LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENVIRONAMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSIEN ONN MALAYSIA

TITLE PLASTIC ANALYSIS

SUBJECT CODE BFC 31901

SECTION 10
SEMESTER 1 2018/2019
1. MUHAMMAD ZIQRIEL HAQEEM BIN ZAINUDIN
(DF170119)
2. MUHAMMAD NUR FITRI BIN ISHAK (DF170094)

GROUP MEMBERS 3. MUHAMMAD AFZAL BI RAZALI (DF170088)

4. NURUL ALISSA AINA BT MOHD NADHIR
(DF170112)
5. RABI’ATUL RAIHAN BT AHMAD KAMAL ARIFFIN
(DF170095)
LECTURER NAME ENCIK MOHD KHAIRY BIN BURHANUDIN

SUBMISSION DATE 30 OCTOBER 2018

 LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

LABORATORY WORKSHEET

Course Code BFC 31901

Department Structure And Material Engineering

Title Plastic Analysis

1.0 OBJECTIVE
 1.1 To find the form factor
1.2 To investigate the load deflection relationship for a beam to the point of plastic
collapse

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

2.1 Able to apply the structural knowledge in practical application.

2.2 To improve the technical efficiency through the laboratory work.
2.3 Able to communicate effectively in team work.
2.4 Able to recognize the problem, solving and getting the solution through
experimental work

3.0 INTRODUCTION

During the design process for beams it would not be unreasonable for one to assume that
no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that allowable for the working
material. However, it can be found that a beam will withstand much larger forces before
collapse than simple elastic theory predict.

4.0 THEORY
When a beam is bent around the neutral axis, the stress through the beam section varies
with the distance from the neutral axis, form the greatest att the extreme fibres ( y=
maximum) to zero at the neutral axis ( y = 0)

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build up
through the section to a maximum at the extreme fibres. This means that although the
outer parts of the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the inner
parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load.

If the bending moment continues to increse, the plastic portion will move further
into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the partially plastic condition.
The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although with an incresing rate of
deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral axis. ( See diagram
below )

σy
Plastic portion
Neutral
axis

Eventually the elastic portion will

σy far enough into the beam andthe beam will be
“fully” plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be unable ti resist any further bending
moment ( shown below)
 The ratio of the “fully’ plastic bending to the “just” plastic moment is call FORM
FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the shape of the beam and not on
the size, material or fixing condition.

For cantilever beam

4WL
Yield stress  y  …………….equation 1
bd

For the simply supported beam

WL
Maximum bending moment, M p  ……….. equation 2
4

Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre M y   y I y

Experiment form factor = M p M y where the text book value is 1.5

5.0 PROCEDURE

Experiment (Simply Supported Beam)

 1. Take the specimen beam and measure the cross section, calculate the second
moment of area for the specimen.
2. Ensure the clamp plates are removed and place the specimen beam across the
chucks of the unit.
3. Push the roller mechanism outwards to its stop.
4. Put the pin through the load cell fork and wind the load cell down until the pin
just touches the specimen beam zero both the load cell and the indicator.
5. Wind the load cell down to cause a measured deflection of 3mm and the reading
of the force required.
6. Continue to wind the load cell down in 3mm step until there is no or very little
increase in load for each increment of deflection.
7. Enter the result into Table 1.

6.0 APPARATUS

Sketch the apparatus used in this experiment and named the essential components.
 PLASTIC BENDING OF THE BEAM

MEASUREMENT
DEFLECTION

DIGITAL FORCE FORCE OUTPUT

DISPLAY

7.0 RESULT
 Deflection (mm) Force ( N )

0 000

3 012

6 040

9 061

12 083

15 102

18 120

21 143

24 162

27 176

30 201

33 215

36 225

Table 1 : Result for experiment ( Simply Supported Beam)

8.0 DISCUSSION

Experiment 1

1. Plot the graph Force vs Deflection and from your result comment on the shape of the
resulting plot.
2. From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the bending moment diagram calculate the
plastic moment ( Mp).

The maximum deflection is 36mm, when the force reaches to 225 N.

Mp = wL
4
= 225 (860)
4
= 48.375 x 103 Nmm

Figure (a)

Mp + Mp = PL
2 4
3Mp = PL
2 4
P = 6Mp
L
 = 6 (48.375 x 103)
860
= 337.5 N (collapse load)

LOAD

a)
L/2 = 430mm L/2 = 430mm

b)

c)

d)

C MOMENT
PLASTIC

3. Using yield stress of 325 Mpa* Calculate the bending moment (My) to just cause yielding of
the extreme fibres.

h = 7.45 + 6.91 + 6.85

3
= 7.07mm h =7.07mm
3.54mmm
b = 7.22 + 6.92 + 6.85
3 b = 7.00mm
= 7.00mm

My = σyI
y

σy = 325 Mpa = 325 N/mm2

I = bh 3
12
= 7.00 mm ( 7.07 mm ) 3
12
= 206.14mm4

My = (325 N/mm2) (206.14mm4)

3.54mm
= 18.925 x 103Nmm

4. Calculate the form factor (Mp/My) . Compare to the text book value
Form Factor = Mp
My

= 48.375 x 103 Nmm

18.925 x 103Nmm
= 2.56

Compared to the theory value,

For the rectangular section, S = bh4/4 = 1.500
bh2/6

The form factor is 2.56 >1.500

The experimental form factor is higher than theoretical form factor, where the different is
1.06. This slightly different because of human error. When the person wind the load cell was not
wind in same direction which is anti-clockwise direction. Error occurs when we change the
 direction of wind when loading. This means we need continuous wind load cell down and cannot
wind back.
Besides, system error also occur in this experiment, this error occur due to equipment.
Before we start experiment, the roller support of the equipment is not placed at the end of the
beam, this will result different result. Beside of this, the load cell fork also not place
perpendicular to the beam specimen.

5. Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available strength due to the plastic beam
theory when designing structures.

There are many advantages of considering the extra strength due to the plastic beam
theory when designing structures.

For example, we can improve safety of the building to prevent collapse. This is because
when we consider extra strength also mean increase the safety factor of the structure.

Rather than that, we can determine the ultimate load or collapse load by consider extra
strength due to the plastic beam. Ultimate load is important and we need to know when we
using plastic construction material, this is because once the load excess the ultimate load, the
beam will not return to the original length or dimension.

Moreover, consider extra strength to the plastic beam can reduce the risk of failure due to
the calculation error or additional load to the building. Once we design a structure, calculation
or mistake may be occur, or some unexpected load will act on the building, so we need
consuder extra strength due to the plastic beam.

Besides, consider extra strength due to the plastic beam also will prevent craking occur.
Cracking occur when the the part of the structure can not resist the load. By consider extra
strengh risk of cracking may reduce.

9.0 RECOMMENDATION

1. Before start experiment,check the equipment and make equipment is in good

condition.
2. Make sure the end of the beam is clamped, and the roller is placed at the end of
the beam.
3. Before start ensure that is no zero error of equipment.
4. Make sure the specimen beam touch both the load cell and the indicator.
 5. Before start experiment make sure the load cell fork is perpendicular to the
beam specimen.

10.0 CONCLUSION

After carry on this experiment, we found that the relationship between load deflection of
plastic material and the load act on it. Before ultimate load archive, when the load is increase the
deflection also increase. When excess ultimate load, the deflection will decrease when the load is
increase.
There are two types of boundary conditions in this experiment, simply supported panels
and panels clamped at their two ends. We can conclude that in a plastic analysis the stress
distribution is nonlinear and is dependent on the beam’s material. Where, strain distribution is
linear about the neutral axis.
According to the result we obtained, we can conclude that experimental value is slightly
different compare to the text book value. Where the form factor we obtained is 2.56 and
theoretical value is 1.5. Experimental value is slightly higher than theoretical value. This happen
because system error and human error happen in this experiment.

11.0 REFERENCES

i. “MECHANICS OF MATERIALS – FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS”

Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. Dewolf
MC GRAW HILL HIGHER EDUCATION, 2006
 ii. “STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – SIXTH EDITION IN SI UNITS”
R.C Hibbeler
PEARSON PRENTICE HALL,2006

iii. Module UTHM mechanic of material