. Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods

15
 O'Reilly v. Morse, 56 U.S. 62 (1854)
The Telephone Cases, 126 U.S. 1 (1888)
2. Living things and natural substances
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 206 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 193 (1980)
Parke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford & Co., 189 F. 95 (S.D.N.Y. 1911)
Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co., 333 U.S. 127, 76 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 280 (1948)
Ex-parte Allen, 2 U.S.PQ. .2d (BNA) 1425 (Bd. Pat. App. & Int. 1987)
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 689 F. 3d 1303 (2013)
3. Software

Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 175 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 673 (1972)
Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 209 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 1 (1981)
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368, 47 U.S.P.Q.2d 1596
(Fed. Cir. 1998)

4. Business Methods

State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 927 F. Supp. 502, 38 U.S.P.Q.2d
1530 (D. Mass. 1996)
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc ., 149 F.3d 1368, 47 U.S.P.Q.2d 1596
(Fed. Cir. 1998) (re: business method exception)

5. Medical Procedures

Pallin v. Singer, 36 U.S.P.Q.2d 1050 (D. Vt. 1995)

E. Kinds of “patents”

1. Inventions

Section 21, IPC

2. Utility Models

Section 109.1, IPC

3. Industrial Designs

Section 112, 113, 119.1, IPC

4. Lay-Out Designs (Topographies of Integrated Circuits RA 9150 amending RA 8293 Layout Designs
(Topographies) of Integrated Circuits Regulations

F. Requirements for patentability

1. Novelty

Sections 23-25, IPC

16
 Maguan v. CA, 146 SCRA 107
Vargas v. F.M. Yaptico & Co., 40 Phil 195
Vargas v. Chua, 57 Phil 206
Frank v. Kosuyama, 59 Phil. 206

Identity requirement

In re Robertson, 169 F.3d 743, 49 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1949 (Fed. Cir. 1999)

Accidental and unknown anticipations

In re Seaborg, 328 F.2d 996, 140 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 662 (C.C.P.A. 1964)

“Enablement standard” for anticipation

In re Hafner, 410 F.2d 1403, 161 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 783 (C.C.P.A. 1969)
Titanium metals Corp. v. Banner, 778 F.2d 775, 227 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 773 (Fed. Cir. 1985)

Known or used by others

National Tractor Pullers Ass’n v. Watkins, 205 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 892 (N.D. Ill. 1980)

Printed publications

In re Hall, 781 F.2d 897, 228 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 453 (Fed. Cir. 1986)

2. Inventiveness

Section 26, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines
Act of 2008)
Aguas v. de Leon, 111 SCRA 238
Manzano v. CA, 278 SCRA 688
Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 148 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 459 (1966)
United States v. Adams, 383 U.S. 39, 148 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 479 (1966)
Arkie Lures Inc. v. Gene Larew Tackle, Inc., 119 F.3d 953, 43 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1294 (Fed. Cir. 1997)
Hybritech Inc. v. Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., 802 F.2d 1367, 231 U.S.P.Q. 81 (Fed. Cir. 1986)
In re Winslow, 365 F.2d 1017, 151 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 48 (C.C.P.A. 1966)
Hazeltine Research, Inc. v. Brenner, 382 U.S. 252 (1965)
In re Bass, 474 F.2d 1276, 177 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 178 (C.C.P.A. 1973)
Oddzon Products, Inc. v. Just Toys, Inc., 122 F.3d 1396, 43 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1641 (Fed. Cir. 1997)

Non-obviousness in Chemistry

In re Papesch, 315 F.2d 381, 137 U.S.P.Q. 43 (C.C.P.A. 1963)

In re Dillon, 919 F.2d 688, 16 U.S.P.Q.2D 1897 (Fed. Cir. 1990)
In re Baird, 16 F.3d 380, 29 U.S.P.Q.2D 1550 (Fed. Cir. 1994)
In re Ochiai, 71 F.3d 1565, 37 U.S.P.Q.2d 1127 (Fed. Cir. 1995)

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 Non-obviousness in Biotechnology

In re Deuel, 51 F.3d 1552, 34 U.S.P.Q.2D 1210 (Fed. Cir. 1995)

3. Industrial Application

Section 27, IPC

In re Cortright, 164 F.3d. 1353, 49 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1464 (Fed. Cir. 1999)
Juicy Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc., 183 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 1999); 51 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1700
Brenner v. Manson, 383 U.S. 519, 148 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 689 (1966)
In re Brana, 51 F.3d 1560, 34 U.S.P.Q.2d 1436 (Fed. Cir. 1995)

G. Ownership of Patent

Section 28, IPC

Section 29, IPC
Section 30, IPC
Sections 67-70, IPC
Section 236, IPC

H. The Patent Application

1. Who may apply?

Sections 28-30, IPC

Section 68, IPC
Section 3, IPC
Section 231, IPC
Section 235, IPC

2. Application process

Sections 32-37, IPC

Section 38, IPC
Section 39, IPC
Section 8, IPC
Sections 108, 109.2, IPC (Utility Models)
Section 114-115, IPC (Industrial Design)

a) Priority Date
Section 31, IPC
Boothe v. Director of Patents, 95 SCRA 446

b) Filing Date
Sections 40-41, IPC
Section 116, IPC (Industrial Design)

c) Formality Examination

18
 Section 42, IPC

d) Classification and Search

Section 43, IPC

e) Confidentiality Before Publication

Section 45, IPC

f) Publication of Patent Application

Section 44, IPC

g) Rights Conferred by a Patent Application

After Publication
Section 46, IPC

h) Observation by Third Parties

Section 47, IPC

i) Request for Substantive Examination

Section 48, IPC
Schuartz v. CA, 335 SCRA 493 (2000)

j) Amendment
Section 49, IPC

k) Conversion
Sections 110 and 111, IPC

U.S. cases on disclosure and enablement

“Undue experimentation”

The Incandescent Lamp Patent, 159 U.S. 465 (1895)

In re Fisher, 427 F.2d 833, 166 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 18 (C.C.P.A. 1970)

In re wands, 858 F.2d 731, 8 U.S.P.Q.2d 14000 (Fed. Cir. 1988)

Uses of examples in the specification

In re Strahilevitz, 668 F.2d 1229, 212 U.S.P.Q. 561 (C.C.P.A. 1982)

Written description requirement

Vas-Cath Inc. v. Mahhurkar, 935 F.2d 1555, 19 U.S.P.Q.2d 1111 (Fed Cir. 1991)

Definite claims

Orthokinetics, inc. v. Safety Travel Chairs, Inc., 806 F.2d 1565, 1 U.S.P.Q.2d 1081 (fed. Cir. 1986)

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3. Philippine Rules on PCT Applications (Pursuant to Patent Cooperation Treaty ratified by the Senate
on 5 February 2001; PCT took effect for the Philippines on 17 August 2001)

4. Issuance or Refusal of Patents

Section 50, IPC
Section 51, IPC
Section 53, IPC
Sections 117 and 119, IPC (Industrial Design)
Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)

5. Publication Upon Grant of Patents

Section 52, IPC

6. Term of Patent

Section 54, IPC (Invention Patent)

Section 109.3, IPC (Utility Model)
Section 118, IPC (Industrial Design)

7. Annual Fees
Section 55, IPC

8. Surrender, Correction and Amendment

Section 56, IPC
Sections 57-60, IPC

9. Cancellation
1. Grounds
Section 61, IPC
Section 82, IPC
Section 109.4, IPC (Utility Model)
Section 120, IPC (Industrial Design)

2. Proceedings
Sections 62-66, IPC
Section 230, IPC

E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Co. v. Director Emma C. Francisco, G.R. No. 174379, 31 August
2016

I. Rights of a Patentee/Enforcement of patent rights

1. Patent rights

Section 71, IPC

Parke Davis & Co. v. Doctor's Pharmaceuticals, 124 SCRA 115
Limitations on The Rights Of A Patentee:

20
 Sec. 72, IPC as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act of 2008)
Secs. 73-74, IPC
Sec. 231, IPC
The Issue of Parallel Importation:
Section 71, IPC
Article 6 of the TRIPS Agreement: The Doctrine of Exhaustion

2. Action for infringement (Literal and Equivalent)

1. Civil Action for Infringement

Section 76, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act of 2008)
Section 75, IPC

2. Criminal Action for Repetition of Infringement

Section 84, IPC

3. Administrative
Section 10.2, IPC

4. Who can file?

Section 77, IPC
Creser Precision System, Inc. v. CA, 286 SCRA 13

5. Presumptions
Section 78, IPC

6. Damages
Secs. 79-80, IPC

7. Defenses in Action for Infringement

Section 81, IPC

8. Patent Found Invalid May be Cancelled

Section 82, IPC

9. Assessors
Section 83, IPC

Vargas v. F.M. Yaptico, supra

Frank v. Benito, 51 Phil. 712
Frank v. Kosuyama, 59 Phil. 206
G. Sell v. Yap Jue, 12 Phil. 519
Maguan v. CA, 146 SCRA 107
Godines v. CA, 226 SCRA 338
Del Rosario v. CA, 255 SCRA 152
Smith Kline v. CA, 409 SCRA 33 (2003)

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 US cases on interpreting claims

Autogiro Co. of America v. United States, 384 F.2d 391, 155 U.S.P.Q. 697 (Ct. Cl. 1967)
Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370 (1996)

US cases on the doctrine of equivalents

Winans v. Denmead, 56 U.S. 330 (1854)

Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Products Co., 339 U.S. 605 (1950)
Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co., 520 U.S. 17 (1997)
Exhibit Supply Co. v. Ace Patents Corp., 315 U.S. 126 (1942)
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. Ltd., 535 U.S. 722 (2002)
Corning Glass Works v. Sumitomo Electric U.S.A., Inc., 868 F.2d 1251, 9 U.S.P.Q.2d 1962
(Fed. Cir. 1989)
Wilson Sporting Goods Co., v. David Geoffrey & Assoc., 904 F.2d 677, 14 U.S.P.Q.2d 1942
(BNA) (Fed. Cir. 1990)
Al-Site Corp. VSI International Inc., 174 F.3d 1308, 50 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1161 (Fed Cir. 1999)

US case on reverse doctrine of equivalents

Westinghouse v. Boyden Power Brake Co., 170 U.S. 537 (1898)

US case on the experimental use “exception”

Roche Products v. Bolar Pharmaceuticals Co., 733 F.2d 858, U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 937 (Fed. Cir. 1984)

US cases on indirect infringement

C.R. Bard Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, 911 F.2d 670, 15 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1540
(Fed. Cir. 1990)

3. Licensing

1. Voluntary
Sections 85-92, IPC

2. Compulsory
Sections 93-95, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act of 2008)
Sections96 -102, IPC
Price v. United Laboratories, 166 SCRA 133 (1988)
Smith Kline v. CA, 276 SCRA 224 (1997)
Smith Kline v. CA, 368 SCRA 9

3. Right to Transfer and Assign

Section 4.2, IPC
Sections 103-107, IPC
Sections 85-92, IPC
Albana v. Director of Patents, 93 Phil. 113

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