Ensayos de Ingeniería Hidráulica

Equipment
for Engineering
Education
4
HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
b
Content from the fields of
Civil Engineering
Hydraulic Engineering
Urban Water Management
Environmental Engineering
Coastal Engineering
WELCOME TO GUNT CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 6
2 Hydraulic Engineering 64
Index 190
Your reliable and Product Overview 195

experienced partner for
teaching and training systems for innovative technical training
experimentation and research equipment
GUNT demonstration and experimentation

equipment for training in technical professions
training of technical staff in trades and industry
studies in engineering disciplines
IMPRINT
© 2016 by GUNT Gerätebau GmbH. Reproduction – in whole or in part – permitted only with written consent.
GUNT is a registered trademark. This means GUNT products are protected, and subject to copyright.
No liability can be accepted for any misprints. Subject to change without notice.
We would like to thank Prof. Bernhard Haber of the Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Department of
Civil Engineering, Institute of Water and Environment, Centre for Hydraulic Engineering and Fluid Mechanics,
for his kind and professional support on the topic of “Open-Channel Flow”.
Layout, typesetting and litho: Profi-Satz, Hamburg

Printed on non-chlorinated, environmentally friendly paper.
3
TEACHING AND LEARNING SYSTEMS FOR THE FIELD OF HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF “HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING” GUNT PRODUCTS
HYDROSTATICS communicating vessels, pressure on flat surfaces, HM 115, HM 150.06
buoyancy, hydraulic paradox
floating stability
HYDRODYNAMICS continuity equation, energy considerations (Bernoulli) HM 150.07, HM 150.08,

principle of linear momentum HM 150.18, HM 150.10,
laminar/turbulent flow, Reynolds number HM 150.21
potential flow, streamlines
DISCHARGE FROM horizontal flow from a tank HM 150.09, HM 150.12,

OPENINGS vertical flow from a tank HM 160 – HM 162 and
discharge under a gate accessories
TURBOMACHINES centrifugal pumps HM 150.04, HM 150.16,

turbines HM 150.19, HM 150.20
DISCHARGE WITH flow formulae HM 160 – HM 162 and

FREE WATER LEVEL relationship between specific energy and depth of discharge accessories
flow transition
uniform and non-uniform discharge
change in cross-section
control structures
(free and submerged overfall)
DETERMINING measuring weirs HM 160 – HM 162 and

DISCHARGE IN AN velocity measurement accessories
OPEN CHANNEL tracer method
Fluid mechanics plays a key role in many fields of engineering. For engineers it is therefore crucial to understand the TRANSIENT in closed pipes (mass vibration) HM 156, HM 143,
basic principles of fluid mechanics. MOVEMENT with free surface: reservoir retention HM 160 – HM 162 and
OF WATER with free surface: positive and negative surges, accessories
Structures for supplying water, drainage systems and hydraulic engineering. This section looks at open-channel transient open-channel flow involving friction
the protection against water all fall within the scope of flow, open-channel sediment transport and flow through with free surface:
civil engineering. Certain areas from the overall field of porous media. filling and emptying locks, tidal flow
fluid mechanics are of secondary importance in the civil
The subsections are preceded by information pages
engineering curriculum, such as the basic principles WAVES deep and shallow water waves HM 160 – HM 162 and
containing basic knowledge. These pages explain the
of compressible flow. To take this fact into account, in changing waves accessories
technical and physical relationships in a way that is simple
addition to our Catalogue 4 “Fluid Mechanics” we have
to understand, making it easy to jump into each subject HM 166, HM 140,
compiled a self-contained Catalogue 4b “Hydraulics for SEDIMENT types of sediment transport
area. The corresponding GUNT devices then facilitate the HM 168, HM 142
Civil Engineering”. The teaching and experimentation TRANSPORT formulae for estimating transported masses
practical demonstration and investigation of the relation-
systems specifically consider the training needs of civil
ships. FLOW THROUGH groundwater flow, aquifers HM 152, HM 165,
engineering.
POROUS MEDIA, groundwater levels HM 167, HM 169,
Catalogue 4b is divided into two sections. The first section GROUNDWATER Darcy’s law, coefficient of permeability HM 145, HM 141,
contains general principles of fluid mechanics that are FLOW lowering of groundwater CE 116
relevant to multiple disciplines, such as basic equations, filters (gravel filters, geotextile filters)
such as the continuity and Bernoulli equations, pipe seepage under structures
flow and turbomachines. The second section covers seepage through dams
the specific topics for civil engineering with a focus on
5
HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
gunt
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
HYDROSTATICS FLOW FROM TANKS ACCESSORIES

Basic Knowledge: 8 HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from a Tank 30 The HM 150 Range: A Simple Introduction into the
Overview Overview 54
Fundamentals of Hydrostatics Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank 32
HM 115 Hydrostatics Trainer 10 HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in Fluid Mechanics 56
HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies 12
HM 150.39 Floating Bodies for HM 150.06 14
PIPE FLOW
TRANSIENT FLOW
Overview Steady Flow of Incompressible Fluids 34
Overview Transient Flow in Pipes and Surge Chambers 58
HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow 36
HYDRODYNAMICS HM 156 Water Hammer and Surge Chamber 60
HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System 38
Basic Knowledge: 16 HM 143 Transient Drainage Processes in Storage Reservoirs 62
Overview
Fundamentals of Hydrodynamics HM 164 Open Channel and Closed Channel Flow 40
Experimental Units on the Fundamentals of HM 111 Pipe Networks 42

Overview 18
Hydrodynamics
HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment 20
HM 150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle 22
HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces 24 TURBOMACHINES

HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an Open Channel 26 Overview Experimental Units from the Field of Turbomachinery 44
HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines 28 HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine 46
HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine 48
HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump 50
HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps 52
Visit our
website
7
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS HYDROSTATICS
gunt
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROSTATICS
Hydrostatics is the study of fluids at
rest. Hydrostatic pressure Capillarity
The experimental units from GUNT The pressure in fluids at rest does not depend on the Liquids in capillaries rise or fall due to
cover the basic principles of the direction. It is linearly dependent on the amount of fluid over molecular forces between the liquid and
following topics from the field of the element being studied, for example water pressure while the wall or between the liquid and air. The
hydrostatics: hydrostatic pressure, diving. height of rise in the capillary depends on
buoyancy, surface tension, capillarity/ the surface tension and the diameter of
The hydrostatic pressure for incompressible fluids that are
adhesion. the capillary.
not subject to gravity is calculated according to Pascal’s law.
In wetting liquids (e.g. water) the surface
Pascal’s law
level in the capillary rises. In non-wetting
The effect of a force F on a motionless liquids (e.g. mercury) the level falls.
liquid generates a pressure p within the
liquid, which at any point acts equally in
all directions. The pressure always acts
perpendicular to the boundary surface A
of the liquid.
Physics and properties of fluids p = F/A h level, F force, A effective area,
pressure measurement with All force and pressure processes in liquids are based on this pressure profile, water level
manometers and pressure sensors law.
temperature measurement Hydrostatic pressure on walls
vapour pressure curve In addition to the ground pressure of a fluid, it is often

important to also know the hydrostatic pressure on boundary
change of state of the gases Hydrostatic paradox
surfaces, for example in order to calculate the forces acting
The hydrostatic pressure generates a force F on the area A. on the side walls (channels, aquariums, weirs).
Forces If these areas are equal, this force only depends on the level h;
Coriolis force the shape of the vessel is irrelevant.
surface tension and forces

lift forces
Stability of floating bodies
hydrostatic pressure and resultant
forces In order to be able to assess whether a
body floats stably or could capsize, it is
necessary to determine its metacentre M.
The location of the metacentre depends on
h level, F force, A area, the centre of gravity of the displaced water A
red line: level and the angle of heel. The body floats stably
when the metacentre M is located above
the centre of gravity S. Then the restoring
moment Md has a ‘righting’ effect.
Communicating vessels
The distance between the centre of gravity
Communicating vessels are tubes that are open at the top and and the metacentre is known as the meta-
interconnected at the bottom. Regardless of the shape and size centric height z.
of the tubes, the level of the fluid in them is the same. M metacentre, S centre of gravity,
A centre of buoyancy, z metacentric height,
Applications include water levels, locks and drain traps in Md restoring moment that straightens the floating body
sewers. back up,
red line water level
9
gunt
HM 115 Hydrostatics Trainer HM 115 Hydrostatics Trainer
Specification
[1] comprehensive experimental introduction
to hydrostatics
[2] transparent tank for observing the processes
[3] wide range of accessories included: compressor for
generating negative pressures, bottom pressure
apparatus, two areometers
[4] 1 experimental unit each: measuring the buoyancy
force, investigation of the hydrostatic pressure in
liquids, measuring the surface tension, communicating
vessels, capillarity
[5] Pitot tube for determining the total pressure and
tube for static pressure
[6] instruments: pressure sensor with digital display,
differential pressure manometer, twin tube
manometers, diaphragm manometer, Bourdon tube
manometer
1 twin tube manometers, 2 tank, 3 digital pressure display, 4 pressure sensor,

5 supply tank with submersible pump, 6 Pitot tube and tube for static pressure, Technical Data
7 differential pressure manometer, 8 pipe section, 9 hydrostatic pressure in liquids, Pump
10 pressure vessel, 11 pressure vessel, 12 Bourdon tube manometer, 13 diaphragm
manometer
- power consumption: 250W
- max. flow rate: 9m³/h
- max. head: 7,6m
Compressor
- power: 65W
- delivery side: 2000mbar
- intake side: 240mbar
3 tanks
* Basic experiments in hydrostatics1 - height 500mm
- d=100mm, d=133mm, d=200mm
* Wide range of experiments1 Learning Objectives / Experiments Supply tank for water: 55L
* Closed water circuit with tank and pump - study of buoyancy on a variety of bodies 2 areometers with different measuring ranges
- study of the density of liquids
- hydrostatic pressure, Pascal's law Measuring ranges
- communicating vessels - pressure: 2x -1...1,5bar
Technical Description
- determination of the centre of pressure - differential pressure: 0...500mmWC
Hydrostatics is the study of fluids at rest. Phenomena occurring as a - differential pressure: 0...0,4bar
result of hydrostatic pressure are analysed and the force effect - study of surface tensions
- demonstration of capillarity - density: 1x 0,8...1g/cm³, 1x 1...1,2g/cm³
determined. Hydrostatic aspects play a crucial role in various areas of
engineering, such as in plumbing and domestic engineering, in pump - Boyle's law
manufacturing, in aerospace and in shipping (buoyancy, load on the - study of static and dynamic pressure component in 1 supply tank with submersible pump, 2 tank with pressure sensor, 3 twin tube Dimensions and Weight
sides of a ship). flowing fluid manometers, 4 Pitot tube + tube for static pressure with differential pressure
LxWxH: 1760x840x1950mm
The HM 115 trainer can be used to conduct experiments in the field of - familiarisation with various methods of pressure manometer, 5 pressure vessel with Bourdon tube manometer, 6 pressure
vessel with diaphragm manometer, 7 compressor; P pressure, PD differential Weight: approx. 250kg
hydrostatics, such as ground pressure measurement or demonstrating measurement pressure
Boyle's law. Determining the centre of pressure completes the range of Required for Operation
experiments. Furthermore, experimental units for studying capillarity and 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
buoyancy are included. The hydrostatic pressure and surface tension are Scope of Delivery
measured. Additionally, one experiment uses a Pitot tube and a tube for
static pressure to study the pressure components in a flowing fluid. 1 trainer
To make the functions and processes visible, the tanks and the 1 compressor
experimental units use a transparent design. Tanks and pipes are made 1 bottom pressure device
entirely of plastic. 2 areometers
Various pressure gauges are available for measuring pressure and 1 wedge-shaped tank
differential pressure of the liquid fluid, such as a Pitot tube, tube for static 1 experimental unit each:
pressure a pressure sensor with digital display, twin tube manometers or surface tension, hydrostatic pressure in fluids,
a differential pressure manometer. A diaphragm manometer and a buoyancy force, capillarity, communicating vessels
Bourdon tube manometer indicate the pressure of the gaseous fluid. 1 set of instructional material
The trainer has its own air and water supply. The closed water circuit
includes a supply tank with submersible pump. A compressor is included
to generate negative pressures for the experiments with air.
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and
Order Details
provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Phone +49 (40) 67 08 54-0, Fax +49 (40) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de
Accessories for a wide range of experiments 070.11500 HM 115 Hydrostatics Trainer
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications. G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Phone +49 (40) 67 08 54-0, Fax +49 (40) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications.
11
gunt
HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies
Specification
In hydrostatics, the metacentre is an important point
to be considered when assessing the stability of [1] investigating the stability of a floating body and
floating bodies. Stability refers to the ability of a ship to determining the metacentre
right itself from a heeled position. The metacentre is [2] transparent floating body with rectangular frame
the intersection of the buoyancy vector and the cross-section
vessel's axis of symmetry at a certain heel. [3] one horizontally movable clamped weight for
The HM 150.06 unit can be used to study the stability adjusting the heel
of a floating body and to determine the metacentre [4] one vertically movable clamped weight for adjusting
graphically. In addition, the buoyancy of the floating the centre of gravity
body can also be determined. The experiment is easy [5] clinometer with scale for displaying the heel
to set up and is particularly suitable for practical work [6] other floating bodies with different shapes of frame
in small groups. available as accessories: HM 150.39
The experiment is conducted in a tank filled with
water. A transparent body with a rectangular frame Technical Data
cross-section is used as the floating body. Clamped
Floating body
weights that can be moved horizontally and vertically
- LxWxH: 300x130x190mm
make it possible to adjust the centre of gravity and the
- mast height: 400mm
heel.
1 adjustment of the centre of gravity, 2 scale, 3 floating body, 4 tank with water, Horizontal scale: 180mm
The position of the clamped weights can be read on
5 adjustment of the heel, 6 clinometer with scale Vertical scale: 400mm
scales. A clinometer indicates the heel.
Height scale of the floating body: 120mm
The accessory HM 150.39 is available as an optional
Clinometer scale: +/- 35°
extra for further experiments with different frame
Weights
shapes.
- floating body without clamped weights: 2,8kg
The well-structured instructional material sets out the
- vertical clamped weight: 550g
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide
- horizontal clamped weight: 193g
through the experiments.
Tank for water: 50L
Learning Objectives / Experiments Dimensions and Weight

Study and determination of LxWxH: 660x450x220mm (tank)
- buoyancy, centre of buoyancy Empty weight: approx. 6kg
- centre of gravity, metacentre, stability
- heel Scope of Delivery
1 experimental unit
1 set of instructional material
1 stable position, 2 stable position despite load, metacentre above the centre of
gravity, 3 unstable position due to load, metacentre under the centre of gravity;
* Stability of a floating body1 green arrow: restoring moment, M metacentre, S centre of gravity, A centre of
buoyancy, z metacentric height, α angle of heel
* Determining the metacentre1
* Other floating bodies with different shapes of frame
optionally available, HM 150.39
Graphical determination of the metacentre: M metacentre, z vertical centre of

gravity, xs/a stability gradient Order Details
070.15006 HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies
G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Phone +49 (40) 67 08 54-0, Fax +49 (40) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Phone +49 (40) 67 08 54-0, Fax +49 (40) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications. We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications.
13
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS HYDROSTATICS Seite 1/1
10/2004 gunt
HM 150.39 Floating Bodies for HM 150.06
THE CATALOGUE STRUCTURE IN THE PRODUCT RANGE 4
Catalogue 4
“Fluid Mechanics”
fundamentals of fluid mechanics
Equipment
for Engineering steady flow
Education flow around bodies
examples of transient flow
hydraulic fluid energy machines
components in piping systems
and plant design
fluidic experimental plants
* Stability of floating bodies with different frame

shapes
The HM 150.39 accessory includes two transparent floating bodies with
different frame shapes (hard chine and round bilge). The floating bodies
are used together with HM 150.06 and extend this device's range of
experiments.
The design of the floating bodies and the possible experiments are
similar to those of HM 150.06.
Learning Objectives / Experiments

Specification
[1] determination of the metacentre of 2 floating bodies
with different frame shapes
[2] 1 shape of frame: hard chine, 1 shape of frame:
round bilge
[3] for use with HM 150.06
Technical Data
Hard chine frame: LxWxH 300x200x140mm
Round bilge frame: LxWxH 300x200x100mm
Mast length: 240mm
Horizontal scale: 180mm
FLUID
MECHANICS
4 Equipment
Catalogue 4a
“Fluid Machinery”
fundamentals
power engines
for Engineering
- comparison of two different frame shapes: hard chine and round bilge Vertical scale: 240mm
Height scale of the floating body: 120mm Education machines
Scale for heel: +/- 35°
Scope of Delivery Weights power plants and applied cycles
2 floating bodies - floating body without clamped weights:
1 manual hard chine: 3,6kg, round bilge: 2,5kg equipment series
- vertical clamped weight: 550g
- horizontal clamped weight: 193g
Dimensions and Weight

Weight: approx. 7kg total

Order Details
070.15039 HM 150.39 Floating Bodies for
HM 150.06
FLUID
a
MACHINERY
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Fahrenberg 14, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Telefon (040)67 08 54-0, Fax (040) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de
Wir behalten uns das Recht vor, technische Änderungen ohne Ankündigung vorzunehmen.
15
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS HYDRODYNAMICS
gunt
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics is concerned with
the study and description of fluids in
motion. The main emphasis is the
teaching of the conservation laws of
mass, energy and momentum.
Flowing fluids possess kinetic energy.
This energy can be converted into
potential energy (pressure, height) and
vice versa.
Typical keywords include Bernoulli’s
equation, continuity equation and
conservation of momentum. For ease
of understanding, it is mostly steady
states of incompressible fluids that are
considered. h head, distance between discharge and water level, F1 jet force, F2 reaction force,
Other topics within hydrodynamics v velocity v1 jet velocity,
velocity, static pressure curve v2 velocity after deflection
pipe flow (laminar/turbulent)
(chapter 1; for more details see Flow from a tank
programme area 4) Venturi nozzle Jet forces
The flow from a tank can be regarded as both stationary
methods of flow rate measurement and transient. In the steady case the fill level, and thus the width The velocity of the flowing fluid is at its greatest at the narrowest If the flow velocity changes then the
(chapter 1; for more details see of the jet, remains constant (e.g. discharge under a weir). The cross-section (continuity equation A·v = const). Bernoulli momentum of a fluid changes according to
programme area 4) outlet velocity only depends on the head h and is calculated discovered that a part of the pressure energy is converted into the magnitude and/or direction. This results
according to Torricelli’s law. kinetic energy. When velocity increases it therefore results in in forces that, for example, could drive a free
open-channel flow (chapter 2)
a drop in pressure, so that the lowest pressure occurs in the jet turbine or a water vehicle.
flow around bodies (chapter 1; v= 2 gh narrowest cross-section. Bernoulli’s equation states that
These forces can be easily demonstrated
for more details see programme the energy of a frictionlessly flowing, incompressible fluid is
and measured when the jet hits the wall and
area 4) constant.
v velocity, g gravitational acceleration, is deflected.
turbomachines (chapter 1; for more h distance between discharge and water level Applications include water jet pumps, carburettors, flow
details see programme area 4) measurement
flow of compressible fluids When the tank is emptying during the discharge process, it is in
(programme area 4) what is referred to as the transient state.
Vortex formation
Pressure in a flowing fluid Vortices occur when, within a fluid, a portion of the fluid flows
more quickly than the rest of the fluid. This results in a velocity
The energy of the flowing fluid is determined by
gradient within the fluid. Energy is dissipated in vortices.
pressure, velocity and density. The total pressure
is made up of a static and a dynamic component. Free vortices (potential vortex, e.g. whirlpool) are formed during
The dynamic component grows quadratically as discharge from a tank, for example. With free vortices all fluid
the flow velocity increases. A flowing fluid can particles move in concentric circular paths without rotating
contain potential, kinetic and pressure energy. around their own axis. Free vortices are formed solely by hydro-
In the ideal case the total energy is conserved. dynamic forces.
In this case, the proportions may vary, so for
Forced vortices are rotational and are formed by external
example pressure energy is converted into
forces, such as a stirrer.
kinetic energy.
v velocity, pstat static pressure, pdyn dynamic pressure,

ptotal total pressure
17
gunt
EXPERIMENTAL UNITS ON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDRODYNAMICS
CONTINUITY EQUATION, BERNOULLI VISUALISATION OF STREAMLINES

HM 150.07 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE HM 150.10 VISUALISATION OF STREAMLINES
investigation and verification of Bernoulli’s law visualisation of streamlines using ink as a contrast
medium
recording pressure distribution in the venturi nozzle
various models included: drag bodies and changes in
6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressure
cross-section
and a single tube manometer for displaying the total
pressure influence of sources and sinks
HM 150.21 VISUALISATION OF STREAMLINES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
demonstration of flow phenomena in open channels
HM 150.18 OSBORNE REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
incident flow and flow around various weirs and
drag bodies
representation of laminar and turbulent flow and the transition zone
visualisation of streamlines using ink as a contrast
determining the critical Reynolds number
medium
visualisation of flow conditions using ink as a contrast medium
DISCHARGE FROM OPENINGS JET FORCE

HM 150.09 HORIZONTAL FLOW FROM A TANK HM 150.08 MEASUREMENT OF JET FORCES
visualising the trajectory of a water jet investigation of jet forces and demonstration of the momentum equation
with HM 150.09 four different shaped deflectors: flat surface, oblique surface, semi-circular
investigations on the outlet jet (diameter, surface, conical surface
velocity) with HM 150.12 influence of mass flow and deflection
determination of the contraction coefficient
in two experimental units
HM 150.12 VERTICAL FLOW FROM A TANK
19
gunt
HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment
Specification
The Osborne Reynolds experiment is used to display
laminar and turbulent flows. During the experiment it is [1] visualisation of laminar and turbulent flow in the
possible to observe the transition from laminar to Osborne Reynolds experiment
turbulent flow after a limiting velocity. The Reynolds [2] water as flowing medium and ink as contrast
number is used to assess whether a flow is laminar or medium
turbulent. [3] vertical glass pipe section
With HM 150.18 the streamlines during laminar or [4] water tank with glass beads to stabilise the flow
turbulent flow are displayed in colour with the aid of an [5] flow rate in the pipe section can be adjusted via a
injected contrast medium (ink). The experimental valve
results can be used to determine the critical Reynolds [6] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
number. [7] water supply using HM 150 base module or via
The experimental unit consists of a transparent pipe laboratory supply
section through which water flows, with flow-optimised
inlet. A valve can be used to adjust the flow rate in the Technical Data
pipe section. Ink is injected into the flowing water. A
Water tank
layer of glass beads in the water tank ensures an even
- capacity: 2200mL
and low-turbulence flow.
Pipe section
The experimental unit is positioned easily and
- length: 675mm
securely on the work surface of the HM 150 base
- inside diameter: 10mm
module. The water is supplied and the flow rate
Tank for ink
measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the experimental
- capacity: approx. 250mL
unit can be operated by the laboratory supply.
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide Dimensions and Weight
through the experiments. LxWxH: 400x400x1140mm
Empty weight: approx. 16kg
Learning Objectives / Experiments Required for Operation
- visualisation of laminar flow HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
- visualisation of the transition zone connection and drain
- visualisation of turbulent flow
Scope of Delivery
- determination of the critical Reynolds number
1 experimental unit
1 tank for ink with inlet pipe, 2 overflow, 3 water supply, 4 water drain, 5 pipe section 1 bag of glass beads
with valve, 6 water tank with glass beads
1L ink
* Visualisation of laminar and turbulent flow1

* Determining the critical Reynolds number1
* Traditional experiment based on the model of the
British physicist Osborne Reynolds
Flow conditions from left to right: laminar flow, transition from laminar to turbulent
flow, turbulent flow
Order Details
070.15018 HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds
Experiment
21
gunt
HM 150.07 Bernoulli's Principle HM 150.07 Bernoulli's Principle
Specification
[1] familiarisation with Bernoulli's principle
[2] Venturi nozzle with transparent front panel and
measuring points for measuring the static pressures
[3] axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total
pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
[4] 6 tube manometers for displaying the static
pressures
[5] single tube manometer for displaying the total
pressure
[6] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
[7] water supply using HM 150 base module or via
laboratory supply
Technical Data
Venturi nozzle
- A: 84...338mm²
1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi - angle at the inlet: 10,5°
nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer - angle at the outlet: 4°
(total pressure) Pitot tube
- movable range: 0...200mm
- diameter: 4mm
Pipes and pipe connectors: PVC
Measuring ranges
- static pressure: 0...290mmWC
- total pressure: 0...370mmWC
* Investigation and verification of Bernoulli's Dimensions and Weight

principle1 LxWxH: 1100x680x900mm
* Static pressures and total pressure distribution - energy conversion in divergent/convergent pipe flow
Weight: approx. 28kg
along the Venturi nozzle1 - recording the pressure curve in a Venturi nozzle Required for Operation
- recording the velocity curve in a Venturi nozzle
* Determination of the flow coefficient at different flow - determining the flow coefficient
HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
rates connection and drain
- recognising friction effects
Scope of Delivery
1 experimental unit
Technical Description Measuring the pressures in a Venturi nozzle
1 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures, 2 Venturi nozzle with 1 set of instructional material
Bernoulli's principle describes the relationship between the flow velocity measuring points, 3 Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure, axially movable
of a fluid and its pressure. An increase in velocity leads to a reduction in
pressure in a flowing fluid, and vice versa. The total pressure of the fluid
remains constant. Bernoulli's equation is also known as the principle of
conservation of energy of the flow.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli's
principle by determining the pressures in a Venturi nozzle.
The experimental unit includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi
nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The
Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle, where it is displaced
axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the
Venturi nozzle's transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to
determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six
tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and
displayed on another single tube manometer.
The experimental unit is positioned easily and securely on the work
surface of the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied and the flow
rate measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the experimental unit can be
operated by the laboratory supply. Pressure curve in the Venturi nozzle: blue: total pressure, red: static pressure,
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and green: dynamic pressure; x pressure measuring points, p pressure Order Details
provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments. 070.15007 HM 150.07 Bernoulli's Principle
23
gunt
HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces
Specification
During deceleration, acceleration and deflection of a
flowing fluid, there is a change of velocity and thus a [1] investigation of jet forces and demonstration of the
change in momentum. Changes in momentum result in principle of linear momentum
forces. In practice, the motive forces are used to [2] tank made of transparent material for observing the
convert kinetic energy into work done, for example in a experiments
Pelton turbine. [3] nozzle for generating the water jet
In HM 150.08 jet forces are generated and studied [4] jet force can be adjusted via flow rate
with the aid of a water jet that acts on and is diverted [5] four different shaped deflectors: flat surface,
by an interchangeable deflector. oblique surface, semi-circular surface, conical surface
The experimental unit includes a transparent tank, a [6] measurement of the jet forces via the weight-
nozzle, four interchangeable deflectors with different loaded scale
deflection angles and a weight-loaded scale. The force [7] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
of the water jet is adjusted via the flow rate. [8] water supply using HM 150 base module or via
Experiments study the influence of flow velocity and laboratory supply
flow rate as well as of different deflection angles. The
jet forces generated by the water jet are measured on Technical Data
the weight-loaded scale. The forces are calculated
Tank
using the momentum equation and compared with the
1 weight, 2 deflector, 3 nozzle, 4 water supply, 5 water drain, 6 tank, 7 lever - inner diameter: 200mm
measurements.
apparatus - height: 340mm
Nozzle
- diameter: 10mm
Deflector
- flat surface: 90°
- oblique surface: 45°/135°
- semi-circular surface: 180°
- conical surface: 135°
Weights
- 4x 0,2N
Learning Objectives / Experiments - 3x 0,3N
- 2x 1N
- demonstration of the principle of linear momentum - 2x 2N
- study of the jet forces - 2x 5N
- influence of flow rate and flow velocity
- influence of different deflection angles
Measurement of the jet forces via the weight-loaded scale Required for Operation
1 lever apparatus, 2 deflected water jet, 3 deflector with conical surface;
* Investigation of jet forces on deflectors1 F1 jet force, F2 weight force HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
connection and drain
* Demonstration of the principle of linear momentum1
Scope of Delivery
* 4 interchangeable deflectors with different deflection 1 experimental unit
angles 1 set of weights
4 deflectors
Distribution of velocities v and forces F on deflectors

1 deflector with flat surface, 2 deflector with semi-circular surface, 3 deflector
with oblique surface, 4 deflector with conical surface Order Details
070.15008 HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces
25
gunt
HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an Open Channel HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an Open Channel
Specification
[1] visualisation of streamlines during incident flow and
flow around various weirs and drag bodies
[2] transparent experimental flume
[3] incident flow demonstrated on two weirs
[4] demonstration of flow around four different drag
bodies
[5] contrast medium: ink
[6] distributor for contrast medium with seven nozzles
[7] water level in the experimental flume adjustable via
sluice gate at the water inlet and weir at the water
outlet
[8] flow straightener for even, non-vortical water inlet
laboratory supply
Technical Data
1 adjustable overflow, 2 tank, 3 scale, 4 water supply from HM 150, 5 weir at the Experimental flume
water outlet, 6 drag body, 7 experimental flume, 8 flow straightener, 9 distributor for - LxWxH: 625x20x150mm
contrast medium, 10 sluice gate at the water inlet to the experimental flume, 11 tank Contrast medium: ink
for contrast medium
Injection of the contrast medium
- 7 nozzles
Tank for water: 12,5L
Tank for ink: 200mL
Drag bodies
- small cylinder, diameter: 35mm
- large cylinder, diameter: 60mm
- streamlined body
* Flow around various drag bodies1 - guide vane profile
Weirs
* Incident flow of different weirs1 Learning Objectives / Experiments - broad-crested weir
* Ink as contrast medium for visualising the - how differently shaped weirs affect the flow - sharp-crested weir
streamlines - visualisation of streamlines for flow incident to a
weir Dimensions and Weight
- visualisation of streamlines when flowing around
Technical Description various drag bodies
HM 150.21 can be used to visualise flow around drag bodies and flow
Required for Operation
phenomena in open channels.
Either a drag body or weir is fixed in the experimental flume. The 1 incident flow at the broad-crested weir, 2 flow around a streamlined body HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
streamlines are made visible by injecting a contrast medium. The connection and drain
experimental flume is made of transparent material so that the Scope of Delivery
streamlines and the formation of vortices can easily be observed. The
1 experimental flume
water level in the experimental flume can be adjusted via a sluice gate at
1 set of drag bodies and weirs
the inlet and via a weir at the outlet.
1L of ink
There are two weirs and four different drag bodies available for the
1 set of tools
experiments. A stabiliser ensures an even and non-vortical flow of water.
surface of the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied by HM 150.
Alternatively, the experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory
supply.
Order Details
Drag bodies and weirs supplied
1 sharp-crested weir, 2 broad-crested weir, 3 cylinders, 4 streamlined body, 070.15021 HM 150.21 Visualisation of
5 guide vane profile Streamlines in an Open
Channel
27
gunt
HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines
Specification
[1] visualisation of streamlines
[2] water as flowing medium and ink as contrast
medium
[3] upper glass plate, hinged for interchanging models
[4] bottom plate with water connections for generating
sources/sinks
[5] sources/sinks can be combined as required
[6] different drag bodies and changes in cross-section
included
[7] rubber plate for creating your own models included
[8] flow velocity, water supply and water drain in
sources/sinks as well as dosage of the contrast
medium can be adjusted by using valves
laboratory supply
1 tank for contrast medium, 2 holes for injecting the contrast medium, 3 drag body,
Technical Data
4 experiment area, 5 valves for sinks, 6 water drain, 7 holes for sources and sinks, Flow chamber contains two plates
8 water supply, 9 valves for sources - distance between the plates: 2mm
- upper plate made of glass
- bottom glass plate with four water connections for
sources/sinks
- size experiment area: LxW: 400x280mm
10 drag bodies and changes in cross-section
Rubber plate for your own models
- LxH: 300x400mm
- thickness: 2mm
* Visualisation of streamlines1 Injection of the contrast medium (ink)
- 15 holes
* Ink as a contrast medium1 Learning Objectives / Experiments Tank for contrast medium: 500mL
* Various models included: drag bodies and - visualisation of streamlines in
changes in cross-section1 * flow around drag bodies Dimensions and Weight
* flow through changes in cross-section
* Sources and sinks, individually or in combination LxWxH: 640x520x520mm
- influence of sources and sinks
Technical Description HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
The laminar, two-dimensional flow in HM 150.10 is a good connection and drain
approximation of the flow of ideal fluids: the potential flow. Included models
HM 150.10 can be used to visualise streamline fields for flows around car, triangle, square, 2 triangles for change in cross-section, 2 semi-circles, droplet, Scope of Delivery
streamlined body, guide vane profile
drag bodies and flow through changes in cross-section. The streamlines 1 experimental unit
are displayed in colour by injecting a contrast medium (ink). Sources and 1 set of models
sinks are generated via four water connections in the bottom plate. The 1 rubber plate
streamlines can be clearly observed through the glass plate during flow 2x 30mL ink
around and flow through. 1 set of water hoses
The water flow rate and the quantity of contrast medium injected can be 1 set of instructional material
adjusted by valves. The water connections are also activated by valves
and can be combined as required. Individual models can be cut out of a
rubber plate that is included.
surface of the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied by HM 150.
Alternatively, the experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory
supply.
Order Details
070.15010 HM 150.10 Visualisation of
Streamlines
29
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS FLOW FROM TANKS
gunt
HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from a Tank HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from a Tank
Specification
[1] study of horizontal flows from tanks
[2] determining the contraction coefficient for different
outlet contours and diameters
[3] tank with adjustable overflow and scale
[4] four interchangeable inserts with different
diameters and contours
[5] point gauge with eight movable rods for
visualisation of the jet path
[6] white panel for recording the trajectory
[7] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
laboratory supply
Technical Data
Tank
- height: 510mm
1 tank with adjustable overflow, 2 water supply, 3 water overflow, 4 water outlet, - diameter: 190mm
5 point gauge for the water jet - contents: approx. 13,5L
Inserts with rounded contour
- 1x diameter: 4mm
- 1x diameter: 8mm
Inserts with square contour
- 1x diameter: 4mm
- 1x diameter: 8mm
Point gauge, 8 movable rods
- length: 350mm
* Visualisation of the trajectory of the outlet jet1 Dimensions and Weight

* Study of openings with different diameters and Learning Objectives / Experiments LxWxH: 865x640x590mm
contours1 Weight: approx. 27kg
- recording the trajectory of the water jet at different
* Determination of the contraction coefficient outlet velocities Required for Operation
- study of how the level in the tank affects the outlet HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
velocity connection and drain
Technical Description - determination of the contraction coefficient for
different contours and diameters Scope of Delivery
Hydrodynamics considers the relationship between the trajectory, the - comparison of the actual and theoretical outlet Measured and calculated (theoretical) trajectory of the outlet jet; 1 experimental unit
outlet contour and the outlet velocity during flow from tanks. These velocity red: theoretical, blue: measured
4 inserts
considerations have practical applications in hydraulic engineering or in
the design of bottom outlets in dams, for example.
HM 150.09 allows a user to study and visualise the profile of a water jet.
Additionally, the contraction coefficient can be determined as a
characteristic for different contours.
The experimental unit includes a transparent tank, a point gauge and a
panel for visualising the jet paths. An interchangeable insert is installed in
the tank's water outlet to facilitate the investigation of various openings.
Four inserts with different diameters and contours are provided along
with the unit.
To visualise the trajectory, the issued water jet is measured via a point
gauge that consists of movable rods. The rods are positioned depending
on the profile of the water jet. This results in a trajectory that is
transferred to the panel.
The tank contains an adjustable overflow and a scale. In this way, a
precise adjustment and accurate reading of the fill level are possible. The
experimental unit is positioned easily and securely on the work surface of
the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied and the flow rate
measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the experimental unit can be Interchangeable inserts to study different openings: 1 tank, 2 insert;
operated by the laboratory supply. top: outlet from the tank through square contour,
Order Details
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and bottom: outlet from the tank through rounded contour
provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments. 070.15009 HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from
a Tank
31
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS FLOW FROM TANKS
gunt
HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank
Specification
Pressure losses in the flow from tanks are essentially
the result of two processes: the jet deflection upon [1] study of pressure losses in vertical flows from tanks
entry into the opening and the wall friction in the [2] determining the contraction coefficient for different
opening. As a result of the pressure losses the real contours and diameters
discharge is smaller than the theoretical flow rate. [3] tank with adjustable overflow
HM 150.12 determines these losses at different flow [4] 5 interchangeable inserts with different contours
rates. Different diameters as well as inlet and outlet [5] measuring device for determining the jet diameter
contours of the openings can be studied. Additionally, [6] Pitot tube for determining the total pressure
the contraction coefficient can be determined as a [7] pressure display on twin tube manometers
characteristic for different contours. [8] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
The experimental unit includes a transparent tank, a [9] water supply using HM 150 base module or via
measuring device as well as a Pitot tube and twin tube laboratory supply
manometers. An interchangeable insert is installed in
the tank's water outlet to facilitate the investigation of Technical Data
various openings. Five inserts with different diameters,
Tank
inlet contours and outlet contours are provided along
- capacity: approx. 13L
with the unit.
- overflow height: max. 400mm
The issued water jet is measured using a measuring
- max. flow rate: 14L/min
device. A Pitot tube detects the total pressure of the 1 inlet strainer, 2 water connection, 3 overflow, 4 twin tube manometers, 5 Pitot
tube, 6 water jet, 7 measuring device for jet diameter Inserts
flow. The pressure difference (read on the manometer)
Inside diameters: d1=inlet, d2=outlet
is used to determine the velocity.
- 1x cylindrical hole, d=12mm
The tank is fitted with an adjustable overflow and a
- 1x outlet from the insert: cone
measuring point for static pressure. In this way, the
d1=24mm, d2=12mm
level can be precisely adjusted and read on the
- 1x inlet to the insert: orifice plate
manometer. The experimental unit is positioned easily dh d1=24mm, d2=12mm
and securely on the work surface of the HM 150 base
- 1x inlet to the insert: cone
d1=30mm, d2=12mm
- 1x inlet to the insert: rounded, d=12mm
Measuring ranges
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide 1 - pressure: 500mmWC
- jet radius: 0...10mm
Learning Objectives / Experiments 2 Dimensions and Weight

- study of the outlet jet (diameter, velocity) 3 LxWxH: 400x400x830mm
- determination of pressure losses and contraction Weight: approx. 18kg
coefficient for different outlet contours
- determination of flow rate at different discharge Measuring the pressures Required for Operation
1 total pressure in the free jet, 2 static pressure in the tank, 3 Pitot tube;
* Determination of the diameter and velocity of the heads dh loss due to conversion of pressure into velocity HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
outlet jet1 connection and drain
* Study of openings with different inlet and outlet Scope of Delivery

contours1 1 experimental unit
5 inserts
* Determining the contraction coefficient 1 set of hoses
3 4 1 set of instructional material
5 6
1 2
Interchangeable inserts to study different inlet and outlet contours

1 tank, 2 insert with cylindrical hole, 3 insert with conical outlet, 4 insert with
orifice plate at the inlet, 5 insert with conical inlet, 6 insert with rounded inlet
Order Details
070.15012 HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank
33
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS PIPE FLOW
gunt
STEADY FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
Fluid Incompressible flow Steady and transient flow
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Fluid mechanics is concerned with Liquids are incompressible. In Steady flow: the velocity of a fluid
the study of forces and movements of technical fields of application of particle changes with the position: CAVITATION
liquids and gases. Both substances fluid mechanics, incompressibility v = f(s).
1 formation of the Cavitation effects in industrial piping systems:
are continua whose elements can is also assumed for gases as long
Transient flow: the velocity of a fluid vapour bubble, formation and consequences
easily move against each other. They as the flow velocity remains below
particle changes with the time and 2 collapse of the
are grouped together under the term Mach 0,3. Based on air at 20°C vapour bubble,
the position: v = f(s,t).
‘fluid’. this limiting value corresponds to a 3 jet of water hits
velocity of approximately 100 m/s Transient flows occur during the surface and
leads to material
and the change in density is roughly discharge processes, during startup destruction
4 %. It is therefore broadly possible and shutdown processes of turboma-
to treat liquid and gas flows with chines or in the case of fluid oscilla-
common fundamental principles in tions and water hammer processes. DISCHARGE PROCESSES
fluid mechanics.
Flows from tanks
h head,
v velocity how the discharge cross-section and the shape affect
the jet cross-section
vertical discharge / horizontal discharge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FLOW IN PIPE SYSTEMS FLOW IN VALVES
Velocity profile in fully developed flow
Special emphasis on technical issues
laminar (left)
constructions
turbulent (right)
valve characteristics
K values
Pressure losses in straight pipes

Dp
Dp differential
pressure,
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
Q volumetric
subcritical and supercritical flow
Q flow rate
control structures
Pressure losses in pipe fittings discharge measurement
1 pipe angle,
2 segment enlargement /constriction /change of direction This topic is covered extensively in a separate chapter.
bend, pipe bends
3 pipe bend,
4 contraction segment bends / pipe angles
Losses in single-strand and multi-strand pipe

systems For the field of Steady Flow of Incompressible Fluids GUNT provides a programme that allows to work through
we have tried to capture the many learning objectives all of the items listed in the learning objectives in educa-
found in the literature around the world within the list of tional laboratory experiments.
learning objectives defined above. Of course, variations
Dp Flow rate metrology: representation of the common in some sub-fields are possible. For example, we could
industry measuring methods argue whether or not industrial flow rate metrology
should be covered here.
Dp differential
pressure
35
gunt
HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow
Specification
During flow through pipes, pressure losses occur due
to internal friction and friction between the fluid and the [1] investigation of the pipe friction in laminar or
wall. When calculating pressure losses, we need to turbulent flow
know the friction factor, a dimensionless number. The [2] transparent tank with overflow ensures constant
friction factor is determined with the aid of the water inlet pressure in the pipe section for experiments
Reynolds number, which describes the ratio of inertia with laminar flow
forces to friction forces. [3] water supply via HM 150 or via laboratory supply
HM 150.01 enables the study of the relationship for experiments with turbulent flow
between pressure loss due to fluid friction and velocity [4] flow rate adjustment via valves
in the pipe flow. Additionally, the pipe friction factor is [5] twin tube manometers for measurements in laminar
determined. flow
The experimental unit includes a small diameter pipe [6] dial-gauge manometer for measurements in
section in which the laminar and turbulent flow is turbulent flow
generated. The Reynolds number and the pipe friction [7] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
factor are determined from the flow rate and pressure [8] water supply using HM 150 base module or via
loss. In turbulent flow, the pipe is supplied directly from laboratory supply
the water supply. The constant pressure at the water
supply required for laminar flow is provided by a Technical Data
standpipe on the overflow. Valves can be used to 1 tank with overflow, 2 dial-gauge manometer, 3 pipe section, 4 water supply,
5 pressure measuring points, 6 water drain, 7 twin tube manometers Pipe section
adjust the flow rate.
- length: 400mm
The pressures in laminar flow are measured with twin
- inside diameter: 3mm
tube manometers. In turbulent flow, the pressure is
Tank: 5L
read on a dial-gauge manometer.
Measuring ranges
- differential pressure (twin tube manometers):
2x 370mmWC
- differential pressure (dial-gauge manometer):
0...0,4bar
through the experiments. Dimensions and Weight
- measurements of the pressure loss in laminar flow Required for Operation
- measurements of the pressure loss in turbulent flow HM 150 (closed water circuit) or water supply, drain
- determining the critical Reynolds number
Scope of Delivery
- determining the pipe friction factor
Representation of the laminar and turbulent flow in the pipe 1 experimental unit
- comparing the actual pipe friction factor with the top: laminar flow; bottom: turbulent flow; blue flow, red velocity profile
* Pipe friction losses in laminar and turbulent flow1 theoretical friction factor
* Determining the critical Reynolds number
Pressure losses as a function of velocity in pipe flow

1 laminar flow, 2 transition from laminar to turbulent, 3 turbulent flow;
Order Details
h pressure loss, v velocity
070.15001 HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for
Laminar / Turbulent Flow
37
gunt
HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System
Specification
[1] investigation of pressure losses in piping elements
and shut-off devices
[2] different measuring objects for determining flow
rate according to the differential pressure method
[3] six pipe sections capable of being individually shut
off, with different piping elements: sudden contraction,
sudden enlargement, Y-pieces, T-pieces, corners and
bends
[4] one pipe section to hold interchangeable shut-
off/measuring objects
[5] measuring objects made of transparent material:
Venturi nozzle, orifice plate flow meter and measuring
nozzle
[6] shut-off devices: angle seat valve, gate valve
[7] annular chambers allow measurement of pressure
without interaction
[8] 2 twin tube manometers for measuring the pressure
1 tube manometers, 2 various pipe sections, 3 pipe section for interchangeable shut- difference
off/measuring objects, 4 annular chamber, 5 ball valve [9] flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
laboratory supply
Technical Data
Pipe section to hold fittings or measuring objects
- 20x1,5mm, PVC
Pipe sections
Inside diameter: d
* Pressure losses in the piping system1 rate measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the - straight: d=20x1,5mm, length: 800mm, PVC
experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory - sudden contraction: d=32x1,8-20x1,5mm, PVC
* Pressure measurement without interaction via supply. - sudden enlargement: d=20x1,5-32x1,8mm, PVC
annular chambers1 The well-structured instructional material sets out the - with 2x Y-piece 45° and 2x T-piece
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide - with 2x 90° elbow/bend: d=20x1,5mm, PVC and
* Transparent measuring objects for determining through the experiments. 2x 45° elbow: d=20x1,5mm, PVC
flow rate 2x twin tube manometers: 0...1000mmWC
Learning Objectives / Experiments Measuring range

Technical Description - pressure losses in pipes, piping elements and Shut-off devices and measuring objects for determining flow rate - pressure: 0...0,1bar
Pressure losses occur during the flow of real fluids due to friction and fittings 1 gate valve, 2 angle seat valve, 3 Venturi nozzle, 4 orifice plate flow meter or
turbulence (vortices). Pressure losses in pipes, piping elements, fittings measuring nozzle
- how the flow velocity affects the pressure loss Dimensions and Weight
and measuring instruments (e.g. flow meter, velocity meter) cause - determining resistance coefficients
pressure losses and must therefore be taken into account when - opening characteristics of angle seat valve and gate LxWxH: 1550x640x1300mm
designing piping systems. valve Weight: approx. 58kg
HM 150.11 allows to study the pressure losses in pipes, piping - familiarisation with various measuring objects for Required for Operation
elements and shut-off devices. In addition, the differential pressure determining flow rate: HM 150 (closed water circuit) or water connection and
method is presented for measuring the flow rate. * Venturi nozzle drain
The experimental unit contains six different pipe sections capable of * orifice plate flow meter and measuring nozzle
being shut off individually. The pipe sections are equipped with piping Scope of Delivery
elements such as bends, elbows and branches. In one pipe section, 1 experimental unit
different shut-off devices and measuring objects are installed to 2 shut-off devices (angle seat valve, gate valve)
determine the flow rate. The measuring objects are made of transparent 1 Venturi nozzle, 1 orifice plate flow meter or
material and provide excellent insight into the inner structure. The measuring nozzle
pressure measuring points in the piping system are designed as annular 1 set of hoses
chambers. This creates a largely interference-free pressure 1 set of tools
measurement. 1 set of instructional material
The experiments measure the pressure losses in pipes and piping
elements, such as branches and bends. The opening characteristic of
the shut-off devices are also recorded. The pressures are measured with
tube manometers. Opening characteristics of shut-off devices; Q flow rate, x opening, blue: angle
seat valve, green: gate valve;
The experimental unit is positioned easily and securely on the work 1 angle seat valve, 2 gate valve Order Details
070.15011 HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System
39
gunt
HM 164 Open Channel and Closed Channel Flow HM 164 Open Channel and Closed Channel Flow
Specification
[1] investigation of flow processes in the open and
closed channel
[2] experimental flume with upper limit, made of
transparent material
[3] height-adjustable sill in the bottom of the
experimental flume
[4] water level adjustable via plate weir at the water
outlet
[5] simple conversion from open to closed channel
[6] control structures for experiments in the open
channel: broad-crested weir, narrow-crested weir,
ogee-crested weir with ski jump spillway, sill, gate
[7] fully flowed through experimental section and
change in cross-section over sill for experiments in the
closed channel
[8] closed water circuit with supply tank and pump
[9] transparent measuring tubes for measuring static
1 sluice gate, 2 water supply, 3 sill height adjustment, 4 supply tank, 5 ogee-crested pressure and total pressure
weir used in the experimental flume, 6 upper limit, 7 water drain with plate weir at the
water outlet, 8 measuring tube
Technical Data
Experimental section
- length: 1,1m
- cross-section WxH: 40x300mm
Supply tank: 70L
Pump
* Flow processes in the open channel: gate, - max. head: 7,6m
sill and various weirs1
* Flow processes in the closed channel: pipe flow1 Open channel
* Closed water circuit with tank and pump - flow over control structures: broad-crested weir,
Weight empty: approx. 150kg
narrow-crested weir, ogee-crested weir with ski
jump spillway, sill Required for Operation
Technical Description - discharge under a gate 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
- hydraulic jump
HM 164 is used to demonstrate different flow processes at different Closed channel Scope of Delivery
control structures in the open channel. In the closed channel, pressure - pipe flow with constant and variable flow cross- Flow processes in the open channel; 1 flow under a gate, 2 plate weir at the
1 trainer
components in a pipe are determined. section
water outlet, 3 flow over a sill, 4 height adjustment of the sill
control structures: broad-crested weir, narrow-crested
The trainer includes a transparent experimental flume with upper limit, a - measurement of static pressure and total pressure weir, ogee-crested weir with ski jump spillway, sill,
height-adjustable sill and a closed water circuit. The water level in the - calculation of the flow velocity gate
experimental section is set with an adjustable plate weir at the water
1 plate weir
outlet. With a simple alteration, the experimental flume can be used as
1 tool
an open or closed channel.
The water level must be low when investigating the open-channel flow.
To conduct the experiment, a weir is attached to the bottom of the
channel or the height-adjustable sill is used. Furthermore, the discharge
under a gate can also be demonstrated. Various weirs, which can be
exchanged quickly and safely, are available as control structures.
When studying the closed channel, the water level needs to be high
enough that the entire experimental section is flowed through. In this
case the sill is used to change the cross-section flowed through.
The static pressures and the total pressure over the cross-section are
detected by measuring tubes. The pressure difference is used to
calculate the flow velocity.
Flow processes in the closed channel; 1 inlet, 2 upper limit, 3 outlet, 4 static
Order Details
pressure measurement, 5 total pressure measurement, 6 sill, 7 height
adjustment of the sill, 8 turbulence 070.16400 HM 164 Open Channel and Closed
Channel Flow
41
gunt
HM 111 Pipe Networks HM 111 Pipe Networks
Specification
[1] investigation of different pipe networks
[2] five pre-installed pipe sections with different
diameters
[3] panel for piping elements
[4] construction of pipe networks from pipe sections
and various piping elements
[5] calibration of pipe sections
[6] parallel and series connection of pipe sections
[7] construction of a closed circular pipeline
[8] differential pressure measurement with twin tube
manometers and differential pressure manometer
[9] flow rate measurement with measuring tank (can
be shut off), stopwatch and level indicator
Technical Data
Pump
1 panel with piping elements, 2 valve for adjusting the flow rate, 3 supply tank with - power consumption: 250W
submersible pump, 4 measuring tank level indicator, 5 gate valve for emptying the - max. flow rate: 9m³/h
measuring tank, 6 twin tube manometers, 7 pipe sections, 8 measuring tank, - max. head: 7,6m
9 differential pressure manometer, 10 switch box, 11 pressure measuring point
Pipe network, max. flow rate: 4,8m³/h
Pipe sections, length 700mm each
- 1x: 25x1,9mm
- 2x: 20x1,5mm
- 2x: 16x1,2mm
Twin tube manometers
Tank for water: 180L
Tank for flow rate measurement
* Structure of various pipe networks1 - small measuring range: 10L
- large measuring range: 60L
* Pressure losses at various piping elements and Learning Objectives / Experiments Stopwatch: 1/100s
pipe networks1 - recording the calibration curve for pipe sections:
pressure loss over flow rate Measuring ranges
* Closed water circuit with tank and pump - differential pressure: 1x 0...1bar
- pipe sections connected in parallel
- pipe sections connected in series - differential pressure with tube manometers:
- combined series and parallel connection 2x 0...100mbar
- investigation of a closed circular pipeline
An important task in the construction of pipelines is to determine the - differential pressure measurement
pressure and flow rate in complex piping systems. In practice, the Dimensions and Weight
- pressure losses at various piping elements
calculation of the total pressure losses serves as a foundation for the Different pipe networks constructed from pipe sections: LxWxH: 1550x800x1600mm
1 calibration of pipe sections, 2 doubling, 3 series connection, 4 parallel and Weight: approx. 117kg
design of suitable drive units for heating and air conditioning systems, series connection, 5 closed circular pipeline, 6 parallel connection
drinking water supply systems and parts of wastewater systems. Required for Operation
Knowledge of pressure losses is also used to optimise operation.
HM 111 enables the construction and investigation of various pipe 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA,
networks, such as parallel and series connections of pipes, their 1 phase
branching and merging, and the study of individual pipes. In analogy to Scope of Delivery
Kirchhoff's laws of electricity, it is possible to conduct nodal analysis.
1 trainer
The five pre-installed pipe sections on the top of the trainer are
1 stopwatch
connected to pipe networks using the piping elements. Tank, pipes,
piping elements and valves and fittings are made entirely of plastic. The
individual pipe sections are shut off by ball valves. During the
experiments, the pressure losses in various pipes and piping elements
are recorded and evaluated.
Two manometers for different measuring ranges are included to
measure differential pressure. The flow rate is measured volumetrically.
The trainer has its own water supply. The closed water circuit includes a
supply tank with submersible pump.
The diagram shows the pressure loss over flow rate for different pipe diameters: Order Details
p pressure, Q flow rate, d inner diameter
070.11100 HM 111 Pipe Networks
43
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS TURBOMACHINES
gunt
EXPERIMENTAL UNITS FROM THE FIELD OF TURBO MACHINERY
One important field of fluid mechanics concerns turbo- The experimental units presented here are all powered
machines, these are divided into power engines and by water. They serve as an introduction into the subject of MACHINES
machines. Turbines are power machines, while pumps are turbomachinery.
classic machines.
The experimental units are part of the HM 150 series. HM 150.04 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The water is supplied and the flow rate measured by the
HM 150 base module. studying a centrifugal pump and
recording a typical pump characteristic
curve
POWER ENGINES determining the pump efficiency

studying how speed affects flow rate
HM 150.19 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A PELTON and head
TURBINE
model of an impulse turbine

transparent front panel for observing the operating
area
adjustable nozzle needle for setting different nozzle
cross-sections
HM 150.16 SERIES AND PARALLEL

CONFIGURATION OF PUMPS
studying pumps individually, connected

in series and in parallel
recording pump characteristic curves
and determining the operating point
HM 150.20 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A FRANCIS determining the hydraulic power of

TURBINE pumps
model of a reaction turbine

transparent front panel for observing the operating
area
adjustable guide vanes for setting different angles of
incidence
45
gunt
HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine
Specification
Water turbines are turbomachines utilising water
power. The Pelton turbine is a type of impulse turbine; [1] function of a Pelton turbine
6
such turbines convert the pressure energy of water 1 [2] transparent front panel for observing the operating
into kinetic energy entirely in the distributor. During the area
conversion, the water jet is accelerated in a nozzle and [3] loading the turbine by use of the band brake
directed onto the blades of the Pelton wheel [4] adjustable nozzle needle for setting different nozzle
tangentially. The water jet is redirected by cross-sections
5
approximately 180° in the blades. The impulse of the 2 [5] marking on brake drum for non-contact speed
water jet is transmitted to the Pelton wheel. measurement
HM 150.19 is a model of a Pelton turbine [6] instruments: spring balances for determining the
demonstrating the function of an impulse turbine. torque, manometer shows pressure at turbine inlet
The experimental unit consists of the Pelton wheel, a [7] flow rate determination by base module HM 150
needle nozzle used as distributor, a band brake for 3 10 5 1 [8] water supply using base module HM 150 or via
loading the turbine and a housing with a transparent laboratory supply
front panel. The transparent cover enables to observe
the water flow, the Pelton wheel and the nozzle during 4 Technical Data
operation. The nozzle cross-section and thus the flow
Pelton turbine
rate are modified by adjusting the nozzle needle.
The turbine torque is determined by force 1 spring balance, 2 manometer, 3 adjustment of the nozzle cross-section, 4 needle - output: 5W at 500min-1, approx. 30L/min, H=2m
nozzle, 5 Pelton wheel, 6 adjustment of the band brake - Pelton wheel
measurement on a band brake and is read on spring
14 blades
balances. For measuring the rotational speed, a non-
blade width: 33,5mm
contact speed sensor, e.g. HM 082, is required. A
external diameter: 132mm
manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine
Needle nozzle
inlet.
- jet diameter: 10mm
Measuring ranges
- braking force (spring balance): 10N
- pressure: 0...1bar
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide Dimensions and Weight
through the experiments. LxWxH: 400x400x620mm
Learning Objectives / Experiments Required for Operation
- design and function of a Pelton turbine HM 150 (closed water circuit) or water supply, drain
- determination of torque, power and efficiency
Scope of Delivery
- graphical representation of characteristic curves for
Operating principle of the Pelton turbine: 1 experimental unit
torque, power and efficiency 1 needle nozzle, 2 adjustable nozzle needle, 3 blade on the Pelton wheel,
* Model of an impulse turbine1 4 redirected water jet, 5 profile of the blade
* Transparent operating area1

* Adjustable nozzle cross-section1
* Loading by band brake
Turbine output curves at different positions of the nozzle needle: Order Details
1: Q=31,6L/min, 2: Q=18,8L/min, 3: Q=11,5L/min; n speed, P turbine output
070.15019 HM 150.19 Operating Principle of
a Pelton Turbine
gunt 2E a division of G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, P.O.Box 1125, D-22885 Barsbüttel, t +49 (40)67 08 54-0, f +49 (40)67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications. Visit our Websites: www.gunt.de | www.gunt2e.de gunt 2E a division of G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, P.O.Box 1125, D-22885 Barsbüttel, t +49 (40)67 08 54-0, f +49 (40)67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications. Visit our Websites: www.gunt.de | www.gunt2e.de
47
gunt
HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine
Specification
Water turbines are turbomachines utilising water
power. The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine 8 [1] function of a Francis turbine
which converts the pressure energy of the water into [2] transparent front panel for observing the operating
kinetic energy in the distributor and in the rotor. The 1 area
water is fed in the distributor by means of a spiral [3] loading the turbine by use of the band brake
housing. The flowing water is accelerated in the 7 [4] adjustable guide vanes for setting different angles
distributor by the adjustable guide vanes and directed of attack
onto the rotor blades. The redirection and further 2 6 [5] marking on brake drum for non-contact speed
acceleration of the water in the rotor generates an measurement
impulse which is transmitted to the rotor. [6] instruments: spring balances for determining the
HM 150.20 is the model of a Francis turbine 5 torque, manometer shows pressure at turbine inlet
demonstrating the function of a reaction turbine. 3 [7] flow determination by base module HM 150
The experimental unit consists of the rotor, the [8] water supply using the base module HM 150 or via
distributor with adjustable guide vanes, a band brake lab supply
for loading the turbine and a housing with a 4
transparent front panel. The transparent cover enables Technical Data
to observe the water flow, the rotor and the guide
Turbine
vanes during operation. The angle of attack and thus
the power of the rotor are modified by adjusting the 1 spring balance, 2 manometer, 3 water inlet, 4 water outlet, 5 rotor, 6 guide vanes, - output: 12W at n=1100min-1, approx. 40L/min,
7 adjustment of the guide vanes, 8 adjustment of the band brake H=8m
guide vanes.
- rotor, 7 blades
The turbine torque is determined by force
blade width: 5mm
measurement on a band brake and is read on spring
external diameter: 50mm
balances. For measuring the rotational speed, a non-
- guide vanes: 6 vanes, adjustable (20 stages)
contact speed sensor, e.g. HM 082, is required. A
manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine
Measuring ranges
inlet.
- braking force (spring balance): 10N
- pressure: 0...1,0bar
measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the experimental Dimensions and Weight
unit can be operated by the laboratory supply. LxWxH: 400x400x630mm
The well-structured instructional material sets out the Weight: approx. 17kg
through the experiments. Required for Operation
HM 150 (closed water circuit) or water supply, drain
Learning Objectives / Experiments Scope of Delivery

- design and function of a Francis turbine 1 experimental unit
Operating principle of the Francis turbine: 1 set of instructional material
- determination of torque, power and efficiency 1 spiral housing, 2 guide vane, 3 rotor with rotor blades, 4 flow
* Model of a reaction turbine1 - graphical representation of characteristic curves for on the left: guide vane position closed, Q=0, P=0
torque, power and efficiency on the right: guide vane position open, Q=max., P=max.
* Transparent operating area1
* Turbine with adjustable guide vanes1
* Loading by band brake
Order Details
Characteristic curve for power output on the turbine shaft;
P turbine power output, n speed 070.15020 HM 150.20 Operating Principle of
a Francis Turbine
49
gunt
HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump
Specification
[1] investigation of a centrifugal pump
[2] drive with variable speed via frequency converter
[3] ball valve to adjust the head
[4] manometers on the inlet and outlet side of the
pump
[5] digital display of speed and power
[6] flow rate determined by base module HM 150
[7] water supply using base module HM 150
Technical Data
Centrifugal pump, self-priming
- max. flow rate: 3000L/h
- max. head: 36,9m
Asynchronous motor
- nominal power: 370W
1 display and controls, 2 centrifugal pump, 3 motor, 4 ball valve for adjusting the Measuring ranges
head, 5 outlet side manometer, 6 inlet side manometer - pressure (outlet side): -1...5bar
- pressure (inlet side): -1...1,5bar
- speed: 0...3000min-1
- power: 0...1000W

The illustration shows HM 150.04 together with HM 150. Required for Operation
230V, 50/60Hz/CSA, 1 phase or 230V, 60Hz/CSA,
* Characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump1 Learning Objectives / Experiments 3 phases
familiarisation with operating behaviour and HM 150 (closed water circuit)
* Variable speed via frequency converter
characteristics of a centrifugal pump through Scope of Delivery
experiments
- recording the pump characteristic curve at a 1 experimental unit
Technical Description 1 set of instructional material
constant pump speed
Centrifugal pumps are turbomachines that are used for conveying
* measuring the inlet and outlet pressure
fluids. The HM 150.04 unit can be used to study a centrifugal pump and
* determining the flow rate 1 water supply via HM 150, 2 centrifugal pump, 3 motor, 4 ball valve for
to record a typical pump characteristic curve.
- recording the pump characteristics for adjusting the head; P pressure, n speed
The experimental unit includes a self-priming centrifugal pump, a ball
different speeds
valve on the outlet side and manometers on the inlet and outlet side. It is
- power and efficiency curves
driven by an asynchronous motor. The speed is infinitely adjustable by
* measuring the electrical drive power
using a frequency converter. A ball valve is used to adjust the head.
* determining the hydraulic power
In experiments, the operating behaviour of the pump as a function of
* calculating the efficiency
the flow rate is studied and displayed in characteristic curves. The
motor's speed and electrical power are displayed digitally. Pressures on
the inlet and outlet side are displayed on two manometers.
surface of the HM 150 base module. The pump draws in water from the
tank on the base module HM 150. The flow rate is determined
volumetrically by flowing back into the measuring tank on HM 150.
Pump characteristic curves at different speeds:

H head, Q flow rate, n speed
Order Details
070.15004 HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump
51
gunt
HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps
Specification
[1] investigation of series and parallel configuration of
pumps
[2] two identical centrifugal pumps
[3] transparent tank as intake tank
[4] overflow in the tank ensures constant suction head
[5] ball valves used to switch between series and
parallel operation
[6] manometers at inlet and outlet of each pump
[7] flow rate determined by base module HM 150
[8] water supply via HM 150 or via laboratory supply
Technical Data
2x centrifugal pump
- max. head: 12m
1 tank, 2 overflow, 3 water connection, 4 ball valve, 5 pump, 6 pump switch, Tank: 13L
7 drain, 8 manometer Pipes and pipe connections: PVC
Measuring ranges
- pressure (inlet): 2x -1...1,5bar
- pressure (outlet): 3x 0...2,5bar

* Series and parallel configuration of pumps1 Required for Operation
* Determining pump characteristic curves 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
HM 150 (closed water circuit) or alternatively water
Investigation of pumps in series and parallel connection and drain
configuration
Technical Description - determining the head Scope of Delivery
In complex systems, pumps can be connected in series or in parallel. In - recording the pump characteristics 1 experimental unit
series operation the heads are added together and in parallel operation, - determining the hydraulic power 1 set of instructional material
the flow rates of the pumps are added. Series and parallel configuration - determining the operating point
of pumps behave similar to series and parallel configuration of electric 1 water connection, 2 tank, 3 overflow, 4 ball valve, 5 pump 1, 6 and 7 ball
resistances in electric circuits. The pump correlates with the electric valves for switching the pumps between series and parallel operation, 8 pump
2; P pressure
resistance, the flow correlates with the electric current and the head with
the voltage.
With HM 150.16 pumps are studied individually, in series and in parallel
configuration.
The experimental unit contains two identical centrifugal pumps and an
intake tank with overflow. The overflow ensures a constant suction head
in the tank, regardless of the water supply. Ball valves in the pipes allow
easy switching between series and parallel operation.
Pressures at inlet and outlet of the two pumps are displayed on
manometers.
rate measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the experimental unit can be
operated by the laboratory supply.
Characteristic curves: blue: one pump in operation, red: parallel configuration

Order Details
of pumps, green: series configuration of pumps; H head, Q flow rate
070.15016 HM 150.16 Series and Parallel
Configuration of Pumps
53
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS ACCESSORIES
gunt
HM 150 RANGE A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION INTO THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
GUNT devices from the HM 150 range demonstrate phenomena and facilitate simple experiments on the following
topics of fluid mechanics:
steady flow in pipes methods of flow rate measurement flow around bodies STEADY OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
laminar /turbulent flow, flow from tanks transient flow at a hydraulic ram
Reynolds number free /forced vortex formation turbomachines HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an Open Channel
continuity equation, HM 150.03 Plate Weirs for HM 150
open-channel flow jet forces
Bernoulli’s principle
HM 150.21 Visualisation of Stream-

STEADY FLOW IN PIPES lines in an Open Channel
HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System

HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow
HM 150.29 Energy Losses in Piping Elements
HM 150.10
Visualisation of
LAMINAR / TURBULENT FLOW, REYNOLDS NUMBER HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System Streamlines
HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment

HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow FLOW AROUND BODIES
HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines

HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE / FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
HM 150.18 Osborne Open Channel
Reynolds Experiment
HM 150.13 Methods of Flow Measurement
HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System
HM 150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle
TRANSIENT FLOW HM 150.13 Methods of Flow

Measurement
HM 150.15 Hydraulic Ram – Pumping Using Water Hammer HM 150.09
Horizontal Flow
from a Tank
The HM 150 base module provides a closed
TURBOMACHINES water circuit to supply the separate experimental
HM 150.15 Hydraulic units. The experimental unit is connected to the base FLOW FROM TANKS
HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump
Ram – Pumping Using module for the water supply via a hose. The flow rate is
Water Hammer HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from a Tank
measured volumetrically.
HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank
HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine All devices are designed so that they can be placed
securely and stably on the base module.
HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump
JET FORCES
HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces
FREE / FORCED VORTEX FORMATION

DETERMINING THE METACENTRE
HM 150.14 Vortex Formation
HM 150.08 Measurement HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies
of Jet Forces
HM 150.14
Vortex Formation
HM 150.06 Stability of Floating
Bodies
55
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS ACCESSORIES
gunt
HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in Fluid Mechanics HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in Fluid Mechanics
Specification
[1] base module for supplying experimental units in
OF
OF
I ON
fluid mechanics
[2] closed water circuit with storage tank, submersible
pump and measuring tank
[3] measuring tank divided in two for volumetric flow
rate measurements
[4] measuring beaker with scale for very small
volumetric flow rates
[5] measurement of volumetric flow rates by using a
stopwatch
[6] work surface with integrated flume for experiments
with weirs
[7] work surface with inside edge for safe placement of
the accessory and for collecting the dripping water
[8] storage tank, measuring tank and work surface
made of GRP
1 flow control valve, 2 overflow, 3 storage tank with submersible pump, 4 gate valve
for emptying the measuring tank, 5 measuring tank level indicator, 6 measuring tank Technical Data
Pump
- max. head: 7,6m
Storage tank, capacity: 180L
Measuring tank
- at large volumetric flow rates: 40L
- at small volumetric flow rates: 10L
Flume
* Water supply for experimental units for fluid - LxWxH: 530x150x180mm
Measuring beaker with scale for very small volumetric
mechanics1
flow rates
* Volumetric flow rate measurement for large and - capacity: 2L
small flow rates1 Stopwatch
- measuring range: 0...9h 59min 59sec
* Comprehensive range of accessories allows a
complete course in the fundamentals of fluid
mechanics
HM 150.21 (1) placed on the base module HM 150 (2) LxWxH: 1230x770x1070mm
Technical Description Required for Operation
The HM 150 series of devices permits a varied experimental cross- 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
section in the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. The base module
HM 150 provides the basic equipment for individual experiments: the Scope of Delivery
supply of water in the closed circuit; the determination of volumetric flow 1 base module
rate and the positioning of the experimental unit on the working surface 1 stopwatch
of the base module and the collection of dripping water. 1 measuring beaker
The closed water circuit consists of the underlying storage tank with a 1 hose
powerful submersible pump and the measuring tank arranged above, in 1 manual
which the returning water is collected.
The measuring tank is stepped, for larger and smaller volumetric flow
rates. A measuring beaker is used for very small volumetric flow rates.
The volumetric flow rates are measured using a stopwatch.
The top work surface enables the various experimental units to be
easily and safely positioned. A small flume is integrated in the work
surface, in which experiments with weirs (HM 150.03) are conducted.
Base module for experiments in fluid mechanics with plate weir HM 150.03
Order Details
070.15000 HM 150 Base Module for Experiments
in Fluid Mechanics
57
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS TRANSIENT FLOW
gunt
TRANSIENT FLOW IN PIPES AND SURGE CHAMBERS
A
Transient flow
Flows in which flow conditions vary over A
time at an ‘observation point’ are known as
B
transient. An exception is changes caused
by turbulence. For flows with a free surface C
a transient flow can be recognised by the
variation in the water level over time. 5
Transient flows occur during all

startup and shutdown processes of T
turbomachines, in equipment and pipelines Damaged pipe and pipe Pipe breakage, 1 2 3 4
as well as during discharge processes brackets caused by a water caused by
from containers with variable liquid level; hammer water hammer Hydroelectric power station with surge chamber, using the natural Niederwartha pumped storage power
similarly in fluid vibrations (surge chamber), geological conditions station in Dresden. At the entrance
with water hammer processes in pipes and 1 reservoir, 2 head race tunnel, of the three pressure pipes there are
Water hammer in pipes
in open channels (positive and negative 3 surge chamber with variable water level, 4 pressure pipe, three surge chambers, which are
surges / hydropeaking). A common phenomenon of transient flow is the occurrence of water 5 turbine house with water discharge designed as open containers.
hammer in pipes. Fluctuations of pressure and flow rate can signifi- A turbine shutdown, B rest position, C turbine start up A surge chamber, B pressure pipes
In practice, the understanding of transient
cantly exceed or fall below the designed pressure for a pipeline.
flow conditions is useful for commercial
designs of pipelines (reserve in water Water hammer is caused by: Principle of a surge chamber
hammer) in water distribution systems, closing or opening shut-off elements in the pipeline Hydroelectric power stations use surge chambers to flowing water in the pressure tube is therefore converted
process plants and hydroelectric power startup and shutdown pumps and turbines reduce pressure fluctuations. The water moving through into potential energy of the increased water level in the
stations. re-commissioning systems the pressure pipe is deflected when valves in the surge surge chamber and not into destructive pressure energy.
change in the feed water level chamber are closed. The water level can then oscillate up
GUNT provides you with illustrative experi-
mental units for studying transient flows and down until it returns to rest. The kinetic energy of the
in pipelines, representing water hammer,
Effects of water hammer The table shows an abstract from a common university curriculum. GUNT devices cover this content to the greatest extent.
and showing how surge chambers work
as safety elements in hydroelectric power Water hammer causes damage to the affected system. Pipes can
stations. burst, pipe brackets may be damaged. Additionally valves, pumps, CURRICULUM FOR THE FIELD OF TRANSIENT FLOW GUNT PRODUCTS
mounts and other components of the pipe system (e.g. heat Flow from tanks with variable water level: Discharge velocity HM 150.09, HM 150.12
We demonstrate the useful effect of water
exchangers) are at risk. In drinking water pipelines a water hammer
hammer for pumping water by the operating
can lead to dirty water being drawn in from outside. Since damage
principle of a hydraulic ram. Water hammer: Investigation of water hammer and pressure waves in pipes, HM 155, HM 156,
to pipelines is not necessarily immediately visible (e.g. a damaged
flange), it is necessary to deal with the potential occurrence of water displaying vibrations in the water hammer, determining the speed of sound in water, HM 143
hammer when planning a pipeline. determining reflection time, measuring water hammer (Joukowsky shock), how
flow rate/closing velocity of valves affect water hammer
Reducing water hammer
Hydraulic ram: Use of water hammer to pump water HM 150.15
At smaller nominal diameters, installing an expansion tank or the
choice of valves affects the emergence of water hammer. Valves Surge chamber oscillation: How a surge chamber works, natural frequency HM 143, HM 156
and gate valves are less affected than shut-off valves and butterfly of the vibrations
valves due to longer closing times. Safety valves can protect
pipelines from damage caused by water hammer. Positive and negative surges / hydropeaking: transient flow behaviour, e.g. in open
channels
Water hammer in pipes with large nominal diameters and large
head are mitigated or avoided by slowly operating the slide gate and Transient drainage processes: Drainage, delayed drainage processes (retention) HM 143
using surge chambers at the entrance of the pressure pipes (similar
to equalisation basins). Flood wave
Collapsed tank
as a result of Transient flow processes in hydraulic turbomachines: Cavitation HM 380, ST 250
water hammer
59
gunt
HM 156 Water Hammer and Surge Chamber HM 156 Water Hammer and Surge Chamber
Specification
9 8 7 6 5
[1] functioning of a surge chamber
[2] pipe section with ball valve and surge chamber
[3] surge chamber designed as transparent PMMA
tank
[4] pressure sensor behind the water chamber for
measuring the pressure wave
HM 155 Druckstöße
1 2
0 [5] pipe section with solenoid valve and two pressure

sensors for measuring water hammer
[6] volumetric flow measurement via supply unit
I ON
OF
OF
[7] representation of the pressure curves with

GUNT software
[8] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
Windows Vista or Windows 7
1 2 3 4 Technical Data
Pipe section for pressure oscillations
1 two parallel pipe sections, 2 water supply, 3 supply unit, 4 ball valve/solenoid - copper
valve, 5 pressure sensor surge chamber, 6 surge chamber, 7 control unit, 8 pressure - length: 5875mm, inner diameter: 26mm
sensor in the measuring section for water hammer, 9 tank - ball valve
- surge chamber, PMMA
height: 825mm
inner diameter: 50mm
Pipe section for water hammer
- copper
- length: 5875mm, inner diameter: 26mm
- distance between sensors: 3000mm
- solenoid valve, closing time: 20...30ms
The illustration shows a similar unit.
Tank: 50L
* Visualisation of water hammer1 the subsequent oscillations are detected by two
pressure sensors in the pipe section and displayed in Supply unit
* Operation of a surge chamber1 the software as a pressure curve. Pump
The water is supplied and the flow rate measured by - power consumption: 550W
* Determining the sound velocity in water1 - max. flow rate: 230L/min
the supply unit.
* GUNT software for displaying the water The well-structured instructional material sets out the - max. head: 11m
hammer and oscillations fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide Tank: 1x 180L, 1x 40L
Measuring ranges
Producing a water hammer; A: solenoid valve open, B:solenoid valve - pressure (pipe section): 2x 0...16bar abs.
closed; P pressure, t time, U voltage - pressure (surge chamber): 0...0,3bar
In structures such as hydroelectric power stations, or in systems for
supplying water, changes in flow rate result in pressure fluctuations. For Transient flow conditions in pipe systems by means of
example during startup and shutdown of hydraulic machines or by experimentation Dimensions and Weight
opening and closing shut-off elements. There is a distinction to be made - demonstrating water hammer in pipes LxWxH: 6800x800x2050mm (total)
between rapid pressure changes that propagate with the sound velocity - determining the sound velocity in water Weight: approx. 155kg
(water hammer) and slow pressure changes caused by mass - understanding how a surge chamber works
oscillations. Pipeline systems use air vessels or surge chambers to - natural frequency in the surge chamber Required for Operation
dampen water hammer and mass oscillations. 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
HM 156 is used to generate and visualise water hammer in pipes and to
Scope of Delivery
demonstrate how a surge chamber works. The trainer contains a pipe
section with a ball valve and a surge chamber and a second pipe section 1 trainer with supply unit
with a solenoid valve. 1 CD with GUNT software
In the first experiment a water hammer is produced by rapidly closing 1 set of instructional material
the ball valve. The sudden deceleration of the water mass releases
kinetic energy, which is converted into potential energy in the surge
chamber. The resulting pressure oscillations are measured by a pressure
sensor behind the surge chamber and displayed in the software as a
pressure curve. The oscillation can also be seen as pendulum movement
of the water level in the surge chamber. Screenshot of the software
Order Details
In the second experiment a rapid closing of the solenoid valve in the
second pipe section produces a strong water hammer. The water's 070.15600 HM 156 Water Hammer and Surge
kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy. The water hammer and Chamber
61
gunt
HM 143 Transient Drainage Processes in Storage Reservoirs HM 143 Transient Drainage Processes in Storage Reservoirs
Specification
Transient drainage processes are taken into
consideration when deciding on the dimensions of [1] transient drainage processes in storage reservoirs
storage reservoirs. The processes occur for example, [2] functioning of a surge chamber
in rainwater retention basins and storage lakes. [3] "rainwater retention basin" experiment: basin A and
The main purpose of the rainwater retention basin is basin B as short-term storage reservoirs, rectangular
to delay the drainage process by temporary weir as gate
intermediate storage. Storage lakes are used in [4] "storage lakes" experiment: basin A and basin B
applications such as water supply, energy conversion, are used as long-term storage reservoirs, rectangular
or in flood protection. The water rises before it is fed weir as overfall weir
over an overflow. [5] "surge chamber" experiment: transparent pipe as
The drainage processes from reservoirs is realised surge chamber in drainage line of basin B
by pipelines, tunnels or other means. A surge chamber [6] gate in the drainage line for generating water
prevents water hammer in pipes and fittings in the hammer
event of rapid changes in flow rate. [7] pressure sensors at both basins and the surge
HM 143 is used to demonstrate transient drainage chamber capture the water level fluctuations
processes from storage reservoirs and how a surge [8] representation of the variation in the water levels
chamber works. The trainer includes a basin with with GUNT software
adjustable weir and a second, deeper-lying basin with [9] GUNT software for data acquisition via USB under
overflow and drainage line. A surge chamber is 1 basin A with adjustable weir, 2 surge chamber, 3 valve in drain pipe, 4 gate for Windows Vista or Windows 7
generating water hammer, 5 water connection, 6 overflow pipe, 7 basin B with
installed in the drainage line. overflow, 8 flow meter
In the "rainwater retention basin" experiment basin A Technical Data
and basin B simulate retention basins. The discharge
Basin A: LxWxH: 900x900x300mm
is adjusted by using valves in the drainage line. This
- material: stainless steel
illustrates typical delayed drainage processes.
- rectangular weir according to Rehbock, adjustable
In the experiment "storage lakes", the transient
as gate, gate opening: 0...200mm
drainage processes are shown in two long-term
as weir, weir height: 0...200mm,
storage reservoirs. In this experiment the weir is used
overflowed width: 60mm
as a free overfall weir.
Basin B: LxWxH: 900x900x300mm
In the "surge chamber" experiment a water hammer
is produced by rapidly closing a gate in the drainage
- overflow: 200mm
line. The oscillation can be seen as pendulum
Surge chamber
movement of the water level in the surge chamber.
- material: PMMA
The water levels in the basins and at the surge
- inner diameter: 62mm
chamber are detected by pressure sensors and
- height: 1800mm
displayed using the GUNT software.
Measuring ranges
- pressure: 2x 0...100mbar, 1x 0...200mbar
- flow rate: 300...3300L/h
Top: "rainwater retention basin": 1 basin A as drainage channel with gate,
* Investigation of transient drainage processes in Learning Objectives / Experiments
2 basin B as rainwater retention basin; bottom: "storage lakes"; 3 basin A as
storage reservoir with weir, 4 basin B as storage reservoir with overflow; F flow Dimensions and Weight
storage reservoirs1 rate, P pressure
- demonstrating transient drainage processes in two LxWxH: 1040x1220x2100mm
* Simulation of rainwater retention basin and rainwater retention basins located one behind the Weight: approx. 165kg
storage lakes1 other
- demonstrating transient drainage processes in two
* Transparent surge chamber for observing storage lakes located one behind the other 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
oscillations after a water hammer1 - recording oscillations of the water level in a surge Water connection and drain: 3000L/h
chamber after water hammer
* GUNT software for displaying the water levels - recording and displaying water level fluctuations
Scope of Delivery
1 trainer
1 CD with GUNT software
Order Details
Transient drainage processes; blue: basin A, red: basin B, green: water 070.14300 HM 143 Transient Drainage
supply; Q discharge, t time, h head; 1: "storage lakes", 2: "rainwater retention Processes in Storage
basin" with delayed drainage process Reservoirs
We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications. G.U.N.T Gerätebau GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel, Phone +49 (40) 67 08 54-0, Fax +49 (40) 67 08 54-42, E-mail sales@gunt.de, Web http://www.gunt.de
63
HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
gunt
2 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW SEDIMENT TRANSPORT SEEPAGE FLOW

Basic Knowledge: Basic Knowledge: Basic Knowledge:
Overview 68 Overview 152 Overview 170
Open-Channel Flow Fundamentals of Sediment Transport Seepage Flow
Overview Open-Channel Flow in the Lab 100 Overview Sediment Transport in Running Waters 160 Experimental Units on the Topics of: Seepage
Overview 174
Flow, Groundwater Flow and Filtration
Overview An Overview of Gunt Experimental Flumes 102 HM 166 Fundamentals of Sediment Transport 162
HM 152 Potential Flow 176
Technical Details for Gunt Experimental Flumes – HM 140 Open-Channel Sediment Transport 164
Overview 104
the Closed Water Circuit HM 165 Studies in Hydrology 178
HM 168 Sediment Transport in River Courses 166
Technical Details for Gunt Experimental Flumes – HM 167 Ground Water Flow 180
Overview 106
Structural Features HM 142 Separation in Sedimentation Tanks 168
HM 169 Visualisation of Seepage Flows 182
Overview Gunt Experimental Flumes: Instrumentation 108
HM 145 Advanced Hydrological Investigations 184
Overview Gunt Experimental Flumes: Laboratory Design 110
HM 141 Hydrographs after Precipitation 186
Overview HM 160 Experimental Flume 86x300mm 112
CE 116 Cake and Depth Filtration 188
HM 160 Experimental Flume 86x300mm 114
Overview HM 162 Experimental Flume: A Few Impressions 122
Overview HM 161 Experimental Flume: A Few Impressions 126
Accessories for Gunt Experimental Flumes –

Overview 131
Wave Generator
Accessories for Gunt Experimental Flumes –

Overview 132
Sediment Transport
Accessories for Experimental Flumes

Overview 134
HM 160, HM 161 and HM 162
Setup of Gunt Experimental Flumes using the

Overview 148
Example of HM 162
Gunt Experimental Flumes are being used all

Overview 150
Around the World
Visit our
website
65
2 HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
gunt
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Structural measures, technical interventions and construc- The forces and phenomena in running waters are covered
tion in the area of groundwater, surface water and the in the open-channel flow subsection. What happens SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
coast are all referred to as hydraulic engineering. The if – in addition to water – sediment and /or solids are also
basic principles of hydraulic engineering are taught in transported in the running water, as is usually the case in This subsection investigates the transport of
hydromechanics and hydrology. nature? Questions on this topic are tackled in the subsec- sediments in flowing watercourses. When talking
tion on sediment transport. about sediment transport, we distinguish between
Hydromechanics is divided into hydrostatics, flow in pipes, suspended matter and bed-load transport.
flow in open channels and flow in groundwater. This The seepage flow subsection deals with issues of how
catalogue covers hydrostatics and pipe flow in the section water is transported in soil. Rivers primarily involve bed-load transport. When
on the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. sediment is removed, this is called erosion or
scouring. Siltation occurs when sediment is
Hydrology is concerned with the natural distribution deposited. Sediment transport can be influenced
of water over and under the ground. Some processes by hydraulic engineering measures.
from hydrology are demonstrated in the subsections of
sediment transport and seepage flow. Suspended load transport is a topic in the field
of wastewater treatment plants and upstream of
barrages and dams. In wastewater treatment plants,
the sedimentation of suspended matter is desired,
whereas in the case of dams it causes problems.
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
The GUNT units for bed-load transport study, for
example, changes in the bed surface of a river and
the formation of bed forms. It is possible to observe
the formation and migration of dunes. Furthermore,
erosion and siltation at bridge piers are also consid-
ered.
SEEPAGE FLOW
Open-channel flow involves, amongst other things, the Seepage flows and groundwater flows are water
management of watercourses for the purpose of navi- movements in a permeable subsoil (sand, gravel,
gability, damming of lakes for power generation and/or etc.) This includes the seepage and retention of
storage of drinking water and flood protection measures. precipitation. In hydraulic engineering it is the
seepage through earth dams or the seepage under
Experimental flumes are used in teaching and research barrages in particular that are of importance.
to demonstrate and study the main phenomena of open-
channel flow at the laboratory scale. The GUNT exper- The GUNT units demonstrate and study the rela-
imental flumes demonstrate flow conditions in open tionship between precipitation, seepage and
channels with a rectangular cross-section. There are a groundwater flow. The influence of wells on the
variety of models that are used in the experimental flumes groundwater level and the storage capacity of soils
that cover topics such as control structures, change in during these processes is considered.
cross-section, discharge measurement and waves.
67
2 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING BASIC KNOWLEDGE OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
gunt
Contents
Basic principles of open-channel flow 70 Methods of discharge measurement 94

Consistent with most
hydraulic radius, wetted perimeter, flow-measuring flumes
textbooks, the GUNT
typical flume profiles measuring weirs 95
experimental flumes teach
the fundamentals of
open-channel flow using Uniform discharge in a rectangular flume 72 Transient flow: flow-induced vibrations 96
an experimental flume flow formulae vibrating piles
with rectangular cross-
section. Steady discharge 73 Sediment transport 97
In the first part of this continuity equation bed-load transport
section we present the Bernoulli’s equation
basics principles of open- specific energy Transient flow: waves 98
channel flow. Parallel to
this, we show how certain Non-uniform discharge in a rectangular flume 74
issues and phenomena flow transition
can be implemented by specific energy diagram In nature, watercourses represent “open-channel flow”. For centuries, humans have
experiment. In principle,
specific force diagram been making structural interventions to watercourses: irrigation systems, flood protec-
these explanations apply
tion and utilisation of rivers for navigation and power generation.
to all GUNT experimental
flumes and their Determining the loss of specific energy in a hydraulic jump 76 Famous examples are ancient water systems (aqueducts) or agricultural irrigation
accessories. channels extending over very large distances: the “Levada” in Portugal (top).
Froude number and critical discharge 77
momentary and permanent disturbance
hydraulic jump at different Froude numbers 79
Positive and negative surges in open channels 80
Energy dissipation 82
stilling basin FREQUENTLY USED FORMULA SYMBOLS
E specific energy
Control structures 84
Flow over weirs ΔE loss of specific energy
overfall condition at the weir 84
flow over fixed weirs 85 h discharge depth
overfall types 86 hc critical depth
calculation of discharge after Poleni 86
ogee-crested weirs 87 hd downstream water discharge depth
sharp-crested weirs 88
ho weir head
broad-crested weirs 89
siphon weir 90 h u upstream water discharge depth
gates 91
J energy grade line
Culvert 92 Q discharge
v flow velocity
Local losses in flumes 93
piers W height of weir
69
gunt
Basic principles of open-channel flow Typical flume profiles
Open-channel flows are widely spread. Typical examples There are essentially two types of open-channel flow: In most cases an approximation of the respective cross- In the case of a rectangular cross-section, these vari-
include rivers and canals, drainage channels, gutters, section of an open-channel flow can be illustrated with ables are defined as follows:
uniform flow (the discharge depth (water depth) only a few geometric profiles. Circular, semi-circular,
water rides at amusement parks or sewerage. The driv- flow area A = bh
remains equal; acceleration = deceleration) square, trapezoidal and combinations of these profiles are
ing force of this normally turbulent flow is gravity. Open-
channel flows are characterised by their free surface. non-uniform flow (the discharge depth is changed perfectly suited to making the flume easier to model and wetted perimeter P = b+ 2h
Compared to pipe flows, open-channel flows have one by acceleration or deceleration) calculate mathematically. It is often important to determine
hydraulic radius R = A/P = bh /(b +2 h)
more degree of freedom as a result of the free surface. the discharge Q and the discharge depth h at defined
The discharge can be either subcritical, critical or locations. Typical variables for calculations are the flow
In wide, shallow flumes the hydraulic radius R
supercritical. area A (or the area of flow), the wetted perimeter P and
therefore corresponds to the discharge depth h.
the hydraulic radius R. In the case of artificial flumes, such as ducts, the hydrauli-
cally efficient profile is an important variable – an optimum
profile design saves materials and costs:
given discharge Q + energy grade line J:
determine minimum flow area A
given discharge Q + flow area A:
determine minimum energy grade line J.
Optimal hydraulic flume cross-section

In the case of the smallest wetted perimeter, based on the given area, we refer to the optimal hydraulic cross-section.
1 rapidly varied discharge under a gate,

2 gradually varied discharge,
3 hydraulic jump (rapidly varied),
4 weir overfall (rapidly varied),
5 gradually varied discharge,
6 non-uniform flow at a change of slope
Rectangle, trapezoid with 60° angles, triangle;

h discharge depth, b flume width
GUNT experimental flumes have a rectangular cross-sec-

tion. In addition to being able to install different models,
they also allow the user to change the slope and the flume
bottom, affecting the surface and roughness. A large
number of experiments on uniform and non-uniform open-
channel flow, including measurement of flow velocity v
and discharge depth h, is possible.
HM 162.77
Flume Bottom with Pebble Stones
71
gunt
Uniform discharge in a rectangular flume Steady discharge
Course of the water surface profile in

the control volume for different steady
discharges:
Q = 0: no discharge
Q < Qn: decelerated discharge
Q = Qn: uniform discharge,
also called normal discharge
Q > Qn: accelerated discharge
I non-uniform discharge, II uniform discharge;

h depth of discharge, JS uniform bottom slope, JW slope of water surface profile,
When considering energy head on the control volume we can
L0 length of the flume with bottom slope JS and constant width, v flow velocity, red frame control volume
resort to Bernoulli’s equation and the continuity equation.
In uniform open-channel flow the discharge depth h significant component in many cases is the discharge
Continuity equation:
remains equal, i.e. parallel to the bottom. This also means depth h. In uniform open-channel flow the energy grade
Q = const = AV = bhv or bh1v1 = bh2v2 The specific energy is defined as
that the flow velocity v remains constant. line J is equal to the bottom slope JS and thus equal
to the discharge depth h. In uniform open-channel flow v2 Q2
The discharge depth h can also be described as a pres- E=h+ =h+
the normal discharge prevails, i.e. the bottom slope 2g 2gh2
sure head (a component of the specific energy). These Bernoulli’s equation (general conservation of energy):
JS balances out the friction losses in the discharge Q. The
energy heads are often applied in the form of what are 1
energy grade line, water surface profile and bottom slope mv 2 + mgh = const It is composed of the velocity head
known as grade lines. In the energy grade line J the most 2
are all parallel. and the pressure head.
Another form of notation is:
Expressed with energy head we get: Q2
Energy grade line (blue) J: hv / L = (E1 -E2)/L h 3 - Eh 2 + =0
v12 v22 2g
Slope of water surface profile (green) Jw: + h1 + z1 = + h2 + z2 +hv with friction loss hv
2g 2g
[(h1 +z1 )-(h2 +z2 )]/L
Bottom slope (red) Js: (z1 -z2)/L As a result we get a third-order
Q equation for the discharge depth h.
According to Bernoulli, the total energy Etot With v = from the continuity equation we get:
bh The discharge depth h depends on
is composed of three components:
1 Q2 1 Q2 the specific energy E and the discharge
velocity head (v²/2g) + h1 + (z1 — z2) = + h2 + hv
2 gb 2h12 2 gb 2h22 Q or on the slope and roughness
pressure head (h=p /ρg)
respectively.
elevation (z)
For normal discharge:
h1 = h2, thus hv = z1 – z2
Flow formulae
Flow formulae describe the relationship between the dis- Commonly used formulae for general flumes are
charge Q and the discharge depth h at a given shape of Darcy-Weisbach
cross-section and roughness characteristic. The shape of Manning-Strickler (also Gauckler-Manning-Strickler).
cross-section is taken into account in the hydraulic radius; Flow formulae are based on empirical values.
the discharge depth h comes into play via the energy
grade line J.
73
gunt
Non-uniform discharge in a rectangular flume
In many cases the discharge Q in a flume is not uniform. Subcritical discharge has a large discharge depth h at
We distinguish between gradually and rapidly varying smaller flow velocity v. In supercritical discharge the
Relationship between momentum equation, specific force F and discharge depth h
discharge. opposite is true: small discharge depth h and large flow
velocity v. The third important equation after Bernoulli and the flow areas come into play: the static pressure force and
gradually varying discharge: the discharge depth h conservation of mass is the momentum equation. The the dynamic motive force. The specific force F is the sum
varies, the discharge Q or type of flow itself is (initially) The flow transition from subcritical to supercritical dis- equilibrium of forces is established at the control volume. of these two forces and is determined by the momentum
subcritical. Gradually varying discharge occurs for charge occurs with a continuous change of discharge In many cases, the influence of the weight and the friction equation.
example, in a slightly sloping flume with considerable depth h, flow velocity v and specific energy E, for example force is negligible. Therefore only the forces acting on the
surface roughness. with an increase in the slope.
rapidly varying discharge occurs for example during The flow transition from supercritical to subcritical dis-
flow over weirs. In many cases the discharge is super- charge, on the other hand, always occurs with an abrupt
critical. change in the discharge depth h and a loss of specific
energy ΔE, such as in a hydraulic jump.
Forces occurring at a control volume:
Relationship between discharge Q, specific energy E and discharge depth h F1 , F2 force of the water on the flow areas,
E1 , E2 specific energies of a control volume,
FG weight,
FR friction force
The specific force can also be represented in a diagram. the specific energy diagram, there is the minimum specific
Energy heads of a control volume: The specific force diagram plots the discharge depth h force Fmin at critical depth hC. For all other specific forces
velocity head (v²/2g), over specific force F at constant discharge Q. Similar to there are two sequent depths.
pressure head (h),
specific energy (E) Specific force diagram:
h discharge depth, hc critical depth,
Considerations of the energy head at the control volume from a physics point of view (see diagram with hydraulic h1 sequent supercritical depth for specific
result in a third-order equation for the discharge depth h. jump). The correct one of the two discharge depths has to energy E1,
The discharge depth h depends on the specific energy E be calculated in each case (is there subcritical or super- h1 sequent subcritical depth for specific
and the discharge Q. A specific energy diagram shows critical discharge?). energy E1,
the discharge depth h graphically as a function of the spe- Fmin minimum specific force,
The maximum discharge Q at a given specific energy E
cific energy E at constant discharge Q. The minimum spe- F specific force;
can also be determined.
cific energy Emin only has one possible discharge depth,
which is known as the critical depth hC. Critical discharge subcritical discharge,
prevails at the critical depth hC. For all other specific ener- supercritical discharge
gies there are two alternative depths that are relevant
Specific energy diagram:

h discharge depth, hc critical depth,
h1 alternative supercritical discharge depth,
for specific energy E1, Specific energy loss in the hydraulic jump:
h1 alternative subcritical discharge depth h1 supercritical discharge depth,
for specific energy E1, h'2 alternative subcritical discharge depth to
Emin minimum specific energy, h1 without energy head loss,
E specific energy; h2 actual, sequent subcritical discharge
subcritical discharge, depth after hydraulic jump,
supercritical discharge ΔE loss of specific energy
75
gunt
Determining the loss of specific energy in a hydraulic jump Froude number and critical discharge
At the hydraulic jump a supercritical discharge Q becomes are two sequent depths h for the same specific force F.
subcritical again. The discharge depth h rises rapidly and The ratio of the sequent depths h1 and h2 is described by
increases after the hydraulic jump. Energy is dissipated at the following formula:
the hydraulic jump due to the resulting turbulence. How-
ever, the momentum is retained, which means that there
h2
h1
=
1
2 ( 8Fr12 +1 –1 ) or h2 =
-h1
2
+
h12
4
v2
+ 4h1 1
2g
Top: behaviour of the discharge depth h of an open-channel flow with permanent disturbance,
bottom: propagation of a surface wave after a momentary disturbance
(red dot, blue lines = disturbance fronts)
1 subcritical discharge, 2 critical discharge, 3 supercritical discharge
Using the given specific energy diagram and an analogue specific force diagram, it is a simple matter to determine the
resulting specific energy loss ΔE graphically:
Subcritical discharge Supercritical discharge

Disturbances in the discharge behaviour are noticeable Disturbances in the discharge behaviour are not notice-
upstream. The flow velocity v is less than the propagation able upstream. The flow velocity v is greater than the
velocity c of a surface wave. Subcritical discharge usually propagation velocity c of a surface wave.
has a large discharge depth h at low flow velocity v.
The Froude number describes the ratio of flow velocity v
Critical discharge to propagation velocity c of a surface wave and therefore
Disturbances in the discharge behaviour are not notice- serves as a measure of subcritical or supercritical dis-
able upstream. The flow velocity v is equal to the propaga- charge. The same Froude number means a dynamically
tion velocity c of a surface wave. similar open-channel flow.
Fr < 1: subcritical
Fr = 1: critical
Specific energy diagram Hydraulic jump Specific force diagram
Fr > 1: supercritical
The discharge depth h1 is entered in the specific energy specific energy diagram (point 4). The specific energies E1 Open-channel flow has many similarities with com-
diagram and the specific force diagram (points 1 and 2). and E2 are read in the diagram. The specific energy loss pressible flow. In both cases there is a dimension-
To determine the discharge depth h2 after the hydraulic ΔE that occurs in the hydraulic jump is equal to the differ- less number (Froude or Mach) that characterises
jump, the sequent depth to h1 is determined graphically ence between the specific energies. the flow. Many of the differences between subcriti-
in the specific force diagram (point 3). The specific forces cal and supercritical discharge have analogies in
F1 in point 2 and F2 in point 3 are equal (conservation of subsonic and supersonic flow.
momentum). Then the discharge depth h2 is entered in the
The resulting specific energy loss ΔE

can also be calculated using the following
formula:
ΔE = E1 - E2 = ( h1 +
v12
2g )(
- h2 +
v22
2g ) Specific energy diagram with Froude number:
h discharge depth,
E specific energy,
Fr Froude number
77
gunt
Froude number and critical discharge
Sill (HM 162.44)
Effect of a sill, shown in the specific energy diagram:

subcritical discharge, supercritical discharge, critical discharge (dashed line).
From a given specific energy diagram, we can simply read or calculate the new discharge depth h2 according to
the sill. Hydraulic jump at a weir Hydraulic jump in a washbasin
Critical discharge (Froude number = 1) Illustration of the hydraulic jump at different Froude numbers
At the minimum specific energy Emin, the discharge depth discharge and the propagation velocity c is equal to the
h corresponds to the critical depth hC. At this point, the flow velocity v. Also, at this point the specific force F in the
Froude number is Fr = 1, there is a prevailing critical flume is minimal.
1 undulating jump
Examples where critical depths

(critical discharge) may occur:
2 weak jump
1 critical depth near free overfall,
2 change in the bottom slope,
3 flow over a broad-crested weir,
4 hydraulic jump 3 oscillating jump
Type of flow Discharge depth Flow velocity Slope Froude number
Subcritical discharge h >hc v < vc J < JKRIT Fr < 1

4 steady jump
Critical discharge h = hc v = vc J = JKRIT Fr= 1
Supercritical discharge h < hc v > vc J > JKRIT Fr > 1
For rectangular
flume hc =
3 Q2
gb 2
vc = ghc Fr =
v
gh
5 strong jump
79
gunt
Positive and negative surges in open channels OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW IN THE LAB
The phenomena of positive and negative surges in an As a first approximation, positive and negative surge
open channel describe waves caused by a sudden heights are equal in size and can be calculated using the
change in the discharge. In pipes, there is the similar continuity equation. In the case of a sudden opening (left
phenomenon with water hammers. The sudden change of illustration) we refer to a discharge surge and fill surge,
the discharge may occur for example, when opening and and in the case of closure (right illustration) we refer to
closing a gate or switching off turbines. The positive surge backwater surge and downstream negative surge.
wave is formed steeply (propagation velocity of the wave
increases with increasing water depth), while the negative
surge wave is rather flat.
Positive and negative surge waves on sudden operation of a gate:

left: opening the gate, right: closing the gate;
Q discharge, h discharge depth, Δh positive or negative surge height, v flow velocity,
vW propagation velocity of the wave;
Index 1 variables before the disturbance, Index 2 variables after the disturbance,
positive surge wave, negative surge wave
Positive surge
wave
81
gunt
Energy dissipation
Supercritical flow often also has a high flow energy, which the air and that has dissipated its energy after hitting the Stilling basins have the following functions: It is important that the hydraulic jump does not migrate
is composed of the kinetic energy necessary for further bottom (see photo below left). out of the stilling basin into the downstream water, where
stabilisation of the hydraulic jump at a defined location
flow and excess energy. The excess energy can lead to it may cause scour. A slight backwater is recommended
Excess energy can be found at the following locations: (depending on discharge depth h and /or backwater
erosion of the bottom, amongst other things. Therefore it to avoid this from happening. The ratio of the actual dis-
conditions in the downstream water, the position of the
is important to dissipate this excess energy. This can be at cross-sectional constrictions, e.g. weirs, gates charge depth h to the theoretically required discharge
hydraulic jump may vary)
realised in the hydraulic jump mentioned above (naturally in spillways chutes / steep slopes depth req. h can be used as a measure of the backwater
occurring or intentional in a stilling basin) or in specially upon change in the discharge depth due to obstacles in addition to the hydraulic jump, further energy dissipa- in the stilling basin.
designed overfalls (stepped, ski jump style). A spillway tion through structural elements such as baffle blocks,
The stilling basin can be made more efficient through
fitted with a ski jump results in a free jet that sprays into sills
various design measures. It is possible to widen the flow
protection of the flume bottom against erosion and cross-section or to use what are known as chute blocks.
scour formation (funnel or kettle-shaped deepening in
In GUNT experimental flumes, chute blocks and sills can
the flume bottom)
be installed on the bottom of the stilling basin. These
conversion of the water’s excess energy (kinetic and energy dissipation elements support the energy conver-
potential) into thermal and sound energy; good energy sion and dissipate excess energy more quickly.
conversion occurs at Froude numbers from 4 to 8.
Elements for
energy dissipation
HM 162.35
Supercritical flow at the overflow weir with subsequent energy dissipation in the stilling basin:
ho weir head, vU upstream water flow velocity, W height of weir, E specific energy, Q discharge,
h1 smallest discharge depth, h2 discharge depth after hydraulic jump, hd downstream water discharge depth,
L1 length of weir body, L2 length of stilling basin, ΔE dissipated energy (specific energy loss);
dashed line: energy line
Stilling basin designs:

1 basin with end sill, 2 trough-shaped, 3 flat;
a positive step, Q discharge, L length of the stilling
basin, h1 discharge depth at the beginning of the
stilling basin, h2 sequent depth in the hydraulic jump,
HM 162 with ogee-crested weir HM 162.32 and Ogee-crested weir HM 162.32 hd discharge depth in downstream water
sills from HM 162.35 req. h2 theoretically required discharge depth
83
gunt
Control structures
Control structures are common elements in flumes and Real control structures consist of the following compo- We can essentially distinguish between three different Sharp-crested weirs are preferred for measuring weirs.
are used for the following purposes: nents: types of weir: Ogee-crested weirs are often found being used as a
retaining weir and flood overflow. Broad-crested weirs are
raising the water level, for example creating a sufficient damming body (generates increase of water level); sharp-crested
often used as a sill and overflowed structure.
navigable depth for ships, use of hydropower, erosion can be fixed, movable or a combination of both ogee-crested /rounded (free-overfall weir)
protection due to lower flow velocity broad-crested These three weir types are all considered in the GUNT
stilling basin: energy dissipation of the discharge
experimental flumes.
controlling the discharge
bed pitching in the upstream and downstream water,
measuring the discharge structural connection (weir sidewalls)
Typical control structures are weirs or gates. The differ- structures for ecological consistency
ence between the two is whether the water flows over
(weir) or under the structure (gate). There are fixed or
movable control structures. Gates are usually movable;
Overfall condition at the weir Control structures: flow over fixed weirs
they can regulate the water level and discharge. Possible
movements are: lifting, retracting, rotating, tilting, roll-
There may be two overfall conditions present at a weir.
ing or combinations of these. Weirs can be constructed
In the case of free overfall, the upstream water remains
as a fixed or movable weir. Fixed weirs cannot regulate
unaffected by the downstream water. There is critical dis-
the water level, offering the advantage that they do not
charge at the weir crest. The weir crest is above the down-
contain any moving parts prone to failure and requiring
stream water level. The weir is called a free overfall weir. Simplified control structure:
intensive maintenance. A special form of the fixed weir is
the siphon weir (see page 90). In submerged overfall the upstream water is affected by ogee-crested weir with stilling
the downstream water. The weir acts like a submerged basin
There is a flow transition from subcritical to supercritical
weir and in many cases is completely under water.
discharge in the area around the control structure. 1 weir crest,
In the case of free overfall, weirs remove any con- 2 weir body,
nection between the water level in the upstream water 3 rounded weir outlet,
and the water level in the downstream water. As soon 4 stilling basin;
as the downstream water has accumulated to the weir
crest to the extent that the critical depth over the crest is ZH highest top water level,
exceeded, there is submerged overfall. ho weir head,
E specific energy;
basic triangle of the weir as an
aid to design
Fixed weirs are often used to retain a river. The weir design discharge flow over the weir. The weir is therefore
itself consists of a massive damming body. The applied optimised for a slightly smaller discharge. For discharges
moment of the water pressure is compensated by the that are smaller than or equal to the “chosen design dis-
weight of the dam wall. For this reason, weirs are normally charge”, the discharge profile remains stable and nappe
constructed so that the outer contours roughly correspond separations can be avoided. With the design discharge,
to a triangle. The weir downstream sides can be designed small negative pressures occur at the downstream side of
to improve flow, in order to achieve the largest possible the weir, but these do not represent a danger to the weir.
discharge Q. A hydraulically good discharge profile is the
WES profile, which was developed at the Waterways
Experimental Station in Vicksburg, Massachusetts, USA,
by the US Army. The WES profile design does not assume
a design discharge. Usually discharges smaller than the
1 free overfall, 2 submerged overfall;

W height of weir, ho weir head, hc critical depth, Q discharge, hd downstream water discharge depth,
hW discharge depth at weir crest
85
gunt
Control structures: types of overfall at the weir Control structures: ogee-crested weirs
There are two types of overfall: sharp-crested overfall Fixed ogee-crested weirs are the preferred weir to be On the ogee-crested weir HM 162.34 from GUNT the pres-
and hydrodynamic overfall. In both types of overfall, the used as a retaining weir and flood overflow. They usually sure distribution is measured along the weir downstream
overfall condition can be free or submerged. have a spillway for optimum flow, such as the WES profile. side and displayed directly on 8 tube manometers.
The downstream side of ogee-crested weirs from GUNT
In the case of sharp-crested overfall, it is important that
are designed as WES profiles.
the nappe is aerated so that it falls freely. Lack of aeration
may result in disturbances and thus to reduced discharge.
In hydrodynamic overfall at a fixed weir, it is important
that nappe separations (reduced discharge) and exces-
sive negative pressures (risk of cavitation) are avoided.
Sharp-crested overfall at a measuring weir
Control structures: calculation of discharge at the weir
Calculating the discharge plays a key role in flow over From the Bernoulli equation we can see that the specific
control structures. To calculate the discharge we use the energy E can be calculated from the kinetic energy (velo-
Poleni equation. For a weir with free overfall: city of approaching flow vu) and the discharge depth hu in
the upstream water. In many cases vu is relatively small
2
Q = µbho 2gho and is ignored.
3
In the GUNT experimental flumes, the models studied
µ is a factor that takes into account the weir geometry are approached normally, i.e. perpendicular to the flow
(see table), b is the weir’s crest width, ho the weir head. direction. The weirs considered all belong to the group of Hydrodynamic overfall on the ogee-crested weir, pressure distribution on the weir crest at different discharge:
fixed weirs. 1 nappe lying on the crest, 2 weir downstream side roughly corresponds to the contour of the free nappe,
In submerged overfall the equation is supplemented with
a reducing factor that is taken from appropriate diagrams. In practice there are also lateral weirs, which are used as 3 nappe lifts off where appropriate;
flood spillways. Lateral weirs are installed parallel to the Q discharge, QB design discharge
flow direction. Lateral weirs are also fixed weirs.
Discharge coefficient µ for weirs with different shaped crests

Design of the weir crest µ
broad, sharp-crested, horizontal 0,49 …0,51
broad, well-rounded edges, horizontal 0,50 …0,55
broad, fully-rounded weir crest, 0,65 …0,73

realised by a shifted weir flap
sharp-crested, nappe aerated ≈ 0,64
ogee-crested, vertical upstream and inclined downstream face 0,73…0,75 Pressure distribution
on the ogee-crested
weir HM 162.34
roof-shaped, rounded weir crest 0,75…0,79
87
gunt
Control structures: sharp-crested weirs Control structures: broad-crested weirs
There is also free and submerged overfall in the case of a Typical variables include the height of weir W, the weir Broad-crested weirs are overflowed structures that are Once ho /L is <0,08, friction losses can no longer be
sharp-crested weir. For the optimal discharge at a sharp- head ho above the weir crest in the upstream water and used in rivers where there is little variation in the dis- ignored and the weir body is too long to be used as a
crested weir, it is important that the nappe is aerated. the discharge depth hd in the downstream water. Together charge and only a rather small top water level is desired. measuring weir. At ho /L > 0.5, i.e. short weir bodies,
Ambient pressure prevails at the top and bottom of the with the width of the weir b these variables are entered They can also be the foundation for a movable control the streamlines do not run horizontally and the pressure
aerated nappe. into the Poleni equation (p. 86) to calculate the discharge. structure. distribution is not hydrostatic, so that we cannot use the
Some variables are included indirectly in coefficients or calculation approaches presented in this brochure.
Broad-crested weirs are characterised by a short section
reducing factors.
of almost uniform discharge with critical depth occurs on For ecological reasons, a broad-crested weir is rarely
the weir crest (see illustration). In this section, there is a used as a sill in rivers. Instead, a ramp is built so that fish
hydrostatic pressure distribution. The streamlines extend and other aquatic creatures can swim upstream.
almost horizontally. These conditions apply as long as the
GUNT experimental flumes facilitate the investigation of
ratio of weir head to weir length ho /L is between 0,08 and
various broad-crested weirs and the their respective dis-
0,5. Broad-crested weirs with these dimensions can also
charges Q.
be used as a measuring weir.
HM 162.30
Plate Weirs
Aerated free overfall at a

sharp-crested weir:
1 weir, 2 nappe, 3 draw down;
vu velocity in the upstream water,
v1 velocity in the nappe,
Sill HM 162.44
hd downstream water discharge depth,
ho weir head,
Broad-crested weir:
hu upstream water discharge depth,
W height of weir vu upstream water flow velocity,
hu upstream water discharge depth,
W height of weir,
hC critical depth,
L length of weir;
arrows indicate streamlines
Crump weir HM 162.33
Submerged overfall:
1 at a partially submerged sharp-
crested weir,
2 at a fully submerged sharp-crested
weir (undulating discharge)
Broad-crested weir HM 162.31
89
gunt
Control structures: siphon weir Control structures: flow under gates
The siphon weir is a fixed weir. The illustrations below If the water level of the storage lake falls again so that
show the hydraulic principle of the syphone when used as it is below the edge of the inlet lip, air is sucked into the
a flood overflow. siphon and the siphon vented. This abruptly stops the flow
of water.
When the water level of the storage lake rises just above
the weir crest of the damming body, the siphon comes The discharge can be interrupted at any time by an addi-
into play, soon resulting in free overfall. If there is a slight tional device for venting. GUNT siphon weirs have air a a a a
a
increase in water level, i.e. a slight increase in discharge, vents to allow a comparison of the function and discharge
the nappe deflector directs the water jet to the siphon capacity of the siphon weir with and without venting.
hood. This leads to an evacuation in the siphon duct,
Siphon weirs can only be adjusted to a limited extent and
resulting in the discharge pressure in the pipe with full
cannot be overloaded. In the past they were often incor- Discharge under a sluice gate: Discharge under a radial gate:
flow. This discharge pressure has a high discharge capac-
porated as spillways in dams on the basis of their high
ity, which only increases a little with rising water level. 1 free discharge, 2 submerged discharge; hu upstream water discharge
specific discharge capacity.
hu upstream water discharge depth, a gate opening, depth, a gate opening,
hd downstream water discharge depth, h1 minimum discharge depth, hd downstream water
L position of the minimum discharge depth, discharge depth
E specific energy, ΔE loss of specific energy
Siphon weir at rest Siphon weir starting up “Active” siphon weir

(max. discharge) Gates may be subject to either free or submerged dis- Gates are movable control structures, i.e. the gate open-
charge, in a similar way to flow over weirs. Discharge ing a and thus the discharge Q is altered and adjusted to
leads to jet contraction, also called “vena contracta” actual needs. In practice, there are therefore characteris-
(minimum discharge depth h1). Free discharge prevails tic diagrams which show the discharge Q (upstream and
as long as the discharge passes under the gate without downstream water discharge depth hu and hd and gate
disturbance and the downstream water does not form a opening a are given).
backwater to the gate. In free discharge, there is super-
One type of gate commonly used in practice is the circular
critical discharge directly downstream of the gate.
radial gate used to control discharge. It can be rotated
In a similar way to the flow over weirs, the free discharge about a bearing point. The radial gate is often placed on
Q is calculated from Bernoulli’s equation, the momentum the weir crest of a control structure. Flow does not just go
Principle of a siphon weir:
equation and the continuity equation giving under the radial gate, but can also go over into a flume
1 air vent, 2 weir body, 3 nappe deflector, 4 siphon duct, 5 siphon hood; (radial weir).
Q = µba 2ghu
ZS top water level, ZH highest water level
GUNT experimental flumes allow the installation and
where μ = discharge coefficient, b = gate width, a = gate
investigation of a flat sluice gate and a radial gate.
opening.
Siphon weir
HM 162.36
Sluice gate HM 162.29 Radial gate HM 162.40
91
gunt
Culvert Local losses in flumes
Culverts are crossing structures in Local losses result from changes in cross-section (con- From a hydraulic point of view, there are four general
running waters and allow the pas- Discharge type 1: striction, sills, flow-measuring flumes), changes in direc- cases for piers which class the discharge behaviour as
sage of water. They may be pipes full flow through culvert, tion and obstacles. Obstacles in flumes include piers for without obstacles, i.e. as normal discharge. The four gen-
that are laid under a road, allowing upstream and downstream of bridges or weirs. Piers constrict the flow cross-section eral cases are:
the flume to cross. culvert Fr < 1; hu upstream possibly leading to back eddies or backwaters.
water discharge depth, subcritical discharge with little or considerable
The culvert may be flowed through hC critical depth, Q discharge, reduction of cross-section
partially or in full, depending on d culvert diameter, hd down- supercritical discharge with little or considerable
the discharge occurring. A partially stream water discharge depth reduction of cross-section
filled culvert with free surface is
treated in the same way as an A non-negligible backwater and possibly a flow transition
Discharge type 2:
open channel. By contrast, a full in front of the pier occurs when the specific energy E of
full flow through culvert,
flow through culvert and a culvert the undisturbed discharge Q is less than the minimum
upstream of culvert Fr < 1,
in which the inlet is completely required specific energy Emin that guarantees the com-
immediately downstream of
submerged are classed as control plete discharge Q. As the flow width brest of the flume
culvert Fr > 1
structures. These result in a limit- through the obstacles decreases, Emin increases (see
ing of the discharge. There may illustrations).
also be a combination of these
For rectangular flumes with a broad cross-section we get
two states, so that the culvert is
sometimes fully flowed through and Q2
Discharge type 3: Emin = 1,5 3
sometimes partially filled. gb 2rest
partially filled culvert, here
For various reasons, culverts are
with flow transition in the Piers with a rectangular profile, with a rounded profile
not ideal from a hydraulic point of
inlet and downstream of Set of piers HM 162.46 and a tapering profile are studied in GUNT experimental
view: they cause flow losses, are
culvert; also possible: flumes.
vulnerable to blockages (rubbish,
continuous discharge with
sediment), can cause scour at the
Fr < 1 or Fr > 1
inlet and outlet and – in the event
of floods – are often too small.
Discharge at the rounded pier without
Furthermore, they are difficult for
Discharge type 4: flow transition:
aquatic creatures to pass through.
Bridges are a much better alterna- submerged culvert inlet with E specific energy with pier, Q discharge,
tive from a hydraulic point of view, discharge control; Ed undisturbed specific energy,
but of course much more expen- flow transition also possible Emin minimum required specific energy,
sive. in culvert, so that culvert is hd downstream water discharge depth
partially filled (normal discharge), hu upstream water
discharge depth with pier,
hC undisturbed critical depth,
h‘C critical depth with pier, Δz pier
backwater, ΔE loss of specific energy
Culvert
HM 162.45
Discharge at the rounded pier with flow
transition
93
gunt
Methods of discharge measurement
The two most common methods of determining the discharge of a

flume are flow-measuring flumes and measuring weirs. In both
Measuring weirs
methods, there is a fixed relationship between discharge depth h and
discharge Q. Measuring weirs are usually sharp-crested weirs. They have
a simple design, require little space and are relatively easy to
construct.
Flow-measuring flumes
Measuring weirs are used in order to determine the discharge Q.
Venturi flumes are specially shaped flumes with defined lateral con- The quantity is measured by detecting the weir head ho
traction, sometimes also with a shaped bottom. The constriction dams upstream of the weir. There must be a minimum distance of 3ho
up the discharge Q. The backed-up water ensures that subcritical between the measuring point and the weir. To convert the weir
discharge occurs in the flume. The constriction is where acceleration head ho into the discharge Q, there are approximation formulae
(including flow transition) from subcritical to supercritical discharge that take into account the geometry of the measuring weir and
takes place. Critical discharge is present at the narrowest cross- the discharge coefficient according to Poleni. Aerated free overfall at the sharp-crested
section. This results in a hydraulic jump in the expansion section of Measuring weirs always have free overfall. weir:
the venturi flume. The discharge Q is calculated from the discharge
Sharp-crested weirs in the form of plate weirs exist with different vu velocity in the upstream water,
depth hu in the upstream water.
geometries, such as: ho weir head,
The GUNT venturi flumes have a flat bottom. W height of weir
rectangular weir according to Rehbock
To prevent distortions to the measurement in the venturi flume, it Venturi flume Use at relatively uniform discharge of more than 50m³/h, but
is essential that discharge is free. The discharge depth hu in the HM 162.51 reduced accuracy in the lower part of the measuring range.
upstream water should not be affected by the downstream water. The rectangular weir requires guaranteed aeration.
Parshall flume v-notch weir according to Thomson

HM 162.55 Use with varying discharges (0,75...240m³/ h); high measuring
accuracy for smaller discharges.
trapezoidal weir according to Cipoletti
Use at relatively uniform discharges greater than 125m³/h.
Parshall flumes are venturi flumes with a profiled bottom. The ratios
of constriction and enlargement are defined. Parshall flumes are com-
mercially available as a complete component including a discharge
curve (discharge Q as a function of the discharge depth hu in the
upstream water). They are widely used in North America.
Trapezoidal flume HM 162.63
Rectangular
Trapezoidal flumes are another type of flow- weir with
measuring flumes. The flow cross-section is contraction according
to Rehbock
triangular or trapezoidal with smooth walls. In
contrast to Parshall flumes, they often have
a smaller pressure head loss for the same Flow over typical measuring weirs in side and
discharge and are more suitable for small plan view:
Trapezoidal
discharges. weir according 1 rectangular weir without contraction,
to Cipoletti
Flow-measuring flumes are mainly used in 2 v-notch weir according to Thomson,
wastewater treatment plants because they 3 trapezoidal weir according to Cipoletti
are well suited for contaminated water. They V-notch
weir
can be easily maintained. according
to Thomson
A plan view of venturi or Parshall flume, Rectangular
B side view of a Parshall flume; weir
1 narrowest cross-section, 2 hydraulic jump; Plate weirs HM 162.30
hu upstream water discharge depth, Q discharge
95
gunt
Transient flow: flow-induced vibrations Sediment transport
Jetties or drilling platforms usually The vibrations are caused by the The GUNT model HM 162.61 “Vibrat- In addition to the flowing water, studying the flow behaviour in flumes, In the case of normal discharge, in
stand in the water on piles. Flowing interaction between the moving ing Piles” enables the observation of almost all flumes include sediment it is bed-load transport that is the pre- addition to the equations detailed
water exerts forces on the part of the fluid and the pile. For example, flow a single vibrating pile. Furthermore, transport that affects the flow behav- dominant component. Sediment that above, it is also necessary to con-
piles that is located under water, pos- around a pile can lead to the forma- there are two parallel piles that stand iour. Sediment transport consists is deposited (siltation) or removed sider the transport balance on the
sibly causing vibrations. We distin- tion of a Karman vortex street. The transverse to the direction of flow, of suspended-load transport and (erosion and/or scour) may, for exam- control volume – is the same amount
guish between vortex-induced and detachment of these vortices causes and which are made to vibrate by the bed-load transport. Suspended ple, change the flow cross-section or of sediment that leaves the control
flow-induced vibrations. It is impor- a change in the flow direction. In flow. The distance between the piles matter are solids that are suspended the water surface profiles. Sediment volume, also fed back in?
tant to deal with these forces and the the worst case the vortex shedding can be varied. If the distance is too in the water and that have no contact transport also results in a modified
The GUNT experimental flumes use
stresses caused by them, since they frequency corresponds to the natural small, there will be coupled vibrations with the bottom. Bed load on the bed structure (formation of ripples or
sand to demonstrate sediment trans-
can lead to component failure. frequency of the pile. between the two piles. other hand, consists of solids that dunes, change of roughness).
port. In addition to the sediment
are moved along the bottom. When
feeder at the inlet of the experimental
flume, a sediment trap is integrated
at the end of the experimental flume.
Depending on the flow velocity, rip-
ples can occur or a wandering dune
may be observed. Together with other
models, it is possible to observe silta-
tion against a weir or scour formation
at the stilling basin.
Essentially, the topic of sediment
transport is studied in depth in
several independent trainers, for
example HM 140 or HM 168.
Vibrating piles Sediment feeder HM 162.73 Sediment trap HM 162.72

HM 162.61 at the outlet of HM 162
Vibrating pile
Sediment discharge on groynes
Siltation in
the Rhine
97
gunt
Transient flow: waves
WE TAKE QUALITY SERIOUSLY
The free surface of the water is “deformed” by the wind The study of the formation and effect of waves is an
(waves). In nature, there is a wide variety of waves (long important field in maritime navigation, coastal protection
or short wavelengths, breaking or smooth, etc.) Natural and in the design of offshore systems (wind farms, drilling
waves are irregular, for example a flat wave follows a high platforms). In coastal protection in particular, it is a matter
wave (amplitude). Aside from wind-induced waves, there of reducing the destructive power of waves and the wash-
are also surface waves caused by a disturbance, positive ing away of sediment.
and negative surge waves and tsunami waves, which are
The GUNT wave generator produces periodic, harmonic
caused by an increase in the water, such as during an
waves in the GUNT experimental flumes. For example,
earthquake.
we can observe wave reflection at the end of a flume.
Waves carry energy, but no mass. When a wave reaches Together with the various beach simulations, it is possible
shallow water, such as near the beach, it is slowed down. to observe and compare the behaviour of the same waves
The wave trough is slowed more than the wave crest. on different beds.
Therefore, the wave crest overtakes the trough and the
The run-up on piers, for example in a harbour basin or
waves break.
as part of an offshore system, can be observed with the
HM 162.46 piers accessory.
1 λ
Wave period: T = =
f c
Shallow water Deep water
Wavelength λ/h > 20 λ/h < 2
Periodic wave: Wave velocity gλ

c= gh c=
Δh amplitude, h average depth, 2π
c propagation velocity of the wave, Particle path
λ wavelength linear circular
s y s t em
e m ent
m a n a g
e 1 9 98.
r q u ality i e d s inc
Ou
e n c ertif
e
has b
Wave Set of beaches HM 162.80 (plain beach,

generator HM 162.41 permeable beach and rough beach)
99
2 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
gunt
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW IN THE LAB
HM 162.29 Sluice Gate HM 162.40 Radial Gate HM 162.36 Siphon Weir HM 162.32 Ogee-Crested Weir with 2 Weir Outlets HM 162.35 Elements for Energy Dissipation
HM 162.38 Rake HM 162.31 Broad-Crested Weir HM 162.33 Crump Weir HM 162.34 Ogee-Crested Weir with Pressure Measurement HM 162.30 Set of Plate Weirs HM 162.63 Trapezoidal Flume
HM 162 with an
experimental
section of 7,5m
HM 162.44 Sill HM 162.46 Set of Piers HM 162.55 Parshall Flume HM 162.51 Venturi Flume
HM 162.45 Culvert HM 162.77 Flume Bottom with Pebble Stones HM 162.71 Closed Sediment Circuit
Control structures
Changes in cross-section
(losses, flow formulae)
Discharge measurement
HM 162.61 Vibrating Piles HM 162.80 Set of Beaches HM 162.72 Sediment Trap
Other experiments: including
A wide range of typical models allows the user to design a broad and HM 162.41 Wave Generator
waves, sediment transport
individual programme of experiments with GUNT experimental flumes. The
programme of experiments shown in this catalogue for HM 162 applies, in
principle, for all GUNT experimental flumes. The appropriate instrumentation
for measuring the discharge depth
The models of the other GUNT experimental flumes are similar. and the flow velocity is also
available as additional accessories.
HM 162.73 Sediment Feeder
101
gunt
AN OVERVIEW OF GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES
GUNT experimental flumes and their accessories open For each of the experimental flumes, there is a variety of
up a wide range of experiments and demonstrations models for discharge control, such as weirs, sills, stilling
on the topics of open-channel flow, running waters, basins, as well as wave generators, beach elements and
hydraulic engineering and coastal protection. They form bridge piers. Technical solutions for sediment feed and
the expandable foundation for custom investigations and removal are also available.
research work. Experimental flumes from GUNT have
In addition, we can also provide specially adapted instru-
been successfully put to use around the world for many
mentation such as water level gauges, pitotstatic tubes,
years.
tube manometers and velocity meters.
HM 162 (12,5 m)
l
300 erimenta
300
o st id e ntical exp ction of
An alm ss-se
h the cro with
flume wit is also available
HM 160 x 5 0 0 m m M 16 3 .
40 9 code H
the device HM 161
HM 161
HM 162
HM 161
Tried and trusted
products:
GUNT provides three experimental flumes with
different cross-sections, depending on the purpose of ...from small to large
use and the local conditions: HM 160 (86 x 300 mm),
...for demonstration
and research
HM 162 (309 x450 mm) and HM 161 (600 x800 mm). Two
of the experimental flumes have different lengths of
experimental section to choose from: HM 160 with 2,5 m or
5 m and HM 162 with experimental sections of 5 m, 7,5m,
10 m or 12,5 m. As a result, the length of the experimental
section can be adjusted to the individual requirements of
the laboratory. HM 161 is the largest GUNT experimental
flume and has an experimental section that is 16 m long. The HM 162 experimental flume can be supplied in four The largest GUNT experimental flume HM 161 – with a
different lengths. The “short” experimental flume, with an cross-section of 600 x800 mm and a 16 m long experimen-
HM 160 (5 m) The HM 160 flume is perfectly suited as an introduction
experimental section of 5 m, is particularly well suited for tal section – offers a large number of possibilities for your
to the topic of “Open-Channel Flow” and the demonstra-
demonstrations and can easily be set up even in smaller own research projects. The phenomena to be observed
tion of many of the basic principles. The experimental
laboratories. move beyond mere demonstration and become closer to
flume even fits in lecture theatres, as it is relatively small
reality. The HM 161 flume provides an initial impression of
and compact. HM 160 with an experimental section of As the length of the experimental section increases – and
the natural force of water.
2,5m requires an area of approximately 6 x4 m, including the inlet and outlet conditions improve – the phenomena
sufficient space to observe the experiments. This allows become closer to those observed in reality. For example,
the instructor to provide practical demonstrations of with an experimental section of 12,5 m we can clearly see
phenomena during lectures. to what extent a damming body affects the upstream flow.
103
gunt
TECHNICAL DETAILS FOR GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLU MES – THE CLOSED WATER CIRCUIT
THE WATER CIRCUIT THE INLET ELEMENT

In all experimental flumes, the inlet element is designed The water enters from below through a flow straightener. A
for optimum flow so that the flow is less turbulent as it damping plate calms the water further. The damping plate
enters the experimental section. floats on the water and is mounted on a guide.
1 water tank, In the plan view we can see that the inlet element has a
2 outlet element, nozzle-like contour.
3 pump,
4 experimental section,
5 control butterfly valve,
6 inlet element,
F flow meter
All experimental flumes can be operated independently against overfilling of the experimental section, level
of the laboratory water supply and have a closed water switches turn off the pump when the maximum level in the
circuit with water tanks, pump and flow meter. To protect inlet or outlet element is exceeded.
1 damping plate, 2 flow straightener, Plan view of the inlet element with streamlines
3 guide
THE PUMP
THE OUTLET ELEMENT

The outlet element of all experimental flumes contains a sponds to free discharge without a weir. Moreover, the
1 water tank, plate weir. A maximum of two elements can be removed weir is mounted to rotate around a fixed point and can
2 pump, from this weir, so that two damming heights are available thus be lowered. As such, any desired top water level can
3 hose, to choose from. If both elements are removed, it corre- be set (see illustrations).
4 flow meter
Pump (HM 162) with shut-off Principle of the plate weir with two damming heights:
The centrifugal pump is separated from the experimental
valve in the intake side (left) both elements used,
section in both experimental flumes HM 162 and HM 161
and control butterfly valve only lower element used,
and is mounted on its own foundation. It is connected to
with manual actuation in the max. height of damming if upper element has
the piping to the inlet element via a hose. This ensures
delivery side for adjusting been removed,
that there is no transmission of vibrations between the
the flow rate (above the max. height of damming when 2 elements are used;
experimental section and the pump. In the small experi-
mental flume HM 160 the vibrations that occur are negligi- pump). The pump’s delivery
1 plate weir, 2 removable element
ble, so the pump is integrated in one of the experimental line also contains the hose
flume’s supports. and the electromagnetic flow
meter.
Plate weir with full damming height in different
positions to adjust the top water level in the outlet of the
experimental section.
METHODS FOR ADJUSTING THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW IN THE INLET
TO THE EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
All experimental flumes allow adjusting the volumetric flow rate is achieved. The flow rate in HM 160 is measured Plate weir with medium damming height in different
flow. The pump is fitted with a control butterfly valve or by a rotameter, while HM 161 and HM 162 are both positions to adjust the top water level in the outlet of the
a gate valve equipped that is operated either manually equipped with an electromagnetic flow meter. experimental section.
(HM 160, HM 162) or electrically (HM 161) until the desired
105
gunt
TECHNICAL DETAILS FOR GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLU MES – STRUCTURAL FEATURES
RIGIDITY AGAINST DEFORMATION

The experimental section of HM 162 is available in several The elements of the self-supporting experimental section
lengths. The components used are essentially the same in HM 161 are mounted on 4 supports, so that there is only Side view of the experimental section: Plan view of the experimental section:
(modular design). In order to realise different lengths ever a minimal deformation. ideal flume bottom, ideal contour of the side walls,
with the modular design, while maintaining inclination deformation of the bottom by bending deformed side walls
In HM 160 the stresses that occur in comparison to
adjustment, the experimental flume is supported by an
HM 162 are small, so that doubling the length of the exper-
auxiliary carrier with two supports. In the version with For all experimental flumes we can state that, with careful ness and flatness according to ISO 2768, this satisfies
imental section does not pose a problem for the rigidity of
long experimental section, the inevitable deformations design, the maximum deviation from the ideal geometric the tolerance classes medium to fine. In this case the
the self-supporting experimental flume with two supports.
are absorbed by the supports. The individual adjustability shape for flatness and torsion is 0,1 %. In the illustrations maximum deviation refers to the length of the experimen-
of the elements enables precise alignment of the experi- the deformations are shown greatly enlarged, e.g. 0,1 % tal section.
mental section. of the length L. In the general tolerances for straight-
INCLINATION ADJUSTMENT
HM 160 All experimental flumes can be inclined, which means that
the slope is adjustable. The slope range is -1/200...1/40.
The current slope can be read directly on a scale
(HM 160, HM 162) or a digital display (HM 161).
Inclination adjustment in HM 160 is manual and electrical
HM 162 HM 160 HM 162 HM 161 in HM 161.
In HM 162 the inclination can be adjusted either manually
or electrically. With an experimental section above 7,5 m
we recommend electrical inclination adjustment.
Manual inclination adjustment in HM 162:
left: scale, right: entire mechanism
HM 161
carrier (rigidity against bending), frame (rigidity against water pressure),

fixed support, height-adjustable support (flume inclination adjustment), experimental section,
inlet and outlet element
1 welded frame,
2 bottom element of an
element of the experi-
mental section,
3 diagonal rib,
F water pressure force Manual inclination Electrical inclination adjustment in HM 161
adjustment in HM 160
MATERIALS USED
The rigidity of the elements of the Bottom element of an element of the In all experimental flumes, the bottom of the experimen- corrosion-resistant GRP (glass reinforced plastic) or steel.
experimental section against water HM 162 experimental section, tal section is made of stainless steel. Tempered glass The piping is PVC. The models used in the experimen-
pressure is ensured by the welded reinforced with diagonal ribs to increase is used for the side walls of the experimental section. It tal flumes consist of aluminium, stainless steel, PVC or
frame. The frames support the glass stiffness against bending and torsion. is scratch resistant, does not age and does not deform. Plexiglas.
side walls. The water tank, inlet and outlet elements are made of
107
gunt
GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES: INSTRUMENTATION
Instrument carriers for HM 162 and HM 161 Measuring methods in your laboratory
The experimental flumes HM 161 and HM 162 extend Of course, you can also use your own laboratory Doppler Anemometry) and ultrasound to determine the
above the side wall guide rails. An instrument carrier can measuring methods to determine the flow velocity, such discharge depth.
be placed on the rails and moved. The different instru- as PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) or LDA (Laser
ments are mounted on the instrument carrier, for example
a level gauge or a pitotstatic tube. Using the carrier, the
instruments can be moved to nearly every point of the Example of a pressure measurement along the experimental section
flow. The carrier can be locked during the measurements
Scale along the experimental A broad-crested weir (HM 162.31) and a sluice gate section is inclined, i.e. open-channel flow with a slope, it
with fixing devices. The position of the carrier along the
section (HM 162.29) have been inserted in the 5 m long experi- is more accurate to measure the discharge depth via the
experimental section is read on a scale (see photo). On
mental section of HM 162. The elements of the experimen- pressure head than via a level gauge.
the carrier itself is another scale, used to determine the
Instrument carrier with tal section of HM 162 each contain 10 pressure measuring
position transverse to the direction of flow. The manometer panel HM 162.53 contains 10 tubes
level gauge points, which are uniformly distributed over the length
Depending on the length of the experimental section, we
In the small experimental flume HM 160 no instrument of the 2,5m element. The pressure at these measuring
can either represent selected points on a panel or use
carrier is necessary. The instruments are placed directly points is called the pressure head and corresponds to the
multiple panels to show all pressures.
on the top of the experimental section and clamped in discharge depth. The pressure heads are displayed on
place. the manometer panel HM 162.53. When the experimental
Setup
of the instrument carrier
Flow velocity
GUNT offers two methods of measuring the flow rate in all experimental flumes: the
traditional pitotstatic tube or a digital velocity meter. The pitotstatic tube HM 16x.50
measures the static pressure and the total pressure at any point of the flow. A digital
pressure gauge displays the difference between the two pressures. The pressure
difference corresponds to the dynamic pressure, from which the flow velocity can
Pitotstatic tube HM 162.50
be calculated.
with instrument carrier
The core element of the velocity meter HM 16x.64 is an impeller that is rotated by
the flow. The speed of the impeller is proportional to the
flow velocity. The flow velocity is read directly from the
digital display.
Discharge depth
To measure the discharge depth, the level gauge
HM 16x.52 or HM 16x.91 with digital display is used. The
tip of the probe is moved to the surface of the water from
above.
Level gauge HM 162.52 with Pressure measurement HM 162 with sluice gate 1, broad-crested weir 2 and manometer panel 3.
instrument carrier All experimental flumes are equipped with pressure Velocity meter The manometer panels are enlarged so they can be clearly seen.
measuring points in the flume bottom. The pressure HM 16x.64
measuring points are evenly distributed over the length of
the experimental section. To read these pressures, the pressure measuring points The elements of the experimental section in the experi- In the experimental flume HM 161, forty-eight pressure
are connected to the optional manometer panel HM 16x.53 via hoses. This allows mental flume HM 160 contain 10 pressure measuring measuring points are evenly distributed over the experi-
directly reading a profile of discharge depth over the entire length of the experimen- points over a length of 2,5 m. The manometer panel mental section with 16 m length. The manometer panel
tal section on the manometer panel. HM 160.53 contains 10 tubes. HM 161.53 contains 20 tubes.
Tube manometers HM 162.53
109
gunt
GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES: LABORATORY DESIGN
The following table lists the space requirements of all A lifting device is recommended when placing larger An example of laboratory planning
GUNT experimental flumes including the water tank. models in the experimental sections of HM 162 and espe-
This section provides some tips for planning a laboratory The drawing below shows the planning for a laboratory
cially HM 161.
GUNT will gladly undertake the precise laboratory planning in which an experimental flume is going to be set up: that contains the experimental flume HM 162 (10 m long
for you to set up the experimental flumes. experimental section), a few other GUNT units on fluid
the laboratory should be on the ground floor
mechanics and workstations for the students.
the floor must have sufficient load capacity
In this case the models for HM 162 are stored on tables.
the floor and the skirting area of the walls should be
A small cabinet in the corner contains tools and can be
water-resistant
used to store instruction manuals.
the transportation routes to and within the laboratory
must be spacious
the water supply and drains must be big enough for
larger amounts of water
the two larger experimental flumes HM 162 and HM 161
require three-phase alternating current.
experimental section sediment transport (sediment trap G, feeder H with steps)

additional space required for installation
Height Height Required

A B C D E F G H J B B room height
(excl. G) (excl. H) (incl. H)
2,5m 3,6m 1,5m Dimensions of the laboratory, L xWxH: 20,00 x7,60 x4,00 m
HM 160 0,6m 1,0m 2,0m 1,35m 1,80m 2,3m
5,0m 6,1m (min. 1m) water drain HM 162 with 10 m experimental section,
13,00 x1,00 m
5,0m 8,8m 1,0m water supply
with sediment table for storing models for HM 162,
7,5m 11,3m 1,0m 1,5m
HM 162 10,0m 13,8m 2,0m
1,0m 2,0m 1,0m 1,1m 0,9m 1,85m 2,90m transport: power supply 230V, 50Hz, 1 phase 160x80 cm
(min. 1m) min. 3,9m
12,5m 16,3m 2,0m table, 120 x80 cm
power supply 400V, 50Hz, 3 phases
base module HM 150, 120 x76 cm,
with sediment with different modules
1,5m in C
HM 161 16,0m 20,0m 4,0m 2,0m 1,0m 1,0m
incl.
2,50m 3,30m transport: cabinet
(min. 1m) min. 4,5m
111
gunt
HM 160 EXPERIMENTAL FLUME 86 x 300 mm
Training in Algeria
Training in Malaysia
Ogee-crested weir with pressure
measurement HM 160.34
MODELS AVAILABLE AS ACCESSORIES
Control HM 160.29 Sluice Gate
structures
HM 160.40 Radial Gate
Waves in the experimental flume HM 160.30 Set of Plate Weirs, 4 Types
HM 160 is the smallest experimental measurement, losses due to changes
HM 160.31 Broad-Crested Weir
flume in the GUNT range that can be in cross-section, waves and sediment
Ogee-crested weir HM 160.32
used to give excellent demonstrations transport. Additional accessories allow
and elements for energy
HM 160.33 Crump Weir
of all open-channel flow phenomena. measuring the discharge depth and dissipation HM 160.35 HM 160.34 Ogee-Crested Weir with Pressure
Thanks to its small size and the closed flow velocity.
Measurement
water circuit, HM 160 can easily be set
The experimental flume HM 160 is avail HM 160.36 Siphon Weir
up and used in classrooms.
able with two experimental sec tions
Used together with the comprehensive of different lengths: 2,5 m or 5 m HM 160.32 Ogee-Crested Weir with 2 Weir Outlets (expand-
selection of additional accessories a with an additional extension element able with HM 160.35 Elements for Energy Dissipation)
wide range of topics within the field of HM 160.10 – see diagram. Discharge HM 160.51 Venturi Flume
open-channel flow can be demonstrated Sediment feeder HM 160.73
measurement
and investigated. These accessories
include control structures, discharge Change in HM 160.77 Flume Bottom with Pebble Stones
Siphon weir HM 160.36 cross-section
HM 160.44 Sill
HM 160.45 Culvert
HM 160.46 Set of Piers, 7 Profiles
Other HM 160.41 Wave Generator
HM 160.42 Plain Beach
HM 160.72 Sediment Trap
HM 160.73 Sediment Feeder
HM 160.61 Vibrating Piles
Wave generator HM 160.41
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE AS ACCESSORIES

HM 160.52 Level Gauge /
1 water tank, 2 outlet element, HM 160.91 Digital Level Gauge
3 pump with switch box, HM 160.53 10 Tube Manometers
4 experimental section,
5 height-adjustable support incl. flume inclination adjustment, HM 160.50 Pitotstatic Tube
6 inlet element HM 160.64 Velocity Meter
Venturi flume HM 160.51 Plain beach HM 160.42 113

gunt
HM 160 Experimental Flume 86x300mm HM 160 Experimental Flume 86x300mm
Specification
[1] basic principles of open-channel flow
[2] experimental flume with experimental section, inlet
and outlet element and closed water circuit
[3] length of the experimental section 2,5m or 5m (with
extension element HM 160.10)
[4] smoothly adjustable inclination of the experimental
section
[5] experimental section with 10 evenly spaced
threaded holes on the bottom for installing models or
for water level measurement using pressure
[6] side walls of the experimental section are made of
tempered glass for excellent observation of the
experiments
[7] all surfaces in contact with water are made of
corrosion-resistant materials
[8] flow-optimised inlet element for low-turbulence
entry into the experimental section
1 water tank, 2 flow meter, 3 pump, 4 switch box, 5 inclination adjustment, 6 inlet [9] closed water circuit with water tank, pump, flow rate
element, 7 experimental section with plate weir HM 160.30, 8 outlet element sensor and manual flow adjustment
[10] models from all fields of hydraulic engineering
available as accessories
Technical Data
- length: 2,5m or 5m (with 1x HM 160.10)
- flow cross-section WxH: 86x300mm
- inclination adjustment: -0,5...+3%
The illustration shows HM 160 together with the ogee-crested weir HM 160.32 and the level gauge HM 160.52.
Tank: 280L
* Basic principles of open-channel flow1 safely bolted to the bottom of the experimental section. Pump
The well-structured instructional material sets out the - power consumption: 1,02kW
* Experimental section with transparent side walls, fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide - max. flow rate: 22,5m³/h
lengths of 2,5m and 5m available1 through the experiments. - max. head: 13,7m
Flow rate measuring range: 0...10m³/h
* Homogeneous flow through carefully designed
inlet element1 Learning Objectives / Experiments Dimensions and Weight
* Models from all fields of hydraulic engineering Together with optionally available models
HM 160 with the two experimental sections of different lengths (2,5m or 5m). In LxWxH: 4300x660x1350mm (experimental
available as accessories - uniform and non-uniform discharge the 5m version, an extension element HM 160.10 is required. section 2,5m)
- flow formulae Weight: approx. 500kg
- flow transition (hydraulic jump)
Technical Description - energy dissipation (hydraulic jump, stilling basin) Required for Operation
- flow over control structures 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
Hydraulic engineering is concerned with artificial waterways, the * weirs (sharp-crested, broad-crested, ogee-
regulation of rivers and with barrages, amongst other things. By using crested) Scope of Delivery
experimental flumes in the laboratory, it is possible to teach the * discharge under gates 1 experimental flume
necessary basic principles. - flow-measuring flumes 1 set of instructional material
The experimental flume HM 160 has a closed water circuit. The cross- - local losses due to obstacles
section of the experimental section is 86x300mm. The experimental - transient flow: waves
section is 2,5m long and can be increased to 5m with the extension - vibrating piles
element HM 160.10. The side walls of the experimental section are made - sediment transport
of tempered glass, which allows excellent observation of the
experiments. All components that come into contact with water are made
of corrosion-resistant materials (stainless steel, glass reinforced plastic).
The inlet element is designed so that the flow enters the experimental
section with very little turbulence.
The inclination of the experimental flume can be finely adjusted to allow
simulation of slope and to create a uniform flow at a constant discharge
depth. The wave generator HM 160.41 generates waves in the experimental flume.
A wide selection of models, such as weirs, piers, flow-measuring flumes Order Details
or a wave generator are available as accessories and ensure a
comprehensive programme of experiments. Most models are quickly and 070.16000 HM 160 Experimental Flume
86x300mm
115
gunt
8,2 m
this
8,2 m
a l s o supply larger
HM 162 EXPERIMENTAL FLUME 309 x 450 mm We
i m
c
e
a
n
n
t a l
ha
flume wit 0 mm,
exper x 50
8,2 m
s s - s e c t i on of 409 163.
cro code HM
under the
HM 162 – used worldwide by satisfied customers
The length of the experimental section is Used together with the comprehensive
8,2 m
between 5 m and – with further HM 162.10 selection of additional accessories a wide
extension elements – a maximum of 12,5 m. range of topics within the field of open-
The closed water circuit contains two water channel flow can be demonstrated and
tanks and a powerful pump. Depending on investigated. These accessories include
the desired length, additional water tanks control structures, discharge measurement,
HM 162.20 are required (see drawings). losses due to changes in cross-section,
waves and sediment transport.
HM 162 with an
Experimental flume, length of the experimental section 5 m: HM 162 experimental section
10,7 m of 5 m
10,7 m
1 outlet element with
switch cabinet, 10,7 m
2 pump,
3 water tank,
4 height-adjustable
support incl. flume
inclination adjustment,
10,7 m
5 inlet element
HM 162 with an
Experimental flume, length of the experimental section 7,5m: HM 162 + 1x HM 162.10 + 1x HM 162.20 experimental
section of 7,5m
13,2 m
13,2 m
13,2 m
HM 162 with an
13,2 m experimental
Experimental flume, length of the experimental section 10 m: HM 162 + 2 x HM 162.10 + 1x HM 162.20
section of 10 m
15,7 m
15,7 m
15,7 m
15,7 m
HM 162 with an
Experimental flume, length of the experimental section 12,5 m: HM 162 + 3 x HM 162.10 + 2 x HM 162.20 experimental
section of 12,5 m
117
gunt
Specification
[3] length of the experimental section 5m, up to 12,5m
possible with additional extension elements
HM 162.10
section
[5] experimental section with 20 evenly spaced
threaded holes on the bottom for installing models or
for water level measurement using pressure
experiments
[7] experimental section with guide rails for the
optionally available instrument carrier HM 162.59
1 water tank, 2 outlet element, 3 switch box, 4 pump, 5 flow rate sensor, corrosion-resistant materials
6 experimental section, 7 inclination adjustment, 8 inlet element [9] flow-optimised inlet element for low-turbulence
entry into the experimental section
[10] closed water circuit with 2 water tanks, pump and
flow control
Technical Data
The illustration shows HM 162 (7,5m experimental section) with the wave generator HM 162.41 and the level gauge HM 162.52.
- possible lengths: 5m-7,5m-10m-12,5m
* Experiments ranging from fundamental principles depth. - flow cross-section WxH: 309x450mm
A wide selection of models, such as weirs, piers, - inclination adjustment: -0,5...+2,5%
to research projects1 2 tanks
flow-measuring flumes or a wave generator are
* Experimental section with transparent side walls, available as accessories and ensure a comprehensive - made of GRP
lengths between 5m and 12,5m available1 programme of experiments. Most models are quickly - 1100L each
and safely bolted to the bottom of the experimental Pump
* Homogeneous flow through carefully designed section. - power consumption: 4kW
inlet element1 The well-structured instructional material sets out the - max. flow rate: 132m³/h
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide HM 162 with experimental sections of different lengths (5...12,5m). Depending - max. head: 16,1m
* Models from all fields of hydraulic engineering on the desired length, additional extension elements HM 162.10 and water tanks - speed: 1450min-1
available as accessories HM 162.20 are required.
Flow rate measuring range: 5,4...130m³/h
Learning Objectives / Experiments Dimensions and Weight

Together with optionally available models LxWxH: 8750x1000x2100mm (experimental
Hydraulic engineering is a crucial part of engineering. How do we - uniform and non-uniform discharge
achieve the necessary river depth for ships? How does open-channel section 5m)
- flow formulae Weight: approx. 1500kg
flow change during flooding? How far upstream do measures such as - flow transition (hydraulic jump)
control structures have an effect? How can the discharge at barrages be - energy dissipation (hydraulic jump, stilling basin) Required for Operation
calculated? By using experimental flumes in laboratories it is possible to - flow over control structures 400V, 50/60Hz, 3 phases or 230V, 60Hz/CSA,
teach the basic knowledge required to understand the answers to these * weirs (sharp-crested, broad-crested, ogee- 3 phases
questions and to develop possible solutions. crested)
The experimental flume HM 162 with a closed water circuit has a cross- * discharge under gates Scope of Delivery
section of 309x450mm. The length of the experimental section is - flow-measuring flumes 1 experimental flume
between 5m and – with further extension elements HM 162.10 – a - local losses due to obstacles 1 set of tools
maximum of 12,5m. The side walls of the experimental section are made - transient flow: waves 1 set of instructional material
of tempered glass, which allows excellent observation of the - vibrating piles
experiments. All components that come into contact with water are made - sediment transport
of corrosion-resistant materials (stainless steel, glass reinforced plastic).
The inlet element is designed so that the flow enters the experimental
Overfall at ogee-crested weir with ski jump spillway HM 162.32.
section with very little turbulence. Order Details
The inclination of the experimental flume can be finely adjusted to allow
070.16200 HM 162 Experimental Flume
309x450mm
119
gunt
HM 162 Experimental Flume 309x450mm INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL AND SOFTWARE
Available accessories and options:
GUNT’s policy is:
Product No. Order Text
CONTROL STRUCTURES High-quality hardware and clearly laid-out instructional Our software – in our context meaning computerised data
070.16229 HM 162.29 Sluice Gate materials ensure the teaching and learning success of an acquisition programs – always comes with comprehensive
070.16240 HM 162.40 Radial Gate experimental unit. The core elements of the instructional online help to explain the features offered the detailed use
070.16230 HM 162.30 Set of Plate Weirs, 4 Types
070.16231 HM 162.31 Broad-Crested Weir
material provided to accompany the units are reference of the program. GUNT software is developed and written
070.16233 HM 162.33 Crump Weir experiments conducted by ourselves. The description of in-house by another group of experienced engineers.
070.16236 HM 162.36 Siphon Weir the experiment incorporates the detailed setup, through
070.16238 HM 162.38 Rake
to interpretation of the results obtained. A group of expe-
070.16234 HM 162.34 Ogee-Crested Weir with Pressure Measurement
070.16232 HM 162.32 Ogee-Crested Weir with 2 Spillways rienced engineers devise and maintain the accompanying
instructional material.
optionally available accessory for HM 162.32
070.16235 HM 162.35 Elements for Energy Dissipation
CHANGE IN CROSS-SECTION
070.16244 HM 162.44 Sill
070.16245 HM 162.45 Culvert
070.16246 HM 162.46 Set of Piers, 7 Profiles
070.16277 HM 162.77 Flume Bottom with Pebble Stones
FLOW-MEASURING FLUMES
070.16251 HM 162.51 Venturi Flume
070.16255 HM 162.55 Parshall Flume
070.16263 HM 162.63 Trapezoidal Flume
OTHER EXPERIMENTS
070.16261 HM 162.61 Vibrating Piles
070.16271 HM 162.71 Closed Sediment Circuit

or
070.16272 HM 162.72 Sediment Trap
070.16273 HM 162.73 Sediment Feeder
070.16241 HM 162.41 Wave Generator

070.16280 HM 162.80 Set of Beaches
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
070.16252 HM 162.52 Level Gauge
or
070.16291 HM 162.91 Digital Level Gauge
070.16264 HM 162.64 Velocity Meter

or
070.16250 HM 162.50 Pitotstatic Tube
070.16253 HM 162.53 10 Tube Manometers

or
070.16213 HM 162.13 Electronic Pressure Measurement, 10x 0...50mbar
Required accessory for HM 162.50, HM 162.52, HM 162.64 and HM 162.91

070.16259 HM 162.59 Instrument Carrier
OTHER ACCESSORIES
070.16212 HM 162.12 System for Data Acquistion and Automation
070.16257 HM 162.57 Electrical Inclination Adjustment (recommended for experimental sections of 7,5m or longer)
Required for experimental sections of 7,5m or longer

070.16210 HM 162.10 Extension Element of the Experimental Flume
070.16220 HM 162.20 Water Tank
121
gunt
HM 162 EXPERIMENTAL FLUME: A FEW IMPRESSIONS
Glimpse into
the water tank
Siphon weir
in action
Culvert
Demonstrations for the
customer
Ogee-crested weir with a sill Rake
Operating the sluice gate
Aerated plate weir (side view) Radial Gate
123
gunt
HM 161 EXPERIMENTAL FLUME 600 x 800 mm
HM 161 has an experimental section of 16 m and a cross- selection of additional accessories a wide range of topics
section of 600 x800 mm, making it the largest experimen- within the field of open-channel flow can be demonstrated
tal flume in the GUNT range. Thanks to its large size, and investigated. These accessories include control struc-
HM 161 is ideal for your own research projects. The results tures, discharge measurement, losses due to changes in
of experiments are very close to what happens in nature. cross-section, waves and sediment transport. Additional
Front view with gallery
The water forces occurring in this experimental flume accessories allow measuring the discharge depth and
are impressive. Used together with the comprehensive flow velocity.
Rear view with
jacking supports
Front view: 1 outlet element with gate, 2 water tank, 3 switch cabinet, 4 gallery, Rear view: 1 inlet element, 2 piping, 3 motorised jacking support (flume inclination adjustment), 4 water tank,
5 platform for sediment feeder, 6 inlet element 5 flow meter, 6 pump, 7 fixed support, 8 sediment trap, 9 outlet element with gate
Element of the
experimental section
during on-site assembly.
The elements are delivered
ready for installation.
Frames and beams are
welded and painted.
Tempered glass is used.
Plan view: 1 outlet element with gate, 2 gallery, 3 water tank, 4 switch cabinet, 5 platform for sediment feeder, Side view A-A: 1 pump, 2 fixed support, 3 water
6 inlet element, 7 experimental section, 8 jacking supports, 9 rails for instrument carrier, 10 pump, 11 fixed support, tank, 4 gallery, 5 switch cabinet, 6 platform for
12 sediment trap sediment feeder, 7 gate at the outlet,
8 element of the experimental section Gallery
125
gunt
HM 161 EXPERIMENTAL FLUME: A FEW IMPRESSIONS
HM 161.72
HM 161.73
Side view during discharge over the

ogee-crested weir HM 161.34
Plan view during discharge over the

ogee-crested weir HM 161.34
Hydraulic jump
Die Abbildung zeigt die Versuchsrinne HM 161 zusammen

mit der Sedimentzufuhr aus HM 161.60.
Experimental flume HM 161 with sediment transport.
The sediment feeder HM 161.73 sits on the inlet element.
At the end of the experimental section, the sediment trap
HM 161.72 separates the sediment.
Discharge in the active siphon weir HM 161.36
View towards the inlet element Positive surge wave
127
gunt
Specification
[3] length of the experimental section 16m
section
[5] experimental section with evenly spaced threaded
holes on the bottom for installing models or for
pressure measurement
experiments
[7] experimental section with guide rails for the
optionally available instrument carrier HM 161.59
[9] flow-optimised inlet element for low-turbulence
1 gate at the outlet element, 2 inlet element, 3 jacking support with motorised entry into the experimental section
inclination adjustment, 4 gallery, 5 experimental section, 6 water tank, 7 pump, [10] closed water circuit with 6 water tanks, pump, flow
8 fixed support, 9 outlet element, 10 switch cabinet
meter and manual flow adjustment
[11] water tanks form a gallery that can be walked on
Technical Data
- length: 16m
The illustration shows HM 161 together with the sediment feeder HM 161.73.
- flow cross-section WxH: 600x800mm
* Experimental section with transparent side walls, comprehensive programme of experiments. Most - inclination adjustment: -0,75...2,1%
models are quickly and safely bolted to the bottom of - 3 spindle-type lifting gears
length 16m1 Tanks
the experimental section. The well-structured
* Homogeneous flow through carefully designed instructional material sets out the fundamentals and - 1x 2300L
inlet element1 provides a step-by-step guide through the - 5x 4300L
experiments. Pump
* Models from all fields of hydraulic engineering - power consumption: 15KW
available as accessories - max. flow rate: 440m³/h
Learning Objectives / Experiments - max. head: 17,5m
Together with optionally available models
Hydraulic jump Flow rate measuring range: 20...400m³/h
Technical Description - uniform and non-uniform discharge
The experimental flume HM 161 is the largest within the GUNT product - flow formulae Dimensions and Weight
range. The flow velocities that can be achieved in the experimental - flow transition (hydraulic jump) LxWxH: 20000x4000x4000mm
flume, and the long length of the experimental section, are the perfect - energy dissipation (hydraulic jump, stilling basin) Weight empty: approx. 4000kg
conditions for designing your own projects. These projects can be very - flow over control structures
close approximations of reality. * weirs (sharp-crested, broad-crested, ogee- Required for Operation
The experimental section is 16m long and has a cross-section of crested) 400V, 50Hz, 3 phases
600x800mm. The side walls of the experimental section are made of * discharge under gates
tempered glass, which allows excellent observation of the experiments. - flow-measuring flumes Scope of Delivery
All components that come into contact with water are made of corrosion- - local losses due to obstacles 1 experimental flume
resistant materials (stainless steel, glass reinforced plastic). The inlet - water surface profiles 1 set of instructional material
element is designed so that the flow enters the experimental section with - transient flow: waves
very little turbulence. The closed water circuit consists of a series of - vibrating piles
water tanks and a powerful pump. The tanks are included in the system - sediment transport
in such a way that they also serve as a gallery which you can stand on.
The user can thus comfortably reach any part of the experimental
section.
The experimental flume has a motorised inclination adjustment to allow
HM 161 with outlet element, gallery and switch cabinet in the foreground.
depth.
A wide selection of models, such as weirs, piers, flow-measuring flumes Order Details
or a wave generator are available as accessories and ensure a 070.16100 HM 161 Large Flow Channel
129
gunt
HM 161 Experimental Flume 600x800mm
Available accessories and options: ACCESSORIES FOR GUNT EXPERIMENTAL
Product No. Order Text
CONTROL STRUCTURES
FLUMES – WAVE GENERATOR
070.16129 HM 161.29 Sluice Gate
070.16140 HM 161.40 Radial Gate
070.16130 HM 161.30 Set of Plate Weirs, 4 Types
070.16131 HM 161.31 Broad-Crested Weir
070.16133 HM 161.33 Crump Weir
070.16136 HM 161.36 Siphon Weir
070.16138 HM 161.38 Rake
070.16134 HM 161.34 Ogee-Crested Weir with Pressure Measurement
070.16132 HM 161.32 Ogee-Crested Weir with 2 Weir Outlets

070.16135 HM 161.35 Elements for Energy Dissipation 1 2 3 4
CHANGE IN CROSS-SECTION
070.16144 HM 161.44 Sill
070.16145 HM 161.45 Culvert
070.16146 HM 161.46 Set of Piers, 7 Profiles
070.16177 HM 161.77 Flume Bed with Pebble Stones
FLOW-MEASURING FLUMES
070.16151 HM 161.51 Venturi Flume
070.16155 HM 161.55 Parshall Flume
070.16163 HM 161.63 Trapezoidal Flume
OTHER EXPERIMENTS
070.16161 HM 161.61 Vibrating Piles
070.16172 HM 161.72 Sediment Trap

070.16173 HM 161.73 Sediment Feeder
070.16141 HM 161.41 Wave Generator

070.16180 HM 161.80 Set of Beaches
070.16152 HM 161.52 Level Gauge
or Wave generator HM 160.41:
070.16191 HM 161.91 Digital Level Gauge 1 crank disk, 2 adjustable stroke, 3 driving rod, 4 plate
070.16164 HM 161.64 Velocity Meter
or Wave generator HM 162.41
070.16150 HM 161.50 Pitotstatic Tube
070.16153 HM 161.53 20 Tube Manometers
Required accessory for HM 161.50, HM 161.52, HM 161.64 and HM 161.91 The wave generator HM 16x.41 is available as an Furthermore, the stroke is finely adjustable, so that the
070.16159 HM 161.59 Instrument Carrier
accessory for all experimental flumes and generates wave height (amplitude) can be varied. The speed of the
periodic, harmonic waves with different wavelengths and/ crank disk is either set on the switch cabinet (HM 162,
or wave heights. HM 161) or on a control unit that is part of the wave
generator (HM 160).
An electric motor drives a crank disk, which is connected
to a plate via a driving rod. The plate performs a harmo-
nious stroke movement. The speed of the crank disk, in
other words the frequency, with which the plate is moved
back and forth can be adjusted, therefore affecting the
wavelength of the generated waves.
131
gunt
ACCESSORIES FOR GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES – SE DIMENT TRANSPORT
Flows in rivers, canals and coastal areas are often asso- The described accessories for the GUNT experimen-
ciated with sediment transport. Bed-load transport is the tal flumes consider bed-load transport only. The used SEDIMENT TRAP
main transport mechanism. During bed-load transport, sediment is sand with a grain size >0,5mm. The sediment
solids are moved along the flume bottom. is introduced at the inlet of the experimental section. The purpose of the sediment trap is to separate sediment The sediment trap HM 160.72 is inserted in the water tank
At the end of the experimental section, a sediment trap from the flow to prevent sediment from entering the pump after the outlet element. It consists of a fine mesh screen
separates the sediment. or the flow meter. The flow near the bottom of the flume and serves to collect the sediment.
contains the sediment.
For the larger experimental flumes HM 162 and HM 161,
the sediment trap HM 162.72 / HM 161.72 is permanently
mounted between the experimental section and the outlet
element. The flow near the bottom is fed into this sediment
trap. In the trap, the sediment sinks to the bottom and
accumulates. The sediment-free water continues to flow
Sediment trap into the outlet element. The sediment is removed manually
HM 160.72 from the trap and delivered back to the feed.
in the water tank
of HM 160 for
collecting the
sediment
Dune migration Sediment trap HM 162.72:
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 outlet element,
2 sediment trap,
3 separator,
4 experimental section with
sediment,
5 sediment feed (either manually
with a bucket or with sediment
feeder HM 162.73),
6 inlet element;
Sediment transport in running waters sediment,
water
For HM 162, there is an alternative system to the sediment element. From there, it is directly delivered back to the
trap HM 162.72: the closed sediment circuit HM 162.71. In included sediment feeder using a pump (see principle
SEDIMENT FEED the closed sediment circuit, the sediment is collected in a drawings).
screen basket placed in the water tank below the outlet
The sediment is added manually with a shovel or a bucket Sediment feeder
included in the scope of delivery of the sediment trap HM 160.73 Closed sediment circuit HM 162.71:
HM 16x.72. 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 screen basket,
Alternatively, the sediment feeder HM 16x.73 can be
2 outlet element,
used. This feeder essentially consists of a vibrating
3 pump,
conveyor, via which sediment is evenly introduced into the
4 experimental section with
experimental section. The feeder is mounted above the
sediment,
inlet of the experimental section.
5 sediment feeder,
6 inlet element;
sediment,
water
133
gunt
present
w in g p a ges we will
Over the fo ll o ilable for
essories ava
ACCESSORIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES HM 160, HM 161 AND HM 162 the complete
the G U N
ra
T
n
e
g
xp
e
e
o f a cc
rimental flum
es, using
ories for the
n e xa m p le . The access
HM 162 as a milar.
e ri m e n ta l flumes are si
other exp
CONTROL STRUCTURES
SLUICE GATE BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
HM 160.29 Sluice Gate HM 160.31 Broad-Crested Weir

Product No. 070.16029 Product No. 070.16031


RADIAL GATE SILL
HM 160.40 Radial Gate HM 160.44 Sill



SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS / CRUMP WEIR

PLATE WEIRS
(REHBOCK, CIPOLETTI, THOMSON; rectangular
weir without contraction)
HM 160.30 Set of Plate Weirs HM 160.33 Crump Weir



The pictures show accessories for HM 162. The accessories for the other experimental flumes are similar. The pictures show accessories for HM 162. The accessories for the other experimental flumes are similar. 135
gunt
ACCESSORIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES HM 160, HM 161 AND HM 162
CONTROL STRUCTURES
OGEE-CRESTED WEIR OGEE-CRESTED WEIR WITH

(weir downstream side in WES profile) PRESSURE MEASURING POINTS
ALONG THE WEIR DOWNSTREAM
SIDE IN WES PROFILE
HM 160.32 Ogee-Crested Weir HM 160.34 Ogee-Crested Weir
with 2 Weir Outlets with Pressure Measurement


Optional expansion for the ogee-crested weir: SIPHON WEIR

ENERGY DISSIPATION ELEMENTS
(including chute block and sills)
HM 160.35 Elements for Energy HM 160.36 Siphon Weir

Dissipation Product No. 070.16036
Product No. 070.16035


CULVERT
HM 160.45 Culvert
HM 161.45 Culvert
HM 162.45 Culvert
gunt
CONTROL STRUCTURES DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
RAKE VENTURI FLUME
HM 160.51 Venturi Flume

HM 161.38 Rake
HM 162.38 Rake
DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
PARSHALL FLUME
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS /
PLATE WEIRS
(REHBOCK, CIPOLETTI, THOMSON; rectangular
weir without contraction)
HM 160.30 Set of Plate Weirs

HM 161.55 Parshall Flume

HM 161.30 Set of Plate Weirs Product No. 070.16155
HM 162.55 Parshall Flume

HM 162.30 Set of Plate Weirs Product No. 070.16255
TRAPEZOIDAL FLUME
BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
HM 160.31 Broad-Crested Weir

HM 161.31 Broad-Crested Weir HM 161.63 Trapezoidal Flume

HM 162.31 Broad-Crested Weir HM 162.63 Trapezoidal Flume

gunt
CHANGE IN CROSS-SECTION CHANGE IN CROSS-SECTION
FLUME BOTTOM WITH PEBBLE CRUMP WEIR

STONES

HM 160.77 Flume Bottom with
Pebble Stones
Pebble Stones
Pebble Stones
PIERS 7 Profiles: rectangular, square,

SILL circular, rounded (one end or both ends),
pointed-nosed (one end or both ends)
HM 160.46 Set of Piers

HM 160.44 Sill Product No. 070.16046


OTHER: FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS

CULVERT
VIBRATING PILES
HM 160.45 Culvert HM 160.61 Vibrating Piles



gunt
OTHER: WAVES WITH BEACHES OTHER: SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
WAVE GENERATOR SEDIMENT TRAP
HM 160.72
Wave Generator Product No. 070.16072
HM 161.72
HM 162.72
PLAIN BEACH SEDIMENT FEEDER
HM 160.73
HM 160.42
Sediment Feeder
Plain Beach
HM 161.73
Sediment Feeder
HM 162.73
Sediment Feeder
SET OF BEACHES CLOSED SEDIMENT CIRCUIT

(3 beaches: plain, rough, permeable)
HM 161.80
Set of Beaches
HM 162.71
HM 162.80
Closed Sediment Circuit
Set of Beaches
gunt
LEVEL GAUGE VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

(analogue or with digital display) (via velocity meter)
HM 160.52 Level Gauge HM 160.64

Product No. 070.16052 Velocity Meter
HM 160.91 Digital Level Gauge Product No. 070.16064
HM 161.64
Velocity Meter
HM 161.52 Level Gauge Product No. 070.16164
HM 161.91 Digital Level Gauge HM 162.64
Product No. 070.16191 Velocity Meter
HM 162.52 Level Gauge

HM 162.91 Digital Level Gauge
VELOCITY MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT CARRIER

(via pitotstatic tube) (accessory required for the level gauge
and the velocity measurement)
HM 160.50 Pitotstatic Tube HM 161.59

Product No. 070.16050 Instrument Carrier
HM 162.59
Instrument Carrier
HM 161.50 Pitotstatic Tube Product No. 070.16259
HM 162.50 Pitotstatic Tube

gunt
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS OTHER ACCESSORIES
TUBE MANOMETERS ELECTRICAL INCLINATION

ADJUSTMENT
(recommended for experimental sections
larger than 7,5m)
HM 160.53
10 Tube Manometers
HM 161.53
20 Tube Manometers
HM 162.53 HM 162.57 Electrical

10 Tube Manometers Inclination Adjustment
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WATER TANK, 1100 L

20 15 10 5 1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
HM 162.13 Electronic Pressure HM 162.20
Measurement, 10x 0...50mbar Water Tank
DATA ACQUISTION AND EXPERIMENTAL FLUME

AUTOMATION EXTENSION ELEMENT, 2,5 m
(for longer experimental sections)
HM 160.10
Extension Element
HM 162.10
HM 162.12 System for
Extension Element
Data Acquisition and Automation
The pictures show accessories for HM 162. The accessories for the other experimental flumes are similar. The pictures show accessories for HM 162. The accessories for the other experimental flumes are similar.
147
gunt
SETUP OF GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES USING THE EXAMPLE OF HM 162
Inlet element, outlet element and Elements of the experimental section Water tank and piping
flume supports
The carrier (bottom left) is assembled

from separate elements (left) and The inlet element is raised onto the carrier, aligned and Then the experimental flume is sealed.
placed on the flume supports using a connected to the experimental section.
forklift (right). The flume supports are
bolted into the floor (centre).
Last but not least is work on the wiring (left). Then the water tank is
aligned and connected to the pipeline system (right).
GUNT experimental flumes are
set up and commissioned by
experienced staff on site.
Jacking support for This ensures that you can focus
inclination adjustment on your experiments right from
the word go.
Once installation is complete the system is

commissioned; this photo shows the process
with the broad-crested weir.
The experimental section element is placed on the carrier

This fully assembled experimental flume is located at the Universiti
with a forklift, aligned and installed.
Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) in Ipoh, Malaysia.
149
gunt
GUNT EXPERIMENTAL FLUMES ARE BEING USED ALL AROUND THE WORLD
Below is a selection of customers who are using a GUNT experimental flume. There is at least one GUNT experimen-
tal flume in each of these countries, often there are several flumes in use at other colleges and universities within the
country.
Satisfied
customers...
...in Malaysia with HM 162
Africa Asia Europa

Université de Guelma (HM 160), Algeria Herat University (HM 162), Afghanistan University of Cyprus, Dept. Of Civil and
Environmental Engineering (HM 162),
TU Berlin Campus El Gouna (HM 162), Military Institute of Science and
Cyprus
Egypt echnology (MIST; HM 161),
T
Bangladesh UTC - Université de Technologique de
University of Asmara (HM 160), Eritrea
Compiègne, Lab. Roberval (HM 160),
Institut Teknologi Brunei (ITB; HM 162),
Haramaya University (HM 162), Ethiopia France
Brunei
...in Spain with HM 162 Rivers State University of Science and Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau Karlsruhe
City University of Hong Kong (HM 162),
Technology (HM 160), Nigeria (BAW; HM 162), Germany
China
Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg
Indian Institute of Technology of Roorkee
America (TUHH; HM 162), Germany
(ITT; HM 162), India
Centro Universitário Luterano de Palmas University of Brighton, School of Environ-
...in Spain with HM 160 Universitas Bandar Lampung (HM 162),
(CEULP/ULBRA; HM 160), Brazil ment (HM 162), Great Britain
Indonesia
Concordia University, Montreal Rezekne Higher Education Institution
Qom University, Faculty of Engineering
(HM 162), Canada (HM 160), Latvia
(HM 162), Iran
Universidad Central de Chile (HM 162), Warsaw Agricultural University (HM 162),
University of Technology, Bagdad
Chile Poland
(HM 160), Iraq
Tecnológico de Costa Rica Politécnico de Viseu (HM 162), Portugal
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
(TEC; HM 160), Costa Rica
(HM 162), Malaysia Moscow State Construction University
Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario No. 10 (MGSU; HM 162), Russia
Far Eastern University, College of
de Torreón (ITA 10; HM 161), Mexico
ngineering (HM 160), Philippines
E STU Slovak University of Technology,
Universidad Nacional de Santa Faculty of Civil Engineering (HM 163),
Taif University (HM 162), Saudi Arabia
(HM 160), Peru Slovakia
Burapha University, Faculty of
...in Bangladesh with HM 161 Burlington County College, Pemberton, Universidad de la Laguna
Engineering (HM 161), Thailand
NJ (HM 160), USA (ULL; HM 162), Spain
American University of Sharjah (HM160),
Universidad Católica Andres Bello Okan University (HM 160), Turkey
...in Indonesia United Arab Emirates
Guayana (UCAB; HM 160), Venezuela
with HM 162 ...and many more
151
2 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
gunt
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
FUNDAMENTALS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Flows in rivers, canals and coastal
areas are often associated with START OF SEDIMENT MOVEMENT
sediment transport. Sediment transport
The sediment grains located at the bottom are only set in Usually sediment consists of grains of different sizes.
consists of suspended-load transport
motion when the critical bottom shear stress is exceeded. Larger grains are more exposed to the flow and withstand
and bed-load transport.
We can distinguish between three possibilities here: larger flow forces than small grains. Small grains can be
Bed-load transport takes place in the shielded by the larger grains (hiding effect) and thus only
frequent or permanent exceedance: formation of
area near the bottom and is therefore a begin to move at larger flow forces than unshielded grains.
ripples and dunes on the bottom
very important factor in the shaping of
the river bed. In natural running waters, only exceeded during extreme events such as storm
erosion and sedimentation processes surge or flooding: abrupt change in the bottom
are constantly alternating and char-
not exceeded: depositing of suspended matter, bottom
acterise the bed load balance of the
River (top view): can silt up in the medium term.
water route.
1 original river bed,
When studying the flow behaviour
2 river bed altered by sediment transport at a later time,
in flumes, it is bed-load transport
3 scour /erosion, 4 siltation
that is the predominant component.
Sediment that is deposited (siltation) STRUCTURE OF MOVING LAYERS IN RUNNING WATERS
or removed (erosion and / or scour
formation) may, for example, change
the flow rates through a cross-section The flow velocity of the water is close to
or the water surface profiles. Sediment zero near the flume bottom. This region is
transport can also result in a modified called the boundary layer. The viscous
bed structure (formation of ripples or sublayer is located directly above the flume
dunes, change of roughness). bottom and is very thin. The formation of the
viscous sublayer depends on the surface
Sediment that is transported as characteristics of the flume bottom. We refer
suspended matter is only relevant to a smooth boundary if roughness elements
for the transport balance when it is such as sediment grains are completely
deposited, thus contributing to siltation, within the sublayer. As soon as the sediment
for example in very slowly flowing or River (section):
grains project from the sublayer, we call it a
still waters 1 water, 2 movable sediment, 3 fixed bottom; Smooth boundary: rough boundary.
v flow velocity, Q discharge,
h discharge depth, hb thickness of the boundary layer, The smooth boundary between sediment
qs sediment transport capacity,
hv thickness of the viscous layer layer and flow occurs at slow flow veloci-
h discharge depth,
hs thickness of the sediment layer ties (thin viscous sublayer) and/or small
grain diameters of the sediment. With large
grain diameters (> 0,6 mm) and /or high flow
velocities (thick viscous layer) we refer to the
To assess the discharge behaviour of a flume in the case of normal rough boundary.
discharge, in addition to the commonly known equations on conser-
vation of energy, conservation of momentum and conservation of
mass, it is also necessary to consider the transport balance on the
control volume – is the same amount of sediment that leaves the
control volume, also fed back in? Transport formulae are empirical
formulae, such as Meyer-Peter & Müller.
The GUNT trainers that cover this field of study are mainly
concerned with bed-load transport. Rough boundary:
h discharge depth, hb thickness of the boundary layer,
hv thickness of the viscous layer
153
gunt
TYPES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
Rolling:
A sediment grain in a flow is subject to different forces grain and according to the acting flow force. The illustra-
The sediment remains in constant contact
acting on it. The form of sediment transport that occurs tion below shows all the relevant forces:
with the bottom. Normally it is large
is decided according to the size, mass and shape of the
sediment grains that roll, such as stones.
Saltation:
The sediment grain, e.g. a small pebble,
is torn from the bottom by the flow and
thus briefly leaves the bottom. The flow
drags it along before it is deposited on the
bottom again. It appears as though the
particle is jumping.
Forces on sediment grain at the flume bottom:

v flow velocity, Q discharge, FG weight, FF flow force,
FFL lift force, FFD drag force
Bed load consists of solids that are moved along the bottom. The main factors are:
The flow force FF is the force resulting from vertically Large grains (e.g. stones) roll or slide across the bottom, discharge slope bed structure amount of available solids
acting lift force FFL and the horizontal acting drag force while small sand grains become suspended matter.
FFD. In order for the sediment grain to leave the flume Sediment grains that are larger than sand, such as fine
bottom (for saltation or as suspended matter), the lift force gravel, can also be subject to saltation.
must be greater than that of the opposing weight FG of the
sediment grain. Suspension:
The flow force acting on small grains is smaller than on Suspended matter is solids that are
a larger grain, due to the distribution of flow velocity v suspended in the water and that have no
between flume bottom and the surface of the water. contact with the bottom.
Therefore, for the larger grain the weight FG is greater and
prevents suspended load transport. The main factors are:
settling velocity (grain diameter, grain
shape, grain density, density of the
water)
flow parameters (velocity distribution in
the flume, turbulence)
155
gunt
BED FORM FORMATION AND MOVEMENT OF CURRENT RIPPLES
When the critical flow velocity for the movement
of sand has been reached, the grains begin to
move. They form small clusters (hills). The hills
work like irregularities on the sediment surface.
These irregularities are only a few grains thick
and affect the flow in the boundary layer. The
streamlines above a hill are closer together,
the flow velocity is higher (Bernoulli effect,
see illustration of erosion in the trough). The
higher flow velocity can cause other grains on
the upstream side of the hill to roll or jump and 1 top of the ripple, 2 downstream side of the ripple,
accumulate on the top. If too many grains have 3 upstream side of the ripple;
been piled up, the situation becomes unstable L wavelength, R ripple height
and they slide down the downstream side of the
hill. The downstream side is steeper than the
upstream side.
At the top of the hill the streamline lying on the
sand surface, so to speak, is detached from
the surface and then bounces back onto the
sand surface (see illustration of the emergence
of counterflows on the downstream side). The
area below this streamline is called the separa-
tion zone. In this zone a separation eddy can
The processes that wind causes in a (sand) desert are similar to the processes in running waters. form, causing a small counterflow. Turbulence
and erosion are also present, so that valleys Black arrows: turbulence in the water,
between the ripples form or deepen. These white arrows: direction of motion of the sand
As soon as the flow velocity is a bit higher than the critical Dunes are large ripples and can be described as large, valleys are called troughs. Some of the eroded
velocity at which the sediment is set in motion, we start to often regular sills. Their height depends on the discharge grains deposit at the bottom of the downstream
see unevenness at flume bottom, which is known as the depth. They also affect the flow up to the surface. Ripples side, while others are carried away by the fluid
bed form. This unevenness can reach heights of about and dunes can occur overlayed. and/or deposited on the upstream side.
1/3 of the flow depth. There are essentially three basic
Ripples and dunes move in the direction of flow. The rarer The sand grains on the top of the sediment layer
forms of bed forms: ripples, dunes and antidunes.
antidunes move against the flow direction. Antidunes are continuously transported onwards, so that
Current ripples are caused by processes in the boundary occur in supercritical discharge and form wavy bed forms. the ripples move in the flow direction and appear
layer, so that the minimum discharge depth is approxi- to wander.
mately three times the ripple height. The maximum sand
grain diameter for the formation of ripples is approximately
0,6 mm. Ripples are 3...5cm high on average and have Erosion in the trough:
a wavelength of 4...60cm. They are so small that their 1 detachment of the streamline at the top, 2 impact point
influence on the flow does not reach the surface. black lines: streamlines
Types of ripple
There are current ripples (explained on this page)
and wave ripples, which are caused by the surface
waves in the shallow water region. Asymmetric Emergence of counterflows at the downstream side:
ripples are caused by a flow interfering with surface separation zone with vortex
waves.
157
gunt
During scour formation there are two largely independ- For cylindrical piers, the (clear-water) scour is at is largest
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AT BRIDGE PIERS ent vortex systems that occur: the horseshoe vortex on the upstream side, while rectangular piers have the
system and the wake vortex system (see illustration of greatest scour formation on the sides.
Structures such as bridge piers can change the flume
clear-water scour formation at a cylindrical pier). In this
bottom of a watercourse in the long term. The flow condi- Fluvial obstacle mark
case, the horseshoe vortex system is the decisive system
tions altered by the structure can cause scour formation on
in scour formation. Horseshoe vortices are caused by the Scour formation also leads to siltation, also known as
the flume bottom in the immediate vicinity of the
downward flow at the upstream side of the structure. The silt accumulation, downstream of the obstacle. Both
structure. Scour can occur even
downward flow occurs due to the pressure drop (see red phenomena are grouped under the term fluvial obstacle
if there is no actual sediment
arrows in the top illustration and the pressure distribution mark.
transport in the watercourse. In
in the bottom side view). Wake vortices occur during the
this case we refer to clear-water The illustrations below show the fluvial obstacle mark on
separation of the boundary layer around the sides of the
scour. the pier if upstream bed-load transport is taking place in
cylinder flowed around (black arrows in the top illustra-
the watercourse.
There are two main causes of scour tion).
formation at structures: contrac-
tion scour and local erosion. In local
erosion, the flow is deflected locally
by the structure. Highly turbulent vortex
systems form in the immediate vicinity of
Clear-water scour
the structure, leading to increased local veloci-
formation at a cylindrical pier:
ties (see illustrations). This increases the erosion
rate of the sediment. In the case of contraction scour, the 1 downward flow,
reduction of the flow cross-section through the structure, 2 flow around the pier,
for example a bridge pier, causes higher flow velocities. 3 horseshoe vortex,
The increased flow velocities induce increased bottom 4 wake vortex,
shear stress, i.e. an increased carrying capacity. The 5 scour
erosion at the base or foundation of the pier can have
fatal consequences, potentially leading to the collapse of
the structure. It is therefore important to understand the
mechanisms of scour formation, in order to be able to
predict the probable scour depth and to take appropriate
protective measures.
Fluvial obstacle mark on the

pier with bed-load transport for
Clear-water scour formation different pier contours:
(side view):
top: pointed-nosed pier,
1 velocity distribution of the centre: round-nosed pier,
discharge, bottom: blunt-nosed pier
2 pressure distribution,
3 cylindrical pier,
4 pier backwater,
5 scour;
h discharge depth,
hs scour depth,
Q discharge
159
gunt
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNNING WATERS
Sediment transport in running waters (suspended load transports or deposits sediment in a control volume that Suspended load transport is only relevant to the transport HM 166, HM 140 and HM 168. The GUNT experimental
transport or bed-load transport) can be demonstrated is relevant. Suspended matter passes the control volume balance if the flow velocity is very small, so that suspended flumes HM 160 – HM 162 are also suitable for bed-load
and studied with four GUNT units. For balancing a and therefore is not part of the transport balance. matter can settle out. Suspended load transport is demons- transport.
watercourse it is usually only the bed-load transport that trated with HM 142. Bed-load transport is demonstrated in
SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT BED-LOAD TRANSPORT

HM 142 HM 166 HM 140 HM 168
SEPARATION IN SEDIMENTATION TANKS FUNDAMENTALS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT OPEN-CHANNEL SEDIMENT TRANSPORT SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RIVER COURSES
In many watercourses fine sediment is in suspen- water is delivered in a circulating channel by a inclining experimental section with transparent stainless steel experimental flume
sion as suspended matter. This suspended matter paddle side walls dimensions of the experimental section,
is not usually taken into account in the transport deepening along a straight section of the length of the experimental section: 1600 mm LxWxH: 5x0,8x0,25m
balance. channel as the experimental section flow cross-section WxH: 300x 86 mm
closed water circuit with pump, inlet and
At very slow flow velocities, it is possible that inclination adjustment: -1...+3%
experimental section with transparent side walls, outlet element
suspended matter settles. In storage lakes or LxWxH: 660x50x150mm discharge measurement can be adjusted
discharge measurement can be adjusted in two
dams this can lead to undesired siltation. In waste- by valve
variable-speed paddle produces flows at a areas:
water treatment plants on the other hand, there closed water circuit with pump, inlet and outlet
velocity between 0...1m/s low discharge: 0...2m³/ h (e.g. to observe
are sedimentation tanks where sedimentation is element
start conditions for sediment transport meanders)
desirable and is used as a separation process for
open-channel discharge up to 70m³/h (e.g. observe
the treatment of wastewater. demonstration of ripple and dune formation on
bed-load transport ripple formation)
separation of a suspension in the transparent the river bed
observing bed open-channel bed-
sedimentation tank fluvial obstacle mark of bridge piers (scour
forms: ripples, load transport
factors affecting the separation process formation and siltation)
dunes, antidunes scour formation
flow velocity sediment transport siltation
concentration of the sediment at structures: ripple formation
visualisation of the flow conditions with ink bridge piers Dune migration: the sediment observe formation
sluice gate migrates upwards through the flow of meanders
on the upstream side to remain
also: lying downstream. fluvial obstacle
basic principles marks on structures:
of open-channel flow various bridge
without sediment piers Erosion and siltation in the river
transport island bed
161
gunt
HM 166 Fundamentals of Sediment Transport HM 166 Fundamentals of Sediment Transport
Specification
[1] experimental unit for bed-load transport in open
channels
[2] transparent, circular, oval flow channel as open
channel
[3] variable-speed paddle to generate the flow velocity
[4] experimental section with transparent deepening
for holding the sediment
[5] low-turbulence flow at the inlet to the experimental
section thanks to a flow straightener
[6] paddle driven via electric motor and belt drive
[7] three different bridge piers for observing fluvial
obstacle marks on piers
Technical Data
- length: 660mm
- cross-section WxH: 50x200mm
- deepening: 50mm
Flow channel
- height: 150mm
- width: 50...72mm
Paddle
- 12 blades
- diameter: 330mm
- speed at the paddle: 5,2...70min-1
Flow velocity: approx. 0...1m/s
1 flow channel, 2 experimental section, 3 flow straightener, 4 paddle speed
adjustment, 5 splash guard, 6 paddle, 7 drainage valve
* Sediment transport in open channels1 Dimensions and Weight
* Circulating flow channel with transparent side walls Learning Objectives / Experiments LxWxH: 1030x410x560mm
as open channel1 Weight: approx. 42kg
Observation of
* Observing ripple formation and fluvial obstacle * starting conditions for bed-load transport Required for Operation
* how flow velocity affects bed-load transport 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase
marks * ripple and dune formation on the river bed
* fluvial obstacle mark of bridge piers (scour Scope of Delivery
formation and siltation) 1 experimental unit
Technical Description * secondary flows in channel bends 3 piers
In many real open channels there is sediment transport that affects the 5kg sand (1...2mm grain size) with blade
flow behaviour. Normally the key component is bed-load transport. Additionally with fine sand 1 filter unit, 1 Allen key
HM 166 uses sand to demonstrate important phenomena of bed-load - observation of solid matter flows 1 set of instructional material
transport in the area near the bottom. The transparent experimental - how sediment size and density affect sediment
section allows observation of the formation of ripples in the river bed. transport
HM 166 consists of a circulating, oval, transparent flow channel. A
deepening for holding the sediment in the longitudinal side of the channel
forms the experimental section. The other longitudinal side contains a
paddle that produces the flow. A flow straightener at the inlet to the
experimental section ensures low-turbulence flow.
The speed of the paddle can be adjusted in order to study how the flow Fluvial obstacle mark (scour formation and siltation) on piers
velocity affects the bed-load transport. Flow velocities can be generated
in the region of critical discharge (without sediment). The paddle is driven
by an electric motor and a belt drive. Motor and speed adjustment are
located under the base plate and are water resistant.
The fluvial obstacle mark, i.e. scour formation and siltation at bridge
piers, is observed at three different pier models, which are inserted into
the experimental section.
Order Details
070.16600 HM 166 Fundamentals of Sediment
Transport
163
gunt
HM 140 Open-Channel Sediment Transport HM 140 Open-Channel Sediment Transport
Specification
[1] investigation of open-channel flow with and without
bed-load transport
[2] experimental flume, consisting of experimental
section, inlet element, water outlet and closed water
circuit
section
experiments
[6] flow-optimized inlet element for low-turbulence
entry to the experimental section; inlet element with
sediment trap to prevent sediment flowing back
[7] closed water circuit with water tank with sediment
trap for coarse sand, pump and manual flow rate
1 water tank, 2 pump, 3 inclination adjustment, 4 inlet element, 5 experimental adjustment
section, 6 water outlet [8] sluice gate, bridge pier and broad-crested weir for
experiments with and without sediment transport
[9] visualisation of the flow using ink as a contrast
medium
[10] discharge measurement via measuring weir in the
water drain
[11] level gauge for measuring the discharge depth
and the height of the sediment surface
Technical Data
* Flow in an inclinable flume with and without Ink can be injected as a contrast medium to visualise
the flow conditions. Experimental section
bed-load transport1 - length: 1600mm
* Subcritical and supercritical flow1 fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide - flow cross-section WxH: 300x86mm
through the experiments. - inclination adjustment: -1...+3%
* Visualisation of flow with contrast medium Tank: 280L
Pump
Learning Objectives / Experiments - power consumption: 1,02kW
Technical Description - max. flow rate: 22,5m³/h
- bed-load transport in open channels
HM 140 uses sand as an example to demonstrate important * subcritical and supercritical flow Sediment transport at the sluice gate: scour formation under the gate, siltation - max. head: 13,7m
phenomena of bed-load transport in the area near the bottom. Open- * formation of ripples, dunes and antidunes
downstream Sediment trap filter element: 49mesh
channel flow without sediment transport is also possible. Discharge can - how flow velocity affects bed-load transport
be subcritical or supercritical. - fluvial obstacle mark (siltation/scour formation)
The core element of the HM 140 experimental flume with closed water Dimensions and Weight
* bridge pier
circuit is the inclining experimental section. The side walls of the LxWxH: 3450x650x1200mm
* sluice gate
experimental section are made of tempered glass, which allows excellent Weight: approx. 215kg
- bed-load transport formulae
observation of the experiments. All components that come into contact * Meyer-Peter and Müller formula Required for Operation
with water are made of corrosion-resistant materials (stainless steel, * Einstein's formula
glass reinforced plastic). The inlet element is designed so that the flow 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
* determining the transport rate Sediment: sand (1...2mm grain size)
enters the experimental section with very little turbulence and no - visualisation of the flow
sediment can flow back. The tank after the water outlet contains a Scope of Delivery
sediment trap for coarse sand. - open-channel flow without sediment transport 1 experimental flume
The inclination of the experimental flume can be finely adjusted to * subcritical and supercritical flow 1 sluice gate, 1 rounded-nosed pier, 1 broad-crested
produce slope and to create a uniform flow at a constant discharge * control structures: sluice gate, broad-crested weir weir, 1 system for flow visualisation, 1 level gauge,
depth. * discharge measurement on the sharp-crested 1 tool for smoothing sand
In addition to bed-load transport in open channels, some models can weir 1 set of instructional material
also be used to observe fluvial obstacle marks, namely scour formation
and siltation at structures. A rounded-nosed pier, a broad-crested weir or
a sluice gate can be inserted into the experimental section.
The discharge is measured via a measuring weir in the water outlet and Open-channel sediment transport, observation of an emerging bed form at
a level gauge. The level gauge is also used for profile measurement in subcritical discharge Order Details
the sediment and to determine the discharge depth at each point of the
experimental section. 070.14000 HM 140 Open-Channel Sediment
Transport
165
gunt
HM 168 Sediment Transport in River Courses HM 168 Sediment Transport in River Courses
Specification
[1] open-channel bed-load transport
element, outlet element, closed water circuit, 1 set of
models
[3] closed water circuit with water tank with sediment
trap, pump, and electromagnetic flow meter
[4] experimental section with grooves for plate weirs to
realise different flow conditions
[5] measurement of profiles along the bottom with
moveable instrument carrier and point gauge
[6] inlet element with plate weir to protect against
sediment flowing back
[7] models supplied 3 bridge piers, 2 islands, set of
deflection plates (for your own model ideas)
[8] sediment trap with filter element for sand
[9] experimental section, inlet and outlet element made
of stainless steel
1 inlet element, 2 valve, 3 sensor for flow rate, 4 pump, 5 controls, 6 water tank,
7 outlet element with sediment trap, 8 experimental section
Technical Data
Experimental flume
- stainless steel
- dimensions of the experimental section:
5000x800x250mm
Pump
- power consumption: 3,6kW
- max. head: 11,5m
* Open-channel bed-load transport1 Storage tank, content: approx. 1000L
Sediment trap filter element
* Observing the formation of meanders1 Learning Objectives / Experiments - aperture size: 49mesh
Flow meter
* Observing fluvial obstacle marks on structures1 - bed-load transport in open channels
- how flow velocity affects bed-load transport - measuring range: 80m³/h
* Movable point gauge for profile measurement in - ripple formation on the river bed
the sediment - observing the formation of meanders Dimensions and Weight
- fluvial obstacle marks on structures
LxWxH: 6250x1000x1300mm
* bridge pier with rectangular profile
Hjulstroem diagram: d grain size, v flow velocity; grey: erosion, Empty weight: approx. 680kg
Technical Description * rounded-nosed bridge pier
blue: transport, brown: deposition
HM 168 demonstrates important phenomena of bed-load transport in * pointed-nosed bridge pier Required for Operation
the area near the bottom at subcritical discharge. The large dimensions * island (round or rectangular) 400V, 50/60Hz, 3 phases or 230V, 50Hz, 3 phases
of the experimental section enable the modelling of river courses with - bed-load transport formulae Sediment: sand (1...2mm grain size), approx. 1m³
and without structure. * Meyer-Peter and Müller formula
The core element of the HM 168 experimental flume is the stainless * Einstein's formula Scope of Delivery
steel experimental section. A sediment layer up to 10cm high covering an 1 experimental flume, 1 filter element for sediment
area of 5x0,8m allows bed-load transport to be studied. The sediment is trap, 3 bridge piers, 2 islands, 8 deflection plates,
held in the experimental section by plate weirs at the inlet and at the 12 T-pieces + 6x angle profile
outlet. The tank after the water drain contains a sediment trap with a filter 1 set of instructional material
element for sand. The water circuit is closed.
In addition to bed-load transport in open channels without structures,
some models can also be used to observe fluvial obstacle marks, namely
scour formation and siltation at structures. A bridge pier, a plate weir or
an island can be inserted into the experimental section. You can also
design your own models using deflection plates and angular steel.
Profile measurement in the sediment along the bottom and the
determination of the discharge depth at each point on the experimental
section is done via a movable instrument carrier and a point gauge. The
discharge is measured via an electromagnetic flow meter.
Erosion and scour formation in nature
provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments. Order Details
070.16800 HM 168 Sediment Transport in River
Courses
167
gunt
HM 142 Separation in Sedimentation Tanks HM 142 Separation in Sedimentation Tanks
Specification
[1] separation of suspensions by sedimentation in
transparent sedimentation tank
[2] tank with pump to prepare and deliver a suspension
comprising water and precipitated calcium carbonate
[3] bypass to tumble and homogenise the suspension
[4] mixing of the suspension with fresh water in
sedimentation tank inlet zone
[5] adjustment of fresh water and suspension flow rate
by valves
[6] precise piston burette for metering of ink to
visualise flow conditions in the sedimentation tank
[7] influencing of flow conditions in the sedimentation
tank with baffle plate that can be positioned
[8] determination of solid concentrations at
sedimentation tank inlet and outlet by Imhoff cones
1 Imhoff cones, 2 piston burette, 3 switch box, 4 pump, 5 suspension tank,

Technical Data
6 storage bin, 7 outlet, 8 sedimentation tank, 9 baffle plate, 10 flow meter Sedimentation tank
(suspension), 11 flow meter (fresh water) - LxWxH: 1000x400x230mm
- capacity: approx. 80L
- material: plexiglass
7 5 Suspension tank
F - capacity: approx. 90L
4 - material: stainless steel
7 Pump
F - max. flow rate: 75L/min
- max. head: 5m
* Solid/liquid separation in a sedimentation tank1 adjustable. This enables the flow conditions and the Piston burette
efficiency of the separation process to be influenced. - metering accuracy: 0,15% of nominal volume
* Visualisation of flow conditions The well-structured instructional material sets out the - volume adjustment range: 0...20mL
3 6
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide - resolution: 0,01mL
through the experiments. 2 Imhoff cones
Technical Description - capacity: each 1000mL
In sedimentation tanks, solids are separated out of suspensions under
the influence of gravity. For this, the density of the solid particles must be Learning Objectives / Experiments 1 Measuring ranges
greater than that of the liquid. - learning the fundamental principle of separation of - flow rate (fresh water): 60...640L/h
With HM 142, the factors influencing the separation process in solids from suspensions in a sedimentation tank - flow rate (suspension): 0...1,9L/min
sedimentation tanks can be investigated. First a suspension of water and 1 suspension tank, 2 pump, 3 bypass valve, 4 fresh water inlet,
- efficiency of the separation process dependent on
5 sedimentation tank, 6 treated water outlet, 7 sampling points; F flow rate
precipitated calcium carbonate is prepared in a tank. A pump delivers the * solid concentration of suspension Dimensions and Weight
suspension to the sedimentation tank. In the inlet area of the * flow rate
sedimentation tank the suspension intermingles with fresh water. The LxWxH: 2100x790x1540mm
* position of baffle plate
mixture flows over an inlet weir. On their way through the sedimentation Weight: approx. 220kg
- investigation of flow conditions dependent on
tank the solids sink to the bottom. The treated water flows out by way of * flow rate Required for Operation
the weir at the sedimentation tank outlet. * position of baffle plate 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
The solid concentrations at the sedimentation tank inlet and outlet are
Water connection, drain
determined by means of two Imhoff cones. The mass separated in the
sedimentation tank can be determined from the difference between them. Scope of Delivery
The flow rates of the suspension and the fresh water are adjusted by 1 trainer
valves and indicated by flow meters. This enables the mixing ratio - and 1 piston burette
thus the solid concentration of the mixture - to be adjusted. In order to 2 Imhoff cones
ensure a uniform mix of the suspension and prevent premature 1 packing unit of precipitated calcium carbonate
sedimentation, a portion of the suspension is fed back into the 1L ink
suspension tank by way of a bypass. To investigate the flow conditions, 1 set of instructional material
ink can be added with a piston burette to the fresh water stream as a
tracer substance. The mixed-in volume of ink is entered using keys and
indicated on a display. To provide enhanced observation of the flow
conditions and settling processes, the sedimentation tank is made of
transparent material. Determination of solid concentrations at sedimentation tank inlet and outlet by Order Details
Imhoff cones
A baffle plate can be positioned in the sedimentation tank to impede the
070.14200 HM 142 Separation in Sedimentation
flow. Its horizontal and vertical positioning in the sedimentation tank is
Tanks
169
2 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING SEEPAGE FLOW
gunt
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
SEEPAGE FLOW
In hydrology, seepage flow refers to the flow of a fluid We talk about groundwater when the water resource
(water) in permeable soil layers such as sand. The is available all year round. It is called accumulated EFFECT AND USE OF SEEPAGE FLOWS
fluid fills the pores in the unsaturated bottom layer water if the water resource only occurs for part of the
and moves into the deeper layers as a result of the year, for example after the snow melts or after heavy The effect of seepage flows when flowing through dams Seepage flows must not be ignored in the preservation of
effect of gravity. The soil has to be permeable so that precipitation over compressed soil layers. or flowing around structures in the water is a key factor in groundwater, in order to avoid contamination by construc-
the seepage water is not stored. civil engineering. For example, the hydrostatic pressure tion, fertilizers, chemicals or mineral oils.
Groundwater is a natural commodity that is used for that forms in the accumulated water can exert stress on
The permeability of the soil is described by the drinking and mineral water. Furthermore, it repre- In engineering, flow processes such as those that occur
structures to a large degree, such as the bouyancy in
permeability coefficient kf in m/s and is dependent sents an important buffer in the total water cycle. in seepage flows are used in filter technology. In this
deep structures (underground garage).
on the grain size and the useful pore space. In case, fluid flows through a pore space for the purposes of
less permeable soils the seepage water can be Incident flow from wells or drainage facilities can also be cleaning or separation of media.
stored temporarily. If the seepage water encounters described by the physical principles of seepage flow.
an impermeable soil layer or impermeable rock,
seepage will no longer take place and the seepage
water accumulates permanently. Such underground
water accumulations are known as groundwater.
1 a
2
3
4 2
b Consideration
5
of seepage flow
in the context
of groundwater
3
protection
a water-unsaturated soil layer, b water-saturated soil layer;
1 contaminant input and seepage, 2 contaminant plume,
3 groundwater flow
1 permeable soil layer,
2 accumulated water, Different types of groundwater:
3 less permeable soil
a water-unsaturated, aerated
layer,
soil layer,
4 water-saturated soil
b water-saturated soil layer, all
layer (groundwater),
pores are filled with water;
5 impermeable soil
layer (rock) 1 seepage water,
2 groundwater,
3 impermeable soil layer (rock)
Seepage line during flow through dams Seepage flow in filter technology
171
gunt
FLOW PROCESSES IN SOILS
The flow processes take place in the water-saturated soil The permeability is described by the coefficient of perme-
layers, the groundwater and accumulated water, as well ability kf in m/s and is dependent on the grain size and GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF FLOW PROCESSES
as above the groundwater, in the seepage water. the useful pore space.
The analysis of seepage flow through a dam, a ditch for Structure of a flow net
The cause of water movements in the soil are differences excavation or under a weir, as well as the determination
in potential. In this case, the water always moves from Coefficient of permeability kf in m/s of groundwater flow in sinks and sources can be done via
The streamlines in a flow net are drawn in two dimen-
points of higher potential, i.e. higher potential energy, to permeability ranges according to DIN 18130 drawings using a flow net, also known as a potential net.
sions. The potential lines connect the points with the same
potential, in this case the same water levels. The stream-
points with lower potential. The water moves until an equi- Darcy’s law is again used as a basis for determining the
kf in m /s Soil layer lines run perpendicular to the potential lines, because the
librium between the potentials is established. flow net. The evaluation determines seepage flow rate,
water flows on the shortest route from the higher potential
pressure distribution on the structure being observed and
Precipitation, groundwater extraction and evapotranspi- < 10-8 very slightly permeable to the low potential.
other safety considerations.
ration: evaporation from the free surface and release of
water vapour from plants constantly disrupt a potential 10-8 bis 10-6 slightly permeable
equilibrium. Soil water is rarely in a static state of equilib-
rium. The movement of water also depends on the perme- > 10-6 bis 10-4 permeable
ability of the soil being flowed through.
> 10-4 bis 10-2 highly permeable Groundwater flow around a sheet pile
> 10-2 very highly permeable
1 sheet pile,
2 flow filament,
MATHEMATICAL DETERMINATION OF FLOW PROCESSES 3 streamline,
4 potential line,
Due to the inhomogeneity of the soil flowed through, it 5 impermeable soil layer,
is extremely difficult to accurately determine the flow 6 excavation pit bottom
processes. Therefore idealised conditions are assumed
when calculating the flow processes. For the majority Analysis of seepage flow
of the problems that occur, Darcy’s law is sufficiently
accurate. streamlines,
potential lines,
According to Darcy, the filtration velocity v is propor- ∆ h difference in water levels at
tional to the specific energy Δh that is removed over the potential lines
length L. The dimensionless variable Δh/L is denoted as
the hydraulic gradient i. Darcy’s law is:
h1, h2 water levels, L length flowed through,
i hydraulic gradient, v filtration velocity,
∆h Q flow rate, A cross-sectional area flowed through
v = kf = kf i
L
Seepage velocity as a function of soil capacity

The application of Darcy’s law assumes a homogene-
in water-unsaturated soils
ous substrate for the entire flow area, in which there is
v Soil layer Grain size generally a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers 1 -10.
5 m /year gravel 2…63 mm

Seepage flows cannot be directly observed, since they The GUNT experimental units in this section cover both
2-4m /year sand 0,063…2 mm Re Reynolds number, take place in the non-visible porous medium. All of these seepage processes and groundwater levels over time.
dv d average grain diameter, processes can only be made “visible” by using laboratory Practical problems are posed to investigate and visualise

Re = > 10
1 m /year silt 0,002…0,063 mm νfl v velocity, models or with suitable measurement devices. the impact of wells or ditches and the effect of structures
such as retaining walls or sheet piles.
ofl kinematic viscosity of the
several cm /year clay < 0,002 mm
fluid
173
gunt
EXPERIMENTAL UNITS ON THE TOPICS OF: SEEPAGE FLOW, GROUNDWATER FLOW AND FILTRATION
BASIC EXPERIMENTS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION,
SEEPAGE AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
HM 152 POTENTIAL FLOW
HM 141 HYDROGRAPHS AFTER PRECIPITATION
simulation of two-dimensional,
inviscid potential flow in a precipitation-drain relationship
Hele-Shaw cell Flow pattern precipitation time, lag time and
with a source
visualisation of streamlines measurement time can be adjusted
using a contrast medium via separate timers
influence of sources effect of rainwater retention basin

and sinks on the streamlines
Flow pattern
hydrograph,
with a sink
precipitation
HM 167 GROUND WATER FLOW HM 165 STUDIES IN HYDROLOGY
groundwater levels over time with precipitation-drain relationship

one and more outlets seepage flows and groundwater flows
in soils
various models allow the study of
water inrush into dikes and supply and drain over a large area
excavation ditches (groundwater)
Groundwater level over time in a
lowering of groundwater in lowering of groundwater via wells Groundwater level over time in a sand bed
sand bed with one outlet
and drainage with 2 wells: A water supply, B water drain
excavation ditches
A water supply, B water drain; through wells; blue arrows: flow direction
blue arrows: flow direction
CE 116 CAKE AND DEPTH FILTRATION HM 145 ADVANCED HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
seepage flow in a filter precipitation-drain relationship
different suspensions and filter Depth filtration seepage flows and groundwater flows
in soils
medium layers
supply and drain (groundwater and
application of Darcy’s law to determine running waters) over a large area
the filtration velocity and at individual points
lowering of groundwater via wells and
Cake filtration
drainage
sediment transport and obstacles in
running waters Software screenshot:
HM 169 VISUALISATION OF SEEPAGE FLOWS GUNT software for data acquisition water drain for persistent rain with
of the water supplies and drains and saturation of the soil:
visualisation of streamlines in a the amount of sediment as a function precipitation,
largely 2-dimensional soil model, of time drain
ink as a contrast medium
determination of flow nets in
permeable media
determination of the pressure curves
on foundation and bulkhead Flow net under a sheet pile
175
gunt
HM 152 Potential Flow HM 152 Potential Flow
Specification
[1] demonstration of potential flow in a Hele-Shaw cell
for visualising streamlines
[2] flow around supplied models: cylinder, square,
rectangle, guide vane profile, various models for
changes in cross-section
[3] modelling the flow around contours without models
by overlaying parallel flow with sources or sinks
[4] water as flowing medium and ink as contrast
medium
[5] Hele-Shaw cell made of two glass plates arranged
in parallel with narrow gap
[6] upper glass plate, hinged for swapping models
[7] bottom glass plate with cross-shaped water
connections for generating sources/sinks, can be
combined as required
[8] grid in the bottom glass panel for optimal
observation of the streamlines
1 contrast medium, 2 nozzles for injecting the contrast medium, 3 water inlet, 4 Hele- [9] flow velocity, water inlet and water outlet in
Shaw cell with sources/sinks, 5 valves for sinks, 6 water outlet, 7 valves for sources sources/sinks as well as dosage of the contrast
medium can be adjusted by using valves
Technical Data
2 glass plates, LxW: 910x585mm
- distance between the plates: 5mm
- bottom glass plate with eight water connections for
sources/sinks
Models
* Two-dimensional, inviscid potential flow1 valves and can be combined as required. - 6 drag bodies
The well-structured instructional material sets out the - 2 changes in cross-section
* Visualisation of streamlines1 fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide - material: rubber
through the experiments. - thickness: 5mm
* Flow around different models: drag bodies and
Injection of the contrast medium (ink)
changes in cross-section1 - 19 nozzles
* Modelling the flow around bodies by overlaying Learning Objectives / Experiments Tank for contrast medium: 200mL
the parallel flow and sources and / or sinks1 - visualisation of streamlines in
* flow around drag bodies: cylinder, guide vane Dimensions and Weight
* Sources and sinks, individually or in combination profile, square, rectangle 1 water inlet, 2 valve, adjusting the flow velocity, 3 tank, 4 contrast medium,
5 upper glass plate, 6 bottom glass plate with water connections LxWxH: 1350x700x1380mm
* flow through models: nozzle contour, (sources/sinks), 7 valves for sinks, 8 valves for sources, 9 water outlet Weight: approx. 119kg
sudden contraction or enlargement
Technical Description * flow separation, flow with 90° deflection Required for Operation
The laminar, two-dimensional flow in HM 152 is a good approximation - modelling the flow around bodies by overlaying Water connection 300L/h, drain
of the flow of ideal fluids: the potential flow. All physical systems parallel flow and sources and/or sinks
described with the Laplace equation can be demonstrated with potential * formation of Rankine half-bodies Scope of Delivery
flow. This includes current and thermal flows as well as magnetic flux. * demonstration of a dipole 1 trainer
The core element of the HM 152 trainer is a classic Hele-Shaw cell with - analogy between potential flow and other physical 1 set of models (drag bodies, changes in cross-
additional water connections for sources and sinks. The laminar, two- systems which are described by the Laplace section)
dimensional flow is achieved by water flowing at low velocity in a narrow equation Ink, 1L
gap between two parallel glass plates. The parallel flow generated in this 1 set of instructional material
way is non-vortical and can be regarded as potential flow. Sources and
sinks are generated via eight water connections in the bottom glass
plate. The streamlines are displayed on the glass plate by injecting a
contrast medium (ink).
In experiments the flow around bodies is demonstrated by inserting
models into the parallel flow. Interchangeable models such as a cylinder,
guide vane profile or nozzle contour are included.
To model the flow without models, it is possible to overlay parallel flow,
sources, sinks and dipoles as required. This allows the demonstration of
Flow around a cylinder: 1 injection of the contrast medium, 2 drag body,
the formation of Rankine half-bodies. 3 models for changes in cross-section, 4 sources/sinks arranged in a cross
The water flow rate and the quantity of contrast medium injected can be shape Order Details
adjusted by using valves. The water connections are also activated by 070.15200 HM 152 Potential Flow
177
gunt
HM 165 Studies in Hydrology HM 165 Studies in Hydrology
Specification
[1] investigation of precipitation-discharge
relationships, storage capacity of soils, seepage flows
and groundwater flows
[2] closed water circuit
[3] inclinable stainless steel experiment tank contains
19 measuring connections to detect groundwater
levels, transparent splash guard and screens for
separating the chambers
[4] 2 wells with open seam tubes in the experiment
tank
[5] precipitation device with 8 nozzles, adjustable
[6] water supplies and drains can be selected
individually
[7] transparent measuring tank (flow)
[8] instruments: tube manometers (groundwater), flow
meter (supply) and measuring weir in the measuring
tank (drain)
1 nozzle of the precipitation device, 2 experiment tank, 3 tube manometers,
4 inclination adjustment, 5 pump, 6 flow meter (supply), 7 storage tank, 8 measuring
tank (drain), 9 well Technical Data
Experiment tank
- area: 2x 1m², depth: 0,2m
4 - max. sand filling: 0,3m³
- inclination adjustment: -2,5...5%
6 Precipitation device
- 8 nozzles, switchable in 2 groups of 4 nozzles
5 7 - flow rate per nozzle: 1...4,7L/min, square spray
pattern
P
* Precipitation-drain relationship1 Pump
- power consumption: 0,55kW
* Seepage flows and groundwater flows in soils1 Learning Objectives / Experiments - max. flow rate: 2000L/h
Storage tank, stainless steel: content 180L
* Supply and drain over a large area - investigating transient processes
3
* effect of rainfall of varying duration on the F
discharge 8 Measuring ranges
* storage capacity of a soil - 19 tube manometers: 0...300mmWC
Technical Description 2 L
- investigating steady processes 1 - flow rate (feed): 150...1700L/h
In civil engineering, studies in hydrology are conducted in connection - flow rate (outlet): 0...1700L/h
with the design, construction and operation of hydraulic engineering * investigating seepage flow
systems and water management functions. These studies focus on * effects of wells on the groundwater level over time
1 storage tank, 2 pump, 3 solenoid valve 4 nozzle, 5 chamber, 6 experiment
topics such as seepage and flow of water in the soil and the use of tank, 7 chamber, 8 measuring tank; L level, F flow rate, P pressure Dimensions and Weight
groundwater resources. LxWxH: 2400x1100x1800mm
HM 165 can be used to study seepage and groundwater flows after Empty weight: approx. 310kg
precipitation. Variable precipitation density and areas and different
groundwater supply and drain possibilities allow a wide variety of Required for Operation
experiments. 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase;
HM 165 contains a closed water circuit with storage tank and pump. sand (1...2mm grain size)
H in mm
The core element is a sand-filled, stainless steel experiment tank with Scope of Delivery
inclination adjustment. To study precipitation, a precipitation device is
available. The precipitation device consists of two groups of four nozzles. 1 trainer
Water can flow in (groundwater) or out (drainage) via two chambers on 1 set of instructional material
the side. The experiment tank is separated from the chambers by fine
mesh screens. To study the lowering of groundwater, two wells with open
seam tubes are available. Water supply and water drain can be opened
and closed, thus allowing a wide variety of experimental conditions.
At the bottom of the experiment tank there are measuring connections
to detect groundwater levels, which are displayed on 19 tube B B
manometers. The water supply is controlled by a valve and read on a
flow meter. The water drain is determined by a measuring weir.
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals Lowering of groundwater over 2 wells; B well, H groundwater level
and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments. Order Details
070.16500 HM 165 Studies in Hydrology
179
gunt
HM 167 Ground Water Flow HM 167 Ground Water Flow
Specification
[1] investigation of groundwater flows
[2] stainless steel tank as experimental section to be
filled with coarse sand
[3] water supply via 2 open-seam tubes
[4] water drain via 2 wells with open-seam tubes in the
experimental section
[5] water feeds and discharges can be adjusted
separately via valves
[6] 19 measuring connections with filters to detect the
groundwater levels, arranged orthogonal to the tank
bottom
[7] 2 different models for excavation pits
[8] 1 model for structure with waterproof bottom
[9] groundwater levels displayed on the 19 tube
manometers
1 tank, 2 water supply, 3 water drain, 4 models, 5 water drain, 6 water supply,
Technical Data
7 tube manometers, 8 water drain via open-seam tube (well) Tank
- content, LxWxH: 1000x615x350mm
- 19 measuring connections on the bottom of the tank
Tube manometers
- number of tubes: 19
- measuring range: 300mmWC
Plastic models
- excavation pit, LxWxH: 610x464x150mm
- excavation pit, LxWxH: 256x464x150mm
* Investigation of groundwater flows1 - structure with waterproof bottom,
DxH: 180x150mm, inner tube DxH: 40x330mm
* Demonstration of lowering of groundwater1 Learning Objectives / Experiments
* Investigation of excavation pits - determining the groundwater level Dimensions and Weight
- lowering of groundwater level via two wells
- groundwater flow on excavation pits
Empty weight: approx. 125kg
Technical Description - groundwater studies under concentric load on the
Groundwater flows consider, among other things, the extraction of substrate Required for Operation
groundwater from wells and excavation pits. An understanding of the Water connection, drain
Arrangement of the measuring points and wells
hydrological principles of groundwater flow is useful when designing 1 water inlet via open-seam tube, 2 measuring points, 3 water drain via open- Sand (1...2mm grain size)
reliable structures such as excavation pits or drainage systems. seam tube (well); blue: water inlet, red: water drain
Scope of Delivery
HM 167 allows three-dimensional investigations of groundwater flows.
The trainer consists of a tank with a sand filling. Various models can be 1 trainer
placed in the sand bed. 1 2 3 1 3 models
The water is supplied to the tank via two horizontal open-seam tubes 1 set of hoses
that can be activated separately via valves. This results in various 1 set of instructional material
experiment possibilities with flowing groundwater. The investigation of
various extractions is facilitated by two wells with open-seam tubes,
which are also activated individually via valves. Three different models
allow the study of excavation pits.
At the bottom of the tank there are orthogonally arranged measuring
connections to detect groundwater levels. Groundwater levels are
displayed on 19 tube manometers.
14/19 18 15 17 16 16 17 15 18 14/19
Groundwater level over time with one well: 1 water inlet via open-seam tube,
2 sand bed, 3 well with open-seam tube;
Diagram: blue: groundwater level over time, red: well, 14-19 measuring points Order Details
on the bottom in the sand bed
070.16700 HM 167 Ground Water Flow
181
gunt
HM 169 Visualisation of Seepage Flows HM 169 Visualisation of Seepage Flows
Specification
[1] visualisation of two-dimensional seepage flows and
investigation of water pressure at various models
[3] fluoresceine as a contrast medium
[4] experimental section with tempered glass viewing
window
[5] fine-mesh screen to separate the experimental
section from the feed and discharge chamber
[6] height-adjustable overflows in the feed and
discharge to adjust the water levels
[7] 14 measuring connections with filters to detect the
groundwater levels in the experimental section
[8] "sheet pile" model for visualisation of streamlines
[9] "retaining wall" and "foundation" models for
demonstration of the water pressure
[10] instruments: tube manometers, tubes on the
"foundation" and "retaining wall" models
1 tank for contrast medium, 2 water supply, 3 screen, 4 overflow, 5 drain, 6 pump,
7 storage tank, 8 overflow, 9 panel with tube manometers, 10 screen, 11 "sheet pile"
model, 12 lances for injecting the contrast medium Technical Data
- usable volume: 82L
7 6 5 4 - LxWxH: 1480x104x630mm
Pump
- max. head: 4m
14 tube manometers: 0...600mmWC
Tank for contrast medium: content 0,5L
* Visualisation of two-dimensional seepage and The well-structured instructional material sets out the Storage tank, stainless steel: content 96L
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide Models
groundwater flows1 - "sheet pile"
* Investigation of the water pressure on structures1 - "retaining wall"
- "foundation"
* Closed water circuit Learning Objectives / Experiments
- determining flow nets in permeable media Dimensions and Weight
Technical Description graphically
1 2 3 LxWxH: 1900x800x1870mm
* streamlines under a sheet pile
A descriptive method in the study of seepage and groundwater flow is Weight: approx. 230kg
* streamlines through an earth dam
the visualisation of the streamlines and their graphical representation as * drainage at an open ditch Streamlines under a sheet pile
1 sand bed, 2 streamlines, 3 discharge chamber, 4 height-adjustable sheet Required for Operation
a flow net. The flow net provides information about the seepage of water - determining the pressure curve at a foundation
in dams and sheet piles. pile, 5 lances for injecting the contrast medium, 6 screen, 7 feed chamber 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase;
- determining the pressure curve at a retaining wall sand (1...2mm grain size)
HM 169 can be used to visualise streamlines in seepage and - groundwater levels over time in various models
groundwater flow on different models using a contrast medium. Scope of Delivery
Furthermore, the effects of water pressure on different structures are
1 trainer
displayed as pressure curves.
3 models
The trainer consists of a transparent tank with a sand filling. Various
1L contrast medium
models can be placed in the sand bed to demonstrate typical structures.
The experimental section is separated from the feed and discharge
chambers by fine mesh screens. A valve is used to adjust the water
supply. Using a contrast medium it is possible to make streamlines
visible, as they occur in seepage and groundwater flow. A tempered
glass viewing window allows for optimal observation of the experiments.
Various models allow an extensive range of experiments, such as
pressure distribution on retaining walls or seepage and groundwater flow
under sheet piles. The "foundation" and "retaining wall" models are
equipped with tubes to show the pressures on the models.
In the experimental section there are measuring connections to detect
groundwater levels. Groundwater levels are displayed on 14 tube
manometers. Order Details
HM 169 contains a closed water circuit with storage tank and pump. Models supplied: 1 "retaining wall" model, 2 "sheet pile" model, 3 "foundation"
model 070.16900 HM 169 Visualisation of Seepage
Flows
183
gunt
HM 145 Advanced Hydrological Investigations HM 145 Advanced Hydrological Investigations
Specification
[1] investigation of precipitation-discharge
relationships, storage capacity of soils, seepage flows,
groundwater flows and sediment transport
[3] inclinable stainless steel experiment tank contains
19 measuring connections to detect groundwater
levels, transparent splash guard and screens for
separating the chambers
[4] 2 wells with open seam tubes in the experiment
tank
[5] precipitation device with 8 nozzles, adjustable
[6] precipitation time can be adjusted via timer
[7] water supplies and drains can be selected
individually
[8] transparent measuring tank (flow) and force sensor
(determining the amount of sediment)
[9] 3 models for pillars: round, square, oval
1 experiment tank, 2 chamber, 3 display and control elements, 4 flow meter(supply), [10] instruments: tube manometers (groundwater), flow
5 pump, 6 storage tank, 7 measuring tank (drain), 8 chamber, 9 well, 10 tube meter (2x at the supply) and measuring weir in the
manometers, 11 nozzles of the precipitation device
measuring tank (1x at the drain)
[11] GUNT software for data capture via USB under
Windows Vista or Windows 7
4
Technical Data
5 6 7 Experiment tank, inclination adjustment: -1...5%
- area: 2x1m², depth: 0,2m, max. sand filling: 0,3m³
Precipitation device
* Seepage flows and groundwater flows in soils1 sensor for determining the amount of sediment. P - 8 nozzles, switchable in 4 groups of 2 nozzles
The measured values are indicated at the trainer. At - flow rate: 1...4,7L/min, square spray pattern
* Supply and drain (groundwater and running waters) the same time, the measured values can also be 3 Pump
over a large area and at individual points1 transmitted directly to a PC via USB. The data - power consumption: 0,55kW
acquisition software is included. - max. flow rate: 1500L/h
* Sediment transport and obstacles in running waters The well-structured instructional material sets out the Storage tank, stainless steel: content 220L
F F F
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide 8
through the experiments. 2 1 Measuring ranges
Technical Description m
- 19 tube manometers: 300mmWC
HM 145 can be used to study seepage and groundwater flows after - flow rate (supply): 0...1050L/h, 0...320L/h
precipitation. Furthermore, sediment transport in courses of rivers is also Learning Objectives / Experiments 1 storage tank, 2 pump, 3 solenoid valve with timer, 4 nozzle, 5 chamber, - flow rate (drain): 0...1000L/h
presented in the context of flow obstacles. Variable precipitation density - investigating transient processes
6 experiment tank, 7 chamber, 8 measuring tank; m mass, F flow rate, - mass/sediment: 0...5000g
and areas and different groundwater supply and drain possibilities allow P pressure
* effect of rainfall of varying duration on the
a wide variety of experiments. discharge
HM 145 contains a closed water circuit with storage tank and pump. Dimensions and Weight
* storage capacity of a soil
The core element is a sand-filled, stainless steel experiment tank with - investigating steady processes LxWxH: 2300x1100x1950mm
inclination adjustment. To study precipitation, a precipitation device is * seepage flow Empty weight: approx. 350kg
available, which is equipped with a timer to define the times of * effects of wells on the groundwater level over time Required for Operation
precipitation. The precipitation device consists of two groups of four - flow behaviour of rivers, obstacles in the river bed,
nozzles. Water can flow in (groundwater) or out (drainage) via two 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase; sand
sediment transport in rivers (1...2mm grain size)
chambers on the side. The experiment tank is separated from the
chambers by fine mesh screens. To study the lowering of groundwater, Scope of Delivery
two wells with open seam tubes are available. By means of a small weir
1 trainer, 3 models (pillars)
in the in the supply and drain, a course of a river can be generated.
1 CD with GUNT software + USB cable
Different water levels can be generated. Water supply and water drain
can be opened and closed, thus allowing a wide variety of experimental
conditions. In addition, three different models make it possible to study
the flow around obstacles and the resulting sediment transport in the
river bed.
At the bottom of the experiment tank there are measuring connections
to detect groundwater levels, which are displayed on 19 tube Order Details
manometers. Two flow meters with different measuring ranges indicate Software screenshot: water drain for persistent rain with saturation of the soil:
red precipitation, blue drain 070.14500 HM 145 Advanced Hydrological
the supply to the experiment tank. A measuring tank at the drain contains
a measuring weir for determining the water level and a force Investigations
185
gunt
HM 141 Hydrographs after Precipitation HM 141 Hydrographs after Precipitation
Specification
Hydrographs are an important tool for the
representation of hydrological data such as [1] investigation of the effect of precipitation on soils
precipitation, groundwater levels or discharges. [2] stainless steel experimental tank with transparent
HM 141 produces precipitation of varying duration splash guard
and intensity. The storage capacity of soils with [3] precipitation device with two nozzles, adjustable
different saturation is also examined. Using various precipitation area and quantity
dewatering is examined it is possible to demonstrate [4] precipitation time can be adjusted via solenoid
the relationships between precipitation and seepage. valve with timer
The trainer includes a tank with a sand filling, which [5] distribution to 17 chambers by timer
is flowed through by water. The water is supplied to [6] mobile sled carriage distributes draining water to
the tank via a precipitation device with two nozzles that 17 chambers in the measuring tank
can be adjusted separately via valves. To study [7] water drain either via removable drain chamber
different drainages, the water is drained either via a with fine-mesh screen or via drainage pipe
drainage pipe or a drain chamber, which is separated [8] separate flushing connection for pipelines
from the experimental section by a screen. [9] drip pans as rainwater retention basins
The draining water is distributed over 17 transparent [10] rotameter (inlet), indicator of precipitation time, lag
chambers. This creates a profile over time of the water time and measurement time
drain. The water levels are measured and plotted in a
hydrograph. 1 nozzle, 2 flow adjustment nozzles, 3 experimental tank with sand, 4 flow meter,
5 solenoid valve, 6 water supply, 7 measuring tank with 17 chambers, 8 water drain Technical Data
Drip pans can be used to demonstrate the lag of the on mobile sled, 9 timers for precipitation time, lag time and measurement time Experimental section
drainage through rainwater retention basins.
- volume: 1300x600x200mm
The water supply is controlled by a valve and read on
- max. sand height: 185mm
a flow meter. The timed discharges are adjusted via
Precipitation device
electronic timers.
- 2 nozzles, individually adjustable
2 3 3 - flow rate: 1...6,7L/min, square spray pattern
- precipitation: max. 320L/h
6 Measuring tank with 17 chambers
4
- volume: 17x0,9L
1 5 Timers
- precipitation: max. 99min59s
- effect of precipitation of varying duration or intensity - lag time until start of measurements: max. 99min59s
on soils with different saturation - measurement time per chamber: max. 99min59s
- record hydrographs after precipitation 4 drip pans: 305x215x55mm
- storage capacity of soils with different saturation Steel scale: 200mm
- compare natural dewatering with dewatering via 7
drainage pipe Measuring range
- influence of rainwater retention basin on the - flow rate: 30...320L/h
hydrograph
1 solenoid valve with timer, 2 flow meter, 3 nozzle, 4 experimental section
* Effect of precipitation on soils1 with sand, 5 drainage pipe, 6 removable drain chamber with screen, Dimensions and Weight
7 measuring tank LxWxH: 1600x1000x1475mm
* Drainage of the soil either through drainage pipe Weight: approx. 195kg
or drain chamber with screen1
* Recording of hydrographs1 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz/CSA, 1 phase;
* Influence of rainwater retention basin on the sand (1...2mm grain size)
hydrograph1 Water connection, water drain
* Precipitation time, lag time and measurement time Scope of Delivery

can be adjusted via separate timers 1 trainer, 4 drip pans, 1 set of hoses, 1 set of
instructional material
Order Details
Water drain on a mobile sled and measuring tank;
Diagram shows the release of water over time 070.14100 HM 141 Hydrographs after
Precipitation
187
gunt
CE 116 Cake and Depth Filtration DIDAKTISCHES BEGLEITMATERIAL & SOFTWARE
Specification
[1] fundamentals of cake and depth filtration
[2] filter element with sintered filter medium on its
bottom to capture the particles
[3] pressure loss measurement with twin tube
manometers
[4] height-adjustable filler hopper made of
DURAN glass
[5] flow meter with needle valve for adjustment
Technical Data
Filter element
- filter chamber height: 85mm
- inside diameter: approx. 37mm
- cross-sectional area: approx. 11cm²
- tube material: DURAN glass
Filter medium, sintered filter SIKA 100

- pore size: 100µm
- thickness: 2mm
- material: sintered metal
Measuring ranges
- flow rate: 40...360mL/min
- pressure: 2x 0...500mmWC
- temperature: -10...100°C
- measuring cups
1x 1000mL, scale division: 10mL
1x 100mL, scale division: 2mL

Drain recommended,
balance to register the filtrate quantity
Scope of Delivery
* Cake and depth filtration with different suspensions 1 experimental unit
and filter medium layers 2 measuring cups
1 stopwatch
1 thermometer
1kg sand (1...2mm)
With CE 116 the processes in depth filtration and cake filtration can be 2kg diatomite
observed and investigated. The suspension (water and diatomite as the 1 set of instructional material
solid) flows from the hopper into the top of the filter element, where the
ill
solids are separated off. The filtrate flows through a flow meter into the
drain. The filter element has a porous filter medium at the bottom. In
y ou w
cake filtration, the filter medium provides the foundation for build-up of
, w here
w,
the filter cake. In depth filtration, the filter medium supports the bulk
solids (filter medium layer; gravel). Twin tube manometers measure the
w e b site o k no
ur dt
pressure loss over the filter element.
Visit o o u n ee n ew s.
l y st
find al all the late
ng
@
i
- fundamentals of filtration: Darcy’s equation
- depth filtration with different bulk solids and suspensions in c lud
- cake filtration with different suspensions Order Details
- identification of characteristic filtration values
083.11600 CE 116 Cake and Depth Filtration
www.gunt.de
189
INDEX BASIC KNOWLEDGE OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
KEYWORD PAGE KEYWORD PAGE KEYWORD PAGE KEYWORD PAGE KEYWORD PAGE KEYWORD PAGE
Discharge depth 70, 71, 72 Sluice gate 91 Weir body 82, 85, 89, 90
A Discharge measurement 84, 94, 95 H O Smooth wave 98 Weir crest 84 – 90
Discharge pressure 90 Specific energy 72 – 77, 93 Weir geometry 85f, 95
Alternate depth 74 Discharge surge 80 Height of weir 82, 84, 88, 89, 95 Ogee-crested weir 85, 86, 87 Specific energy diagram 74 – 78 Weir head 82, 84 – 86, 88,
Area of flow 71 Discharge type 92 Hydraulic jump 74, 75, 76, 79 Oscillating jump 79 Specific force 75, 76, 78 89, 95
Discharge, critical 70, 74, 77, 78 Hydraulic jump, oscillating 79 Overfall condition 84, 86 Specific force diagram 75, 76 Weir, broad-crested 78, 85, 89
Discharge, free 88, 91, 94, 95 Hydraulic jump, steady 79 Overfall type 86 Spillway 86, 90 Weir, ogee-crested 85, 86, 87
Discharge, non-uniform 70, 74 Hydraulic jump, strong 79 Overfall, free 84, 86, 88, 95 Static pressure force 75 Weir, radial 91
Hydraulic jump, undulating 79 Overfall, hydrodynamic 86, 87
B Discharge, steady 74
Discharge, subcritical 70, 77, 78, 93 Hydraulic jump, weak 79 Overfall, sharp-crested 86, 88, 95
Steady jump 79
Stilling basin 82, 83, 85, 97
Weir, sharp-crested
Weir, siphon 90
85, 88, 95
Discharge, submerged 84, 88, 91 Hydraulic radius 70, 72 Overfall, stepped 82 Strong jump 79 WES profile 85, 87
Backwater 83, 91, 93 Discharge, supercritical 70, 77, 78, 82, 93 Hydraulically efficient profile 70, 85 Overfall, submerged 84, 86, 88, 95 Subcritical discharge 70 Wetted perimeter 71
Backwater surge 80 Discharge, uniform 70, 72, 89 Hydrodynamic overfall 86, 87 Submerged culvert inlet 92 Wind-induced wave 98
Basic triangle of weir 85 Downstream negative surge 80 Supercritical discharge 70
Bed pitching 84 Dune formation 97 Surface wave 77, 98
Bed structure 97
Bed-load transport 97
Dynamic motive force 75 P Suspended load transport 97
Bernoulli’s equation 73, 74 J Parshall flume 94

Bottom slope 72
Jet contraction 91 Partially filled culvert 92
Breaking wave 98
Broad-crested weir 78, 85, 89
Pier 93, 98 T
E Pile 96
Plate weir 88, 95 Thomson 95
Effect of waves 98 Poleni equation 86, 88, 95 Top water level 85, 89, 90
Elevation 72 K Positive and negative surges 80 Trapezoidal flume 94
C Energy dissipation 82, 83
Karman vortex street 96
Positive surge
Positive surge height 80
80 Trapezoidal weir 95
Energy grade line 71, 72 Type of flow 74, 78
Calculation of discharge 86, 88, 94, 95 Erosion of the bottom 82 Positive surge wave 80
Change in cross-section 93 Pressure force, static 75
Chosen design discharge 85 Pressure head 72 – 74, 94
Propagation velocity 77, 98
Chute block 83
Cipoletti 95
L U
Conservation of energy 73
Consideration of energy head 73, 74
F Lateral weir 86 Undulating jump 79
Continuity equation 73, 74, 80, 91 Fill surge 80
Local losses 93
Loss of specific energy 74 – 76, 82, 93
R Uniform discharge 70, 72, 89
Control structure 84 – 92 Fixed control structure 84 – 87, 90
Control structure, fixed 84 – 87, 90 Flood overflow 85, 87, 90 Radial gate 91
Control structure, moveable 84, 91 Radial weir 91
Coupled vibration 96
Flow cross-section
Flow formula
83, 93, 94, 97
72 Ramp 89 V
Critical depth 74, 78 Flow transition 74, 85, 92, 93, 94 M Rectangular channel 72, 74, 78, 93
Velocity head 72, 73, 74
Critical discharge 74, 78, 84 Flow velocity 72, 74, 77, 78, 80, Rectangular weir 95
Crossing structure 92 Manning-Strickler 72 Reduction of cross-section 93 Vena contracta 91
97
Crump weir 89 Measuring weir 85, 86, 89, 95 Rehbock 95 Venturi flume 94
Flow-induced vibrations 96
Culvert 92 Momentum equation 75, 76 Ripple formation 97 Vibrations, flow-induced 96
Flow-measuring flume 94
Culvert, full flow through 92 Motive force, dynamic 75 Roughness characteristic 71, 72, 73, 74, 97 Vibrations, vortex-induced 96
Flume bottom 71, 72, 82, 83, 97
Culvert, partially filled 92 Movable control structure 84, 91 V-notch weir 95
Flume width 71
Culvert, submerged 92 Vortex shedding 96
Flume, Parshall 94
Vortex shedding frequency 96
Flume, trapezoidal 94
Flume, Venturi 94 S Vortex-induced vibrations 96
Free nappe 87
N Scour 83, 92
D Friction loss
Froude number
72, 73, 89
77 – 79, 83
Scour formation 83, 97
Damming body 84, 85, 90 Full flow through culvert 92

Nappe
Nappe deflector 90
86 – 89 Sediment transport 97
Sequent depth 75, 76, 83
W
Darcy-weisbach 72 Nappe separation 85 – 87 Shallow water 98 Wave crest 98
Deep water 98 Nappe, aerated 86, 88 Shape of cross-section 72 Wave formation 98
Depth, alternate 74 Nappe, attaching 87 Sharp-crested overfall 86, 88, 95 Wave period 98
Depth, sequent 75 Nappe, detaching 87 Sharp-crested weir 85, 88, 95 Wave trough 98
Design discharge 85, 87 G Nappe, free 87, 88 Sill 78, 83, 85, 89, 93 Wave velocity 98
Discharge capacity 90 Negative surge 80 Siltation 97 Wave, smooth 98
Discharge coefficient 86, 91, 95 Gate 81, 84, 91 Negative surge height 80 Siphon weir 90 Wave, wind-induced 98
Discharge control 91, 92 Gate opening 91 Negative surge wave 80 Ski-jump overfall 82 Wavelength 98
Discharge curve 94 Grade line 72 Normal discharge 72, 73, 93 Slope of water surface profile 72 Weak jump 79
191
INDEX
KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE)
Flow net HM 169 (182) Precipitation density HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178)
A D (173) I O Precipitation time HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184)
Flow rate measurement HM 150.07 (22) Pressure loss CE 116 (188) HM 111 (42)
Accumulated water 170f Dam HM 143 (62) HM 150.11 (38) Impermeable soil layer HM 165 (178) Ogee-crested weir HM 16x.32 (136) HM 150.01 (36)
Angle of incidence HM 150.20 (48) Deflector HM 150.08 (24) Flow separation HM 152 (176) (170) HM 16x.34 (137) HM 150.11 (38)
Antidune HM 140 (164) Dentated sill HM 16x.35 (136) Flow through changes HM 150.10 (28) Impulse turbine HM 150.19 (46) HM 164 (40) Pressure on the bottom HM 115 (10)
Dewatering well HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178) in cross-section HM 152 (176) Incident flow HM 150.21 (26) Open-channel flow HM 140 (164) Pump characteristic HM 150.04 (50)
HM 167 (180) Flow, horizontal HM 150.09 (30) Island HM 165 (178) HM 168 (166) HM 150.21 (26) HM 150.16 (52)
Discharge coefficient HM 150.09 (30) HM 160 (114) HM 161 (128)
B HM 150.12 (32)
Flow, laminar

HM 150.01 (36)
HM 150.18 (20) HM 162 (118) HM 164 (40)
Pumps, connected
in parallel
HM 150.16 (52)
Discharge measurement HM 16x.30 (134, 138) Flow, turbulent HM 150.01 (36) Opening characteristic HM 150.11 (38) Pumps, connected in series HM 150.16 (52)
Beach simulation HM 160.42 (142)
HM 16x.51 (139) HM 150.18 (20) Orifice plate flow meter HM 150.11 (38)

Bed form (156)
HM 16x.80 (142)
HM 16x.55 (139) Flow, vertical HM 150.12 (32) J Outlet contour HM 150.09 (30)
HM 16x.63 (139) HM 150.12 (32)
Bed structure

HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184)
HM 162.71 (132, 143)
Ditch for excavation HM 167 (180)
Flow-induced vibrations
Flow-measuring flume
HM 16x.61 (141)
HM 16x.51 (139) Jet deflection HM 150.08 (24) Outlet jet HM 150.12 (32) R
Drag body HM 150.10 (28) HM 16x.55 (139) HM 150.12 (32) Outlet opening HM 150.12 (32)
HM 162.72 (132, 143) Radial gate HM 16x.40 (134)
HM 150.21 (26) HM 16x.63 (139) Jet force HM 150.08 (24) Outlet velocity HM 150.09 (30)
HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166) Rainwater retention basin HM 141 (186) HM 143 (62)
HM 152 (176) Flownet (173)
Bed-load transport HM 162.71 (132, 143) Rake HM 16x.38 (138)
Drag force (154) Flume, Parshall HM 16x.55 (139)
HM 162.72 (132, 143) Reaction turbine HM 150.20 (48)
Drainage HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184) Flume, trapezoidal HM 16x.55 (139)
HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184) Rectangular channel HM 160 (114) HM 161 (128)
HM 165 (178) HM 167 (180)
HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
HM 169 (182)
Flume, Venturi
Fluvial obstacle mark
HM 16x.55 (139)
HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184) K P HM 162 (118)
Bed-load transport formula HM 140 (164) HM 166 (162) Resistance coefficient HM 150.11 (38)
Drainage processes HM 140 (164) HM 143 (62) HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166) Parallel connection of pipe HM 111 (42)
HM 168 (166) (152) Reynolds number HM 150.01 (36)
Dune HM 162.71 (132, 143) Francis turbine HM 150.20 (48) Karman vortex street HM 16x.61 (141) sections
Bernoulli’s equation HM 150.07 (22) HM 150.18 (20)
HM 162.72 (132, 143) Free jet turbine HM 150.19 (46) Parallel connection of HM 150.16 (52)
HM 150.11 (38) (73) Ripple HM 140 (164)
HM 166 (162) Friction factor HM 150.01 (36) pumps
Bottom layer (170 – 173) HM 162.71 (132, 143)
Dune formation HM 140 (164) Parshall flume HM 16x.55 (139)
Bottom layer, saturated (170) HM 162.72 (132, 143)
HM 162.71 (132, 143) Particle image velocimetry (109)
Bottom layer, unsaturated (170)
Bottom shear stress (153, 159)

HM 162.72 (132, 143)
HM 166 (162) G L Pelton turbine HM 150.19 (46)

Ripple formation
HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
HM 140 (164)
Bottom slope HM 160 (114) HM 161 (128) Permeability coefficient (170)
HM 162.71 (132, 143)
Laminar flow HM 150.01 (36) Permeable soil layer (170)
HM 162 (118) Gate HM 16x.29 (134) HM 162.72 (132, 143)
HM 150.18 (20) Pier HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184)
Boundary layer (153, 156 – 157) HM 16x.40 (134) HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
Laser Doppler Anemometry (109) HM 16x.46 (141)
Broad-crested weir HM 150.21 (26) HM 164 (40) River channel HM 145 (184) HM 166 (162)
HM 16x.31 (135, 138) E Groundwater HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184)
LDA (109)
Lift force HM 115 (10)

Pile
HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
HM 16x.61 (141)
HM 168 (166)
HM 164 (40) HM 165 (178) HM 167 (180) Rolling (155)
(154) Pipe flow HM 111 (42) HM 150.01 (36)
Bulkhead HM 169 (182) Earth dam HM 169 (182) HM 169 (182) Round bilge HM 150.39 (14)
Lowering of groundwater HM 167 (180) HM 150.11 (38) HM 164 (40)
Einstein HM 140 (164) HM 166 (162) Groundwater flow HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178)
HM 168 (166) Pipe friction loss HM 111 (42) HM 150.01 (36)
HM 167 (180) HM 169 (182)
(152) Pipe networks HM 111 (42)
C Energy consideration HM 150.07 (22)
Groundwater level

HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184)
HM 165 (178) HM 167 (180)
Pipe sections, connected HM 111 (42) S
(73) in parallel
Capillarity HM 115 (10)
Energy dissipation HM 16x.32 (136)
Groundwater level over time HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178)
HM 167 (180)
M Pipe sections, connected HM 111 (42) Saltation (155)
Centre of buoyancy HM 150.06 (12) in series Saturated bottom layer (170)
HM 16x.35 (136) Guide vane HM 150.10 (28)
HM 150.39 (14) Measuring nozzle HM 150.11 (38) Piping elements HM 111 (42) Scour HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184)
(82) HM 150.20 (48)
Centrifugal pump HM 150.04 (50) Measuring weir HM 16x.30 (134, 138) Pitotstatic tube HM 16x.50 (108, 144) HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
HM 150.21 (26)
HM 150.16 (52) Metacentre HM 150.06 (12) PIV (109) Sediment transport HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184)
HM 152 (176)
Characteristic filtration value CE 116 (188) HM 150.39 (14) Plate weir HM 150.21 (26) HM 162.71 (132, 143)
Chute block HM 16x.35 (136) Meyer-Peter and Mueller HM 140 (164) HM 166 (162) HM 16x.30 (134, 138) HM 162.72 (132, 143)
Clear-water scour (158) F HM 168 (166) HM 164 (40) HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166)
Closed circular pipeline HM 111 (42) H (152) Positive and negative surges (80) Sediment transport capacity (152, 158)
Continuity equation HM 150.07 (22) Filter cake CE 116 (188) Momentum equation HM 150.08 (24) Potential equilibrium (172) Sedimentation process HM 140 (164) HM 142 (168)
HM 150.11 (38) (17, 73) Filter medium layer CE 116 (188) Hard chine HM 150.06 (12) (75 – 76) Potential flow HM 150.10 (28) HM 145 (184) HM 166 (162)
Control structure (84 – 91) Filtrate quantity CE 116 (188) HM 150.39 (14) HM 152 (176) HM 168 (166)
Coupled vibration HM 16x.61 (141) Floating body HM 150.06 (12) Heel HM 150.06 (12) Potential line (173) Sedimentation tank HM 142 (168)
Course of a river HM 168 (166) HM 150.39 (14) HM 150.39 (14) Power, hydraulic HM 150.04 (50) Seepage (170ff)
Crump weir HM 16x.33 (135, 141) Flow coefficient HM 150.07 (22) Horizontal flow HM 150.09 (30) HM 150.16 (52) Seepage flow CE 116 (188) HM 145 (184)
Culvert HM 164 (40) Flow field HM 152 (176) Horseshoe vortex (158) N Precipitation HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178) HM 167 (180)
HM 16x.45 (137, 140) Flow force (153, 154) Hydraulic power HM 150.04 (50) HM 165 (178) HM 169 (182)
Current ripple HM 168 (166) Flow from tanks HM 150.09 (30) HM 150.16 (52) Narrow-crested weir HM 164 (40) Precipitation area HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184) Seepage line (171)
(156) HM 150.12 (32) Hydrograph HM 141 (186) Natural frequency HM 143 (62) HM 156 (60) HM 165 (178) Seepage through dams HM 169 (182)
193
INDEX PRODUCT OVERVIEW
KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) KEYWORD CODE (PAGE) CODE PRODUCT PAGE CODE PRODUCT PAGE
Seepage velocity (172) Turbine HM 150.19 (46) CE 116 Cake and Depth Filtration 188 HM 16x.31 Broad-Crested Weir 135/138
Separation eddy (157) HM 150.20 (48)
Separation zone (157) Turbine characteristic curve HM 150.19 (46) HM 111 Pipe Networks 42 HM 16x.32 Ogee-Crested Weir with 2 Weir Outlets 136
Series connection of HM 111 (42) HM 150.20 (48) HM 115 Hydrostatics Trainer 10 135/141
HM 16x.33 Crump Weir
pipe sections Turbomachine HM 150.04 (50)
Series connection of pumps HM 150.16 (52) HM 150.16 (52) HM 140 Open-Channel Sediment Transport 164 HM 16x.34 Ogee-Crested Weir with Pressure Measurement 137
Shape of frame HM 150.06 (12) HM 150.19 (46)
HM 150.39 (14) HM 150.20 (48) HM 141 Hydrographs after Precipitation 186 HM 16x.35 Elements for Energy Dissipation 136
Shaping of the river bed HM 145 (184) HM 166 (162) Turbulent flow HM 150.01 (36)
HM 142 Separation in Sedimentation Tanks 168 HM 16x.36 Siphon Weir 137
HM 168 (166) HM 150.18 (20)
Sharp-crested weir HM 150.21 (26) HM 143 Transient Drainage Processes in Storage Reservoirs 62 HM 16x.38 Rake 138
HM 16x.30 (134, 138)
Sheet pile HM 169 (182) HM 145 Advanced Hydrological Investigations 184 HM 16x.40 Radial Gate 134
(173)
HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in Fluid Mechanics 56 HM 16x.41 Wave Generator 131/142
Sill

HM 16x.44 (135, 140)
HM 164 (40)
U
HM 150.01 Pipe Friction for Laminar / Turbulent Flow 36 HM 160.42 Plain Beach 142
Siltation HM 140 (164) HM 145 (184) Unsaturated bottom layer 170
HM 162.71 (132, 143) HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump 50 HM 16x.44 Sill 135/140
HM 162.72 (132, 143)
HM 166 (162) HM 168 (166) HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies 12 HM 16x.45 Culvert 137/140
Sink HM 150.10 (28)
HM 150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle 22 HM 16x.46 Set of Piers, 7 Profiles 141
HM 152 (176)
Siphon weir HM 16x.36 (137) V HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces 24 HM 16x.50 Pitotstatic Tube 108/144
Sluice gate HM 16x.29 (134)
HM 164 (40) Velocity of sound HM 156 (60) HM 150.09 Horizontal Flow from a Tank 30 HM 16x.51 Venturi Flume 139
Soil layer, impermeable HM 165 (178) Venturi flume HM 16x.51 (139)
(170) Venturi nozzle HM 150.07 (22) HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines 28 HM 16x.52 Level Gauge 108/144
Soil layer, permeable (170) HM 150.11 (38)
(17) HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System 38 HM 16x.53 Tube Manometers 108/145
Soil water (170)
Source HM 150.10 (28) Vertical flow HM 150.12 (32)
HM 150.12 Vertical Flow from a Tank 32 HM 16x.55 Parshall Flume 139
HM 152 (176) Vibrations, flow-induced HM 16x.61 (141)
Storage capacity HM 141 (186) HM 145 (184) Vibrations, vortex-induced HM 16x.61 (141) HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps 52 HM 162.57 Electrical Inclination Adjustment 107/147
HM 165 (178) Vortex formation (17, 55)
Vortex system (158) HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment 20 HM 16x.59 Instrument Carrier 108/145
Storage reservoir HM 143 (62)
Streamlines HM 150.10 (28) Vortex-induced vibrations HM 16x.61 (141)
HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine 46 HM 16x.61 Vibrating Piles 141
HM 150.21 (26)
HM 152 (176) HM 169 (182) HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine 48 HM 16x.63 Trapezoidal Flume 139
Surface tension HM 115 (10)
Surge chamber HM 143 (62) HM 156 (60) HM 150.21 Visualisation of Streamlines in an Open Channel 26 HM 16x.64 Velocity Meter 108/145
Suspended load transport HM 142 (168) W HM 150.39 Floating Bodies for HM 150.06 14 HM 162.71 Closed Sediment Circuit 132/143
Wake vortex (158) HM 152 Potential Flow 176 HM 16x.72 Sediment Trap 132/143
Water hammer HM 156 (60)
Water inrush HM 167 (180) HM 156 Water Hammer and Surge Chamber 60 HM 16x.73 Sediment Feeder 132/143
Wave formation HM 16x.41 (131, 142)
Weir, broad-crested HM 150.21 (26) HM 160 Experimental Flume 86x300mm 114 HM 16x.77 Flume Bottom with Pebble Stones 140
HM 16x.31 (135, 138) HM 161 Experimental Flume 600x800mm 128 HM 16x.80 Set of Beaches 142
HM 164 (40)
T Weir, ogee-crested HM 16x.32 (136) HM 162 Experimental Flume 309x450mm 118 HM 16x.91 Digital Level Gauge 108/144
HM 16x.34 (137)
Trajectory HM 150.09 (30) HM 164 (40) HM 162.12 System for Data Acquisition and Automation 146 HM 164 Open Channel and Closed Channel Flow 40
Transmission of vibrations HM 16x.61 (141) Weir, plate HM 150.21 (26)
HM 162.13 Electronic Pressure Measurement, 10x 0...50mbar 147 HM 165 Studies in Hydrology 178
Transport balance (152) HM 16x.30 (134, 138)
Transport formula HM 140 (164) HM 166 (162) HM 164 (40) HM 16x.10 Extension Element of the Experimental Flume 146 HM 166 Fundamentals of Sediment Transport 162
HM 168 (166) Weir, sharp-crested HM 150.21 (26)
(152) HM 16x.30 (134, 138) HM 16x.20 Water Tank 147 HM 167 Ground Water Flow 180
Transport rate HM 140 (164) HM 166 (162) HM 164 (40)
HM 168 (166) Weir, siphon HM 16x.36 (137) HM 16x.29 Sluice Gate 134 HM 168 Sediment Transport in River Courses 166
Trapezoidal flume HM 16x.63 (139) Well HM 145 (184) HM 165 (178)
HM 16x.30 Set of Plate Weirs, 4 Types 134/138 HM 169 Visualisation of Seepage Flows 182
Trough (157) HM 167 (180)
195
CONTACT
G.U.N.T.
Gerätebau GmbH
Hanskampring 15 -17
D-22885 Barsbüttel
GERMANY
phone: +49 40 67 08 54 - 0
Fax: +49 40 67 08 54 - 42
web: www.gunt.de
e-mail: sales@gunt.de
YOUR LOCAL SERVICE
Visit our website

www.gunt.de

Ensayos de Ingeniería Hidráulica

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ensayos de Ingeniería Hidráulica

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Equipment

HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 6

Your reliable and Product Overview 195

GUNT demonstration and experimentation

Layout, typesetting and litho: Profi-Satz, Hamburg

HYDRODYNAMICS continuity equation, energy considerations (Bernoulli) HM 150.07, HM 150.08,

DISCHARGE FROM horizontal flow from a tank HM 150.09, HM 150.12,

TURBOMACHINES centrifugal pumps HM 150.04, HM 150.16,

DISCHARGE WITH flow formulae HM 160 – HM 162 and

DETERMINING measuring weirs HM 160 – HM 162 and

HYDROSTATICS FLOW FROM TANKS ACCESSORIES

HM 150.06 Stability of Floating Bodies 12

HM 150.39 Floating Bodies for HM 150.06 14

Experimental Units on the Fundamentals of HM 111 Pipe Networks 42

HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment 20

HM 150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle 22

HM 150.08 Measurement of Jet Forces 24 TURBOMACHINES

HM 150.10 Visualisation of Streamlines 28 HM 150.19 Operating Principle of a Pelton Turbine 46

HM 150.20 Operating Principle of a Francis Turbine 48

HM 150.04 Centrifugal Pump 50

HM 150.16 Series and Parallel Configuration of Pumps 52

vapour pressure curve In addition to the ground pressure of a fluid, it is often

surface tension and forces

1 twin tube manometers, 2 tank, 3 digital pressure display, 4 pressure sensor,

Learning Objectives / Experiments Dimensions and Weight

Graphical determination of the metacentre: M metacentre, z vertical centre of

* Stability of floating bodies with different frame

Learning Objectives / Experiments

Dimensions and Weight

We reserve the right to modify our products without any notifications.

v velocity, pstat static pressure, pdyn dynamic pressure,

CONTINUITY EQUATION, BERNOULLI VISUALISATION OF STREAMLINES

HM 150.21 VISUALISATION OF STREAMLINES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

DISCHARGE FROM OPENINGS JET FORCE

HM 150.12 VERTICAL FLOW FROM A TANK

* Visualisation of laminar and turbulent flow1

* Investigation and verification of Bernoulli's Dimensions and Weight

Distribution of velocities v and forces F on deflectors

* Visualisation of the trajectory of the outlet jet1 Dimensions and Weight

Learning Objectives / Experiments 2 Dimensions and Weight

* Study of openings with different inlet and outlet Scope of Delivery

Interchangeable inserts to study different inlet and outlet contours

Pressure losses in straight pipes

Losses in single-strand and multi-strand pipe

* Determining the critical Reynolds number

Pressure losses as a function of velocity in pipe flow

Learning Objectives / Experiments Measuring range

POWER ENGINES determining the pump efficiency

model of an impulse turbine

HM 150.16 SERIES AND PARALLEL

studying pumps individually, connected

HM 150.20 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A FRANCIS determining the hydraulic power of

model of a reaction turbine

* Transparent operating area1

Learning Objectives / Experiments Scope of Delivery

Dimensions and Weight

Pump characteristic curves at different speeds:

Dimensions and Weight

Characteristic curves: blue: one pump in operation, red: parallel configuration

HM 150.21 Visualisation of Stream-

HM 150.11 Losses in a Pipe System

HM 150.18 Osborne Reynolds Experiment

Subcritical discharge Supercritical discharge

Parshall flume v-notch weir according to Thomson