12th IEEE International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials - Xi'an - China

Calculation of the Equivalent Thermal Parameters of

External Environment for Cable Based on the Real-
time Measurement Data
Tao XU1, Zhifeng XU2, Yan XU1, Pengyu WANG2, Shaochao HU1, Hao ZHENG2, Fuchun LI2, Gang LIU2
1.Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau Ltd. Transmission management, Guangzhou Guangdong 510630, China
2.School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Guangdong 510640, China

Abstract—Modelling the heat-transfer process of environment
for laying electric cable makes for predicting the conductor’s
temperature in electric cable and calculating the potential current-
carrying capacity. This passage put the heat-transfer process of
environment for laying electric cable as first-order thermal
resistance-thermal capacity model, and deduced the computational
method of the thermal resistance and thermal capacity of the
environment. The method’s dependability was validated through
an experiment of 110kV, 500-milimeter-square single conductor
cable. Based on the data of the temperature rise experiment, it can
be concluded that the computing results of the thermal resistance
and thermal capacity of the environment are closed linked with the
time interval and the volatility of the computing result was lower
while the time interval was longer. The computational results of the
external thermal resistance and thermal capacity stayed within the
scope of thermal physical parameters of common soil material.
Accordingly, the established model of the first-order thermal
circuit was proved to be accurate. And the calculations of the
environmental thermal resistance and thermal capacity were
proved to be reliable1. 
Keywords—cable; external laying environment; first-order
thermal circuit; heat capacity; thermal resistance; data screening;
reliability analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
With the excellent electrical property and high reliability,
electric cables are becoming one of the main ways of power
transmission [1–3]. Since the transmission pressure of existing
cable lines is increasing with the accelerating process of urban
modernization, dynamic rating for cable is necessary [4–7]. The
accurate calculation of the cable conductor’s temperature is
essential to the cable dynamic rating for the temperature of the
conductor is one of the limit factors in current capacity.
The change of the cable’s surface temperature can be
negligible in a short time. Thus, with the known structure
parameters, the temperature of the cable conductor in real time
can be monitored using the cable surface temperature as a
calculation condition. Many scholars have made a great deal of
research on the real-time calculation of cable conductor
temperature, and have formed a relatively complete calculation
method. Reference [8] establishes the equivalent thermal circuit
model based on the real-time conductor temperature which
calculated by the real-time temperature of cable outer jacket to
control the cable capacity. Reference [9] establishes transient
thermal circuit model, deduces the recursion formula of transient
temperature rise of cable conductor considering the change of
load and the change of surface temperature, solves the equation
of the cable conductor temperature with the fourth-order Runge-
Kutta method. Reference [10] establishes the three-dimensional
transient thermal circuit model and completes the theoretical
derivation of real-time calculation of cable conductor
temperature considering axial heat transfer.
The temperature of the cable’s surface will change with the
current loading process. If it is needed to predict the conductor’s
temperature or calculate the potential current-carrying capacity
for laying cable after a long time, it will bring comparatively
large mistakes to use the initial surface temperature as the
calculation condition of the thermal model. In addition to an
apposite model established to connect the environment with
cable, the thermal parameters of the cable’s laying environment
and boundary temperature should be considered to make long
time prediction of cable capacity. The environmental thermal
resistance and heat capacity of the method mentioned in IEC-
60278 and IEC-60853 assumes their thermal parameters are
constant [11–14]. As a matter of fact, the solid thermal parameter
will vary with depth and season, and soil thermal parameters will
also vary with the different proportions of gas, liquid and solid
components. The solid thermal resistance has a great
relationship with the moisture, density, temperature, particle size
and the distribution of porosity in the soil [15–16]. Thus, the
standard formula of IEC-60287 and IEC-60853 is more suitable
for calculating the current capacity of a cable line during the
design.
The variable parameters of the external laying environment
make the calculation for the prediction of the conductor
temperature and capacity complicated and inaccurate. To obtain
a variety of environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity
parameters, and to provide a method for predicting the conductor
temperature of the operating cable for a long time, a first-order
thermal resistance-thermal capacity model of the external
environment is established. The temperature of the external

Project Supported by National High-tech R&D Program (863

Program): (2015AA050201) and Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau
Ltd science and technology projects(GZM2015-2-0007)

978-1-5386-5788-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 622

environment boundary and the temperature of the cable surface equation (4) divided by dτ, and the formula is changed into:
were measured at the scene, and the temperature of aluminum wt dt
sheath was calculated in real time. With the data mentioned Pi  Pp 2S rO 2S rc ˜ ˜ dr (5)
wr dW
before, the parameters of thermal resistance and thermal
Formula (5) can be expressed in Figure 1, which is the
capacity in the thermal circuit model can be calculated and be transient thermal circuit model of the cylindrical wall micro
selected by the Pauta Criterion. The reliability of the calculation
can be verified with the relevant theory. element. In the figure, 2 is the heat flowing through the
thermal resistance of the cable unit, which is represented by .
II. THE EQUIVALENT THERMAL MODEL OF THE EXTERNAL 2 ∙ ∙ / is the heat remained in the thermal capacity
ENVIRONMENT of the cable unit, which is represented by
.
˝. Essential analysis of cable’s heat transfer
wt
According to the Fourier's Law of heat conduction, in 2S r O
wr
unit time, the heat through the cross-sectional area is
proportional to the change rate of temperature and the cross- Pi
sectional area size in the vertical direction of the cross-sectional Pp dt
2S rc ˜ ˜ dr
area [17]. The equation can be expressed as:  dW
¶t (1)
dQ = - λ dA
¶x Fig.1 The transient thermal model of cable unit
Where:
dQ represents the heat. ˞ . Transient thermal model of the cable considering laying
dA represents the cross-sectional area. environment
λ(K ∙ m/W) is the heat transfer coefficient. Applying the transient thermal model of the cable unit to
The “-” in formula (1) represents the transfer of heat along the every layer of the cable, the transient thermal model of the
direction of decreasing temperature gradient. distributed parameters can be deduced. But the calculation of the
Supposing there is a unit length of cable and its radius is RˊAt method is difficult. Thus, it is often converted into the lumped
the radius of r, take a cylinder wall unit which thickness is dr. parameter model which is easier for calculation in practical
Assuming there is heat flowing into the micro element of application. The unit is expanded into the cylinder wall unit
the cylinder wall unit during the time , and there is heat among the radius of and ( < ). Supposing the
flowing out of the cylinder wall unit. At the same time, the unit temperature at radius of is , the temperature at radius of
of cylinder wall itself produces heat . By the law of the is . The heat which is represented by flowed through
conservation of energy, the temperature rise of the cylindrical the thermal resistance and the heat which is represented by
wall element during the time can be calculated with the remained in the thermal capacity can be expressed by formula
following formula: (6) and formula (7) respectively:
t2

dt = i
dQ + dQ p - dQ0
(2)
PR
³ t1
wt t2  t1
(6)
c ×dV
1 1 r21 r
2SO ³r1 r
Where: wW ˜ ln 2
is the temperature rise of the cylindrical wall unit. 2SO r1
is the volume of the cylindrical wall unit. r2 dt dt
³r1 2S rc ˜ dr ˜ dW cS (r2  r1 ) ˜ dW
2 2
is the specific heat capacity. PC (7)
is the heat flows into the unit of the cylinder wall.
where is the temperature rise of the cylindrical wall unit
is the heat flows out of the unit of the cylinder wall.
during the time . Apply formula (6) and (7) to every layer of
is the heat produced by the unit of cylinder wall itself.
the cable and the transient thermal model can be deduced.
The heat flows out of the cylinder wall unit can be calculated The following assumptions are made for modeling the thermal
according to the Fourier's Law of heat conduction such as: circuit model of the cable’s external environment,
¶t (3) 1) In general, the thermal parameters of the cable’s external
dQ = - λ
0 儳 dA dτ
¶r environment are constant. The scope of axial external
where: environment should be considered is far greater than the scope
The “-” in the formula (3) represents the transfer of heat along of radial external environment. Meanwhile the laying
the direction of decreasing temperature gradient. environment and cable are symmetrical. Therefore, the axial
The volume of the cylindrical wall unit can be calculated as heat transfer of the cable can be negligible. The external laying
=2 ⋅ , = 2 . Put them into the formula (2) we environment of the cable is equivalent to a cylinder, that is, the
can get: same diameter part is the isotherm.
¶t 2) During the temperature rise process of cable, there exists a
dQi + dQp = 2πrλ ?dτ 2πλc 儳
dr dt (4)
¶r boundary for the impact of cable’s heat transfer on the
Define / = , /dτ = , with both sides of the surrounding environment. Suppose the outer diameter of the

623
laying environment’s boundary is in the position where the
temperature change is negligible during transient period. The
influence of cable on the temperature of the environment section
outside the boundary can be negligible and the external
boundary condition is expressed by the steady heat source in the
thermal circuit.
3) The influence of cable on the thermal parameters of the
environment section outside the boundary can be negligible.
According to the theory of heat transfer, the heat is generated
by internal structure of the cable and transferred to the surface.
A part of the heat is absorbed by the surface of the cable, which
is used to rise the temperature of itself. And the remaining part
Temperature of the
conductor
t1 R1 t2 R2 t3 R3
is transferred to the laying environment. The heat transferred can
be divided into two parts. One is absorbed by the laying
environment to rise the temperature of itself. The other part
continues to transfer along the direction from high temperature
to low temperature to the environment section outside the
boundary. Therefore, the heat transfer process of the external
environment can be described by the first-order thermal model
with thermal resistance, heat capacity and temperature source.
The transient thermal circuit model of cable in consideration of
the external environment is shown in Figure 2.
Temperature of the
environment
t4 R4 t5 R5 t6 Re te

P1 C1 P2 C2 C3 C4 P5 C5 C6 Ce

Conductor Insulation(including internal Wrapping Tape Air Gap Sheath of Outer Jacket Laying
and external shield layer) Metal Environment

Fig.2 The transient thermal model of cable

Where: calculated by using the thermal circuit shown in Figure 3.
t1 ( ć ) is the temperature of conductor; t2 ( ć ) is the t5 Ps R5 t6 Pe Re te
temperature of insulation; t3 ( ć ) is the temperature of
wrapping tape; t4 (ć) is the temperature of air gap; t5 (ć) is the Pc
temperature of metal sheath; t6 (ć) is the temperature of the
surface; te (ć) is the temperature of the external environment C5 C6 Ce
boundary. C1(J/K) is the thermal of the insulation( including
Metal sheath External
internal and external shield layer); C3 (J/K) is the thermal Outer jacket
environment
capacity of wrapping tape( including expansion band); C4 (J/K)
is the thermal capacity of the air gap; C5 (J/K) is the thermal Fig.3 The computational thermal model of the environmental equivalent
capacity of metal sheath; C6 (J/K) is the thermal capacity of the thermal parameters
outer jacket,; Ce (J/K) is the thermal capacity of the laying Where:
environment; R1 (K/W) is the thermal resistance of the conductor; ( ć ) is the temperature of the sheath; ( ć ) is the
R2 (K/W) is the thermal resistance of the insulation( including temperature of the outer jacket; (ć) is the temperature of
internal and external shield layer); R3 (K/W) is the thermal external environment; (J/K) is the thermal resistance of the
resistance of the wrapping tape(including expansion band); R4 outer jacket; (J/K) is the thermal resistance of the laying
(K/W) is the thermal resistance of the air gap; R5 (K/W) is the environment; (J/K) is the thermal capacity of metal sheath;
thermal resistance of the outer jacket; Re (K/W) is the thermal (J/K) is the thermal capacity of metal sheath; (J/K) is the
resistance of the laying environment,; P1 (W) is the loss of the thermal capacity of the outer jacket; (J/K) is the thermal
conductor˗P2 (W) is the loss of the insulation and internal and capacity of the laying environment,; (W) the heat flows
external shield layer˗P5 (W) is the loss of the metal sheath˗ through the outer jacket of the cable; (W) is the heat absorbed
by the external environment; (W) is the heat flows through
˟ˊ The Calculation of Environmental Parameters in First- the thermal resistance of the laying environment,.
Order Thermal Model In Figure 3, according to the definition of thermal resistance
From the analysis above, the volume heat capacity heat capacity, there are:
corresponding to the thermal capacity in the first-order thermal t5  te Pe Re (8)
model is not the real one of the external environment. It is the t5  t6
Ps R5 (9)
lumped parameter that makes the heat transfer process of the
first-order thermal circuit model equivalent to the actual thermal dt
Pc Ce 6 (10)
process of the external environment. In this paper, the dW
parameters of the equivalent first-order thermal circuit are And according to the energy conservation law, there is:

624
 Pe Ps  Pc (11)
The formula above can be transferred into: Console
Console
dt6 te  t6 t5  t6
 (12) Feedback
dW Rd Ce R5Ce Signal
PLC
There are two unknown parameters above, so two
different formulas are needed to solve the problem ordinary. Transformer
Transfo
f rmer
Thus, using the difference methods namely using the difference Three-
quotient replaces the derivative. Supposing at 3 time points Voltage Current Cable
phase Regulator
n, n + 1, n + 2 with the interval is h between each other, the Generator
surface temperatures are , , respectively. Power
According to the difference methods, the formulas can be Compensation
transferred as follows:
Capacity
t6n 1  t6n te  t6n t5  t6n
 (13)
h Re Ce R5Ce Fig.4 The experimental system diagram
n2 n 1 n 1 n 1
t
t te  t t t
6
 5
6
(14) 6 6

h Re Ce R5Ce 75

70
Solve the simultaneous equations (12) and (13), the formulas 65
Conductor
will be rewritten as follows: 60 Metal sheath

Temperature (ȭ)
n n 1 n n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n n 1
h t t t t t tn
t t
n
t t
n
t t (15) 55 Surface
Re  ˜ 6 5
n 1 2
5 6
n n2
e 6
n 1
6 e
n2
5 e
n2
e 5
n 1 n 1 Environment
R5 (t )  t t
6 6 6 t t
n
6 e t t
n
e 6 t t
n
e 6 t t
6 e
50

45
(t n 1 ) 2  t n t n  2  t n t n 1  t n t n  2  t n t n 1  t n 1t n 1 (16)
Ce  R5 ˜ 6n 1 2 6n 6n  2 en 6n 1 en 6n  2 6n en 1 6n 1 en 1 40
(t6 )  t6 t6  ta t6  ta t6  t6 ta  t6 ta 35
 30
ċ.THE EXPERIMENT ON TEMPERATURE RISE OF CABLE 25

20
To verify the accuracy of the first order thermal circuit model 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Time (10 S)
and the reliability of the calculation of the environmental heat
capacity, a temperature rise experiment of 110kV, 500- Fig.5 The transient temperature rises curve of experimental cable
milimeter-square single conductor cable was designed. The
experimental system is shown in Figure 4. The experimental TABLE I
THE PARAMETERS OF YJLW0364/110 1×500 Cable
system is divided into two parts including indoor and outdoor. Inside Outside
The indoor part includes an automatic high current generator Thicknes Thermal
diamete Diamete
Structure Material s Resistance
system, a current generator and a reactive power compensation r r
˄mm˅ ˄km/W˅
capacitor; the outdoor part is the load of experiment, which is (mm) (mm)
YJLW0364/110 1 * 500 high voltage cable. Its detailed Conducto
Copper 0 26.6 13.3 0
r
structural parameters are shown in Table I. The experimental
cable is buried in the soil, and the laying depth is 1m. The Insulation XLPE 26.6 65.6 19.5 3.5
experiment uses constantan thermocouple as the temperature Water
Wrapping
sensor, the average error of the measurement is lower than Tape
Blocking 65.6 72.0 3.2 6.0
0.1 ć, and all thermocouples are calibrated by the standard Tape
mercury thermometer before the experiment. Air Gap Air 72.0 82.0 5.0 34.0
Under the condition of no initial load, the 1100A step current Metal Aluminu
82.0 86.0 2.0 0
is applied to the cable through the high current generator. The sheath m
surface temperature of the cable is continuously monitored in 22 Outer
HDPE 86.0 92.0 3.0 3.5
hours, and the real-time conductor temperature and the Jacket
aluminum sheath temperature are deduced through the real-time
calculation of the cable thermal circuit. The temperature of the Č. THE CALCULATION EXAMPLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT’S
surface and the temperature of the outer boundary of THERMAL RESISTANCE AND HEAT CAPACITY
environment measured as well as the temperature of the
aluminum sheath and the conductor calculated in real time are ˝ˊ The calculation of thermal resistance and heat capacity
shown in Figure 5. From the Figure 3 combining with the formula (15) and (16),
the parameters of thermal resistance and heat capacity of the
first-order thermal circuit model in different intervals can be
calculated. It is known from the calculation results:

625
 1) There will be many values unsolvable when the interval is finished, and the series of thermal resistance or heat capacity are
10 seconds or 1 minute. The reason is that when the calculation obtained.
time interval is too small, the calculation difference of the The environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity are
surface temperature before and after the same moment is measured for many times and the average value of them which
minimal or equal. Due to the errors caused by thermocouple and is more precise are calculated as the parameter. Thus, the cable’s
thermometer makes the temperature after a moment lower than environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity of the first-
the temperature before. Thus the equation is unsolvable. order thermal resistance-thermal capacity model are obtained
2)The real-time calculation of the environmental heat capacity Screen the data after calculating environmental thermal
is calculated respectively when the interval is 10 seconds, resistance and heat capacity when the time interval is 3 hours.
1minute and 10 minutes. There are abnormal fluctuations in the The iteration result is shown in Table II and Table ċ. The
calculation results. Most of them appear in the later period of number of values, the average value and the percentage of the
cable temperature rise process. And the larger the time interval difference between two adjacent iterations are shown in Table II
is, the smaller the solution value fluctuation are. The reasons are: and Table ċ for thermal resistance and heat capacity
1. In the later period of the temperature rise process ˈ the respectively. From Table II and Table ċ, it is known that the
temperature differences of the cable surface decrease with time, equivalent thermal resistance value of the external environment
which result in extremum and using the interpolation derivation based on real time measurement data is 0.089K/W, and the
formula 2. When calculating the thermal resistance and heat equivalent heat capacity is 333032.11J/K.
capacity of the environment at the same time, the larger the time
interval is TABLE II.
the larger the temperature rise of the cable surface will be. Thus, THE SCREENING ITERATIVE PROCESS FOR THE EXTERNAL THERMAL
the possibility of appearing extreme value is smaller and the Iterative numb Data Average/(K/ Percentage
fluctuation will be smaller too. 3. The measurement error of er numbers W) Difference /%
thermocouple and temperature monitor can result in extremum 0 3787 0.09389 /
or the value near zero in difference quotient of the equation. The 1 3754 0.09079 3.29
shorter the calculation time interval is, the smaller the surface
temperature is. Equally the measurement error has a greater 2 3683 0.09003 0.84

impact on the result. 3 3601 0.08942 0.67

4 3580 0.08930 0.14

˞ˊ The screening of calculation results
5 3569 0.08924 0.07
The environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity
obtained by solving the equations are selected by using Pauta 6 3567 0.08923 0.01
Criterion. The calculation process is as follows. Using equal 7 3567 0.08923 0
precision measurement to obtain the unknowns , ,⋯ RESISTANCE
independently, then the arithmetic mean and residual error vi=xi-
x (i=1,2…n) of them are calculated. And the standard deviation TABLE ċ
THE SCREENING ITERATIVE PROCESS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT CAPACITY
σ of them is calculated according to the Bessel Function. If the
residual error of a measured value represented by is Iterative Data Average Percentage
satisfied with the following formula: number numbers /(K/W) Difference
/%
| v b | | xb - x |! 3V (17) 0 3316 410645.8058 /
1 3244 365426.4509 11.01
Then the value should be considered a bad value with 2 3178 354303.3852 3.04
gross error and should be eliminated. After screening, the 3 3131 347809.4309 1.83
residual errors of the environmental heat resistance and heat 4 3110 345237.4113 0.74
capacity should satisfy the conditions that they are less than 5 3104 344526.4063 0.21
6 3085 342324.7359 0.64
three times the standard deviation by several iterative methods. 7 3043 337404.6486 1.44
The screening process is as follows: 1. Calculate the average 8 3018 334634.4889 0.82
value of the series of environmental resistance or heat capacity 9 3007 333449.6854 0.35
obtained by solving the equations; 2. Calculate the standard 10 3003 333032.1052 0.13
11 3003 333032.1052 0
deviation of the series of environmental thermal resistance or
heat capacity; 3. Calculate the residual error of the series of
environmental thermal resistance or heat capacity and eliminate ˟ˊ Reliability analysis of the result
the data if the calculation is more than three times the error. 4. In the assumption of modeling the first-order thermal
Calculate the average value of the series of the preserved resistance-thermal capacity of the cable’s external environment,
environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity, and the environment is equivalent to the structure of cylindrical wall.
determine whether it is equal to the average value of the thermal The inner diameter and the outer diameter are all isotherms.
resistance or heat capacity of the series in the last iteration. If Only the radial temperature gradient is considered, and the heat
they are not equal, repeat the previous process 2 to 4 until the is conducted in radial direction. Then the calculation formula of
average values of two times are equal. After that the iteration is the thermal conductivity and volume heat capacity can be

626
deduced from the calculation formula of the environmental
thermal resistance and heat capacity, which is shown as formula
(18) and formula (19). Where (W/(K ∙ m) ) represents the
thermal conductivity of the laying environment; ( K/W )
represents the thermal resistance of the laying environment;
represents the outer diameter of the equivalent structure of
laying environment; represents the inner diameter of the
equivalent structure of laying environment; ( J/(K ∙ ))
represents the volume heat capacity of the laying environment;
(J/K.) represents the heat capacity of the laying environment.
ln( De d e )
Oe (18)
2S Re
4Ce
ce (19)
S ( De2  de2 )
By calculating the formula (18) and (19), the thermal
conductivity of the cable is 3.34 W/(K ∙ m), and the volume heat
capacity is 1206.26 J/(K ∙ ). Through the relevant literature
[16,18–20], the range of the thermal conductivity and volume
heat capacity can be obtained. For example, the thermal
conductivity of moderate weathered sandy mudstone with water
content of 6% is 1.95 W/(K ∙ m), the thermal conductivity of the
loess with the water content of 0.49% to nearly 100% is
0.29~1.65 W/(K ∙ m) . The thermal conductivity of the loess
increases with the water content. The range of the thermal
conductivity of building material including clay, concrete, sand
and granite is 0.24 ~ 3.98 W/(K ∙ m), the range of volume heat
capacity is 1097~2950J/K ∙ . [2]
Through comparison, the calculated thermal resistance and
heat capacity of external environmental is within the range of the
general building materials’ thermal parameters. And the
reliability of the method is verified.

č.CONCLUSION
The thermal resistance and heat capacity of environment are
needed to predict the conductor’s temperature or calculate the
potential current-carrying capacity. The surface temperature of
cable will change with the current loading process. Comparing
with the method in this paper, the method mentioned in IEC-
60287 and IEC-60853 to calculate the thermal resistance and
heat capacity assumes the thermal parameters of environment
are constant. It will bring comparatively large mistakes if it is
needed to predict the conductor’s temperature or calculate the
potential current-carrying capacity for laying cable after a long
time.
To obtain the changeable parameters of environmental
thermal resistance and heat capacity, the laying environment’s
first-order thermal resistance-thermal capacity Type-T model is
build according to the heat transfer theory. Meanwhile, the
calculation method of thermal resistance and heat capacity in
thermal circuit is also given. The reliability of the method is
verified by an example of 110kV, 500-milimeter-square single
conductor cable, and the following conclusions can be reached:
1) The heat transfer process of the external cable laying
environment can be equivalent to the first-order thermal
627
resistance-thermal capacity Type-T model. The laying
environmental boundary temperature and the surface
temperature are measured in the field, and the aluminum sheath
temperature are calculated in real time to compute the
parameters of thermal resistance and heat capacity in the model.
2) The volume heat capacity corresponding to the thermal
capacity in the equivalent thermal circuit model is not the real
one of the external environment. It is the lumped parameter that
makes the heat transfer process of the first-order thermal circuit
model equivalent to the actual thermal process of the external
environment.
3) There are abnormal fluctuations in the calculation results.
Most of them appear in the later period of cable temperature rise
process. And the larger the time interval is, the smaller the
solution value fluctuation are.
4) The environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity are
calculated based on the temperature rise experimental data of
110kV, 500-milimeter-square single core cable. And the result is
within the scope of thermal physical parameters of common soil
material. Thus, the established model of the first-order thermal
circuit was proved to be accurate and the calculation of the
environmental thermal resistance and heat capacity were proved
to be reliable.
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