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Summing Amplifier
I2 = If
I1+I2+I3 + In = If
(V2–V’)/R1 V’/Rf (1)
V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3+….+Vn/Rn Vo/Rf
I1 = If
(V1–V’)/R1 (V’-VO)/Rf (2)
IR = IC
Vi/R = – C (dVout/dt)
1
RC
vo (t ) vi (t )dt
Differentiator
A differentiator produces an output that is
Comparator
proportional to the rate of change of the input
A comparator is a specialized op-amp circuit
voltage.
used to determine when an input exceeds a
certain level. In this application, the op-amp is
used in the open-loop configuration, with the
input voltage on one input and a reference
voltage on the other.
Comparator Application #1
Comparator Application #2
Window Comparator
Comparator Application
Comparators are used in control circuits. A
simple example is found in nighttime sensing
street lamps. The lamps use a comparator to
compare a signal from a light-sensitive photo
detector with a reference signal. At nightfall the
photo signal falls below the reference signal,
and the comparator turns the street lamp on. At