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Lee–Enfield
The Lee–Enfield is a bolt-action, magazine-fed, repeating rifle that served as the main firearm used by the military forces of the British Empire and
Lee–Enfield
Commonwealth during the first half of the 20th century. It was the British Army's standard rifle from its official adoption in 1895 until 1957.[4][5] The WWI
versions are often referred to as the "SMLE", which is short for the common "Short Magazine Lee-Enfield" variant.
A redesign of the Lee–Metford (adopted by the British Army in 1888), the Lee–Enfield superseded the earlier Martini–Henry, Martini–Enfield, and Lee–
Metford rifles. It featured a ten-round box magazine which was loaded with the .303 British cartridge manually from the top, either one round at a time or by
means of five-round chargers. The Lee–Enfield was the standard issue weapon to rifle companies of the British Army and other Commonwealth nations in
both the First and Second World Wars (these Commonwealth nations included Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and South Africa, among others). [6]
Although officially replaced in the UK with the L1A1 SLR in 1957, it remained in widespread British service until the early/mid-1960s and the 7.62 mm L42A1
sniper variant remained in service until the 1990s. As a standard-issue infantry rifle, it is still found in service in the armed forces of some Commonwealth Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I (1903),
nations,[7] notably with the Bangladesh Police, which makes it the second longest-serving military bolt-action rifle still in official service, after the Mosin– Swedish Army Museum, Stockholm.
Nagant.[8] The Canadian Rangers unit still use Enfield rifles, with plans to replace the weapons sometime in 2017–2018 with the new Sako-designed Colt
Type Bolt-action rifle
Canada C19.[9] Total production of all Lee–Enfields is estimated at over 17 million rifles.[2]
Place of origin United Kingdom
The Lee–Enfield takes its name from the designer of the rifle's bolt system—James Paris Lee—and the factory in which it was designed—the Royal Small Arms Service history
Factory in Enfield. In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Southern Africa and India the rifle became known simply as the "three-oh-three".[10]
In service MLE: 1895–1926
SMLE: 1904–present
Used by See Users
Contents Wars List
Design and history Production history
Models/marks of Lee–Enfield rifle and service periods
Designer James Paris Lee,
Magazine Lee–Enfield
RSAF Enfield
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I
Produced MLE: 1895–1904
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III
Pattern 1913 Enfield SMLE: 1904–present
Pattern 1914/US M1917 No. built 17,000,000+[2]
Inter-war period Variants See Models/marks
Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk V Specifications
Rifle No. 4
Weight 4.19 kg (9.24 lb) (Mk
Rifle No. 5 Mk I—the "Jungle Carbine"
I)
Lee–Enfield conversions and training models
3.96 kg (8.73 lb) (Mk
Sniper rifles
.22 training rifles III)
Muskets and shotguns 4.11 kg (9.06 lb) (No.
Civilian conversions and variants 4)
L59A1 Drill Rifle
Length MLE: 49.6 in
Special service Lee–Enfields: Commando and automatic models
(1,260 mm)
Charlton Automatic Rifles
De Lisle Commando carbine SMLE No. 1 Mk III:
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The Lee–Enfield was adapted to fire the .303 British service cartridge, a rimmed, high-powered rifle round. Experiments with smokeless powder in the existing Lee–Metford cartridge seemed at first to be a simple
upgrade, but the greater heat and pressure generated by the new smokeless powder wore away the shallow, rounded, Metford rifling after approximately 6000 rounds. [4] Replacing this with a new square-shaped
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rifling system designed at the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF) Enfield solved the problem, and the Lee–Enfield was born.[4]
Model/Mark In service
Standard Mk VII .303 inch cartridge
Magazine Lee–Enfield 1895–1926 for Lee–Enfield rifle
Charger Loading Lee–Enfield 1906–1926
Rifle No. 1 Mk VI 1930 (trials only; 1,025 produced and leftover parts assembled into rifles early in WWII)
Rifle No. 4 Mk I 1931–present (2,500 trials examples produced in the 1930s, then mass production from mid-1941 onwards)
Rifle No 5 Mk I "Jungle Carbine" 1944–present (produced 1944–1947) BSA-Shirley produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley 169,807 rifles.
Magazine Lee–Enfield
The Lee–Enfield rifle was introduced in November 1895 as the .303 calibre, Rifle, Magazine, Lee–Enfield,[4] or more commonly Magazine Lee–Enfield, or MLE (sometimes spoken as "emily" instead of M,
L, E). The next year, a shorter version was introduced as the Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I, or LEC, with a 21.2-inch (540 mm) barrel as opposed to the 30.2-inch (770 mm) one in the "long" version. [4]
Both underwent a minor upgrade series in 1899 (the omission of the cleaning / clearing rod), becoming the Mk I*.[15] Many LECs (and LMCs in smaller numbers) were converted to special patterns, namely the New
Zealand Carbine and the Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, or NZ and RIC carbines, respectively.[16] Some of the MLEs (and MLMs) were converted to load from chargers, and designated Charger
Loading Lee–Enfields, or CLLEs.[17]
The SMLE's visual trademark was its blunt nose, with only the bayonet boss protruding a small fraction of an inch beyond the nosecap, being modelled on the Swedish Model 1894 Cavalry Carbine. The new rifle also
incorporated a charger loading system,[19] another innovation borrowed from the Mauser rifle'[20] and is notably different from the fixed "bridge" that later became the standard, being a charger clip (stripper clip)
guide on the face of the bolt head. The shorter length was controversial at the time: many Rifle Association members and gunsmiths were concerned that the shorter barrel would not be as accurate as the longer
MLE barrels, that the recoil would be much greater, and the sighting radius would be too short.[21]
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model rifles, of Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), Magazine Lee–Metford (MLM), and SMLE type, were upgraded to the Mk III standard. These are designated Mk IV Cond.,
with various asterisks denoting subtypes.[22]
During the First World War, the SMLE Mk III was found to be too complicated to manufacture (an SMLE Mk III rifle cost the British Government £3/15/–) and demand
was outstripping supply, so in late 1915 the Mk III* was introduced, which incorporated several changes, the most prominent of which were the deletion of the magazine
cut-off mechanism, which when engaged permits the feeding and extraction of single cartridges only while keeping the cartridges in the magazine in reserve, and the long-
range volley sights.[20][22][23][24] The windage adjustment of the rear sight was also dispensed with, and the cocking piece was changed from a round knob to a serrated Short Magazine Lee–Enfield No. 1
slab.[24] Rifles with some or all of these features present are found, as the changes were implemented at different times in different factories and as stocks of existing parts Mk. III
were used.[25] The magazine cut-off was reinstated after the First World War ended and not entirely dispensed with in manufacturing until 1933 and some cut-offs
remained on rifles so-equipped into the 1960s.[24]
The inability of the principal manufacturers (RSAF Enfield, The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited and London Small Arms Co. Ltd) to meet military production
demands, led to the development of the "peddled scheme", which contracted out the production of whole rifles and rifle components to several shell companies.[26]
The SMLE Mk III* (renamed Rifle No.1 Mk III* in 1926) saw extensive service throughout the Second World War as well, especially in the North African, Italian, Pacific
and Burmese theatres in the hands of British and Commonwealth forces. Australia and India retained and manufactured the SMLE Mk III* as their standard-issue rifle
during the conflict, and the rifle remained in Australian military service through the Korean War, until it was replaced by the L1A1 SLR in the late 1950s.[27] The Lithgow
Small Arms Factory finally ceased production of the SMLE Mk III* in 1953.[22]
Israeli female soldiers equipped with
The Rifle Factory Ishapore at Ishapore in India produced the MkIII* in .303 British and then upgraded the manufactured strength by heat treatment of the receiver and the SMLE Mk III during the 1948
Arab–Israeli War.
bolt to fire 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition, the model 2A, which retained the 2000 yard rear sight as the metric conversion of distance was very close to the flatter
trajectory of the new ammunition nature, then changed the rear sight to 800 m with a re-designation to model 2A1. Manufactured until at least the 1980s and continues to
produce a sporting rifle based on the MkIII* action.
Inter-war period
In 1926, the British Army changed their nomenclature; the SMLE became known as the Rifle No. 1 Mk III or III*, with the original MLE and LEC becoming obsolete along with the earlier SMLE models.[30] Many
Mk III and III* rifles were converted to .22 rimfire calibre training rifles, and designated Rifle No. 2, of varying marks. (The Pattern 1914 became the Rifle No. 3.)[30]
The SMLE design was a relatively expensive long arm to manufacture, because of the many forging and machining operations required. In the 1920s, a series of experiments resulting in design changes were carried
out to help with these problems, reducing the number of complex parts and refining manufacturing processes. The SMLE Mk V (later Rifle No. 1 Mk V), adopted a new receiver-mounted aperture sighting
system, which moved the rear sight from its former position on the barrel. [31] The increased gap resulted in an improved sighting radius, improving sighting accuracy and the aperture improved speed of sighting
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over various distances. In the stowed position, a fixed distance aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) protruded saving further precious seconds when laying
the sight to a target. An alternative developed during this period was to be used on the No. 4 variant, a "battle sight" was developed that allowed for two set distances of
300 yards and 600 yards to be quickly deployed and was cheaper to produce than the "ladder sight". The magazine cutoff was also reintroduced and an additional band
was added near the muzzle for additional strength during bayonet use.[31] The design was found to be even more complicated and expensive to manufacture than the Mk
III and was not developed or issued, beyond a trial production of about 20,000 rifles between 1922 and 1924 at RSAF Enfield.[31]
Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk V
Long before the No. 4 Mk I, Britain had obviously settled on the rear aperture sight prior to WWI, with modifications to the SMLE being tested as early as 1911, as well as
later on the No. 1 Mk III pattern rifle. These unusual rifles have something of a mysterious service history, but represent a missing link in SMLE development. The primary
distinguishing feature of the No. 1 Mk V is the rear aperture sight. Like the No. 1 Mk III* it lacked a volley sight and had the wire loop in place of the sling swivel at the
Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I Long Branch
front of magazine well along with the simplified cocking piece. The Mk V did retain a magazine cut-off, but without a spotting hole, the piling swivel was kept attached to a aperture sights
forward barrel band, which was wrapped over and attached to the rear of the nose cap to reinforce the rifle for use with the standard Pattern 1907 bayonet. Other
distinctive features include a nose cap screw was slotted for the width of a coin for easy removal, a safety lever on the left side of the receiver was slightly modified with a
unique angular groove pattern, and the two-piece hand guard being extended from the nose cap to the receiver, omitting the barrel mounted leaf sight. No. 1 Mk V rifles were manufactured solely by R.S.A.F. Enfield
from 1922–1924, with a total production of roughly 20,000 rifles, all of which marked with a "V".
The No. 1 Mk VI also introduced a heavier "floating barrel" that was independent of the forearm, allowing the barrel to expand and contract without contacting the forearm and interfering with the 'zero', the
correlation between the alignment of the barrel and the sights. The floating barrel increased the accuracy of the rifle by allowing it to vibrate freely and consistently, whereas wooden forends in contact with barrels, if
not properly fitted, affected the harmonic vibrations of the barrel. The receiver-mounted rear sights and magazine cutoff were also present and 1,025 units were produced in the 1930 period. [32]
Rifle No. 4
In the early 1930s, a batch of 2,500 No. 4 Mk. I rifles were made for Trials. These were similar to the No. 1 Mk. VI but had a flat left side and did away with
the chequering on the furniture. Observed examples are dated 1931 and 1933. Roughly 1,400 of these were converted to No. 4 MK. I (T) sniper rifles in
1941–1942 at RSAF Enfield.
By the late 1930s, the need for new rifles grew and the Rifle, No. 4 Mk I was officially adopted in 1941.[33] The No. 4 action was similar to the Mk VI, but
stronger and most importantly, easier to mass-produce.[34] Unlike the SMLE, that had a nose cap, the No 4 Lee–Enfield barrel protruded from the end of the
forestock. The charger bridge was no longer rounded for easier machining. The iron sight line was redesigned and featured a rear receiver aperture battle
sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200–1,300 yd (183–1,189 m) in
100 yd (91 m) increments. This sight line like other aperture sight lines proved to be faster and more accurate than the typical mid-barrel rear sight elements Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I
sight lines offered by Mauser, previous Lee–Enfields or the Buffington battle sight of the 1903 Springfield.
The No. 4 rifle was heavier than the No. 1 Mk. III, largely due to its heavier barrel. A new bayonet was designed to go with the rifle: a spike bayonet, which was essentially a steel rod with a sharp point and was
nicknamed "pigsticker" by soldiers.[34] Towards the end of the Second World War, a bladed bayonet was developed, originally intended for use with the Sten gun—but sharing the same mount as the No. 4's spike
bayonet—and subsequently the No. 7 and No. 9 blade bayonets were issued for use with the No. 4 rifle as well.[35]
During the course of the Second World War, the No. 4 rifle was further simplified for mass-production with the creation of the No. 4 Mk I* in 1942, with the bolt release catch replaced by a simpler notch on the bolt
track of the rifle's receiver.[36] It was produced only in North America, by Small Arms Limited at Long Branch in Canada and Stevens-Savage Firearms in the USA. [36] The No.4 Mk I rifle was primarily produced for
the United Kingdom.[37]
In the years after the Second World War, the British produced the No. 4 Mk 2 (Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals for official designations in 1944) rifle, a refined and improved No. 4 rifle with the trigger
hung forward from the butt collar and not from the trigger guard, beech wood stocks (with the original reinforcing strap and centre piece of wood in the rear of the forestock on the No.4 Mk I/Mk I* being removed in
favour of a tie screw and nut) and brass buttplates (during World War II, the British replaced the brass buttplates on the No.4 rifles with zinc alloy (Zamak) ones to reduce costs and to speed up rifle production).[38]
With the introduction of the No. 4 Mk 2 rifle, the British refurbished many of their existing stocks of No. 4 rifles and brought them up to the same standard as the No. 4 Mk 2. [39] No. 4 Mk 1 rifles so upgraded were
re-designated No. 4 Mk I/2, whilst No. 4 Mk I* rifles that were brought up to Mk 2 standard were re-designated No. 4 Mk I/3.[36]
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The No. 5 iron sight line was similar to the No. 4 Mark I and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) with an additional
ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200–800 yd (183–732 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. The No. 5 Mk I was popular with
soldiers owing to its light weight, portability and shorter length than a standard Lee–Enfield rifle. [42] The No. 5 was first issued to the British 1st Airborne
Division and used during their liberation of Denmark and Norway in 1945. BSA-Shirley, Birmingham produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley, Liverpool Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk 2 with the ladder aperture
169,807 rifles. It was equipped with a No. 5 Mk. I blade bayonet which had a large muzzle ring to fit over the flash hider. The No. 7 Mk. I/L bayonet, which sight flipped up and 5-round charger
has a rotating handle and a large ring on the cross-guard was not for the No. 5 Mk. I rifle as many collectors believe.
An Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I, designated Rifle, No. 6, Mk I[43] was also developed, using an SMLE MK III* as a starting point (as opposed to the No. 4 Mk I used to develop the No. 5 Mk I).
The Australian military were not permitted to manufacture the No. 4 Mk I, because the Lithgow Small Arms Factory was producing the SMLE Mk III. The No. 6 Mk I never entered full production and examples are
rare and valuable to collectors.[40] A "Shortened and Lightened" version of the SMLE Mk III* rifle was also tested by the Australian military and a very small number were manufactured at SAF Lithgow during the
course of the Second World War.[44]
The term "Jungle Carbine" was popularised in the 1950s by the Santa Fe Arms Corporation, a U.S. importer who refurbished many surplus rifles, converting many of the No. 4 marks, in the hope of increasing sales
of a rifle that had little U.S. market penetration. It was never an official military designation but British and Commonwealth troops serving in the Burmese and Pacific theatres during World War II had been known
to unofficially refer to the No. 5 Mk I as a "Jungle Carbine".[40] The No. 4 and No. 5 rifles served in Korea (as did the No.1 Mk III* SMLE and sniper 'T' variants, mostly with Australian troops).[8]
Sniper rifles
During both World Wars and the Korean War, a number of Lee–Enfield rifles were modified for use as sniper rifles. The Australian Army modified 1,612[45] Lithgow SMLE
No. 1 Mk. III* rifles by adding a heavy target barrel, cheek-piece, and a World War I era Pattern 1918 telescope, creating the SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* (HT). (HT standing
for "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight),[8] which saw service in the Second World War, Korea, and Malaya and was used for Sniper Training through to the late 1970s. [46]
There is evidence that some SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* (HT) sniper rifles were used by Australian forces during the later stages of the Vietnam War.
During the Second World War, standard No. 4 rifles, selected for their accuracy during factory tests, were modified by the addition of a wooden cheek rising-piece, and
telescopic sight mounts designed to accept a No. 32 3.5× telescopic sight.[47] These rifles were designated as the No. 4 Mk. I (T). The accuracy requirement was ability to
place 7 of 7 shots in a 5 inches (12.7 cm) circle at 200 yards (183 m) and 6 of 7 shots in a 10 inches (25.4 cm) circle at 400 yards (366 m). The wooden cheek-piece was
attached with two screws. The rear "battle sight" was ground off to make room to attach the No. 32 telescope sight to the left side of the receiver. Each No. 32 and its
bracket (mount) were matched and serial numbered to a specific rifle.[48]
In British service, the No. 32 telescope progressed through three marks with the Mk. I introduced in 1942, the Mk. II in 1943 and finally the Mk. III (Mk. 3) in 1944. A
transitional model the No. 32 Mk. 2/1 was also made. The Canadian scopes made by Research Enterprises Limited and were prefixed with a letter C and went through C Canadian sniper Sergeant Harold
no. 32 Mk. I, Mk. I A (a transitional model), Mk. II and Mk. 3. Many Mk. 3s and Mk. 2/1s (Mk. 2s Modified to Mk. 3 standard) were later modified for use with the Marshall carries a No. 4 Mk. I (T)
7.62×51mm NATO L42A1 Sniper Rifle. They were then known by the designation Telescope Straight, Sighting L1A1. chambered in .303 British.
Initial production was 1,403 conversions of 1931–1933 troop trials No. 4 Mk. I rifles at RSAF Enfield and a few others including Stevens-Savage No. 4s. These were
converted in late 1941 and into the later part of 1942. Then, the work was assigned to Holland & Holland, the famous British sporting gun manufacturers, which converted about 23,000 No. 4 Mk. I (T) and No. 4 Mk.
I* (T) sniper rifles. The Holland & Holland conversions usually have the contractor code "S51" on the underside of the buttstock. BSA Shirley undertook 100 conversions to .22". James Purdey and Sons fitted special
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buttstocks later in the war. About 3,000 rifles, mostly Stevens-Savage, appear to have been partially converted by Holland & Holland but never received brackets, scopes of
the final "T" mark. Canada converted about 1,588 rifles at Small Arms Limited (to the end of 1945) and, in 1946, at Canadian Arsenals Limited. Both were located at Long
Branch, Ontario. Most of the Canadian made No.4 Mk.I* (T) sniper equipments went into British service. The No.4 (T) rifles were extensively employed in various conflicts
until the late 1960s.
L42A1 sniper rifle chambered in
The British military switched over to the 7.62×51mm NATO round in the 1950s; starting in 1970, over 1,000 of the No. 4 Mk I (T) and No. 4 Mk. I* (T) sniper rifles were 7.62×51mm NATO.
converted to this new calibre and designated L42A1.[38] The L42A1 sniper rifle continued as the British Army's standard sniper weapon being phased out by 1993, and
replaced by Accuracy International's L96.[49]
After the Second World War, the Rifle, No. 7, Rifle, No. 8 and Rifle, No. 9, all .22 rimfire trainers and/or target rifles based on the Lee action, were adopted or in use with Cadet units and target shooters
throughout the Commonwealth, the No.8 as of 2017 has been replaced among cadet forces due to obsolescence.[59][60]
In Britain, a .22RF version of the No.5 Rifle was prototyped by BSA and trialled with a view to it becoming the British Service training rifle when the .303"CF No.5 was initially mooted as being a potential
replacement for the No.4 Rifle.[61]
The C No.7 22" MK.I rifle is a .22 single shot, manually fed, training version of the No.4 Mk I* rifle manufactured at Long Branch.[62] Production of this model was 1944–1946 and a few in 1950 to 1953.[63]
SAF Lithgow, in Australia, produced shotguns based on the MkIII action under the "Slazenger" name, chambering the common commercial .410 shotgun shell. [64] Commercial gunsmiths in Australia and Britain
converted both MkIII and No4 rifles to .410 shotguns. These conversions were prompted by firearms legislation that made possession of a rifle chambered in a military cartridge both difficult and expensive.
Smoothbored shotguns could be legally held with far less trouble.
RFI, in India, converted a large number of MkIII rifles to single shot muskets, chambered for the .410 Indian Musket cartridge. These conversions were for issue to police and prison guards, to provide a firearm with
a much-reduced power and range in comparison to the .303 cartridge. A further likely consideration was the difficulty of obtaining replacement ammunition in the event of the rifle's theft or the carrier's desertion.
While British and Australian conversions were to the standard commercially available .410 shotgun cartridge (though of varying chamber lengths) the Indian conversions have been the source of considerable
confusion. The Indian conversions were originally chambered for the .410 Indian Musket cartridge, which is based on the .303 British cartridge, and will not chamber the common .410 shotgun cartridge. Many of
these muskets were rechambered, after being sold as surplus, and can now be used with commercially available ammunition. Unmodified muskets require handloading of ammunition, as the .410 Indian Musket
cartridge was not commercially distributed and does not appear to have been manufactured since the 1950s.
Numerous attempts have been made to convert the various single-shot .410 shotgun models to a bolt-action repeating model by removing the wooden magazine plug and replacing it with a standard 10-round SMLE
magazine. None of these is known to have been successful,[65] though some owners have adapted 3-round magazines for Savage and Stevens shotguns to function in a converted SMLE shotgun, or even placing such
a magazine inside a gutted SMLE magazine.
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In the early 1950s Essential Agencies Ltd. (E.A.L.), of Toronto, Ontario, produced a run of several thousand survival rifles based on the No. 4 action, but lightened and shortened, chambered in .303 British. Serial
numbers below 6000 were for civilian sale, serial numbers 6000 and higher were built under contract to the Canadian government. The Royal Canadian Air Force also used these as a survival rifle in the remote
parts of Canada.
The L59A1 arose from British government concerns over the vulnerability of Army Cadet Force and school Combined Cadet Forces' (CCF) stocks of small arms to theft by terrorists, in particular the Irish Republican
Army following raids on CCF armouries in the 1950s and 1960s. Previous conversions to Drill Purpose (DP) of otherwise serviceable rifles were not considered to be sufficiently incapable of restoration to fireable
state and were a potential source of reconversion spares.
L59A1 Drill Rifles were rendered incapable of being fired, and of being restored to a fireable form, by extensive modifications that included the welding of the barrel to the receiver, modifications to the receiver that
removed the supporting structures for the bolt's locking lugs and blocking the installation of an unaltered bolt, the removal of the striker's tip, the blocking of the striker's hole in the bolt head and the removal of
most of the bolt body's locking lugs. Most bolts were copper plated for identification. A plug was welded in place forward of the chamber, and a window was cut in the side of the barrel. The stock and fore end was
marked with broad white painted bands and the letters "DP" for easy identification.
The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared the same
operating mechanism.[74] Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World War,[75] but a few examples survive in museums and private collections.
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Sterling Armaments of Dagenham, Essex produced a conversion kit comprising a new 7.62mm barrel, magazine, extractor and ejector for commercial sale. The main difference between the two conversions was in
the cartridge ejection arrangement; the Enfield magazine carried a hardened steel projection that struck the rim of the extracted case to eject it, the Sterling system employed a spring-loaded plunger inserted into
the receiver wall.
The results of the trials that were conducted on the L8 series rifles were mixed and the British Government and the Ministry of Defence decided not to convert their existing stocks of Lee–Enfield No. 4 rifles to
7.62×51mm NATO. Despite this, the British learned from the results of the L8 test program and used them in successfully converting their stocks of No. 4 (T) sniper rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO, which led to the
creation of the L42A1 series sniper rifles.[80]
In the late 1960s, RSAF Enfield entered the commercial market by producing No.4-based 7.62×51mm rifles for sale. The products were marketed under alliterative names e.g. Enfield Envoy, a rifle intended for
civilian competition target shooting and Enfield Enforcer, a rifle fitted with a Pecar telescopic sight to suit the requirements of police firearms teams.
Ishapore 2A/2A1
At some point just after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Rifle Factory Ishapore in India began producing a new type of rifle known as the Rifle 7.62 mm 2A, which was based on the SMLE Mk III*[81] and was
slightly redesigned to use the 7.62×51mm NATO round. Externally the new rifle is very similar to the classic Mk III*, with the exception of the buttplate (the buttplate from the 1A SLR is fitted) and magazine, which
is more "square" than the SMLE magazine, and usually carries twelve rounds instead of ten,[82] although a number of 2A1s have been noted with 10-round magazines.
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Ishapore 2A and Ishapore 2A1 receivers are made with improved (EN) steel (to handle the increased pressures of the 7.62×51mm round) [83] and the extractor is redesigned to
suit the rimless cartridge. From 1965 to 1975 (when production is believed to have been discontinued), the sight ranging graduations were changed from 2000 to 800, and the
rifle re-designated Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1.[84] The original 2,000 yards (1,800 m) rear sight arm was found to be suitable for the ballistics of the 7.62×51mm, which is around
Ishapore 2A1.
10% more powerful and equates to a flatter trajectory than that of the .303 British MkVII ammunition, so it was a simple matter to think of the '2000' as representing metres
rather than yards. It was then decided that the limit of the effective range was a more realistic proposition at 800 m.
The Ishapore 2A and 2A1 rifles are often incorrectly described as ".308 conversions". The 2A/2A1 rifles are not conversions of .303 calibre SMLE Mk III* rifles. Rather, they are newly manufactured firearms and
are not technically chambered for commercial .308 Winchester ammunition. However, many 2A/2A1 owners shoot such ammunition in their rifles with no problems, although it should be noted that some factory
loaded .308 Winchester cartridges may appear to generate higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO, even though the rounds are otherwise interchangeable – this is due to the different systems of pressure
measurement used for NATO and commercial cartridges.
List of manufacturers
The manufacturer's names found on the MLE, CLLE, and SMLE Mk I—Mk III* rifles and variants are:
Note 2: GRI stands for "Georgius Rex, Imperator" (Latin for "King George, Emperor (of India)", denoting a rifle made during the British Raj. RFI stands for "Rifle Factory, Ishapore", denoting a rifle made after the Partition of India in 1947.
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M47 and later M47C Birmingham Small Arms Factory (Shirley) United Kingdom
Long Branch Small Arms Limited and later, Canadian Arsenals Limited Canada
Note 1: Second World War UK production rifles had manufacturer codes for security reasons. For example, BSA Shirley is denoted by M47C, ROF(M) is often simply stamped "M", and BSA is simply stamped "B".
Note 2: Savage-made Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I and No. 4 Mk I* rifles are all stamped "US PROPERTY". They were supplied to the UK under the Lend-Lease programme during the Second World War. No Savage Lee–Enfields were ever issued to the US
military; the markings existed solely to maintain the pretence that American equipment was being lent to the UK rather than permanently sold to them. [89]
"Khyber Pass Copies", as they are known, tend to be copied exactly from a "master" rifle, which may itself be a Khyber Pass Copy, markings and all, which is why it's not uncommon to see Khyber Pass rifles with the
"N" in "Enfield" reversed, amongst other things.[94]
The quality on such rifles varies from "as good as a factory-produced example" to "dangerously unsafe", tending towards the latter end of the scale. Khyber Pass Copy rifles cannot generally stand up to the pressures
generated by modern commercial ammunition,[94] and are generally considered unsafe to fire under any circumstances.[8]
Spelling errors in the markings; as noted the most common of which is a reversed "N" in "Enfield")
V.R. (Victoria Regina) cyphers dated after 1901; Queen Victoria died in 1901, so any rifles made after 1901 should be stamped "E.R" (Edwardius Rex—King Edward VII or King Edward VIII) or "G.R" (Georgius
Rex—King George V or King George VI).
Generally inferior workmanship, including weak/soft metal, poorly finished wood, and badly struck markings.[94]
Armalon
British company Armalon Ltd[95] developed a number of rifles based on the Lee Enfield No 4. The PC Gallery Rifle is a carbine in pistol and revolver calibres, the AL42 a 5.56 mm rifle and the AL30C, a carbine in
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.30 Carbine.
Many Afghan participants in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were armed with Lee–Enfields.[98] The CIA's Operation Cyclone provided hundreds of thousands of Enfields to
the Mujahideen, funneling them through Pakistan's ISI. CIA officer Gust Avrakotos later arranged for the Egyptian Ministry of Defence to set up production lines of Enfield
.303 ammunition specifically for the conflict. Later on when Avrakotos asked Michael Vickers to revamp their strategy, he stopped the Enfield system and, with the large An Afghan mujahid carries a
amounts of money available thanks to Charlie Wilson, replaced them with a mix of modern weapons like AK-47s and mortars.[99] Lee–Enfield in August 1985
Khyber Pass Copies patterned after the Lee–Enfield are still manufactured in the Khyber Pass region, as bolt-action rifles
remain effective weapons in desert and mountain environments where long-range accuracy is more important than rate of
fire.[8] Lee–Enfield rifles are still popular in the region, despite the presence and ready availability of more modern weapons
such as the SKS-45, the AKM, the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle, and the AK-74.[8][100] As of 2012, Lee–Enfield rifles (along with
Mosin–Nagants) are still being used by the Taliban insurgents against NATO/Allied forces in Afghanistan.[85]
Photos from the recent civil war in Nepal showed that the government troops were being issued SMLE Mk III/III* rifles to fight
the Maoist rebels, and that the Maoists were also armed with SMLE rifles, amongst other weapons. [101] Police in Kathmandu
may also be seen equipped with SMLE rifles. Lee–Enfield rifles have also been seen in the hands of both the Naxalites and the
An SMLE owned by Maoist rebels in
Indian police in the ongoing Maoist insurgency in rural India.
Nepal, 2005. Canadian Rangers, photographed in
Nunavut, June 2011
Police forces in both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu continue to operate and maintain stocks of No.4 rifles.[102] The Tongan
security forces also retain a substantial number of No.4 rifles donated from New Zealand's reserve stocks.[102]
Lee Enfield rifles are used by the Jamaica Constabulary force for training recruits during field-craft exercises and drills.
Many people still hunt with as-issued Lee–Enfield rifles, with commercial .303 British ammunition proving especially effective on medium-sized game. [8] Soft-point .303 ammunition is widely available for hunting
purposes, though the Mark 7 military cartridge design often proves adequate because its tail-heavy design makes the bullet yaw violently and deform after hitting the target.[103][104]
The Lee–Enfield rifle is a popular gun for historic rifle enthusiasts and those who find the 10-round magazine, loading by charger clips, and the rapid bolt-action useful for Practical Rifle events. Since formation in
1998, organisations such as the Lee Enfield Rifle Association have assisted in not just preserving rifles in shooting condition (many Lee–Enfields are being deactivated and sold as "wall-hangers" to collectors who do
not hold a Firearms Licence in countries where they are required), but holding events and competitions. Lee–Enfields are also popular with competitors in service rifle competitions in many Commonwealth
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countries.
The Lee–Enfield series is very popular for service rifle shooting competitions in the UK and Australia due to the prohibitions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Great Britain and
restrictions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Australia.[105][106] (For more information see Gun politics in the United Kingdom and Gun politics in Australia.)
Rhineland Arms produces .45 ACP conversion kits for the Lee–Enfield action using M1911 pistol magazines.[107]
The Lee-Speed Sporter was a higher quality British made version of the Lee–Enfield.
Rifle Factory Ishapore of India still manufactures an sporting/hunting rifle chambered in .315 with a Lee-Enfield action.[108]
Variants
Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), .303, introduced 1895.[109]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I (LEC), .303, introduced 1896.[110]
Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[111]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[110]
New Zealand Carbine, .303
Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, .303
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I (SMLE), .303, introduced 1904.
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk II, .303, introduced 1906.
Charger Loading Lee–Enfield (CLLE), .303, introduced 1906.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III, .303, introduced 1907.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III*, .303, introduced 1915.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III* (HT), .303, "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight" Australian sniper rifle.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk V, .303, introduced 1922.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk VI, .303, introduced 1930.
No. 2, .22, converted from .303 SMLE Mk III and Mk III*.
No. 2 Mk IV, .22
No. 2 Mk IV*, .22
No. 4 Mk I, .303, introduced 1931.
No. 4 Mk I (T), .303, sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I*, .303, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I* (T), .303, Sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I*, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk 2, .303, introduced 1949.
No. 4 Mk I/2, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 4 Mk I/3, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I* to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 5 Mk I, Jungle Carbine, .303, introduced 1944.
No. 6 Mk I, .303, Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I.
No. 7, .22
No. 8 Mk I, .22
No. 9, .22
L8A1, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk 2
L8A2, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A3, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A4, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I
L8A5, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I*
L39A1, 7.62mm
L42A1, 7.62mm
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Users
Afghanistan[112][113][114]
Algeria[115]
Australia: No.1 MkIII/MkIII* manufactured at Lithgow Arsenal in Lithgow, New South Wales[45][116]
Bangladesh: extensively used during 1971 war.[85] Used by Police, Ansar and BNCC personnel in modern times.
Barbados[117]
Belgium:[118] post-WW2 British and Canadian donations were used by Belgian soldiers in the Korean War until 1952.
Belize[118]
Bermuda: used by the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps[118] Turkish 8×57mm conversion of a
Brunei: used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Royal Brunei Police Force during the early days,[119] replaced by M16 series. Lee–Enfield captured during World
Botswana[120] War I.
Canada:[6][116] The No.4 rifle was manufactured starting in 1941 by Small Arms Limited and later by Canadian Arsenals Limited, in Long Branch, Ontario,
Canada. The Canadian Militia received the MK. I Long Lee Enfield rifle in 1896. They used this rifle in the Boer War 1899 to 1902. They used the MK.III & MK.III* in
WWI as well as the No.4 Lee Enfield in WWII, the Korean War and into the late 1950s in general is due. The No.4 rifle is still used for drill and was used for range
shooting by the Royal Canadian Army Cadets, Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Most units are stripped of the mechanism that fires
the round but at many Cadet Training Centres the rifles are in full working order, the rifle is used at the Vernon Summer Training Center for Feu du joix. The No.4 was
being phased out by the Canadian Rangers as a service rifle starting in 2016.9
Denmark: used as Rifle M/45E by the Danish brigade in occupied Germany from 1945, eventually replaced by the US M1 rifle as Rifle M/50 in 1950.[121]
Fiji[118]
France:
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Norway: Received from Allied airdrops to the resistance during WW2 and given by Britain to the Norwegian Brigade during the occupation of Germany in 1947. Returned to Britain in 1952 in exchange for
P-17 rifles. A total of 24992 .303 rifles were in Norwegian inventory at the time. Replaced by M-1 Garand and M-1 Carbines.[144]
Oman[118]
Ottoman Empire: Captured rifles, used as reserve weapons.[145]
Pakistan[131]
Papua New Guinea[146]
Poland: used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West[147]
Portugal: used by the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps, during the First World War[148]
Rhodesia[149][150]
Sierra Leone[118]
Singapore:[118] reserve units until the late 1960s. Still used by Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command for ceremonial purposes.
Solomon Islands: used by the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force.[102]
Somalia[127]
South Africa[6]
South Sudan[127]
South Yemen[151]
Spanish Republic[152]
Sudan[127]
Sri Lanka: Most assumed to be sourced from India.[153]
Swaziland[127]
Tanzania[154][127]
Tibet[155]
Thailand: (the contract was concluded on 10 December 1920 when the king received shipment of 10,000 rifles.) [156]
Tonga[102]
Trinidad & Tobago:[127] Trinidad & Tobago Cadet Force
Turkey: converted Ottoman-captured rifles to 7.92×57mm Mauser.[145]
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UAE[127]
Uganda[127]
United Kingdom[139][157]
United States: Used by units of the American Expeditionary Force attached to British and Australian units during the First World War.[158][159] No.4 MkI/MkI* rifles manufactured by Savage-Stevens
Firearms under Lend-Lease for the British and Commonwealth forces during WWII. Some US Army units attached to British Commonwealth units in Burma during WWII were issued Lee–Enfield rifles on
logistics grounds.
Vanuatu[102]
South Vietnam[102]
Yemen[127][160][151]
Zambia[161]
See also
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
Notes
1. "Contre les Mau Mau". Encyclopédie des armes : Les forces armées du monde (in French). XII. 20. Skennerton 2007, p. 132.
Atlas. 1986. pp. 2764–2766. 21. Skennerton 2007, p. 126.
2. Skennerton 1993, p. 153, 230. 22. Skennerton 1994c, p. 9.
3. "Rifle, Short Magazine Lee Enfield" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100922085230/http: 23. Skennerton 2001, p. 7.
//enfieldrifles.ca/ti5.htm). The Lee–Enfield Rifle Website. Archived from the original
24. Skennerton 2007, p. 161.
(http://www.enfieldrifles.ca/ti5.htm) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
25. Skennerton 1994c, p. 7.
4. Skennerton 2007, p. 90.
26. Skennerton 2007, p. 171–172.
5. Hogg 1978, p. 215.
27. Skennerton 2007, p. 338.
6. Skennerton 2007, p. 587.
28. THE .256 INCH BRITISH: A LOST OPPORTUNITY by Anthony G Williams
7. Skennerton 2007, p. 264.
(http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/256brit.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org
8. Wilson 2007. /web/20130606221212/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/256brit.htm) 6 June 2013 at the Wayback
9. Pugliese, David (17 October 2011). "Military draws blanks in bids for rifles Firms don't want to give up Machine.
secrets" (https://www.webcitation.org/64yrkPBMO?url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com 29. War Office 1999, p. 7–8.
/news/Military%20draws%20blanks%20bids%20rifles/5559652/story.html). The Ottawa Citizen.
30. Skennerton 1994c, p. 8.
Ottawa. Archived from the original (http://www.ottawacitizen.com
/news/Military_draws_blanks_bids_rifles/5559652/story.html) on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 31. Skennerton 2007, p. 187.
26 January 2012. 32. Skennerton 2007, p. 189, 194.
10. Military Production at Lithgow SAF (http://www.lithgowsafmuseum.org.au/milproduction.html) 33. Skennerton 1994b, p. 5.
11. Skennerton 2007, p. 60. 34. Smith 1979, p. 21.
12. Skennerton, Ian. "Arms and Militaria, Bulletin Board" (http://www.skennerton.com/bb.html). Retrieved 35. Skennerton 2007, p. 406.
28 January 2009. 36. Skennerton 1994b, p. 9.
13. Skennerton 2007, p. 159. 37. Skennerton 2007, p. 230.
14. Tucker 2013, p. 279. 38. Skennerton 1994b, p. 7.
15. Skennerton 2007, p. 91. 39. Skennerton 1994b, p. 6.
16. Skennerton 2007, p. 453–454. 40. Wilson 2006.
17. Skennerton 1997, p. 8. 41. Skennerton (1994a), p.8
18. Skennerton 1994c, p. 5. 42. Skennerton 1994a, p. 7.
19. LOC § 11715 43. Skennerton 2007, p. 349.
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101. "Nepalese army begins arms storage" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6540949.stm). 120. Botswana (https://salw-guide.bicc.de/pdf/countries/038/botswana.min.en.pdf) (PDF) (Report). SALW
BBC. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2009. Guide: Global distribution and visual identification. p. 2.
102. Capie, David (2004). Under the Gun: The Small Arms Challenge in the Pacific. Wellington: Victoria 121. "Ad Gevar, Vis records [ Id: 114 ]" (https://www.arma-dania.dk/public/timeline
University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-86473-453-2. /_ad_gevar_view.php?editid1=114). Arma Dania. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
103. "The Box O' Truth No. 37 – The Deadly .303 British" (http://www.theboxotruth.com/docs/bot37.htm). 122. Jordon, David (2005). The History of the French Foreign Legion: From 1831 to Present Day. The
The Box O' Truth. Retrieved 28 January 2009. Lyons Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-59228-768-9.
104. War Office 1999, p. 364. 123. Sumner, Ian (1998). The French Army 1939–45. Osprey. p. 14. ISBN 1-85532-707-4.
105. "Firearms Law" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090123222212/http://www.sportingshooter.co.uk 124. Pegler 2012, p. 69.
/guns-and-shooting/useful-stuff/firearms-law). Sporting Shooter Magazine (UK). Archived from the 125. Berlière, Jean-Marc (2018). Polices des temps noirs: France 1939-1945 (https://books.google.com
original (http://www.sportingshooter.co.uk/guns-and-shooting/useful-stuff/firearms-law) on 23 January /books?id=KwppDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT435&lpg=PT435&dq=enfield+milice&source=bl&
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/lawindex.htm) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2009. Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 9781855327894.
107. Holt Bodinson (April 2005), "Rhineland .45 ACP Carbine: fun conversions for surplus Enfields and 127. BICC, p. 4.
Mausers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100527041456/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY
128. Scarlata, Paul (20 January 2011). "Small arms of the Deutscher Volkssturm part I"
/is_4_51/ai_n11840303/), Guns Magazine, archived from the original (http://findarticles.com/p/articles
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/mi_m0BQY/is_4_51/ai_n11840303/) on 27 May 2010
/Small+arms+of+the+Deutscher+Volkssturm+part+I%3A+Nazi+leaders,+many+of...-a0247740935).
108. http://rfi.gov.in/booking/prod/315_Sporting.htm http://www.thefreelibrary.com/. Shotgun News. Retrieved 6 July 2015. "The Volkssturm even received
109. https://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=128 some No. 1 Mk. III* Lee-Enfields that had been abandoned by the British during their evacuation
110. https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1992-08-189-1 from Dunkirk or captured in North Africa." External link in |website= (help)
111. https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C451887 129. Heber, Dr Thorsten (2008), Kennblätter fremden Geräts: Heft 1, Handwaffen
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/web/20120204071804/http://www.rugreview.com/stuf/afgwar.htm). Rugreview.com. Archived from
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the original (http://www.rugreview.com/stuf/afgwar.htm) on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February
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114. "Photo from Getty Images" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120318074754/http://www.daylife.com 132. "Enfield Rifles From Italian Navy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120224180438/http:
/photo/0f8CajpgQn4bt). Daylife.com. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.daylife.com //www.euroarms.net/EFD/index.htm). Euroarms. Archived from the original (http://www.euroarms.net
/photo/0f8CajpgQn4bt) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. /EFD/index.htm) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
115. Windrow, Martin (1997). The Algerian War, 1954–62. Men-at Arms 312. London: Osprey Publishing. 133. Small Arms Survey (2012). "Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia"
p. 46. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3. (http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-
Chapter-10-EN.pdf) (PDF). Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets
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Cambridge University Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-0-521-19714-4.
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ISBN 8299314313 157. Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd.
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158. "Weapons of the 107th: Lee–Enfield Mk.III" (http://www.oryansroughnecks.org/weapons.html).
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Retrieved 11 September 2009.
Disarmament. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-0-415-49461-8.
159. Shurtleff, Leonard G. (2003). "Doughboy's Rifle: (It wasn't necessarily a Springfield)"
147. Zaloga, Steven J. (1982). The Polish Army 1939–45. Men-at-Arms 117. Osprey Publishing. pp. 26,
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148. "France at War – Portugal in the Great War" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070603044406/http:
160. Small Arms Survey (2003). "Living with Weapons: Small Arms in Yemen"
//www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm). Worldwar1.com. Archived from the original
(http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2003/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2003-
(http://www.worldwar1.com/france/portugal.htm) on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
Chapter-05-EN.pdf) (PDF). Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied
149. Neil Grant. Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80. pp. 14, 28.
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Skennerton, Ian (2007). The Lee–Enfield. Gold Coast QLD (Australia): Arms & Militaria Press. ISBN 0-949749-82-6.
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Lee–Enfield - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee–Enfield
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External links
Demonstration of rapid aimed fire at Bisley (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LmYQhEfuxM&NR=1)
Demonstration of rapid fire – 10 aimed shots in 9 seconds (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8x3lOZ4yX6Y&feature=related)
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