CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

1.1.1 Importance of Agriculture:

In the past few years, the safety of women in India has been down because of some continuous
and terrible crimes against women. There has been decline in the women status from ancient to
medieval period which is continued in such an advanced era. Women of India have equal rights as
like as men of this country as they occupy almost half population of the country and involved in half
proportion in the growth and development of the country.
It is true that women in modern India are joining high offices (President, Speaker of Lok Sabha,
Union Ministers, Leader of Opposition, Chief Minister, Governor, etc) however on the back of
curtain they are being exploited too. According to the Constitution of India, they have equal rights of
dignity, equality, and freedom from gender discrimination. Indian women are continuously facing
numerous problems such as sexual harassment, violent victimization through rape, acid attack,
dowry deaths, forced prostitution, and many more.
Education and Economic Development
Number of women heading the households in India is found decreased though female literacy rate is
still less than male literacy rate. Urban girls are nearly equal in education like boys however in the
rural areas there is still a big gap. On the other hand, some Indian states (like Kerala and Mizoram)
have achieved universal female literacy. So, women in such states have high social and economic
status. Women literacy rate in India is still less because of the inadequate school facilities, sanitary
facilities, increasing crimes against women, shortage of female teachers, gender discrimination in
the society, etc. According to the statistics of 2015, it is found that women (above 15 years or older)
literacy rate is 60.6% whereas male literacy rate is 81.3%.
Crimes against women in India
There is a big list of crimes against women in India such as acid attack, child marriages, domestic
violence, forceful domestic work, child abuse, dowry deaths, female infanticide and sex-selective
abortions, child labour, honor killings, rape, sexual harassment, trafficking, forced for prostitution,
and many more.
What are Safety Laws for Women in India
There is a list of safety laws for women in India working in the field to provide safety to the women
from all type of crimes against women. Some safety laws are Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929,
 Special Marriage Act 1954, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856, Indian
Penal Code 1860, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Maternity Benefit Act 1861, Foreign Marriage Act
1969, Indian Divorce Act 1969, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971, Christian Marriage
Act 1872, Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Married Women’s
Property Act 1874, Births, Deaths & Marriages Registration Act 1886, Indecent Representation of
Women (Prevention) Act 1986, Muslim women (protection of rights on divorce) Act 1986,
Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act 1987, National Commission for Women Act 1990, Prohibition
of Sex Selection Act 1994, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005, Prevention of
Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012, Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place Act 2013,
etc.
Another Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2015 has been passed replacing the
existing Indian juvenile delinquency law of 2000 (Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)
Act, 2000). This act was passed by the Lok Sabha on 7th of May in 2015 and however, by the Rajya
Sabha on 22nd of December in 2015. This act is passed to lower down the juvenile age from 18 to
16 years in cases of heinous offense (especially after the release of Nirbhaya’s case accused
juvenile).
Conclusion
Despite of formation of various effective rules and regulations by the Indian government to handle
and control the crimes against women, the number and frequency of crimes against women are
increasing day by day. Women status in the country has been more offensive and dreadful in the last
few years. It has decreased the confidence level of women for safety in their own country. Women
are in doubtful condition for their safety and have fear while going anywhere else outside their home
(office, market, etc). We should not blame the government because women safety is not only the
responsibility of government only, it is the responsibility of each and every Indian citizen especially
men who need to change their mind set for women.

1.1.2 IOT in Women Safety:

This project focuses on a security system that is designed merely to serve the purpose of
providing security to women so that they never feel helpless while facing such social
challenges. An advanced system can be built that can detect the location and health condition
of person that will enable us to take action accordingly based on electronic gadgets like GPS
receiver, body temperature sensor , GSM, Pulse rate sensor. We can make use of number of
sensors to precisely detect the real time situation of the women in critical abusive situations.
The heartbeat of a person in such situations is normally higher which helps make decisions
along with other sensors like motion sensors to detect the abnormal motion of the women while
she is victimized. The idea to develop a smart device for women is that it’s completely
comfortable and easy to use as compared with already existing women security solutions such
as a separate garment, bulky belts and infamous mobile apps that are just very abstract and
obsolete. The Smart band integrated with Smart phone has an added advantage so as to reduce
the cost of the device and also in reduced size. The GPS and the GSM can be used of a smart
phone . This also enables in reduced power use and that the watch can be installed with IOT
which comes in handy for several days on a single shot of charge.
1.2 Motivation
As we know the increase in number of rape this days is a major concern for the
society. To reduce with the help of technology will be very effective and good. By the
use of IOT we can build a system which can help women in emergency situations.

1.3 Problem Definition:

As we know women safety is a issues that needs to be handled right now by taking good
measures. A device that can continuously monitor health and can track location during
emergency situation can help a lot in reducing the women safety issues.

CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature Review:

Orlando pereira, et al (2010) proves the theory of using body sensors by using Network mobile
solutions for biofeedback monitoring. The SHIMMER firmware and bluetooth firmware has
been implemented in this work. The limitations of this work is bluetooth should be always
connected to phone, it cannot be used if phone is lost[1]. Mirjam Jutila, et al(2014) proves the
new concept of a wearable sensor vest for children. Safety vest Design, Gateway
Implementation, Sensor web elements has been implemented in this work. The limitations of
this work is the device used is very big in size, it cannot be carried to places all can go [2].
Samuel Tanga (2016) proves the concept of sensors in his work" Development Of Prototype
Smart Home Intelligent Lighting Control Architecture Using Sensors Onboard A Mobile
Computing System" . "Luminaire controlled by the Arduino microcontroller" has been
implemented. The limitations of this concept is wifi or internet is needed to work the
application[3]. Threats in Information Security are life-threatening more particularly in medical
field. [4]. Software providing more features and more security leads to increased execution
time and also leads to poor usability of the software [5]. The application can be secured with
fingerprint authentication for providing more security and to avoid false positive [6]. The
Dynamic Cognitive System shows how the application can be protected against vulnerabilities
and attacks in the social network [7].Parthsethi et al(2018) proves the theory of using alarm
system in his work published in "Safe sole Distress Alarm system for female security using
IOT". "Central controller, GSM module, GPS module gesture control System, smart phone
connecting". Limitations of this work is the click in a mobile is needed there is no automatic
detection[8]. Phooshkar rajiv et al(2016) proves the theory of using "Email in email based
Remote access and surveillance system for smart home infrastructure". "The Email from
embedded system to user and reply processing has been implemented in this work". The
limitations of this work is the application is very costly and GPS and GMS are not used[9].
Enji Sun et al(2011) proves the concept of IoT and cloud computing in his work "IoT and cloud
computing based dam monitoring and alarm system in mines". The limitations it is not
automatic. It should be switched on by external activity[10].

Zhen yan et al(2014) proves the theory of using Internet of Things in his work .A
system model of Internet of things has been implemented in his work. The limitation of this
work is poor in work and setup takes a long time[11]. Alessio Botta et al(2015) proves the
theory of integration of cloud computing and Internet of Things: A survey. RFID and wireless
sensors, cloud computing has been implemented in this work. The limitations of this work is
that the system is very poor in working. It is very costly to afford by poor people[12]. Luigi
Atzori et al(2012) proves the new concept of social Internet of Things in his work . He claims
how cloud and Internet of things are integrated. The limitations of this work is how the system
works is not clearly mentioned[13]. S.Sicari et al(2014) proves the new concept of "security
and trust in the internet of things" in his work. He claims that security, trust, privacy and
authentication has been implemented in this work. The limitations of this work is security and
authentication of the Internet of things is showed but how sensors are connected is not
showed[14]. Andre Gloria et al(2017) proves the new concept of IOT gateways in his work.
The concept of IOT gateways, multiple communication protocols has been implemented in this
work. The limitations of this work is a lot of hard work is needed to implement this and the
application is also very costly to be implemented[15].

Carolyn Whitzman et al(2009) proves the new concept of women's safety in his concept
.He claims that there should be some safety measures that should be taken by the women in the
society. The limitations of this work is only the security of women is discussed, but the device
has not been implemented[16]. Minchen et al(2016) proves the concept of smart clothing, in
his work "Connecting human's report with clouds and big data for sustainable health
monitoring". Intra smart clothing system , communications for Inter smart clothing sustainable
health monitoring for chronic diseases has been implemented[17].

Mandeep Singh (2015) proves the wireless integrated device in "AN IoT security model
design and validation of Android based wireless Integrated device for health monitoring. A
devicce for body parameter measurement with the set of measuring algorithms and the mobile
phone to increase tele medical capacity" has been implemented. Limitations of this concept is
this an android application and the victim cannot be in a position to open phone and click on
the application for help [18]. Susana P.Costa(2015) proves the concept of wearables in his work
"Integration of wearable solutions in AAL environments with mobility support. AAL, wearable
solutions for a mobile environment" has been implemented. Limitations are, although it is a
wearable device, it just needs a click to activate the wearables [19].

John Ayoade (2007) proves the concept of RFID in his work "Roadmap to solving
security and pure concerns in RFID system. Supply chain effectiveness, waste disposal has
been implemented[20]. Rolf H. Weber(2010) proves the concept of privacy and security in his
concept. Data protection, RFID, IOT has been implemented in this work. The limitations of
this work is how IOT is
protected is described but implementation has not given[21].

2.3 Proposed Approach:

In this project we designed embedded system which will measure the physical
parameters like temperature, heartrate, noise level and fall detection and give us notification
for emergency situations .
2.4 Objective:

 To design a temperature and heart rate monitoring system.

 To detect emergency situation on the basis of noise.
 To detect fall using motion sensor.
 To design an emergency system that can provide you the location.
2.5 Scope:

 It can be implemented in smart cities.

 Smart health monitoring systems.
 Voice Emergency alert systems.
 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Specifications:

3.1.1 System Specifications:

 Temperature and humidity range: 0 to 50 degree Celsius, 20-95%
 Wi-Fi Module Range: 60- 100 meters.

3.1.2 Input and Output Specifications:

 AC Supply voltage =230 V,50Hz.

 DC Supply voltage =5V/1mA.
 LED Voltage =1.6V.
 Supply current = 1mA.

3.1.2 Hardware Specifications:

3.1.2.1 Arduino Uno:

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

3.1.2.2 Accelerometer sensor ADXL 335:

 3-axis sensing
 Small, low profile package
 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm LFCSP
 Low power : 350 μA (typical)
 Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
3.1.2.3 DHT11:

 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V.

 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
 Output: Serial data.
 Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C.
 Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit.
 Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

3.1.2.4 LCD:
 100 mA consumption.
 Simple to use.
 16x2 display.

 DO: digital output interface(0 and 1)

 AO: analog output interface

3.2.3.6 Heart beat sensor

 Heat beat indication by LED

 Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to microcontroller
 Compact Size
 Working Voltage +5V DC
 3.1.3 Software Specifications:

 Proteus: For simulation of the circuit.

 Express PCB: For designing PCB layout.
 Arduino IDE.
 Thing Speak.

3.1.3.1 Arduino Ide:

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and
digital world. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In
addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy,[2] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals
to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include
simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

Getting started with Arduino IDE

Step 1: Download and Install the IDE

You can download the IDE from the official Arduino website. Since the Arduino uses a
USB to serial converter (which allow it to communicate with the host computer), the
Arduino board is compatible with most computers that have a USB port. Of course, you
will need the IDE first. Luckily, the Arduino designers have released multiple versions of
the IDE for different operating systems, including Windows, Mac, and Linux. In this
tutorial, we will use Window 10, so ensure that you download the correct version of the
IDE if you do not have Windows 10.

Once downloaded, install the IDE and ensure that you enable most (if not all) of the
options, INCLUDING the drivers.
Step 2: Get the Arduino COM Port Number

Next, you’ll need to connect the Arduino Uno board to the computer. This is done via a
USB B connection. Thanks to the wonderful world of USB, we do not need to provide
power to the Arduino, as the USB provides 5V up to 2A. When the Arduino is connected,
the operating system should recognize the board as a generic COM port (for example, my
Arduino Uno uses a CH340G, which is an RS-232 serial to USB converter). Once it’s
recognized, we will need to find out what port number it has been assigned. The easiest
way to do this is to type “device manager” into Windows Search and select Device
Manager when it shows.

Finding the device manager option in Windows 10

In the Device Manager window, look for a device under “Ports (COM & LPT)”, and
chances are the Arduino will be the only device on the list. In my Device Manager, the
Arduino shows up as COM7 (I know this because CH340 is in the device name).

The Arduino in my case is a CH340, and it shows on COM7 (port 7).

Be warned, the Arduino won’t always be recognized automatically. If your Arduino is not
recognized. then uninstall the driver, remove the Arduino, reinsert the Arduino, find the
unrecognized device, right click “Update driver”, and then click “Search automatically”.
This should fix 99 out of 100 problems.

If the Arduino is not recognized, update the driver.

In the window that appears, click “Search automatically”.

Windows can be a real pain sometimes with COM ports, as it can magically change their
numbers between connections. In other words, one day, your Arduino may be on port 7
(as shown here), but then on other days, Windows may shift it to a different port number.
As I understand it, this happens when you connect other COM ports to your system
(which I do frequently).

So, if you can’t find your Arduino on the port that you usually use, just go to your Device
Manager and check what port it’s actually on and, if necessary, update your driver.

Step 3: Configure the IDE

Now that we have determined the COM port that the Arduino is on, it’s time to load the
Arduino IDE and configure it to use the same device and port. Start by loading the IDE.
Once it’s loaded, navigate to Tools > Board > Arduino Uno. However, if you are using a
different board (i.e., not the Arduino Uno), you must select the proper board!

Tell the IDE which board you are using.

Next, you must tell the IDE which COM port the Arduino is on. To do this, navigate to
Tools > Port > COM7. Obviously, if your Arduino is on a different port, select that port
instead.
Step 4: Loading a Basic Example

For the sake of simplicity, we will load an example project that the Arduino IDE comes
with. This example will make the onboard LED blink for a second continuously. To load
this example, click File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.

Load the blink example.

With the example loaded, it’s time to verify and upload the code. The verify stage checks
the code for errors, then compiles the ready-for-uploading code to the Arduino. The
upload stage actually takes the binary data, which was created from the code, and uploads
it to the Arduino via the serial port.

To verify and compile the code, press the check mark button in the upper left window.

The “Verify” button will compile the Arduino code.

If the compilation stage was successful, you should see the following message in the
output window at the bottom of the IDE. You might also see a similar message—just it’s
one that does not have words like “ERROR” and “WARNING”.

This is a successful compilation.

With the code compiled, you must now upload it the Arduino Uno. To do this, click the
arrow next to the check mark.

The “Upload” button will program the Arduino with your code.
3.1.3.2 Things Speak:

• ThingSpeak is a Web Service (REST API) that lets you collect and store sensor data in the
cloud and develop Internet of Things applications.
• It works with Arduino, Raspberry Pi and MATLAB (premade libraries and APIs exists).
• But it should work with all kind of Programming Languages, since it uses a REST API and
HTTP.
• ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that lets you collect and store sensor data in
the cloud and develop Internet of Things applications.
• The ThingSpeak service also lets you perform online analysis and act on your data. Sensor
data can be sent to ThingSpeak from any hardware that can communicate using a REST API
• ThingSpeak is a Web Service (REST API) that lets you collect and store sensor data in the
cloud and develop Internet of Things applications.

Challenge

Measure and evaluate the energy efficiency of residential homes and businesses based on data
from onsite sensors

Solution

 Used ThingSpeak to collect up-to-the-minute temperature, humidity, and power usage data
 Used MATLAB to analyze and visualize the data
Results

 Market opportunity seized

 Development effort cut by two-thirds

 Sensor networks quickly deployed

 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN

4.1 Block diagram:

Fig1: Block diagram

 4.2 Block Diagram Explanation:

4.2.1. Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and
a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC -to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much
about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
dollars and start over again.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the
first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino
index of boards .

Fig2: Arduino Uno

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 7-12V

(recommended)

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

LED_BUILTIN 13

4.2.5 Accelerometer sensor:

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with
signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-
scale range of ±3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications,
as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The user selects the
bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT,
and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to
1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis. The ADXL335
is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic lead frame chip
scale package (LFCSP_LQ).
 Fig7:ADXL335

FEATURES

 3-axis sensing Small,

 low profile package 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm LFCSP
 Low power : 350 μA (typical)
 Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V 10,000 g
 shock survival Excellent temperature stability BW adjustment with a single capacitor
per axis RoHS/WEEE lead-free compliant.

APPLICATIONS

 Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications

 Mobile devices Gaming systems

 Disk drive protection

 Image stabilization Sports and health devices

4.2.3 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):-

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly. Our project uses the 16x2 LCD display.16x2 LCD display is very basic module
and is very commonly used in various device and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being, LCDs are economical,
easily programmable have no limitation of displaying special and even custom characters.
 Figure 4: Liquid Crystal Display (16x2 LCD)
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, seven
segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger
elements. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, televisions, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as
video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced
cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of
screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not
suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

4.2.6 Heart Beat Sensor:

Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by
students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily
incorporate live heartrate data into their projects. It also includes an open-source monitoring
app that graphs your pulse in real time.

The Pulse Sensor Kit includes:

1) A 24-inch Color-Coded Cable, with (male) header connectors. You'll find this makes it easy
to embed the sensor into your project, and connect to an Arduino. No soldering is required.

2) An Ear Clip, perfectly sized to the sensor. We searched many places to find just the right
clip. It can be hotglued to the back of the sensor and easily worn on the earlobe.

3) 2 Velcro Dots. These are 'hook' side and are also perfectly sized to the sensor. You'll find
these velcro dots very useful if you want to make a velcro (or fabric) strap to wrap around a
finger tip.

4) 3 Transparent Stickers. These are used on the front of the Pulse Sensor to protect it from
oily fingers and sweaty earlobes.

5) The Pulse Sensor has 3 holes around the outside edge which make it easy to sew it into
almost anything.

Fig8:Hearbeat sensor

The front of the sensor is the pretty side with the Heart logo. This is the side that makes
contact with the skin. On the front you see a small round hole, which is where the LED shines
through from the back, and there is also a little square just under the LED. The square is an
ambient light sensor, exactly like the one used in cellphones, tablets, and laptops, to adjust
the screen brightness in different light conditions. The LED shines light into the fingertip or
earlobe, or other capillary tissue, and sensor reads the light that bounces back. The back of
the sensor is where the rest of the parts are mounted. We put them there so they would not get
in the way of the of the sensor on the front.

4.2.5Temperature sensor:

The DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and

humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to
measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no
analog input pins needed). Its fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing
to grab data. The only real downside of this sensor is you can only get new
data from it once every 2 seconds, so when using our library, sensor readings
can be up to 2 seconds old.

Fig7:DHT11

FEATURES

 Low cost
 3 to 5V power and I/O
 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)
 Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy
 Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy
 No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
 Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
 4 pins with 0.1" spacing
4.2.8 GPS

GPS or Global Positioning System is a network of orbiting satellites that send precise
details of their position in space back to earth. The signals are obtained by GPS receivers, such
as navigation devices and are used to calculate the exact position, speed and time at the vehicles
location.

L80 GPS module with an embedded patch antenna (15mmx15mmx4mm) and LNA brings high
performance of MTK positioning engine to the industrial applications. It is able to achieve the
industry’s highest level of sensitivity, accuracy and TTFF with the lowest power consumption
in a small footprint lead-free package. With 66 search channels and 22 simultaneous tracking
channels, it acquires and tracks satellites in the shortest time even at indoor signal level. The
embedded flash memory provides capacity for users to store some useful navigation data and
allows for future updates. L80 module combines with many advanced features including
EASY, AIC, LOCUS, AlwaysLocateTM and Antenna Supervisor. These features are
beneficial to accelerate TTFF, improve sensitivity, save consumption and detect antenna status
for GPS system. The module supports various location, navigation and industrial applications
including autonomous GPS, SBAS (including WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, and GAGAN), QZSS,
and AGPS. L80 simplifies the device’s design and cost because of embedded Patch Antenna
and LNA. Furthermore, L80 not only supports automatic antenna switching function, which
can achieve switching between external active antenna and internal patch antenna but also
supports external active antenna detection and short protection. The detection and notification
of different external active antenna status will be shown in the NMEA message including
external active antenna connection, open circuit for antenna and antenna shortage. So host can
query the external active antenna status timely and conveniently. L80 module is a SMD type
module with the compact 16mm x 16mm x 6.45mm form factor, which can be embedded in
your applications through the 12-pin pads with 2.54mm pitch. It provides necessary hardware
interfaces between the module and main board. The module is fully ROHS compliant to EU
regulation.

Features:
 Power Supply Voltage: 3.0V ~ 4.3V typical : 3.3V
 Power Consumption
 o Acquisition 25mA@ VCC=V_BCKP=3.3V
o VCC= V_BCKP =3.3V
o Standby 1.0mA @ VCC= V_BCKP =3.3V
o Backup 7uA@ V_BCKP=3.3V
 Receiver Type
o GPS L1 1575.42MHz C/A Code
o 66 search channels, 22 simultaneous tracking channels
 UART Port
o UART Port: TXD1 and RXD1
o Supports baud rate from 4800bps to 115200bps, 9600bps by default
o UART port is used for NMEA output, MTK proprietary commands input and
firmware upgrade
 Temperature Range
o Normal operation: -40°C ~ +85°C
o Storage temperature: -45°C ~ +125°C

Fig 10: GPS module

Fig8: Rain fall sensor

4.2.7 Wi-Fi Module

ESP8266 is Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by Espressif system. It is
mostly used for development of IoT (Internet of Things) embedded applications.

ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module

ESP8266 comes with capabilities of

 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n, supporting WPA/WPA2),

 general-purpose input/output (16 GPIO),
 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial communication protocol,
 analog-to-digital conversion (10-bit ADC)
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serial communication protocol,
 I²S (Inter-IC Sound) interfaces with DMA(Direct Memory Access) (sharing pins with
GPIO),
 UART (on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on GPIO2), and
 Pulse-width modulation (PWM).

It employs a 32-bit RISC CPU based on the Tensilica Xtensa L106 running at 80 MHz (or
overclocked to 160 MHz). It has a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB instruction RAM and 96 KB data
RAM. External flash memory can be accessed through SPI.

ESP8266 module is low cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used for end-point IoT
developments.

To communicate with the ESP8266 module, microcontroller needs to use set of AT commands.
Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 module using UART having specified Baud rate.

There are many third-party manufacturers that produce different modules based on this chip. So,
the module comes with different pin availability options like,

 ESP-01 comes with 8 pins (2 GPIO pins) – PCB trace antenna. (shown in above figure)
  ESP-02 comes with 8 pins, (3 GPIO pins) – U-FL antenna connector.
 ESP-03 comes with 14 pins, (7 GPIO pins) – Ceramic antenna.
 ESP-04 comes with 14 pins, (7 GPIO pins) – No ant.

etc.

For example, below figure shows ESP-01 module pins

ESP8266-01 Module Pin Description

ESP8266-01 Module Pins

3V3: - 3.3 V Power Pin.

GND: - Ground Pin.

RST: - Active Low Reset Pin.

EN: - Active High Enable Pin.

TX: - Serial Transmit Pin of UART.

RX: - Serial Receive Pin of UART.

4.3 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN:

4.3.1 Power Supply Design:

Power supply is the first and most important part of our project. For our project we
require +5v regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500mA.Following
basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

Block diagram of power supply:

230 V, 50HZ STEPDOWN RECTIFIER FILTER

MAIN TRANSFOR CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
MER
SUPPLY

REGULATED TERMINAL
O/P VOLTAE REGULATR
CIRCUIT

Fig.8 Block Diagram of Power supply

4.3.2 Description of power supply circuit:

The 1000µF capacitor serves as a “reservoir” which maintains a reasonable input

voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the AC line voltage. The 10µF and .01µF
serve to keep the power supply voltage constant when load condition changes. The electrolytic
capacitor smoothes out any long term or low frequency variations. However at high frequencies
this capacitor is not very efficient therefore the .01µF is included to bypass high frequency
changes such as digital IC switching effects, to ground. The LED & its series resistors serve as
a pilot light to indicate when the power supply is on. I like to use a miniature LED here, so it
will serve that function without being obstructive or distractive while I am performing an
experiment. The ac voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer, which steps down
that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator
circuit removes the ripples and also retains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies,
or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually
obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

Step down transformer:

Step down is the first part of regulated power supply. To step the mains 230V AC we
require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristics of an electronic
transformer.

1. Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a signal
frequency.

2. It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectrics strength.

3. Transformer ratings are expressed in volt-amp of each secondary winding or winding is

added for the total secondary VA. The load losses are added this. Temperature rise of a
transformer is decided on two well known factors i.e. losses on transformer and heat dissipating
or cooling facility unit. Selection of transformer is calculated on the basis of total power
consumption of circuit.

Transformer Rating:

For safely factor multiply by 1.5

Current consumption = 500mA*1.5 = 750mA

Voltage consumption = Vcc + Vdrop = 18 + 2 = 20V

So,selecting transformer of 0-18Volts, 750mA.

Rectifier unit and filter circuit:

 Rectifier unit is a circuit which converts AC into pulsating DC generally
semiconducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in
one direction only. Generally there are two types of rectifier.

1) Half wave Rectifier

2) Full wave Rectifier

In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains AC is rectified and so its efficiency is
poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used. In each half
cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at the output.

Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of full-wave Bridge type rectifier circuit.

Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure DC supply for using at various places
in the electronic circuit. However, the output of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such DC
is applied to electronic circuit, it will produce hum i.e. it will contain AC and DC components.
The AC components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so, a filter
circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the AC components reaching load. Obviously a
filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor
filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic. Capacitors
are connected in parallel to the rectifier output because it passes AC but does pass DC at all.

Selection of Regulated power supply IC:

A voltage regulator is the circuit that supplies constant voltage regardless of change in
load current. IC voltage regulates are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consist
of three terminal positive regulators. These IC’s are designed as fixed voltage regulator and
with adequate heat sink, can deliver output current in excess of 1Amp. These devices do not
required external component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal
short circuit and current limiting protection.
Specifications:

Parameter Voltage (V)

Available output DC 5

Line regulation 0.03%

Load regulation 0.5%

VIN maximum 3.5

Table 1: Specifications of power supply

Selection of diode:

R.M.S. secondary voltage at secondary transformer is 5V. So maximum voltage across

secondary is,

Vm = R.M.S. voltage x 0.707

= 5 x 0.707

= 3.535V

Dc output voltage at rectifier output is 2Vm

PIV rating of each diode is PIV = 2Vm

= 2 x 3.535

= 7.07V

And maximum forward current which flow from diode is 250mA.

So, from above parameters we select diode IN4001 from diode selection manual.
 Design of filter capacitor:

Formula for calculating filter capacitor is,

C= 1

4√3×r×f×R1

R = Ripple present at o/p of rectifier.

F = Frequency of mains AC.

R1=I/P impedance of voltage regulator IC.

C= 1

0.03×50×21.33× 4√3

= 4511.25µf

≈ 4700µf

And voltage rating of filter capacitor is double of Vdc i.e. rectifier o/p which is 20V.So we
choose 4700µf/25V filter capacitor.

Design of Rectifier:

Rectifier consists of four diodes connected in bridge configuration.

Its function is to rectify the ac input voltage. At the output we get unregulated waveform
containing ripples as shown in figure

Power Supply +5V:

Designing of +5V Regulated power supply for following specifications:

Output voltage(VL) : +5 V
 Output current(IL) : 500 mA

Input voltage AC mains: 230V +/- 9%, 50

Hz

Table 2: Specification of +5V power supply

Step1: Regulator

As per requirement the output voltage must be 5V DC regulated so we are using 7805
regulator ICas per Fairchild semiconductor datasheet specified:

Parameter Rating

Available output DC voltage. +5V

Line regulation. 0.03

Load regulation. 0.5

Vin maximum. 16.16 V

Ripple rejection. 60-80dB

Table 3: Specification of regulator 7805

 Fig 9: circuit diagram of power supply

Step 2: Filter capacitor design:

Vripple p-p = 10% of 7V = 0.7V

Vin (max) = Vin (min) +Vrippl = 7.7V

Øi = sin-1(Vin (min)/Vin (max)) = sin-1(7/7.7) => Øi = 65 .38o

t1 = time for 90o+time for θi

T = 1/f (Hz) = 1/50 = 20 msec

Time for 360o = 20 msec

Time for 90o = 5 msec

Time for 65.38o = 3.63 msec

t1 = 5+3.63

t1 = 8.63 msec

t2 = time for 90o-time for θi => 5-3.6 =>t2 = 1.37 msec

Iavg = Iload / 2 = 250mA.

Step 3: Selection of transformer:

Peak voltage required at secondary of transformer

Vp = Vin (max) + voltage drop across rectifier

Vp= 7.7+ (2)

Vp = 9.7 ~10 V

This voltage (10 V) should occur at secondary of transformer, when mains is at

minimum supply voltage, supply voltage variation is given as 230V +/- 9%

So, V low line = 230-9 % of 230

=209.3V

209.3V 10 V

230V Vp’

Vp’ = 10.98V

VHighline = 230+9% of 230

= 250.7V

209.3v 10 V

250.7V Vp”

Vp” = 11.97V

Vrms secondary at 230V = Vp’/ (2)^½ = 7.76 V

Secondary current of transformer =1.8*IL

=1.8*IL

=1.8*500mA

=0.9 Amp

VA rating of transformer = 7.76*0.9

= 6.98 VA
VA rating of transformer 6.98; i.e. Vsec=> 7.76 V

Isec= 0.9 Amp

Select the transformer with secondary voltage 9V Vrms & secondary current 1Amp

Step 4: Design of transformer

1. VA rating of transformer secondary = 9*1

= 9 VA

Adding 10% extra for losses

Total VA rating = 9+10% of VA

=9+0.9

=9.9 VA

Design of C1:

The maximum current that can be drawn from this IC is 1A.But our circuit requires
maximum current of Imax, which is summation of all the current required to drive individual
IC’s.

Im = 500 mA

For safety purpose, we consider the maximum current limit exactly double of the circuit
requirement

Imax =2Im.

Therefore, Imax = 1A.

We know that,

Q = CV ………………………..……….. (1)

Where,

Q = charge on capacitor.

C = capacitance.
V = voltage applied to capacitor.

Also,

Q = I t. …………………………….….. (2)

Where,

I = Imax.

t = period of output voltage of rectifier.

Equating equations (1) & (2), we get

CV = Imax t. …………………………….. (3)

Now, at input of transformer, applied voltage frequency is 50 Hz.

As we have used step down transformer of 9-0-9 V, we get output voltage having same
frequency of 50 Hz but amplitude step down to 9V (rms).

After rectification, frequency doubles & amplitude becomes Vpeak, as shown in figure.

VIN (rms) = 230 v.

Vsec (rms) = 7.76v.

Therefore, Vpeak = Vp

= Vsec / 0.707.

Vp = 10.9 v.

And, t = 1 / 2f

= 1 / 100

= 0.01 sec.

From equation (3),

CV = I t.

Therefore,
 C = Imax t / V

= 1A* 0.01 / 10.9

= 917.43 uF.

Select, C1= 1000uF.

Design of C2:

We know that, due to internal circuitry of IC 7805 and load connected at the output of
power supply, various types of noises are generated at its output, such as thermal noise, flicker
noise, shot noise, white noise etc. Hence in order to bypass all these noises, we have to connect
a capacitor C2. It can take value between 0.1uF to 1000uF.Here we have connected C2 = 750uF
4.4 Circuit Diagram:
Fig 12: Circuit diagram
 Fig 13: Flow chart

4.6 Data flow diagram:

Temperature
Measurement

Cloud storage and Graph Heart Rate Measurement

Plotting
 Fall Detection Emergency Alert system

Heart Rate Measurement

Temperature report

Noise measurement
Heart Rate report
System

Temperature measurement
Fall Detection

GPS Location Tracking

4.7 Use Case Diagrams:

4.7 Class Diagram:
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Advantages:

 Low design time.

 Low production cost.
 This system is applicable for both the indoor and
 Outdoor environment.
 Less space.
 Low power consumption.
 Wireless location tracking system.

5.2 Disadvantages:
 Complex system
 Excessive delay
 High cost
 5.4 Conclusion:

Hence we conclude that we have decided all the hardware and software requirements that will
be needed for the project. We have discussed all the sensors we will be using for measuring the
temperature, heart rate and fall detection. We have also discussed the microcontroller that we
are going to use for our project that the Arduino Uno with its advantages. We have decided the
flow and algorithm of the project.

REFERENCES