IGAT9-BP3-CS03-CV-CR-1002-00-Design Criteria For Loads & Forces PDF

‫پروژه طراحی پایه و تفصیلی خط لوله نهم سراسری گاز‬
)‫ اهواز‬- ‫برازجان‬/‫ اهواز)گستره جاده اهرم‬-‫حدفاصل عسلویه‬

790844 :‫شماره پیمان‬
Design Criteria for Loads & Forces
Project Ph.No Scope Dis. Doc. Serial Rev
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IGAT9 BP3 CS03 CV CR 1002 00

IGAT9-BP3-CS03-CV-CR-1002-00
00 IFC K.Pashabadi R. Salamati K. Loghmani 96-05-25 -

PURPOSE
REV. PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED DATE REMARKS
OF ISSUE
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Subject Page

1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. UNIT 5
3. LANGUAGE 5
4. REFERENCE CODES & STANDARDS 5
5. SITE GENERAL DATA 8
6. LOAD CASES 9
7. LOAD COMBINATIONS 25
8. METHOD OF ANALYSIS 26
Page 4 of 26
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Iranian Gas Engineering & Development Company (I.G.E.D.C) has intended to perform gas
transmission pipeline and gas compressor stations for transfering natural Gas from
Assalouyeh to Ahwaz Gas Compressor Station.
Design of 56" gas transmission pipeline from Ahram to Ahwaz with approximate length 344
km. and 3 compressor stations has been described under this Engineering Contract.
1.2. SCOPE
This document provides the minimum design loads, forces and data to be considered in the
design of concrete and steel structures and foundations, except for Turbo Compressors steel
structures, which are defined by Turbo Compressors supplier.
1.3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

In this project Client, MC, consultant and title of project has described as follows:
PROJECT 9th Iranian gas trunk pipeline (IGAT IX) from Assalouyeh to
Ahwaz; section two (Ahram-Ahwaz).
CLIENT Iranian Gas Engineering & Development Company (IGEDC).
MC GhodsNiroo Engineers Co.
CONSULTANT Haraz Rah Consulting Engineers Group.
SUPPLIER/VENDOR Means Any Firm, Company or Organization Whose Name Is
Approved By Client.
SHALL / MUST Are Used Where A Provision Is Mandatory.
SHOULD Is Used Where A Provision Is Advisory Only.
MAY Is Used Where A Provision Is Completely Discretionary.
WILL Is Normally Used In Connection With The Action By The
"Company" Rather Than By A contractor, Supplier Or Vendor.
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2. UNIT
This international system of units (SI) shall be used for all drawings and documents.
3. LANGUAGE
All quotation, drawings and documentation shall be in English language.
4. REFERENCE CODES & STANDARDS

The latest revision of the following documents shall be followed for drainage design. The list
is not exhaustive but includes the key Codes, Standards and Project Specifications that shall
be applied.
Project Documents
Soil Investigation Reports.
IGAT9-DP3-PLN-GT-RE-1002
International Standards and Other Publications
Iranian Petroleum Standards:
IPS-E-CE-500 "Engineering Standard for Loads"
IPS-E-CE-200 "Construction Standard for Concrete Structures"
IPS-E-CE-210 "Construction Standard for Steel Structures"
IPS-E-CE-260 "Construction Standard for Fireproofing"
IPS-E-CE-120 "Engineering Standard for Foundations"
IPS-C-CE-200 "Construction Standard for Concrete Structures"
IPS-C-CE-210 "Construction Standard for Steel Structures"
IPS-E-CE-110 "Engineering Standard For soil Engineering"
IPS-E-CE-130 "Engineering Standard For piles"

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National Iranian Building Code:
NIBC, Chapter 6 "Loading on Structures"
NIBC, Chapter 8 "Masonry Building"
NIBC, Chapter 9 "Concrete Structure"
NIBC, Chapter 10 "Steel Structure"
NIBC, Chapter 11 "Construction of Industrial Building"
Ministry of Petroleum:
Publication No. 038 "Iranian Seismic Design Code for Oil Industries"
Publication No. 027 "Guide line for seismic design of oil facilities"
Planning & Management Organization:
Publication No. 139 "Iranian Bridge Loading Code"
American Concrete Institute:
ACI 315 "Manual of Standard Practice for Detailing

Reinforced Concrete"
ACI 318 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

Concrete"
ACI 350R "Concrete Sanitary Structures"
American Petroleum Institute:
API 650 "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage"
API 686 "Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation

and Installation Design"
Deutsches Institut für Normung:
DIN 4024-1 "Machine foundations; flexible structures that

support machines with rotating elements"
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DIN 4024-2 "Machine foundations; rigid foundations for

machinery with periodic excitation"
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure:
VDI 2056 "Evaluation of Mechanical Vibrations of Rotating

Machinery"
VDI 2060 "Evaluation of Balance Quality Requirements of

Rigid Rotors"
Other Standards:
IBC-2003 "International Building Code"
ANSI / ASCE 7 "Minimum design loads for buildings and other

structures"
Other Project Documents
Basic Engineering Drawings for Civil Works.
Order of Precedence
In case of conflict between these specifications, referenced project specifications or the above
listed codes and standards; contractor shall bring the matter to owner attention for resolution
and approval in writing.
If any conflict occurs, as the result of applying specification, the order of precedence shall be
as follows:
 IPS Documents
 This Document.
 Other referenced project specifications.
 Codes and standards referred to within this Document.
Note: The latest issued or revised edition of all above mentioned codes and standards shall be
considered as reference.
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5. SITE GENERAL DATA
5.1 Site Data
Design of foundations, steel and concrete structures shall be carried out on the
base of the site general data applicable to the Project. Refer to: Process Design
Basis & Criteria for IGAT-9.
5.2 Soil Data
Design of foundations, structures, earthworks and other concrete works shall

be carried out in accordance with the prescriptions included in the Soil
Investigation Reports by: Soil Consulting Engineers Reports for IGAT-9.
5.3 Foundation Level
The foundation shall be placed below the high point of as per related drawings.
5.4 Allowable Bearing Capacity
Allowable bearing capacity of soil relate to allowable settlements, dimensions

and depth of foundations. For allowable bearing capacity of soil, refer to Soil
Consulting Engineers Reports for IGAT-9.
5.5 Expected Settlements
The maximum total settlements shall be limited to 25mm, based on curves

given in the Soil Consulting Engineers Reports for IGAT-9.
5.6 Soil Chemical Parameters and Cement Type
Cement type should be in accordance to soil Consulting Engineers Reports for

IGAT-9.
5.7 Ground Water
The ground water table elevation should be in accordance to Soil Consulting

Engineers Reports for IGAT-9.
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5.8 Fire Proofing
As Indicated in Architectural Basic Documents for Stations (IGAT-9 Basic

Package for Each Station).
All Structural Architectural Detail should be in Accordance with "Engineering

Standard for Fireproofing", IPS-E-CE-260.
6. LOAD CASES
The following loads shall be considered for design of the plant structures and foundations:
 Dead Load (DL)
 Live Load (LL)
 Equipment Erection (EE)
 Equipment Test (ET)
 Equipment Operating (EO)
 Thermal Load (TL)
 Snow Load (SL)
 Wind Load (WL)
 Earthquake Load (EL)
 Maintenance Load (ML)

 Impact Load (IL)
 Vibration load (VL)
 Blast Load (BL)
 Construction Load (CL)
 Earth Load (HL)
 Piping Load (PL)
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6.1 Dead Load (DL)
Dead load is the self-weight of structures and the weight of all materials
permanently fastened there to or supported thereby, such as fireproofing, pipes,
insulation, walkways, etc.
Specific weights of materials shall be in accordance with Chapter 6 of NIBC,

where applicable.
6.1.1 Buildings
The following dead loads shall be included in the design of buildings:
 Self-weight of structural elements.
 Framing, walls, floors, roofs, suspended ceilings, finishes, permanent

partitions and stairs.
 Equipment, fixed services, machinery, lifts, runway beams, electrical

feeders, heating / ventilating / air conditioning, etc. wherever their loads are
transmitted to structural elements. Equipment loads shall be taken from
MANUFACTURER's data sheets.
 Fireproofing on structural steel works.
 Self weight of piping (if any).
6.1.2 Process Structures
The following dead loads shall be included in the design of process structures:
 Self weight of structural elements.
 Equipment, machinery, lifts and runway beams.
 The following dead loads from piping shall be included in the design of all
structures except pipe racks, to which references shall be made to section
6.1.3. of this document:
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o Piping less than 300mm diameter shall be considered as a maximum

distributed load of 50kg/m2 over the gross area of the supporting
floor. This value is to be assumed where extensive piping is
anticipated. This load is based on ANSI standard pipe and fittings.
Where non-standard pipe and fittings are to be specified, the load
shall be adjusted to suit.
o Pipes larger than 300mm diameter shall be considered as concentrated

loads in their actual locations.
 Fireproofing on structural steel, vessel skirts and equipment.
 Vessels, including all internals, refractory linings and hydro tests.
 Insulation installed on piping and equipment.
 Steel platform framing and floor plate.
 Weight of platforms, piping and ladders on towers shall be as specified on

the vessel drawings.
6.1.3 Pipe racks
The following dead loads from piping shall be included for the design of pipe
racks:
Pipes less than 300mm diameter shall be considered as a distributed load of

50kg/m2.
Pipes larger than 300mm diameter shall be considered as concentrated loads in

their actual locations.
When individual pipe loads are not available for racks with pipes exceeding
300mm diameter, but not exceeding 400mm diameter (e.g. heater or reactor
piping) the piping dead load shall be considered as a distributed load of not
less than 80 kg/m2.
These loads are based on ANSI standard pipe and fittings.

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Where non-standard pipe and fittings are to be specified, the loads shall be
adjusted to suit.
 Runway Beams, equipment, air fins (with associated platforms).
 Fireproofing on structural steel.
 Steel platform framing and floor plate.
 A uniformly distributed dead load of 100Kg/m2 for a single level of cable

trays and 200 kg/m2 for a double layer of cable trays.
6.1.4 Equipment Foundations
The following dead loads shall be included in the design of equipment

foundation:
 Self weight of structural elements.
 Equipment valves and piping.
 Fireproofing on vessel skirts and equipment.
 Vessels including all internals, refractory linings, platforms and ladders.
6.2 Live Load (LL)
Live load consists of the following movable loads:
 Persons, portable machinery, tools and, for buildings, furniture, business

machines and archive materials.
 Materials temporarily stored during maintenance such as exchanger parts,

pipes and fittings, valves.
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 Materials normally stored during operation such as tools, maintenance

equipment, initiators, catalysts and chemicals.
 Passing or staying vehicles, trucks and operating machines.
Live loads shall be in accordance with Chapter 6 of NIBC, except for those
stated in.
Live loads shall be uniformly distributed over the horizontal projection of the
specified areas, and have the following minimum values:
6.2.1 Roofs:
 Pitched roofs: Uniformly distributed load of 100kg/m2 or a concentrated

load of 100kg at any point over the roof, whichever is critical.
 Flat roofs: Uniformly distributed load of 150kg/m2 or a concentrated load of

300kg at any point over the roof, whichever is critical.
6.2.2 Floors:
 Control Rooms, Switch Gear Rooms, Battery Rooms, Compressor

Buildings and Pump Houses: Uniformly distributed load of 1000kg/m2.
 Laboratories: Uniformly distributed load of 500kg/m2.
 Operating and maintenance areas: Uniformly distributed load of 500kg/m2.
 Warehouse and storage area: Loads to be determined from the proposed use,
otherwise to be in accordance with the Chapter 6 of NIBC.
 Other buildings: In accordance with Chapter 6 of NIBC.
6.2.3 Live Load Reduction on Columns:
For process floor areas not used for storage (including during shutdown), the
reductions given in the following Table (based on the number of floors
qualifying for load reduction carried by the member under consideration) may
be applied to the uniformly distributed imposed floor load in the design of
columns, their supports and foundations:
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Number of floors with loads qualifying for

Reduction in total distributed floor load %
reduction carried by member under consideration
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 to 10 40
over 10 50 max
The moments on a column should be determined from the load used to design
the beams at the appropriate level and not reduced on the same basis as the
axial load.
6.2.4 Platforms:
 Storage Area: 600kg/m2 for light storage & 1200kg/m2 for heavy storage
areas or a concentrated load of 900kg at any point over the platform
whichever is critical.
 Operating platform: 500kg/m2 or a concentrated load of 900kg at any point

over the platform whichever is critical.
 Access platforms: 250kg/m2 or a concentrated load of 450kg at any points

over the platform whichever is critical.
 Stairs, Ramps and Landings: Uniformly distributed loads and concentrated

loads equal to those of platforms (250kg/m2 or a concentrated load of
450kg).
 Cover plates and Slabs: 500kg/m2 or a concentrated load of 1000kg at any

point, whichever is critical, except in traffic areas where applicable moving
loads shall be considered.
The above mentioned live loads shall be checked against manufacture’s

documents.
In case of multi story buildings / structures, above loads may be reduced for
columns and foundations design as per Chapter 6 of NIBC.
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6.3 Equipment Loads
6.3.1 Equipment Erection (EE)
This load includes the empty weight of equipment. It shall be considered as a

dead load.
6.3.2 Equipment Test (ET)
Equipment test load is the weight of the equipment plus the weight of water
necessary to perform hydraulic test. In static calculation, the weight of water
shall be considered as a live load.
6.3.3 Equipment Operation (EO)
This load includes the weight of equipment (including platforms and ladders
attached to it), solids a/o liquids normally inside the equipment and connected
pipes. In static calculation, this load shall be considered as a dead load.
6.3.4 Thermal Load (TL)
Thermal loads are those forces caused by temperature variations. Two different
types of thermal loads shall be considered in design of structures and
foundations:
 Loads caused by the variation of ambient temperature. It shall be limited by

adopting expansion joints at proper distances.
A minimum differential temperature ∆T = ± 25°C shall be considered; it

shall be combined with other instantaneous loads such as wind and
earthquake.
 Loads on structures and foundations caused by the expansion or contraction

of equipment or pipes. These loads can take place only during operation and
must be considered as live loads. This kind of thermal loads shall not be
combined with wind and earthquake loads.
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To calculate thermal loads caused by equipment and single pipes, the

following friction coefficients (f) shall be used:
o Teflon to Teflon f = 0.10
o Teflon to stainless steel f = 0.10
o Steel to steel f = 0.30
o Steel to concrete f = 0.50
On pipe racks and pipe supports with 4 or more lines the friction force shall
be taken as 10% of the total pipe weight tributary to the pipe rack or pipe
support, under operating conditions.
On pipe racks and pipe supports with 3 or less lines the friction force shall
be taken as 20% of the total pipe weight tributary to the pipe rack or pipe
support, under operating conditions.
The transversal (perpendicular to the pipe) friction force shall be taken as

5% of the total tributary pipes weight or 750kg whichever is greater.
The thermal load caused by the expansion / contraction of the structure shall
be computed based on the coefficients of expansion specified in AISC
manual of steel construction.
For pipe rack see also section 6.1.3 of this document.
6.4 Snow Load (SL)
Design snow load shall be in accordance with the Chapter 6 of NIBC.
Minimum design snow load (from above statement) at least shall be 100kg/m2,
uniformly distributed over the horizontal projection of the loaded area.
Snow on grating shall not be taken into account.

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6.5 Wind Load (WL)
Wind pressure shall be calculated according to Chapter 6 of NIBC, based on

the following parameters:
 Basic Wind Speed: 110 km/hr
 Ce (Elevation Coefficient): Accordance to Chapter 6 of NIBC
 Cq (Shape Coefficient): Accordance to Chapter 6 of NIBC
Wind loads and Earthquake loads shall not be considered simultaneously.
Wind loads shall be assumed from any direction.
6.6 Earthquake Load (EL)
Earthquake load on structures and foundations shall be calculated according to

ISIRI-2800, Iranian Seismic Design Code for Oil Industries (Pub.No.038) and
International Building Code (IBC) whichever is critical.
6.6.1 ISIRI-2800
6.6.1.1 General

ISIRI-2800, based on the following:
 Seismic Zone: As per described in "Soil Investigation

Report", but not less than high risk zone (
Amin=0.3g )
 Seismic Importance Factor: I=1.40
 Soil profile type: As per described in Soil Investigation Report,

Not accumulated than type II
 W-Coefficient
The coefficient W shall be equal to the load combinations as follow:

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o Buildings: as per Chapter 6 of NIBC
o Vibration Equipment: 150% of total static weight
o Pipe Racks: Operating loads
o Storage tanks: Operating load + 75% of the snow load
When computing the lateral earthquake load on industrial buildings and

structures, the total weight of the cranes, if any, but excluding the lifted
weight, shall be considered as a dead load.
6.6.1.2 Distribution
The distribution of the total lateral earthquake load over the height of the
building and other structures shall be based on the following procedures:
 Buildings:
As per ISIRI-2800
 Vertical Vessels, Stacks, Storage Tanks, Horizontal Vessels, Heat

Exchangers (Single & Multi Level) and the other Equipment:
As per following codes (more strengthen one):
o Publication No. 038: "Iranian Seismic Design Code for Oil

Industries"
o Publication No. 027: "Guide Line for Seismic Design of Oil

Facilities"
 General requirements:
In industrial buildings and structures, the portion of the total lateral earthquake
load, which has been computed based on the total weight of the cranes, shall be
applied to only mainframe, when the lateral direction of the building is under
consideration.
Structure period shall be evaluated in accordance with the requirements

included in the relevant section of the code.
Page 19 of 26
6.6.1.3 R Value
R-Values shall be based on the following procedures:
 Buildings:
As per ISIRI-2800
 Vertical Vessels, Stacks, Storage Tanks, Horizontal Vessels, Heat

Exchangers (Single & Multi Level) and the other Equipment:
o Publication No. 038: "Iranian Seismic Design Code for Oil

Industries"
o Publication No. 027: "Guide Line for Seismic Design of Oil

Facilities"
6.6.2 International Building Code:

International Building Code (IBC), based on the following:
6.6.2.1 Codes
For this site, the Uniform Building Code (IBC) shall be used for calculating
seismic loading, design and detailing of concrete and steelwork foundations,
building and structures.
6.6.2.2 Equivalent Static Analysis
Unless a dynamic analysis is required in accordance with IBC, then the "Static
Lateral Force Procedure", detailed in IBC shall be adopted for seismic design.
6.6.2.3 Dynamic Analysis
Where a dynamic analysis is required in accordance with IBC, the "Dynamic

Lateral Force Procedure", detailed in IBC shall be adopted for seismic design
using a Modal Response Spectrum Analysis. In general, this shall only be
required for sensitive structures with:
Page 20 of 26
 Major set-backs of stories.
 Large tensional eccentricities
 Unusual mass or stiffness distributions
 Unusual foundation conditions
 Height exceeding that stipulated in the Standard
 Flammable or toxic inventories
6.6.2.4 Anchor Bolts
The seismic load in anchor bolts to structures and equipment shall be

established in accordance with IBC. Anchor bolts shall be designed on the
same basis as specified in IBC for bracing connections.
6.6.2.5 Vertical Accelerations
In accordance with IBC, vertical accelerations shall be considered for the

strength method of design (e.g. reinforced concrete design).
6.6.2.6 Combination of Orthogonal Seismic Forces
In accordance with IBC, orthogonal seismic forces need only be considered for
structures with plan irregularity Types 1 or 5 in accordance with Table 16-M,
and also columns of a structure forming part of two or more intersecting lateral
force resisting systems.
This latter consideration means that the columns of structures, especially

corner or perimeter columns will need to be designed for a combination of
orthogonal seismic forces.
6.6.2.7 Seismic Detailing of Concrete and Steelwork Buildings & Structures
 For structures subject to seismic loading attention should be given to design

and detailing of all structural elements so as to maximise ductility under the
seismic loading and ensure a controlled failure / energy dissipation in pre-
designed locations or elements of the structural systems. In particular,
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provision should be made to guard against brittle or shear failure. To this

extent the ultimate failure mode should be in flexure.
 For structures subject to seismic loading joints and connections transmitting

primary seismic forces should be designed and detailed to be at least as
strong as the members being connected.
 For structures subject to high seismic loading a system or hierarchy of

elements should be built up based on the over strength of the previous
elements. For example in reinforced concrete framed structures, foundations
should be stronger than columns which themselves should be stronger than
beams. Beams should be designed to yield and hinge in a flexural manner at
ultimate failure.
 This method of design for structures subject to seismic loading ensures a

predictable mode of failure at a known location of the structure.
6.7 Maintenance Load (ML)
Maintenance loads are temporary forces due to dismantling, repair or painting

of equipment & structures. In static calculations, they shall be considered as
live loads.
Exchangers Bundle Pulling
Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers shall be designed to

withstand a longitudinal force applied at the centre of the tube bundle.
Only the fixed saddle shall support such force. It shall be equal to half the
weight of the bundle or 1000 kg, whichever is greater.
In case of multi level exchangers, it shall be assumed that the bundle pulling of
equipment would not occur simultaneously.
Page 22 of 26
Above figures may be reduced if only special extraction devices are provided.
This maintenance load shall be considered as a live load.
6.8 Impact Load (IL)
Impact loads are forces caused by moving objects, such as bridge cranes and
monorails on their supporting structures, their runways or where they place the
lifted loads.
For structures supporting live loads which induce impact, the design live loads
shall be increased for the impact effect.
The increase in loads due to impact, in the absence of manufacturer's

specification, shall be evaluated as shown in the following table:
STRUCTURE LOAD DIRECTION DYNAMIC INCREASE
a) Vertical 25% of lifted load
b) Horizontal (longitudinal) 10% of maximum wheel load applied at top of runway

Bridge-crane
runways 20% of the sum of the lifted load and the weight of the
crane trolley applied at top of runways, one half on
c) Transversal
each one. This force shall be considered acting in either
direction normal to runway rail.
Monorails runway b) Horizontal (longitudinal) 10% of wheel load
c) Transversal 20% of lifted load

Davits*
b) Horizontal 20% of equipment weight
(a) Davits for manholes are not included.
6.9 Vibration Load (VL)
Vibration loads are those forces and moments caused by rotating or

reciprocating machinery such as compressors, turbines, fans, blowers &
pumps. The evaluation of such loads shall be performed on the basis of
Page 23 of 26
MANUFACTURER's documents and as indicated in "Foundations and

Structures for Vibrating Machines" of civil and structure design criteria.
6.10 Blast Load (BL)
Explosion load are horizontal or vertical, uniformly distributed, static

overpressures equivalent in their design effect to dynamic overpressures
created by explosions.
Elements of building specified as "Blast-proof Building", shall be designed to

withstand with equivalent static overpressures depending on dynamics
properties of structure elements (period & stiffness).
Equivalent static overpressures base on explosion load will be specified by

project requirement for any buildings, which should be Blast-proof.
Explosion overpressures need not be assumed to act simultaneously with wind

or earthquake forces.
Calculating the blast load should be accordance to:
 ASCE Manual No. 42, "Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons

Effects"
 IPS-E-CE-500
6.11 Construction Load (CL)
Construction loads are temporary forces due to the erection of structures or

equipment. In static calculations, it shall be considered as live loads.
Page 24 of 26
6.12 Earth Load (EL)
Earth loads are those loads due to soil, and ground water pressure when
necessary, against structures and foundations.
6.13 Pipe Rack and Pipe Support Design Load (PL)
For design of pipe racks and pipe supports in the absence of definite loading
provided by Piping Department, the following minimum loads can be used.
6.13.1 Vertical Loads:
The following vertical loads shall be considered in design:
6.13.1.1 Pipe Bundle:
For pipes diameter < 12 inches, a uniformly distributed load shall be applied to
the considered pipe rack level on the total area including free space for future
use. For minimum values see table below:
Average Diameter Empty Weight Full of Water Weight

(Inches) (kg/m2) (kg/m2)
2 40 60
3 70 100
4 80 120
6 110 180
8 120 220
10 140 280
12 150 320
For pipes diameter > 12 inches, piping load shall be considered as concentrated
loads. In static calculation, fluid loads shall be considered as dead loads.
6.13.1.2 Single Pipe:
Piping loads shall be considered as concentrated loads.

Page 25 of 26
6.13.2 Horizontal Loads:
6.13.2.1 Main Supporting Girders:
Main girder, frame girder, girder that supports all diameter pipes shall be sized
to withstand a horizontal anchor force of minimum 1000kg in the direction of
the pipes. This load shall be located at the most unfavourable position and
resisted by the total section. During refinement of the design, when location of
anchor is defined the proper loads shall be considered.
6.13.2.2 Longitudinal Tie Girders:
These beams of pipe racks shall be calculated for the following:
 A minimum vertical load of 1500kg at mid span
 A compressive load equal to 15% of load on adjacent column
 A minimum horizontal force of 75kg located at mid span and resisted by the
total section.
The above mentioned loads shall only be used for local checks of the members
and shall not be considered in the design of the foundations.
Friction Loads as indicated in section 6.3.
7. LOAD COMBINATIONS
All load combinations shall be done in accordance with the reference design codes.
For loads not specified in ACI-318, but mentioned in, the load factor shall be taken as 1.4.
Combination of loads and forces shown in the following table shall be considered to
determine the critical loading condition for the design of the structural elements (columns,
beams, slabs, bracings, anchor bolts, foundations) and to check the stability of the structure.
When; inclusion of fluid loads, live loads or snow load results in a less critical loading
condition, these loads shall be excluded. However, safety of persons and structures shall be
assured during all transient phases of construction.
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The allowable stress of materials for loading combinations involving wind or earthquake load
shall be increased by 1/3 (i.e. 33.33%) except for the anchor bolts supporting spheres and
towers.
The allowable stress for all elements and their connection subject to test loading (if any)
without wind or earthquake shall be increased by 1/5 (i.e. 20.00%).
Snow load shall not be combined with roof live load.
LOADING DESIGN STRESSES
DESIGN LOADS
CONDITION AND LOAD FACTORS
1. Dead loads of structure less: fireproofing and piping
ERECTION
2. Equipment load (EE) ACI 318 or AISC-ASD
AND
3. Temporary loads and forces caused by erection Specification
EMPTY
4. Wind load
1. Dead loads of structure plus fireproofing
2. Equipment load (ET)
ACI 318 or AISC-ASD
TEST 3. Dead load of piping plus insulation
Specification
4. Full Live load from platforms or 50% with WL and EL
5. 20% of Wind load or Earthquake load
2. Equipment load (EO)
3. Dead load of piping plus insulation
NORMAL 4. Live load from platforms and walkways ACI 318 or AISC-ASD
OPERATION 5. Thermal loads Specification
6. Impact loads
7. Wind load or Earthquake load whichever is greater
8. Snow load
2. Equipment load (EO)
3. Dead load of piping plus insulation
4. Live load from platforms and walkways
ABNORMAL ACI 318 or AISC-ASD
5. Thermal loads
OPERATION Specification
6. 20% of wind or earthquake load which one is greater
7. Snow load
8. Impact load
9. Vibration load
2. Equipment load (EE)
ACI 318 or AISC-ASD
MAINTENANCE 3. Live load from platforms and walkways
Specification
4. Maintenance load
5. 20% of Wind or earthquake load which one is greater
8. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Proven computer programs based stiffness (displacement) or flexibility (force) method shall
be used for the analysis of indeterminate structures. The program output shall include joint
displacements, support reactions & member end reactions. Simple and determinate structures
may be analyzed by hand calculations.

IGAT9-BP3-CS03-CV-CR-1002-00-Design Criteria For Loads & Forces PDF

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‫پروژه طراحی پایه و تفصیلی خط لوله نهم سراسری گاز‬

)‫ اهواز‬- ‫برازجان‬/‫ اهواز)گستره جاده اهرم‬-‫حدفاصل عسلویه‬

Design Criteria for Loads & Forces

00 IFC K.Pashabadi R. Salamati K. Loghmani 96-05-25 -

Item Subject Page

1.3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

4. REFERENCE CODES & STANDARDS

Soil Investigation Reports.

IPS-E-CE-200 "Construction Standard for Concrete Structures"

IPS-E-CE-210 "Construction Standard for Steel Structures"

IPS-E-CE-260 "Construction Standard for Fireproofing"

IPS-E-CE-120 "Engineering Standard for Foundations"

IPS-C-CE-200 "Construction Standard for Concrete Structures"

IPS-C-CE-210 "Construction Standard for Steel Structures"

IPS-E-CE-110 "Engineering Standard For soil Engineering"

IPS-E-CE-130 "Engineering Standard For piles"

National Iranian Building Code:

NIBC, Chapter 6 "Loading on Structures"

NIBC, Chapter 8 "Masonry Building"

NIBC, Chapter 9 "Concrete Structure"

NIBC, Chapter 10 "Steel Structure"

NIBC, Chapter 11 "Construction of Industrial Building"

Planning & Management Organization:

Publication No. 139 "Iranian Bridge Loading Code"

American Concrete Institute:

ACI 315 "Manual of Standard Practice for Detailing

ACI 318 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

ACI 350R "Concrete Sanitary Structures"

American Petroleum Institute:

API 650 "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage"

API 686 "Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation

Deutsches Institut für Normung:

DIN 4024-1 "Machine foundations; flexible structures that

DIN 4024-2 "Machine foundations; rigid foundations for

Verein Deutscher Ingenieure:

VDI 2056 "Evaluation of Mechanical Vibrations of Rotating

VDI 2060 "Evaluation of Balance Quality Requirements of

IBC-2003 "International Building Code"

ANSI / ASCE 7 "Minimum design loads for buildings and other

Other Project Documents

Basic Engineering Drawings for Civil Works.

 Other referenced project specifications.

 Codes and standards referred to within this Document.

5. SITE GENERAL DATA

5.1 Site Data

5.2 Soil Data

Design of foundations, structures, earthworks and other concrete works shall

5.3 Foundation Level

5.4 Allowable Bearing Capacity

Allowable bearing capacity of soil relate to allowable settlements, dimensions

5.5 Expected Settlements

The maximum total settlements shall be limited to 25mm, based on curves

5.6 Soil Chemical Parameters and Cement Type

Cement type should be in accordance to soil Consulting Engineers Reports for

5.7 Ground Water

The ground water table elevation should be in accordance to Soil Consulting

5.8 Fire Proofing

As Indicated in Architectural Basic Documents for Stations (IGAT-9 Basic

All Structural Architectural Detail should be in Accordance with "Engineering

 Maintenance Load (ML)

6.1 Dead Load (DL)

Specific weights of materials shall be in accordance with Chapter 6 of NIBC,

The following dead loads shall be included in the design of buildings: