Lecture 6 - Introduction To Earthquake Engineering Design of Buildings

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING DESIGN
OF STRUCTURES
By: Kerrin Burgess MSc. CEng.

THE NATURE OF EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are natural events that result from the
release of strain energy along fault planes due to
tectonic plate movement
Vibrations that result from
earthquakes are of two types,
Surface Waves & Body waves.
Body waves are further divided
into “p” and “s” waves
P-waves are compression waves, they S-waves are shear waves, they
travel faster than s-waves and can travel slower than p-waves but are
travel trough the core more distructive
Earthquakes are
stochastic events, as
both their magnitude
and their location along a
fault is highly variable.
However their likelihood is taught to

follow a poisson or logarithmic
probabilistic distribution, i.e. the
probability increases with time.
The intensity of ground vibration felt at a site is a function of three primary
variables
1. The Magnitude of the Earthquake
2. Distance of the site to the Epicenter
3. Shear wave velocity of the soil
Site < 20km from epicenter Site 100km from epicenter

CRITERION USED IN EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
Structures are designed to resist earthquakes by their inelastic
deformation, resulting in dissipation of input energy
This means that they are not designed to elastically resist the full
earthquake load, they are detailed to behave in a ductile manner.
This methodology is fundamentally different to that used for wind design

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
• Structural Collapse resulting in
lost of limb and life
• Liquefaction of Soils
• Lost of operation of essential
facilities
• Fire
• Tsunami’s
• Landslides
EARTHQUAKE RELATED FAILURES
Earthquake related failures of structures are usually directly related

to structural deficiencies or to problems with the soil the structure is
found upon.
In order to mitigate against these failures we must first understand

what the common causes of failure are
STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES
Brittle Structures:
These structures pose little to no resistance to earthquakes; they
should either be avoided or isolated
e.g. Unreinforced Masonry
Inadequate spacing of column transverse reinforcement:
Column shear links should be closely spaced to avoid buckling of the
longitudinal steel
Spacing too Spacing

far apart adequate
Inadequate spacing of column transverse reinforcement:
Column shear links should be closely spaced to avoid buckling of the
longitudinal steel
No shear reinforcement in beam - column joint
Column Shear reinforcement should be continuous through beam –
column joint
BAD GOOD
No shear reinforcement in beam - column joint
Column Shear reinforcement should be continuous through beam –
column joint
Pounding
Structures should be adequately spaced apart from each other to
allow for movement during earthquakes
Strong beams Weak Columns
Columns should be stronger in beams so as to ensure that hinging occurs at
beam ends. Hinged columns are more difficult to repair than hinged beams. In
addition due to high axial loads in columns rotation capacity is limited, better
rotation is achieved within beams.
Overturning
Foundations, beams & columns should be designed to resist overturning loads
induced by earthquakes
Lateral Resistance in only One Direction
Lateral resistance should be provided in both orthogonal directions
Heavy Floors
Earthquake loads accelerate building masses, therefore all additional dead
loads should be considered in design
Soft Stories
Soft stories occur where there is a sudden reduction of lateral stiffness at a storey.
This results in a concentration of lateral deformations at these levels. These
should be avoided or designed to accomadate the movement
Soft Stories
should be avoided or designed to accommodate the movement
Soft Stories
should be avoided or designed to accommodate the movement
Inadequate Design of Secondary Systems (e.g. gravity system)
Gravity beams and columns although not designed to resist the
earthquake should be able to accommodate movement that may occur
during an earthquake
Irregular Structures
Structures that are irregular in plan or elevation may develop high stresses within
their geometry, it is advisable to make them regular by incorporating separation
joints in their construction. These joints are to be wide enough to avoid pounding
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
LIQUEFACTION
Cohesionless underconsolidated soil (e.g. loose sand) tends
to densify when subjected to cyclic loading.
When this type of soil is in an undrained condition (i.e. water

logged or saturated) the pore water pressure between the
particles increases when the soil densifies and the water
cannot escape
This increase in pore water pressure reduces the soil’s

effective stress. The soil thus looses its bearing capacity
(quick sand is formed)
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction may result in the sinking of structures or the
floating of buried structures.
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
LIQUEFACTION
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
LIQUEFACTION
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
LIQUEFACTION
A common sign of the occurrence is liquefaction is sand boils
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
MITIGATING AGAINST LIQUEFACTION
• Avoid building on liquefiable soils
• Densification of the soil e.g. vibro rod, dynamic compaction &
compaction grouting
• Reinforcement of the soil e.g. stone columns, compaction piles etc
• Soil drains e.g. stone columns
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
MITIGATING AGAINST LIQUEFACTION
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
Earthquake Loads in modern buildings are

typically resisted by one the following lateral
systems
• Special Moment Resisting Frames – Moment
Frames design to dissipate earthquake energy by
hinging within their beams
• Braced Frames – Concentric or Eccentric
• Shear Walls
• Dual Systems – Combination of special moment
frame and either braced frame or shear wall
In recent times innovative system have been developed which

enhance structural performance during earthquakes some of
these include
1. Base Isolation
2. Dampers – Viscous & Friction types
3. Unbonded Braces
Base Isolation
In these systems all

earthquake deformations
are absorbed by the
isolators with negligible
deformation being
experienced by the
structure itself
Base Isolation
There of different types of

isolators these include
•High Damping Rubber
Bearings
•Friction Pendulum
•Lead Core Rubber Bearing
Base Isolation
Dampers as there name suggest
Dampers dampen earthquake vibrations
generated in structures. They
can add as much as 10%
additional damping to a structure.
They reduce both force and
displacement demand on
structures
There are of four types

•Metallic-yielding dampers
•Friction Dampers
•Viscoelastic Dampers
•Viscous Dampers
Dampers
Unbonded Braces
These braces provide the benefit of

regular braces without the unwanted
buckling in during the compression
phase of their cyclic motion
A steel core is encased in a concrete

panel. A thin layer of material between
the steel and the concrete eliminates
shear transfer between the two
materials and accommodates the steels
lateral expansion. The concrete case
however confines the steel core from
buckling under compression loads
Unbonded Braces
Performance base Design
What about the case

where the structure is fine
but its content is totally
destroyed?
How do I deal with

owners who do not wish
to stop operations
following an earthquake?
Performance base Design
Performance base design is a new and evolving approach to

earthquake design where performance levels and demands are
explicitly defined.
This procedure utilises non-linear type analyses.
Conclusion
There are many ways to mitigate against earthquake disasters in the

design of structures. We must however first understand the nature
of the load and its effects on structures before we can address
mitigation.

Lecture 6 - Introduction To Earthquake Engineering Design of Buildings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6 - Introduction To Earthquake Engineering Design of Buildings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING DESIGN

By: Kerrin Burgess MSc. CEng.

However their likelihood is taught to

Site < 20km from epicenter Site 100km from epicenter

This methodology is fundamentally different to that used for wind design

Earthquake related failures of structures are usually directly related

In order to mitigate against these failures we must first understand

Spacing too Spacing

When this type of soil is in an undrained condition (i.e. water

This increase in pore water pressure reduces the soil’s

Earthquake Loads in modern buildings are

In recent times innovative system have been developed which

In these systems all

There of different types of

There are of four types

These braces provide the benefit of

A steel core is encased in a concrete

What about the case

How do I deal with

Performance base design is a new and evolving approach to

There are many ways to mitigate against earthquake disasters in the

You might also like