DMD SCROLLING DISPLAY INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION BOARD

16x32 Dot matrix display (DMD) board having 512 LEDs. We have to show a message on the
DMD board regarding industrial information. We connect a keyboard with Arduino UNO. Then
connect DMD board with a shield. The message we type in the keyboard that will display on the
DMD board. So the regular board converter into smart digital industrial display board to show
information and temperature etc.

Features:

• 32 x 16 high brightness Red LEDs (512 LEDs total) on a 10mm pitch

• 5V operation

• Viewable over 12 meters away

• Tough plastic frame

• Controller ICs on board, simple clocked data interface

• Arduino compatible library, graphics functions and example support

• Dimensions: 320(W) x 160(H) x 14(D)mm (30mm(D) including rear connectors)

• Longer life.

Circuit Diagram:
HARDWARE REQUIRED:-

1. ARDUINO UNO
2. DIODES
3. CAPACITOR
4. RESISTOR
5. LED
6. 12V 1AMP TRANSFORMER
7. 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
8. BC547
9. 16x32 DMD 3
10. PS2 KEYBOARD

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
1. ARDUINO IDE
2. EMBEDDED C LAGUAGE

In our minor project we design up to power supply remaining we will continue in our major
project.
POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the
project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit for
generation of 5v DC power. Here a brief description of all the components are given as
follows:

TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around
separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary"
winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary"
winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the secondary winding
of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected in the
secondary circuit.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a
factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

voltage to be stepped up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by making it.

BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

A primary coil or winding.

A secondary coil or winding.

A core that supports the coils or windings.

Refer to the transformer circuit in figure as you read the following explanation: The primary
winding is connected to a 60-hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field (flux) builds up
(expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The expanding and contracting
magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an
alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes alternating current to flow through the
load. The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and
secondary windings.
THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In some cases the
coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core
material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER. Transformers used
at low frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400 hertz, require a core of low-reluctance magnetic
material, usually iron. This type of transformer is called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most
power transformers are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a

transformer and their functions are:

The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source.
The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and
delivers it to the load.
The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and

mechanical damage.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and
with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Basic operation
According to the conventional model of current flow originally established by Benjamin Franklin
and still followed by most engineers today, current is assumed to flow through electrical
conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a conductor
nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications,
however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the
conventional model is retained.

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive,
and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply
terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower supply
terminal via the blue (negative) path.

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right
corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red path to
the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. Since this

is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC

input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it

permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed

backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and

protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was always constructed from
discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing the four
diodes connected in the bridge configuration became a standard commercial component and is
now available with various voltage and current ratings.

OUTPUT SMOOTHING

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to
convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the
bridge alone supplies an output of fixed polarity but continuously varying or "pulsating"
magnitude (see diagram above).
The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (or smoothing capacitor) is to
lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage waveform from the bridge.
One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC
component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive
load. In less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be
canceled by loss of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through
the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur
without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the
capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current.
The simplified circuit shown has a well-deserved reputation for being dangerous, because, in
some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal charge after the AC power source is
removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit should include a reliable way to
safely discharge the capacitor. If the normal load cannot be guaranteed to perform this function,
perhaps because it can be disconnected, the circuit should include a bleeder resistor connected
as close as practical across the capacitor. This resistor should consume a current large enough
to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable time, but small enough to minimize unnecessary
power waste.

Because a bleeder sets a minimum current drain, the regulation of the circuit, defined as
percentage voltage change from minimum to maximum load, is improved. However in many
cases the improvement is of insignificant magnitude.

The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant τ = RC where C and R are

the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the load resistor is large enough

so that this time constant is much longer than the time of one ripple cycle, the above

configuration will produce a smoothed DC voltage across the load.

In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added. The smoothing can
then be improved by adding additional stages of capacitor–resistor pairs, often done only for
sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend to be sensitive to supply voltage noise.

The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage and current when the load on
the bridge is resistive. When the load includes a smoothing capacitor, both the voltage and the
current waveforms will be greatly changed. While the voltage is smoothed, as described above,
current will flow through the bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater than
the capacitor voltage. For example, if the load draws an average current of n Amps, and the
diodes conduct for 10% of the time, the average diode current during conduction must be 10n
Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a poor power factor in the
AC supply.
In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a bridge, the bridge
diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned on at
the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged. Sometimes a small series
resistor is included before the capacitor to limit this current, though in most applications the
power supply transformer's resistance is already sufficient.

Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke tends to keep the
current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to the relatively high cost of an effective
choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not employed in modern equipment.

Some early console radios created the speaker's constant field with the current from the high
voltage ("B +") power supply, which was then routed to the consuming circuits, (permanent
magnets were then too weak for good performance) to create the speaker's constant magnetic
field. The speaker field coil thus performed 2 jobs in one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power
supply, and it produced the magnetic field to operate the speaker

REGULATOR IC (78XX)

It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current

into regulated DC current.

Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the filtered DC
(see in above diagram). It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC voltage from a high DC
voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V). There are two types of voltage
regulators 1. fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2. variable voltage regulators (LM317) In fixed
voltage regulators there is another classification 1. +ve voltage regulators 2. -ve voltage
regulators POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS This include 78xx voltage
regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812. 7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage
if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V).

THE CAPACITOR FILTER

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The application of the
simple capacitor filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-
current power supplies for cathode ray and similar electron tubes, which require very little load
current from the supply. The capacitor filter is also used where the power-supply ripple
frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively high. The capacitor (C1) shown in figure
4-15 is a simple filter connected across the output of the rectifier in parallel with the load.

When this filter is used, the RC charge time of the filter capacitor (C1) must be short and the RC
discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action. In other words, the capacitor must charge
up fast, preferably with no discharge at all. Better filtering also results when the input frequency
is high; therefore, the full-wave rectifier output is easier to filter than that of the half-wave
rectifier because of its higher frequency.
For you to have a better understanding of the effect that filtering has on Eavg, a comparison of a
rectifier circuit with a filter and one without a filter is illustrated in views A and B of figure 4-16.
The output waveforms in figure 4-16 represent the unfiltered and filtered outputs of the half-
wave rectifier circuit. Current pulses flow through the load resistance (RL) each time a diode
conducts. The dashed line indicates the average value of output voltage. For the half-wave
rectifier, Eavg is less than half (or approximately 0.318) of the peak output voltage. This value is
still much less than that of the applied voltage. With no capacitor connected across the output of
the rectifier circuit, the waveform in view A has a large pulsating component (ripple) compared
with the average or dc component. When a capacitor is connected across the output (view B),
the average value of output voltage (Eavg) is increased due to the filtering action of capacitor C1.

UNFILTERED

Half-wave rectifier with and without filtering

FILTERED
The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads), thus it presents a relatively low
reactance to the pulsating current and it stores a substantial charge.

The rate of charge for the capacitor is limited only by the resistance of the conducting diode,
which is relatively low. Therefore, the RC charge time of the circuit is relatively short. As a
result, when the pulsating voltage is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and
almost reaches the peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor
attempts to charge to the peak value of the rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and
tends to retain its charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The capacitor cannot discharge
immediately.) The capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance (RL) during the time
the rectifier is non-conducting.

The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value of capacitance and the value
of the load resistance. If the capacitance and load-resistance values are large, the RC
discharge time for the circuit is relatively long.
A comparison of the waveforms shown in figure 4-16 (view A and view B) illustrates that the
addition of C1 to the circuit results in an increase in the average of the output voltage (E avg) and
a reduction in the amplitude of the ripple component (Er) which is normally present across the
load resistance.

Now, let's consider a complete cycle of operation using a half-wave rectifier, a capacitive filter
(C1), and a load resistor (RL). As shown in view A of figure 4-17, the capacitive filter (C1) is
assumed to be large enough to ensure a small reactance to the pulsating rectified current. The
resistance of RL is assumed to be much greater than the reactance of C1 at the input frequency.
When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive half cycle and current flows
through the circuit, allowing C1 to charge. C1 will charge to approximately the peak value of the
input voltage. (The charge is less than the peak value because of the voltage drop across the
diode (D1)). In view A of the figure, the heavy solid line on the waveform indicates the charge on
C1. As illustrated in view B, the diode cannot conduct on the negative half cycle because the
anode of D1 is negative with respect to the cathode. During this interval, C1 discharges
through the load resistor (RL). The discharge of C1 produces the downward slope as indicated
by the solid line on the waveform in view B. In contrast to the abrupt fall of the applied ac
voltage from peak value to zero, the voltage across C1 (and thus across RL) during the
discharge period gradually decreases until the time of the next half cycle of rectifier operation.
Keep in mind that for good filtering, the filter capacitor should charge up as fast as possible and
discharge as little as possible.

Figure 4-17A. - Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative

half cycles). POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE

Figure 4-17B. - Capacitor filter circuit (positive and negative half cycles).

NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE
Since practical values of C1 and RL ensure a more or less gradual decrease of the discharge
voltage, a substantial charge remains on the capacitor at the time of the next half cycle of
operation. As a result, no current can flow through the diode until the rising ac input voltage at
the anode of the diode exceeds the voltage on the charge remaining on C1. The charge on C1
is the cathode potential of the diode. When the potential on the anode exceeds the potential on
the cathode (the charge on C1), the diode again conducts, and C1 begins to charge to
approximately the peak value of the applied voltage.

After the capacitor has charged to its peak value, the diode will cut off and the capacitor will

start to discharge. Since the fall of the ac input voltage on the anode is considerably more rapid

than the decrease on the capacitor voltage, the cathode quickly become more positive than the

anode, and the diode ceases to conduct.

Operation of the simple capacitor filter using a full-wave rectifier is basically the same as that
discussed for the half-wave rectifier. Referring to figure 4-18, you should notice that because
one of the diodes is always conducting on. either alternation, the filter capacitor charges and
discharges during each half cycle. (Note that each diode conducts only for that portion of time
when the peak secondary voltage is greater than the charge across the capacitor.)

Figure 4-18. - Full-wave rectifier (with capacitor filter).

As you can see from the calculations, by doubling the frequency of the rectifier, you reduce
the impedance of the capacitor by one-half. This allows the ac component to pass through
the capacitor more easily. As a result, a full-wave rectifier output is much easier to filter than
that of a half-wave rectifier. Remember, the smaller the XC of the filter capacitor with respect
to the load resistance, the better the filtering action. Since

the largest possible capacitor will provide the best filtering.

Remember, also, that the load resistance is an important consideration. If load resistance is
made small, the load current increases, and the average value of output voltage (Eavg)
decreases. The RC discharge time constant is a direct function of the value of the load
resistance; therefore, the rate of capacitor voltage discharge is a direct function of the current
through the load. The greater the load current, the more rapid the discharge of the capacitor,
and the lower the average value of output voltage. For this reason, the simple capacitive filter
is seldom used with rectifier circuits that must supply a relatively large
load current. Using the simple capacitive filter in conjunction with a full-wave or bridge rectifier
provides improved filtering because the increased ripple frequency decreases the capacitive
reactance of the filter capacitor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

WHAT IS ANDROID?
Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices
such as smart phones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc.,
which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007
along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware, software,
and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile
devices. The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008.

FACTORS THAT LED ANDROID TO BECOME

WORLD’S MOST POPULAR OS

Android is open source and Google releases the code

under the Apache License. This open-source code and
permissive licensing allows the software to be freely
modified and distributed by device manufacturers,
wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally,
Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the
functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming
language. In October 2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and
the estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play, Android's primary app
store, was 25 billion. A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that Android is
the most popular platform for developers, used by 71% of the mobile developer population.

These factors have contributed towards making Android the world's most widely used
Smartphone platform, overtaking Symbian in the fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of
choice for technology companies who require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating
system for high tech devices without developing one from scratch. As a result, despite being
primarily designed for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on
televisions, games consoles, digital cameras and other electronics. Android's open nature has
further encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source
code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced
users or bring Android to devices which were officially, released running other operating
systems.
Android's share of the global Smartphone market, led by Samsung products, was 64% in
March 2013. In July 2013 there were 11,868 models of Android device, scores of screen sizes
and eight OS versions simultaneously in use. The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "Smartphone" between technology
companies. As of May 2013, 48 billion apps have been installed from the Google Play store,
and as of September 3, 2013, 1 billion Android devices have been activated.

Interface

Android's user interface is based on manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond
to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-
screen objects. The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid
touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide hap tic
feedback to the user. Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity
sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example
adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or
allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control
of a steering wheel.

Android devices boot to the home screen, the primary navigation and information point on the
device, which is similar to the desktop found on PCs. Android home screens are typically
made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets
display live, auto-updating content such as the weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or
a news ticker directly on the home screen. A home screen may be made up of several pages
that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's home screen interface is
heavily customizable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their tastes.
Third party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-theme the
home screen, and even mimic the look of other operating systems, such as Windows
Phone. Most manufacturers, and some wireless carriers, customize the look and feel of their
Android devices to differentiate themselves from their competitors.

Present along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its
connectivity. This status bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS text, in a
way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In early versions of
Android these notifications could be tapped to open the relevant app, but recent updates have
provided enhanced functionality, such as the ability to call a number back directly from the
missed call notification without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent
until read or dismissed by the user.

LED

LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a diode
that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there
is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and
electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron
be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source
is called electroluminescence.
LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed by led
.The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in forward bias
condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat shells. The positive leg is
longer than negative leg.

LM7805C:
A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one
where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output
of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts
placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide.
This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually
this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the
construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g.
5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for testing.
 Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts
we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power To make
a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit).

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated
DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to
the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output
pin.

CIRCUIT FEATURES
 Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully
as part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
 Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer
 BC547


 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

 The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a
general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose
switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose
transistors.



 BC 547 TRANSISTOR PINOUTS







 An NPN Transistor Configuration



 We know that the transistor is a "CURRENT" operated device and that a large current
(Ic) flows freely through the device between the collector and the emitter terminals.
However, this only happens when a small biasing current (Ib) is flowing into the base
terminal of the transistor thus allowing the base to act as a sort of current control input.
The ratio of these two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is
given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β). Beta has no units as it is a ratio. Also, the
 current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a
function of the transistor itself. As the emitter current Ie is the product of a very small
base current to a very large collector current the value of this parameter α is very close to
unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value ranges from about 0.950 to
0.999.

ARDUINO

Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone
who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to create their creative,
interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of projects can now be built that can
be controlled from a computer.

1.1 WHAT IS ARDUINO?

Figure 1.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is a open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-source physical computing platform
based on a microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board.

In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to connect to
your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to external electronics,
such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers, microphones, etc., They can
either be powered through the USB connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can
be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and
allowed to work independently.
 Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine.Since the Arduino
is an open-source hardware designs and ccreate their own clones of the Arduino and sell them,so
the market for the boards is competitive.An official Arduino costs about $30,and a clone often
less than $20.

The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone Arduino designs often
have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for example, Freeduino or DFRduino. The
software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely available for Windows,
Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.

1.1.1 Microcontroller
Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small circuit
board.To describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely,it is a single chip that can
perform various calculations and tasks,and send/receive signals from other devices via the
available pins. Precisely what tasks and
communication with the world it does, is what is governed by what instructions we give to
the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is what we refer to as
programming on it.
However, the uC by itself, cannot accomplish much; it needs several external inputs:
power, for one; a steady clock signal, for another. Also, the job of programming it has to be
accomplished by an external circuit. So typically, a uC is used along with a circuit which
provides these things to it; this combination is called a microcontroller board. The Arduino Uno
that you have recieved, is one such microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at its heart
is the chip called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over other microcontroller
boards are largely in terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as well as the ease of
programming and using it.

1.1.2 Open-source hardware

Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free and open-
source software.The founders of Arduino wanted people to study their hardware,to understand
how it works,make changes to it,and share those changes with the world.To facilitate this,they
release all of the original design files(Eagle CAD)for the Arduino hardware.These files are
licensed under a Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike license,which allows for both
personal and commercial derivative works,as long as they(people) credit Arduino and release
their designs under the same license.
The Arduino software is also oen-source.The source code for the Java environment is
released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the LGPL

1.2 HISTORY OF ARDUINO

While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2005,
Massimo Banzi’s students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for the BASIC Stamp
microcontrollers commonly used in such applications. Banzi and his collegues looked for
alternatives, finally settling on the wiring platform developed by one of Banzi’s students. In his
own words:
“…we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler, even cheaper,
even easier to
use. And then we started to essentially reimplement the whole thing as an open source project.”
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow wiring programs to run
on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting professor Casey Reas suggested that there
might be wider applications than just design schools for the new product. The prototype was
redesigned for mass production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming in
from other design schools and the students looking for Arduinos, and the Arduino project was
born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its founders.”ARDUINO” is an Italian
word,meaning “STRONG FRIEND”.The English version of the name is “Hardwin”. As of May
2011,more than 300,000 Arduino units are “in the wild”.

1.2.1 Design Goals

 Work with a Mac (as most design students use one)

 USB connectivity (MacBooks don’t have serial ports
 Look nice
 Cheap (about 20 euros, the cost of going out for pizza in Europe)
 More powerful than a BASIC stamp
 Something you could build/fix yourself
Simple and easy to use by someone without formal electronics training

1.2.2 Business Models

Since the entire project is open source, anyone can build and sell Arduino-compatible
devices. So in this sense, the Arduino project relies heavily on its branding for it’s financial
success . Other projects manufacture compatible and cheaper boards, however people are loyal to
the Arduino branded boards because they associate quality and a certain image to the
final product .
1.2.2.1 By the Numbers
 Year Units Sold
2005 200
2006 10 000
2010 120 000
2011 300 000

1.2.3 Competitors
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment were the PIC
microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp (made by Parallax). Since
the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies have tried to enter the hobbyist market,
including Texas Instruments , and even Microsoft . However, the open-sourced tools
of the Arduino and the size of its community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.

1.2.4 Community
As the project is aimed at students and hobbyists who may not have any formal electronics
background, there are many excellent guides online covering everything from making a light
blink to creating a laser harp. The official forum has almost 60 000 registered users, and along
with helping users with their projects, is extremely active in developing new libraries to extend
the functionality of the Arduino . The open-source share and share alike sentiment is very strong,
and the vast majority of users freely publish the code to their projects.

1.3 Figure 2 GOOGLE trends comparing PHYSICAL

COMPUTING
ARDUINO with its biggest competitors
Physical Computing is an
approach to learn how humans communicate through computers that starts by considering how
humans express themselves physically.

Chapter 2
 PLATFORM

2.1 HARDWARE

2.1.1 ARDUINO Board Layout

Figure 3 ARDUINO board layout

2.1.2 ARDUINO pin diagram

Figure 4 ARDUINO pin diagram

2.1.2.1 ATmega8(Microcontroller)
  16 MHz
 8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)
 1 Kbyte RAM(eg.for auto/local variables and stack)
 14 digital Input/Output Ports

Figure 5 ATmega8
2.1.2.2 Single chip USB to async. Serial data transfer interface

 USB 2.0 compatible

 Transmit and receive LED frive signals
 256 Byte receive,128 Byte transmit buffer
 Data transfer rate from 300bits/sec to 2 Mb/sec

Fig2.1 Android Software Architecture

2.1.3 EXTERNAL power

Figure 6 ARDUINO can run off with USB or EXTERNAL

power source

Figure 7 AC adapter
can be used
Figure 8 An easier way to connect a battery

The power requirement for ARDUINO is 9 to 12V DC,250mA or more,2.1mm plug,centre pin
positive.

The OFF-the shelf adapter

 must be a DC adapter (i.e. it has to put out DC, not AC)

 should be between 9V and 12V DC
 must be rated for a minimum of 250mA current output, although you will likely want
something more like 500mA or 1A output, as it gives you the current necessary to power
a servo or twenty LEDs if you want to.
 must have a 2.1mm power plug on the Arduino end, and
 the plug must be "centre positive", that is, the middle pin of the plug has to be the +
connection.
Current rating: Since you'll probably be connecting other things to the Arduino (LEDs, LCDs,
servos) you should get an adapter that can supply at least 500mA, or even 1000 mA (1 ampère).
That way you can be sure you have enough juice to make each component of the circuit function
reliably.
The Arduino's on-board regulator can actually handle up to 20V or more, so you can actually use
an adapter that puts out 20V DC. The reasons you don't want to do that are twofold: you'll lose
most of that voltage in heat, which is terribly inefficient. Secondly, the nice 9V pin on the
Arduino board will actually be putting out 20V or so, which could lead to potential disaster when
you connect something expensive to what you thought was the 9V pin. Our advice is to stick
with the 9V or 12V DC adapter.

2.1.4 ARDUINO flavors!!

There have been many revisions of the USB Arduino.some of them are
1. Arduino UNO:
This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a
standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It can
be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features. It is similar
to the Duemilanove, but has a different USB-to-serial chip the ATMega8U2, and newly designed
labeling to make inputs and outputs easier to identify.
 The Arduino IDE is the computer software that will make it possible to create, modify,
and upload programs called sketches on the computer.
 The IDE window contains a Menu bar, a Toolbar with buttons for common functions, a
Text editor for writing the sketch, a Message area and a Text console
 Sketches are written on the Text editor area of the IDE window. Sketches are saved with
the file extension .ino which are taken from the last three letters of the word ACEduino.
 the Toolbar buttons allow short cut clicks to verify and upload programs, create, open
and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
 The Message Area displays the IDE feedback like when saving and uploading files.
 The Text console also displays text output by the Arduino environment such as complete
error and other information.
 The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the currently connected type of
Arduino board and the designated computer serial port.
 The number in the bottom left hand corner is the row count of the cursor.
Advantages: -
1. Paper less implementation
2. Less human effort
3. Fully digital
4. Longer life
5. Lesser power consumption
6. Easy to use

Disadvantages: -
1. Always electrical power required
2. Keyboard always to carry.

Conclusion:-

We successfully designed and test its all working condition of power supply unit. It
works as described with our objectives.
 Bibliography

 Electromechanical book
 1. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology, S. M. Sze., New York: Wiley,
1985; 2nd ed., 2001, ISBN 0-471-33372-7.

 2. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S. M. Sze., New York: Wiley, 1969, ISBN 0-471-
84290-7 .
 3. Solid State Physics, Hook, J. R.; H. E. Hall., Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0-471-92805-4.
