Preparation # 22 Peppermint Spirit o Process E – longer/narrower 4.

Set it aside for 24 hours, in a cool

Formula: OA percolation place.
Peppermint oil 100 mL c) Extract 5. Filter.
Peppermint leaves 10 g  2 to 6x more potent than crude 6. qs ad H2O to complete the volume.
Alcohol qs ad 1000 mL drug
 Types: Glycerites
Procedures: o Semi liquid – syrupy; 20 mL  Solution or mixture of medicinal
1. Macerate the peppermint leaves in 7.5 solvent left substances in nlt 50% by weight of
mL of dH2O. Agitate for 1 hour. o Pilular – solid extract, plastic glycerin
2. Strain through filter paper. masses, all solvent has  Most glycerites are viscous while
3. Discard aqueous solution. Collect been evaporated some are jelly-like
leaves. o Dry powder – powdered  Used to prepare aqueous and
4. Macerate leaves in 13.5 mL alcohol. extract; starchy drugs; alcoholic dilutions of subtances which
Stand for 6 hours. examples: cassava, radish are not readily soluble in H2O or
5. Filter. Collect the filtrate. alcohol
6. Mix peppermint oil. Preparation # 24 Iodine tincture  Protectant, emollient, pill, excipient,
7. qs ad alcohol to make 15 mL.  Uses: local antiseptic, germicide, substitute for fatty ointment
fungicide  Hygroscopic
Preparation # 23 Aromatic Ammonia Spirit  NaI – solubilizing agent; prevents
Formula: OA formation of ethyl iodide Glycerin
Ammonium carbonate 34 g  NaI + I2 -> NaI3 (once formed, I2 will  Reducing agent
Strong ammonia soln. 36 mL not react with alcohol to form  Should not be triturated with strong
Lemon oil 10 mL acetaldehyde and HI causing pain oxidizing agent like KMnO4, chromium
Lavender oil 1 mL when solution is applied) trioxide or KClO3
Nutmeg oil 1 mL
 It produces coloration with phenol,
Alcohol 700 mL Formula: OA salicylates, tannin, etc. due to
pH2O qs ad 1000 mL Iodine crystal 20 g contamination with iron
Sodium iodide 24 g  Strong HNO3 / H2SO4 converts
Procedures: Alcohol 500 mL glycerin into an explosive nitroglycerin
1. Dissolve ammonium carbonate and pH2O qs ad 1000 mL
strong ammonia solution in 6 mL H2O.  Contains 3-OH group
(1)  Soluble in H2O – Hygroscopic
Procedures:
2. Stand for 24 hours. 1. Dissolve NaI in alcohol.
3. Dissolve lemon oil, nutmeg oil and Preparation # 26 Starch glycerite
2. Add Iodine crystals. Formula: OA
lavender oil in 21 mL alcohol. (2) 3. Add enough pH2O to make 30 mL.
4. Mix the two solutions. Starch 100 g
5. Stand for 24 hours. Benzoic acid 2g
Liniments: solution or mixture of various pH2O 200 g -> 200 mL
6. Filter if turbid. substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap
7. qs ad H2O to make 30 mL. Glycerin (1.25 g/mL)700 g -> ? mL
or emulsion intended for external 1000 g
application; also called as “embrocation
Extractives: products prepared by (rubbing/friction)”
extraction of drug with suitable solvent Procedures:
1. Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a
Types: mortar and rub in H2O, until a smooth
Process: 1. Alcoholic
 Percolation mixture is formed (pasty).
 Intended generally for their 2. Add glycerin, triturate.
 Digestion – with the aid of gentle heat rubefacient, counterirritant, mild 3. Transfer to final container.
 Infusion – “blanching”; addition of hot astringent and penetration effects 4. Heat mixture in a sand bath (140-
H2O  Penetrates the skin readily than 144°C) with gentle, occasional
 Decoction – boiling for 15 minutes the oil base agitation until a translucent, jelly-like
 Maceration – submerging the solute 2. Oily mass is obtained.
 Milder in action but are more
Types: useful when massage is desired Mixtures: aqueous liquid preparation which
a) Tincture contain suspended (suspensoids),
 Alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solution General use: protectant coating depending insoluble, solid substance
prepared from vegetable or on the ingredient in the preparation Uses suitable suspending or
animal drug or from chemical * Should not be applied on bruises and thickening agents
substances broken skin
 10-20% potency (10-20 g / 100 Insoluble substances
mL) Preparation # 25 Camphor & Soap Liniment - Very finely divided state
 ≤ 50% alcohol content  Uses: local anesthetic for sprain and - Uniformly distributed
 Preparation: rheumatism - Accomplished by colloid mill, special
o Simple solution – Iodine  Soaps from animals cause method, suspending agents
tincture gelatinization
o Percolation – Belladonna 1. Very finely divided
tincture Formula: OA CA - More active as adsorbents and
o Maceration – Sweet orange Camphor 45 g 1.35 g protectives when in contact with
peel tincture Soap 60 g 1.8 g inflamed area
b) Fluidextract Rosemary oil 10 mL 0.3 mL - Suspended readily and settle slowly
 1 g / 1 mL, 100% tincture Alcohol 700 mL 21 mL - To increase palatability of the
 Alcohol as solvent, potent, too Water qs ad 1000 mL 30 mL preparation with the use of colloidal
bitter tasting suspending agents
 Preparation: Procedures: 2. Easily dispersed
o Percolation 1. Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in 3. Uniformly dispersed/distributed
o Process A – extract is ready 21 mL of alcohol.
for assay 2. In a separate container, dissolve soap  Does not settle easily
o Process D – hot H2O as in 9 mL of pH2O.
menstruum 3. Add #1 and #2.
Lotion: colloidal dispersion 1um – 0.5 um Method of identification of emulsion: Lotion
Magmas & gels: fine dispersion 0.5-10 um 1. Drop dilution method - Liquid suspension or dispersion
Mixtures: fine dispersion > 0.5 um 2. Dye solubility test intended for external application to the
a. Sudan red – oil body applied without friction
Preparation # 27 Chalk mixture b. Amaranth green – water - Insoluble matter are finely divided as
Formula: OA CA 3. Electric conductivity test particles approaching colloidal
Prepared chalk (CaCO3) 60 g 0.9 g 4. Fluorescence test dimensions are more soothing to
Glycerin 100 mL 1.5 mL inflamed areas and are more effective
(viscosity modifier) Preparation # 28 Mineral oil emulsion in contact with infected surface
Cinnamon water 400 mL 6 mL - Cathartic
(flavorant) - o/w Method of preparation:
PH2O qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL 1. Triturating ingredients to a smooth
Formula: OA paste and then cautiously adding the
Procedures: Mineral oil (internal) 500 mL remaining liquid phase (high speed
1. Triturate chalk in 5 mL water. Acacia (emulsifying agent) 125 g mixers, homogenizers) – Calamine
2. Add glycerin and triturate to form a Syrup (sweetening agent) 100 mL lotion
smooth paste. Vanillin (flavorant) 40 mg 2. By chemical interaction in the liquid –
3. Add cinnamon water and triturate. Alcohol (preservative) 60 mL White lotion (freshly prepared and
4. Transfer mixture in a graduated pH2O qs ad (external) 1000 mL does not contain suspending agent)
cylinder.
5. Wash mortar with pH2O and add Procedures: ZnSO4 + K2S3 -> ZnS + 2S + K2SO4
rinsing to mixture in the graduated a) Dry gum - K2S3 – sulfurated potash
cylinder 1. Triturate mineral oil. - ZnS – white sulfide
6. qs ad H2O 2. Add acacia in portion and
triturate. 3. Clear solution – which the active
Emulsion: two phase system in which one 3. Add H2O and triturate. ingredient is H2O-soluble –
liquid is dispersed in the form of small 4. Add syrup in portion with Demethisoquin HCl lotion
globules throughout another liquid in which trituration.
it is immiscible 5. Dissolve vanillin in alcohol then  Lotions are preferred over semi-solid
and portion with trituration. preparation because of nongreasy
Components: 6. Add enough water to make 30 character and high spreadability over
1. Dispersed mL. large areas of skin.
liquid/Internal/Discontinuous b) Wet gum
2. Dispersion 1. Triturate acacia. Preparation # 30 Calamine lotion
medium/External/Continuous 2. Add H2O and continue triturating. - Antipruritic
3. Intermediate agent/Emulsifying 3. Add oil in portion.
agent/Dispersing of solubilizing agent 4. Add syrup in portion. Formula: OA CA
5. Dissolve vanillin in alcohol, then Calamine 80 g 2.4 g
Types of emulsifying agent: and portion with trituration. Zinc oxide 80 g 2.4 g
1. Natural 6. Add enough H2O to make 30 mL. Glycerin 20 mL 0.6 mL
a. Animal – egg yolks, gelatin, Bentonite magma 250 mL 7.5 mL
casein, wool fat, cholesterol Gels Ca(OH)2 top. 1000 mL 30 mL
b. Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, - Suspension in a water medium of soln. qs ad
pectin, chondrus, carageenan insoluble drugs in hydrated from
2. Synthetic wherein, the particle size approaches Procedures:
a. Finely divided solid – Al(OH)3, or attain colloidal dimension 1. Dilute bentonite magma with an equal
Mg(OH)2, Mg trisilicate - Thixotropy volume of Ca(OH)2 topical solution.
b. Colloid – colloidal clays, - Have very fine particle size to achieve 2. Mix calamine and ZnO alternately with
bentonite magma, kaolin large surface thus maximum glycerin to form a smooth paste.
c. Anionic – sodium lauryl sulfate absorption capacity 3. Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma.
d. Cationic – benzalkonium chloride, - May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, 4. Triturate and add the remaining
cetylpyridinium chloride sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin or other magma.
e. Non-ionic – sorbitan esters and suitable flavor and preservative in a 5. Add enough Ca(OH)2 topical solution
polysorbates, PEG 400, spans total amount of not exceeding 0.5% to complete the volume.
and tweens
f. Amphoteric – lecithin (used in IV; Preparation # 29 Aluminum hydroxide gel
fat emulsions) Formula OA CA
 Anionic, Cationic, Non-ionic – Wetting Ammonium alum 800 g 12 g
agents Sodium carbonate 1000 g 15 g
Peppermint oil 0.01% 0.01% - 1 gtt
Types of emulsion: Sodium benzoate 0.1% 0.1%
1. Simple: o/w or w/o pH2O 2000 mL 30 mL
2. Multiple: w/o/w, o/w/o
3. Microemulsion: 100 A – 1000 A Procedures:
10 millimicrons – 100 millimicrons 1. Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL
1 A = 0.1 nm hot H2O.
2. Dissolve alum in 30 mL hot H2O.
Method of preparation: 3. Filter the alum solution in the
1. Wet or English – 4:2:1 carbonate solution.
2. Dry or Continental – same proportion, 4. Add 60 mL hot H2O with stirring to
different order of mixing allow gas to escape (5 mins).
3. Bottle or Forbes – volatile oils or low 5. Dilute to 1200 mL with cold water.
viscosity oleaginous substances STAND. DECANT.
6. Suspend residue in 30 mL purified
Problems: water flavored with peppermint oil and
- Creaming preserve with sodium benzoate.
- Cracked/Broken 7. Homogenize the resulting gel.
- Phase inversion (w/o -> o/w)