pANini - born in gAndhAra

pANina, dAkSIputra, shAla~Nki

Disciples: vararuci (kAtyAyana) - vAkyAni or vArttikAni is a work written by him

pata~njali's comment:
pramANabhUtaH AcAryaH darbhapavitrapANiH
shucAvakAshe upavishya mahatAprayatnena
sUtrANi praNayatiSma
tatra ashakyaM varNenApi anarthaM bhavituM
kiM punaH iyatA sUtreNa

shikSAgrantha - one of the disciplines of Upadeva/Vedangas - deals with shabda

uccAraNa

comment on vArttikAni -
utAnuktaduruktaMca cintAyatra pravartate
taM granthaM vArttikamAhuhuH vArttikaGYAH maNISiNaH

Definition of Grammar - vyAkriyante utpAdyante nUtanAni padAni

prakR^iti - feminine Gender
pratyaya - masculine Gender

aSTAdhyAyI - aSTAnAM adhyAyAnAM samAhAraH

8 chapters with 4 quarters each

Characteristics of a sUtra
alpAkSaraM - as few letters as possible
asMdigdhaM - shouldn't create any doubts
sAravat - should have quintessence
vishvatomukhaM - should enable us to understand the sUtra in different phases
astohaM - irresistible
anavadyaM - spotless, defectless

saMGYa sUtraM
guNa - 3 vowels - dIrgha akAra, dIrgha ekAra, dIrgha okAra
vR^iddhi - 3 vowels - dIrgha AkAra, dIrgha aikAra, dIrgha aukAra

mAheshvara sUtrANi
uttAvasAne naTarAjarAjaH nanAdaDhakkAM navapa~ncavAram..

roots of letters - pratyAhAra (collection of letters)

pratyAkriyante saMkSipyante asmin akSarANi.

a i u N > aN (NakAra - t > it goes - not taken practically for languages)

al > stands for all the 33 consonants

ac > signifies a to c in mAheshvara sUtras

1st pratyAhAra for aN pratyAhAra

2nd pratyAhAra for iN pratyAhAra
rakAra - repha

pratyAhAra sUtra
a i u N
R^i lR^i k
e o ~N
ai au c
hayavaraT
laN
~nama~NaNanam (nasal - anunAsika)
jhabha~n
ghaDhadhaS
jabagaDadash
khaphachhaThathacaTatav
kapay
shaSasar
hal

prathamo.adhyAyaH
prathamaH pAdaH

vR^iddhirAdaic 1

> vR^iddhir-Ad-aic
> vR^iddhiH At aic
> This is a saMGYA sUtra - name give to grammatical words
> vR^iddhi in Grammar means At, aic
> hrasva - can be pronounced in 1 mAtra kAla
> dIrgha - can be pronounced in 2 mAtra kAla
> plutam - can be pronounced in 3 mAtra kAla

ade~NguNaH 2

> ad-e~N-guNaH
> at e~N guNaH
> guNa in Grammar means at, e~N

iko guNavR^iddhI 3

> paribhASA sUtra (explains the methodology of other rules - here guNa and
vR^iddhi)
> ikaH guNavR^iddhI (samAsa of guNa & vR^iddhI)
> ikaH means in the place of ik
> ik = i u R^i lR^i
> sthAnI - a word/letter existing originally
> AdeshaH - substituting the existing letter/new word appearing in the place of old
letter (substitute)

na dhAtulopa ArdhadhAtuke 4

> guNa and vR^iddhi is continued in this sUtra

> guNa and vR^iddhi is prohibited in dhAtulopa ArdhadhAtuke
> na dhAtu lope ArdhadhAtuke
> When there is a dhAtulopa and when a ArdhadhAtuka pratyaya is added to a word,
the natural guNa and vR^iddhi is prohibited

k~Niti ca 5

> (na, guNavR^iddhI)

> k~Niti = git, kit, ~Nit
> When git or kit or ~Nit pratyaya is imposed, guNa and vR^iddhi which are supposed
to occur normally are prohibited
> gsnu = gakAra disappears here = snu
> kta = kakAra disappears here = ta
> ~N
> Example: verb root, ji means jaye - to win
>> ji is followed by gsnu, it becomes ji + snu
>> thus it becomes jiSNu which means one who wins naturally
> Example: ji + kta = ji + ta = jita = conquered
> Example: ci verb root means cayane - to select
>> cinutaH, here the pratyaya is ~Nit
> In the above examples as per the normal rule, the syllables should transform
according to guNavR^iddhI rule but they are not because of the presence of kit,
git, ~Nit

dIdhIvevITAm 6

> (na, guNavR^iddhI)

> dIdhI vevI iTAm
> dIdhI is a verb root - to shine
> vevI is a verb root - to spread
> iT - augment before a pratyaya
> When the above three are used, it wouldn't allow guNa or vR^iddhI
> Example: AdIdhI + aka = AdIdhyakaH
> Example: AvevI + ana = Avevyanam
> Example: kaN + itA = kaNitA
> Here the three words didn't transform like a normal guNa/vR^iddhi

halo.anantarAH saMyogaH 7

> the small akAra above is called avagraha

> halaH anantarAH saMyogaH
> Explains what saMyogaH (saMGYA sUtra)
> halaH - pratyAhAra - all consonants
> anantarAH = na + antara = no break
> Consonants with no breaks in between (halaH anantarAH) is called saMyogaH
> Example: agniH = fire = akAra + gakAra + nakAra + ikAra = contains two consonants
with no break > gna
> Example = indra = ikAra + nakAra + dakAra + repha + akAra = ndr > three
consonants in a saMyogaH
> kArtsnyam = wholeness = kakAra + AkAra + repha + takAra + sakAra + nakAra +
yakAra + akAra + makAra
>> contains rtsny
> Counter-example: panasam - pineapple
>> sakara + akAra + makAra > not a saMyoga as there is an akAra between sakAra and
makAra

mukhanAsikAvacano.anunAsikaH 8

> mukhaH nAsikaH vacanaH anunAsikaH - saMGYA sUtra

> Says what anunAsikaH is
> Example: a - only mouth is used for pronouncing this syllable
> Example: a.N - uses mouth & nose for pronounciation
> ka kha ga gha ~Na - 5 letters in kavarga, with last letter being anunAsika
> ~na is anunAsika in cavarga and so on

tulyAsyaprayatnaM savarNam 9

> tulya Asya prayatnam savarNam - saMGYA sUtra

> Says what savarNaM is
> tulya = equality; Asya = mouth; prayatna = effort
> Two or more words/letters are called savarNa when the origination in mouth and
effort required is same
> varNa means a letter/color/jAti-caste
> prayatna is of two types > internal & external
>> Effort required in the body before utterance is called internal - Abhyantara-
prayatna
>> Effort required in the body after utterance is called external - bAhya-prayatna
> shikSA shAstra contains the places of origins - utpatti-sthAnAni
> Internal efforts are 4 in number
> External efforts are 11 in number
> sUtrANi teaching the origination of letters:
>> 1. akuha visarjanIyAnAM kaNThaH = akAra, kavarha, hakAra, visarga (ha :)
>> 2. icuyashAnAM tAlu = ikAra cakAra
>> 3. upUpadhmAnIyAnAM oSThe
>> 4. R^iTraSANAM mUrdhA
>> 5. ~nama~NaNanAnAM nAsikA ca
>> 6. edaitoH kaNThatAlu
>> 7. AdautoH kaNThoSTham
>> 8. nAsikA anusvArasya

Myths:
Sanskrit wasn't a language in use
Sanskrit was an introduced language - no linguistic evidence
Sanskrit is the language of Gods
It was Brahmanical language
Opposition between Sanskrit and Indian languages