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Sample/practice exam June 2011-2015, questions

Process Heat Transfer (University College London)

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Answer 4 question in total. Only the first four answers will be marked.
All answers carry a total of 25 marks each, distributed as shown 11

1. a) Derive an expression for the radiant heat transfer rate per unit area between two
large parallel planes of emissivity s1 and 6.2 which are at absolute temperature T1 and
T2 respectively. Show the equivalent circuit representation of this arrangement. [8]

b) Two such planes are situated 2.5 mm apart in air. One has an emissivity of 0.1
and is at a temperature of 350 K, and the other has an emissivity of 0.05 and is at a
temperature of 300 K. Assume that there is no convection in the very narrow space
between the planes. Take the Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W m K4
and the thermal conductivity of air = 0.026 W ITI-1 K-1. Calculate:

i) The heat transfer by thermal radiation between the planes. [4]

ii) The total heat transfer by conduction and radiation between the two planes. [4]

c) Assuming that the following figures show cross-section of long elements,

determine all the view factors for the following geometries. Note that letters indicate
lengths. [9]

2
3
a
a 2 4
1 a
b
1

2. a) Describe with the aid of a sketch how the local heat transfer coefficient and
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness varies along a plane surface as the flow
regime changes from laminar to turbulent. Assume the transition period between the
two regimes occurs instantly. [8]

b) Formulate an expression for the overall heat transfer coefficient for a plane
surface taking the local Nusselt number for laminar and turbulent flow to be:
hx'turbX
Nux,tur 0.0296Re 415 Pril3
lanzx
Nu, am ' 0.331Re2 /2 Pr1/3
k
Take the critical value of the Reynolds number to be 5x105. [11]
Question 1 continued
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c) Describe the physical significance of the Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
For each, show the relevant equations. [6]

3. a) Derive the Heat Conduction Equation for a large thin plane wall from an energy
balance on the system. Assume constant thermal conductivity. [12]

b) Assuming constant thermal conductivity, show how the heat conduction equation
reduces for the case of: (i) steady state; (ii) transient heat transfer with no heat
generation, and (iii) steady state with no heat generation. [3]

c) Consider a large plane wall L = 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k= 1.2 W m' IC', and
surface area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are maintained at constant
temperatures of T1 = 120 °C and T2 = 50 °C. Assume: Heat conduction is steady;
heat conduction is one-dimensional; thermal conductivity is constant; there is no heat
generation. Using an analytical approach, determine: [10]

i) an expression for variation of temperature within the wall and the value of
temperature at x = 0.1 m (half way through the wall).

(ii) the rate of heat conduction through the wall under steady conditions.

4. Water flows at 2 m s-1 through a 2.5 m length of a 25 mm diameter tube. The tube is
at 320 K and the water enters and leaves at 293 K and 295 K respectively. Taking the
density of water to be 1000 kg m-3 and the specific heat capacity to be
4.18 kJ kg-1 IC', find:

a) The heat load. [4]

b) The log mean temperature difference. [3]

c) The overall heat transfer coefficient. [4]

d) An estimate may be made of the inside heat transfer coefficient (h) from:

= 4280(0.00488T 1)0'8 d0.2

Where T , the mean temperature of water, is 294 K, u is the mean velocity of the
flow (m s') and d is the diameter of the tube (m). From this, calculate the internal
heat transfer coefficient and the thermal resistance of the scale (fouling layer)
between the tube and the water inside the tube. [6]

Question 4 continued
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c.

e) How would the outlet temperature change if the velocity was increased by 50%?
Assume a mean water temperature of 300 K. 181

5. a) Why is the maximum in the heat flux versus wall superheat curve in pool boiling
called the "burnout point"? [5]

b) Water in a tank is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure by a 5 m long, 1 cm

diameter nickel plated steel heating element equipped with electrical resistance wires
inside. If the temperature of the wire is 115 °C determine the heat flux at the nucleate
boiling regime. [5]

c) What is the rate of water evaporation? [5]

d) Determine the maximum heat flux that can be achieved at the nucleate boiling
regime and the temperature of the heater in that case. [10]

The following equations can be used for pool boiling heat transfer:

Heat flux during nucleate boiling:

g(pi, /2 )\3
q =11Lhfg
C -11 g PrL13
sj f
Critical heat flux:

q = 0.18hfgpG ( cYg(PL -; PG)

Pa
where:
(T,,,-Tsat) is the temperature difference between the wall and the saturated liquid,
Pri, is the liquid Prandtl number,
Cy- is a coefficient whose value depends on the fluid surface combination.
The rest of the symbols have their usual meaning.

You can use the following properties:

Liquid: pi, = 957.9 kg m-3, µz = 0.282x10-3 kg m-I s-1, cpr, = 4217 J kg -1 °C-1
Vapour: pG = 0.6 kg m-3
Also: lifg= 2257x103 J kg', a = 0.0589 N m1 and Cr 0.013
Take the acceleration due to gravity to beg = 9.8 m s-2

Question 5 continued
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6. a) Describe the four different modes of condensation. [7]

b) Atmospheric pressure saturated steam condenses on the outside of a horizontal

tube with wall temperature T= 60 °C and outer diameter D = 2 cm. Assume that the
condensate forms a laminar film and calculate the mass flow rate per unit length of
tube dripping from the bottom of the tube. [12]

You can use the following equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient 14,

[ ki,3py (pi, pG)ghfg

hL = 0.725
lit,(Ts Tiv)D

Where: pi. is the liquid viscosity, 11/2 is the latent heat of condensation, pi, and pG are
the liquid and gas densities respectively, kL is the liquid thermal conductivity, 7'
the saturation temperature and g is the acceleration of gravity.
Calculate also the film Reynolds number and check if the film laminar flow
assumption is correct. What would be the difference in the mass flowrate of the
condensate if the Reynolds number indicated that the flow in the film is turbulent? 161

You can use the following properties for the steam and the condensate:
Liquid: pi, = 958.4 kg m-3, [IL = 2.84x104 kg nil s-1, kL = 0.682 W m 1 K-1
Vapour: pG = 0.596 kg M-3
kg= 2257x103 J kg-1
Take the acceleration due to gravity to beg = 9.8 m S-2

END OF PAPER

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. Answer 4 question in total. Only the first four answers will be marked.
All answers carry a total of 25 marks each, distributed as shown... []

1. A shell and tube heat exchanger is to be used to heat 150,000 kg hr-I of crude oil from
20 to.57°C. The crude oil will be heated by 129,000 kg hr-1 of non-corrosive liquid
product from the bottom of a distillation column. The initial temperature of the
distillation product is 146°C.

a) Determine the heat load on the exchanger and show that the final
temperature of the distillation product will be 107°C. [51

b) If you were designing a shell and tube heat exchanger for this purpose
which of the two fluids would you pass through the tubes? Why? [31

c) Details of an existing shell and tube heat exchanger are given below. The
plant manager wants to use this exchanger to heat the crude oil. Determine if
it is suitable for the purpose. [17]

In your calculations you can assume an overall fouling resistance, rf , of 1 x10-3 m2 K W-1
and a log mean temperature correction factor of 0.97.

Average fluid properties:

Crude oil Distillation
product
Heat capacity (J kg-I K-I) cp 1.99 x103 2.20 x103
Viscosity (Pa s) 2.9 x10-3 5.2 x10-3
ii
Density (kg m-3) p 825 867
Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-I) k 0.137 0.119
Prandtl Number (-) Pr 42.1 96.1

Properties of the existing shell and tube exchanger:

Constructed from carbon steel (k = 45 W m-1 K-I).

1 shell pass, 2 tube passes.
Shell diameter 0.59 m.
324 tubes: 15mm inside diameter, 19 mm outside diameter, 5 m in total length
(including both tube passes).
The tubes are arranged with a 25.4 mm square pitch (pt) and the baffle spacing (/b)
is 0.25 m.

Question 1 continued
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Design equations:

The overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo, in a shell and tube exchanger can be
calculated using:

1 1 deln(del di) do
+ rf
Uo h, 21c, diht

The following correlations can be used to estimate the tube-side and shell-side heat
transfer coefficients:
r. 0.8
htdt
= 0.027 (ltilit) (Prt)113

hsde ( d e G 5)055 (pro113

= 0.36
k it )
where
1.27
de = (79 0.785do2)
d,
03t do)dslb
AS
Pt

As Cross flow area in shell (m2)

At Area for flow in tubes (m2)
de Shell-side-hydraulic-diameter(m)
di Tube inside diameter (m)
do Tube outside diameter (m)
cis Shell inside diameter (m)
G, Mass velocity of fluid in shells Ms/A, (kg s-I m-2)
Gt Mass velocity of fluid in tubes Mt/At (kg s-I m-2)
m2K-1)
hs Shell side heat transfer coefficient (W
ht Tube side heat transfer coefficient (W m-2K-1)
1b a Baffle spacing (m)

pt Tube pitch (m)

2. a) Derive the following s-NTU expression for co-flow heat exchanger operation. [121

UA (1+ Cminy i
1 exp [
Chin C./J
Max
(1 + CMinICMax)

Where e is the heat transfer effectiveness, NTU is the number if transfer units, U
is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the heat transfer area, C,nin and Can are
the minimum and maximum heat transfer rates, respectively.

Question 2 continued
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b) A process fluid (cp = 2200 J kg-I K-I) flowing at 130,000 kg hr-I with a
temperature of 146°C is used to preheat 150,000 kg hr-I of crude oil
(cp = 1990 J kg K-I) initially at 20°C. This is achieved using a 1-2 shell and tube
heat exchanger. When the exchanger is installed the design heat transfer
coefficients are Uckan = 410 W m-2 K-I and the surface area is A = 120 m2. Using
the 6-NTU method determine:

i) the heat exchanged when the heat exchanger is new (U= UClean) [9]

ii) the outlet temperatures when the exchanger is new [4]

Use the following 6-NTU equation for this heat exchanger configuration (where C
is the heat capacity ratio = Cmin/Cmax):

Q 2
E
VMax (1 + exp(NTUV1 + C2))
1 + C + \11 + C2
1 exp(NTUV1 + C2))

3. Consider a cylindrical furnace as shown in Figure 1. Emissivities: si = 0.8 and

62 = 0.4. The side surface closely approximates a blackbody.

2. T2= 500 K
3. T3 = 400 K 62 = 0.4
63 = blackbody

r0= H =1 m

/ Ti = 7u
= 0.8

Figure 1: Illustration of cylindrical furnace with temperature and emissivities of internal

surfaces shown.

a) With the aid of Figure 2, find all of the view factors for the internal surfaces
of the furnace. [71

Find the radiosity of each surface using the direct method. [13]
b)

c) Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface during
operation. [5]

Question 3 continued

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TURN OVER
Assumptions:

- Steady operating conditions

- Surfaces are opaque
- Convection heat transfer not considered
Consider furnace to be a 3 surface enclosure

1.0

0.8
fi
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6
Lir;

Figure 2: View factors as a function of geometric dimensions for concentric parallel circular
surfaces.

4. A long, 6.5 cm diameter, solid cylinder is made of steel. It is initially at a uniform

temperature Ti= 150°C. It is suddenly exposed to a convective environment at T , = 50°C,
and the overall surface convective heat transfer coefficient is h= 285 W m-2 K-1.

a) Calculate the Biot number for the system. [6]

b) Calculate the temperature at the axis of the cylinder after 5 minutes of

exposure. [4]

c) Calculate the temperature at a radial distance of 2.5 cm after 5 minutes of

exposure. [4]

d) Determine the total energy transferred from the cylinder per meter length
during the first 5 minutes of cooling. [6]

e) For a vertical slab removed from a hot furnace and left to cool in air, draw
the temperature profiles within the slab as time progresses for a system with
Bi <<1, Bi = 1 and Bi >> 1. [5]
Question 4 continued

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TURN OVER
Take the following values for steel: k= 16.3 W m ICI; a-- 4.44x10-6 m2 s-1;
p= 7817 kg rn.3; cp = 0.46 kJ kg-1 ICI.

Use the following transient heat transfer charts Figures (a), (b) and (c) to solve this
problem.

Question 4 continued
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'
"11.17

-.

2 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 40 5 60 0 80 90100 115 130

Centreline temperature as a ftl!nction of time for an infinite cylinder of radius, ro.

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=4- cf)

0000 0.o
D
O

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CNJ
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5. A saturated mixture of steam and water at 510 K is flowing through a horizontal pipe
with internal diameter 4 cm. The mixture has a qiiality of 0.3 and a mass flux of
3000 kg m-2 s-1. Calculate the frictional pressure drop in the pipe using:

a) the homogeneous model [8]

b) the following correlation suggested by Chisholm for separated flow [14]

C 1
OL2 = 1++
X X2

where PL2 and X2 are the Lockhart-Martinelli parameters and C = 20 for

turbulent-turbulent flow, C = 12 for laminar (liquid)-turbulent flow, C = 10 for
turbulent (liquid)-laminar flow, C = 5 for laminar-laminar flow.
The homogeneous viscosity can be calculated as follows:

1
I-1
= +
x
Itg
1

Ai
x

where:

x is the quality
pig and pti are the gas and liquid viscosities respectively.

You can assume that transition from laminar to turbulent flow for each phase occurs
when its Reynolds number based on superficial velocities is greater than 2000.

c) What are the main assumptions in the above models for homogeneous and
separated flow? 131

The following properties can be used:

Water density = 946 kg m-3, water viscosity = 2.39x10-4 Pa s

Steam density = 1.02 kg m-3, steam viscosity = 16.9x10-6 Pa s
f= 64/Re LAMINAR
f = 0.316/Re°25 TURBULENT

Describe the four different modes of condensation. [8]

6. a)

b) Atmospheric pressure saturated steam condenses on the outside of a horizontal

tube with wall temperature T1 = 60°C and outer diameter D = 2 cm. Assume that
the condensate forms a laminar film and calculate the mass flowrate per unit
length of tube dripping from the bottom of the tube. [12]

Question 6 continued
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You can use the following equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient hL
1/4
(Pc PG)glif 91
hL = 0.725 [kL3PL
[ PL(Ts Ti,)D i

Where: pi, is the liquid viscosity, hfg is the latent heat of condensation, pi, and pG are
the liquid and gas densities respectively, kL is the liquid thermal conductivity, Ts is the
saturation temperature and g is the acceleration of gravity.

Calculate also the film Reynolds number and check if the film laminar flow
assumption is correct. [51

You can use the following properties for the steam and the condensate:

Liquid: PL.= 958.4 kg m-3, it L= 2.84x10-4 kg m-1 s-1, kL= 0.682 W m-1 K-1
Vapour: pG = 0.596 kg m-3.
hf9 = 2.257x106J kg-1.

END OF PAPER

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Answer 4 questions in total. Only the first four answers will be marked.
All answers carry a total of 25 marks each, distributed as shown. []

I. The walls of a house are 4 m high,S m wide and 0.3 m thick with a thermal
conductivity of k = 0.6 W m'l K· 1 • The temperature of the air inside the house is
20°C and outside it is -lOoC. There is a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W m· 2 K- 1
on the inside and 30 W m- 2 K' on the outside of the wall.

a) Sketch the temperature profile from the air inside to that outside the
house through the thickness of the wall. [6]

b) Calculate the heat flux and total heat flow through the wall. [12]

c) Calculate the inside and outside surface temperatures of the wall. [7]

Assume: one dimensional, steady-state conduction through the wall and

constant thermal properties.

2. A double-pipe, parallel-flow heat exchanger is to be used to cool oil (0.15 kg S·l

at 90°C), using sea water (0.3 kg S·l at 10°C). The area of the heat exchanger is
11.5 m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient (ll) is 21.9 W m'2 K-'.
1 l l l
(cp,Oi/= 2131 J kg· K and cp,water= 4178 J kg· K' )

a) Calculate the NTU (number of transfer units) for the heat exchanger. [6]

b) Calculate the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. [7]

c) What is the heat duty? [5]

d) What are the exit temperatures for the oil and water from the heat
exchanger? [7]

Take:
1 - exp[-NTU{l + (Cmin/Cmax)}]
E=
1 + (Cmin/Cmax)

where Cmin is the smaller heat capacity ratio and Cmax is the larger heat
capacity ratio.

3. a) What is the criterion for lumped system analysis to be applied for transient
heat conduction? Provide the relevant equation. [3]

b) Based on an energy balance on a body of arbitrary shape, derive an

expression relating the lumped temperature of the body and time. [10]

Question 3 continued
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c) A metal sphere 5 cm in diameter (cp = 0.46 kJ kg,l °e l, k = 35 W m,l °e l ,

p = 7800 kg m,3) is cast in a furnace. It is removed at a temperature of
450°C and transferred to a lower temperature oven maintained at 100°C.
The convection heat transfer coefficient is 10 W m -2 °e l •

i) Show that the lumped system analysis can be applied in this case.

ii) Calculate the time required for the ball to attain a temperature of
I50 a C.
[12]

4. a) State what you understand by the term 'black-body' and 'grey body' when
applied to heat transfer. [6]

The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface and the

spectral irradiation at a surface is shown in Figure 1.

1.0

.....
o......... ....,;iiiii!

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
},(Jlm) ),(Jlml

Figure 1: Spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an opaque surface (left)

and the spectral irradiation (right) at the surface of the body.

b) Show how the spectral, hemispherical reflectivity will vary with

wavelength? [4]

c) What is the total, hemispherical absorptivity of the surface? [10]

d) If the surface is initially at 500 K and has a total hemispherical emissivity of

0.8, how will its temperature change upon exposure to the radiation? [5]

Assume: the surface is opaque, convection effects are negligible and the
back surface of the body is insulated.
Take the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (0) to be 5.67 x lO- 8 W m- 2 K-4.

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5. A saturated mixture of steam and water at 51 OK is flowing through a horizontal

smooth pipe with internal diameter 4 em. The mixture has a quality of 0.3 and
mass flux 01'3000 kg m- 2 S-I.
Calculate the frictional pressure drop in the pipe using:

a) the homogeneous model. [8]

b) the following correlation suggested by Chisholm for separated flow:

2 C 1
¢L = 1 +-+-
X X2
[14]
where: C = 20 for turbulent-turbulent flow
C = 12 for laminar (liquid) - turbulent (gas) flow
C = 10 for turbulent (liquid) - laminar (gas) flow
C = 5 for laminar-laminar flow
and ¢ L 2 and X 2 are the Lockhart-Martinelli parameters.

The homogeneous viscosity can be calculated as follows:

1 x 1- x
.-=-+--
11 119 III

where: x is the quality

119 and III are the gas and liquid viscosities respectively.

What are the main assumptions in the above models for homogeneous and
separated flow? [3]

The following properties can be used:

Water density = 818 kg m- 3 , water viscosity = 1.15x 10-4 Pa s
Steam density = 15.8 kg m- 3, steam viscosity = 16.9xI0-6 Pa s

6. Following Nusselt's procedure show that the average heat transfer coefficient,
hL' in film condensation over a vertical flat plate, with length L, for laminar flow
of the film, is given by:
3 1/4
hL = 0.943 [k L PL(PL - PC)Bhr9 ]
IlJTs - Tw)L

[15]

A plane vertical wall of temperature, Tw , 60°C faces a space filled with stagnant
saturated steam at atmospheric pressure. The height, L, of the wall is 2m.
Assume that the film is laminar and calculate the condensate mass flow rate per
unit width of the wall, at the bottom of the wall. [8]

Question 6 continued
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Is the assumption of laminar film flow correct? [2]

·
The following properties can be used:
Condensate:
density, PL= 972 kg m- 3,
.. 3 10-4 kg m-I S-I ,
VISCOSIty, ilL = x
thermal conductivity, k L = 0.67 W m-1K- 1.
Vapour:
3
density, Pc = 0.9 kg m- .
latent heat, hfg = 2.257xI0 6 J kg-I
Also:
Ts is the saturation temperature,
9 is the acceleration of gravity, 9 = 9.81 m S-2

END OF PAPER

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Answer ALL FOUR questions.

All answers carry a total 0/25 marks each, distributed as shown. []

1. Consider an oil-to-oil double-pipe heat exchanger with the same type of oil each side
of the heat exchanger and whose flow atTangement is not known. The temperature
measurements indicate that the cold oil enters at 20°C and leaves at 55°C, while the
hot oil enters at 80°C and leaves at 45°C.

a) Is the flow CO-CUtTent or counter-current and why? [2]

b) What is the effectiveness of this heat exchanger? [15]

C) Name 4 types of heat exchanger fouling. [4]

d) Name 4 variables that affect fouling. [4]

TURNOVER

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2. a) Determine the view factor for the following geometries:

i) a sphere within a box (find F 12 and F 2/ ) (Figure 1)

ii) a long triangular duct (find Fl!' F 12 , F21 and F 13 ) (Figure 2)

L /)

Figure 1. Sphere within a box

T .-\ 1
L A.').:..
.1 ..\3
Figure 2. Triangular duct
[101

b) A thin aluminium plate with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between two
very large parallel plates that are maintained at a lmiform temperature of T1 = 800 K
and Tz = 500 K with emissivities of El = 0.2 and Ez = 0.7. Determine the net heat
transfer rate with and without the aluminium shield. Assume that the surfaces are
opaque, diffuse and grey.
Take the Stefan-Boltzmarm constant (J = 5.67 x 10'8 W m'2 K-4. [151

3. a) A steel ball 12 mm in diameter is initially held at 1150 K and then cooled to

400 K in air for which Too = 325 K and h = 20 W m,2 K'J.
Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40 W m -I K'l, P = 7800 kg m'3, and
Cp = 600 J kg' K'i,

i) Check if a lumped system can be used here [5]

ii) Estimate the time required for the cooling process. [12]

b) Consider a large slab that is initially hot and then cooled in air. Sketch how the
temperature gradient varies with time through the thickness of the slab at its
centre for a system with Bi »1 and Bi « 1 where Bi is the Biot number. [8]

TURNOVER

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4. a) Describe the different regimes of pool boiling occurring when an electrically

heated horizontal wire (heat flux changes) is immersed in a pool of water at its
saturation temperature. How does the heat flux vary with the difference between
the wire temperature and the saturation temperature of water? [10J

b) Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by a horizontal copper heating wire of

diameter D = 5 mm and emissivity E = 0.05, immersed in a pool of water. If the
temperature of the heating wire is 350 e C, determine the rate of heat transfer from
the wire to the water per unit length of the wire. [15]

You can assume that film boiling occurs together with radiation. The following
equations can be used for the heat transfer coefficients:

Heat transfer coefficient for film boiling:

3(
k c Pc PL - Pc)gh fg )1/4
h film = 0.62 ( D
fic
(T
w
- T
sat
)

Heat transfer coefficient for radiation:

CTE(Tw 4 - Tsat 4)
h rad =
Tw - Tsat

The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by:

3
h tat = hfilm + "4 h rad

Where:
k c = 0.00358 W m-I ec- I, is the vapour thermal conductivity
fie = 0 .75 x 10-5 Pa s, is the vapour viscosity
Pc = 0.444 kg m-], is the vapour density
PL = 957.9 kg m-], is the water density
h fg = 2257 x 103 J kg-I, is the latent heat
T w is the temperature of the heating wire
T sat is the saturation temperature of water
9 = 9.81 m S·2
CT = 5.68 x 10. 8 W m- 2 K-4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant

END OF PAPER

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Answer ALL FOUR questions.

Each question carries a total of 25 marks, distributed as shown [ ]
1. A 10m long and 10 mm inner diameter pipe made of commercial steel is used to heat a
liquid in an industrial process. The liquid enters the pipe with an inlet temperature
T j = 25°C and a volumetric flow rate V = 0.8 m S-I. A uniform heat flux is maintained by
an electrical resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the pipe, so that the
fluid exits at 75°C.
Assuming fully developed flow and taking the following properties of the fluid:

Density Specific heat Viscosity Thermal conductivity Prandtl number

p Co fJ k Pr
1000 kgm- J 4000 J kg-I. K- I 0.002 kg m-ls' 0.48 W m·1K· 1 10
Determine:
(a) the required surface heat flux q produced by the heater (in W m- 2 ).
[7]
(b) the surface temperature at the exit Te using Nu = 0.023Reo. 8 PrO. 4 (in °C).
Herein Nu is Nusselt number, Re is Reynolds number and Pr is Prandtl number.
[12]
(c) the pressure loss through the pipe (in Pa) using the equation of

b.P 2fpV 2
L D
and Moody chart as shown in Figure Q.l. [6]

e, cm
I Turbulent
Drawn Tubing 0.00015
0.020 Transitional : Commercial Steel 0.0046
. I Asphah Cast Iron 0.012
Lamlnar I
I Galvanized Iron 0.Q15
0.Q15 I Cast Iron 0.026
I Wood Slave 0.0185-0.090
S: I
Concrete 0.03-0.3
:::J 0.010 Rivetted Steel 0.090·0.90 0.01
0.009
Q. 0.008
<:l 0.004
II 0.007
.....
0.006
C5
ti
rf. 0.005 f- 0.0791 / ,
c
ono
'i::
0.004
f= 16JRe
- (Re) 0.25 "
, ,
0.0004

u.. (Circular Pipe Only) 0.0001

0.003

0.00005
0.002
1(]l 2 3 4568, 0 4 105 106
Re =umd;/v
Figure Q.1. Moody chart TURNOVER

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2. (a) How does co-current fluid flow differ from counter-current fluid flow?
[5]

Illustrate the temperature change in both cases (expressed by schemes)

[7]

(b) A double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is to be used to cool ethylene glycol
(specific heat cp = 2560 J kg- l °e l ) flowing at a rate of 3.5 kg S·I from 80°C to 40 °C
in the inner pipe using water (cp = 4180J kg-IC· I ) that enters at 20°C and leaves at
55 °C in the outer pipe. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner
surface area of the tube is 250 W m-2 K- l .

Determine:
(i) the rate of heat transfer Q (in kW). [7]

(ii) the mass flow rate of water (in kg s-I). [6]

CONTINUED

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3. A furnace is shaped like a long duct with a cross section shaped as an equilateral triangle
as shown in Figure Q.3. The width of the base is 1 m. The surfaces may be approximated
as grey bodies and have an emissivity Cj of 0.75. The base is heated externally and
maintained at 1200 K, while the two sides are maintained at 750 K.

(a) Derive the electrical circuit equivalent to the radiative heat transfer process.
[5]
(b) Determine the view factors for this geometry.
[5]
l
(c) Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit length (in kW m- ) that is supplied to
the base surface in order to maintain these operating conditions. The surface
resistance Ri is given by

and the space resistance Rij by

where Ai is area of surface i, Ci is emissivity of surface i and Fi} is the view factor from
surface i to surface j. The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is ( j = 5.67 . 10-8 W m-2 K"4. Neglect
end-effects and assume radiation to be the only relevant heat transfer mechanism.

[15]

Figure Q.3. Cross section of the furnace

TURNOVER

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4. (a) Define the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter X [3]

Water is vaporised in a forced convection boiler that operates at 9.3 bar pressure and
450 K temperature. The water enters the tubes with a mass flux of 2000 kg sol m-2 • The
tubes of the boiler are smooth with internal diameter 20 mm and wall temperature 480 K
(saturation pressure = 17.9 bar). At a point where 5% of the liquid mass has vaporised,
calculate:

(b) the convective part of the heat transfer coefficient [12]

(c) the flow boiling part of the heat transfer coefficient [8]
(d) the local heat transfer coefficient [2]

You can use the following equation for the heat transfer coefficient by convection, hc , in
the gas-liquid mixture:

hc = 0023
. kDL Re TP 0.8prL 0.4

and the following equation for the heat transfer coefficient by pool boiling, h PB :

k 0.79 0.45 0.49 )

_ L CpL PL 0.24 0.75
h PB - 0.00122 ( 024 (Tw - TSAT ) (Pw - P SAT )
(j0.5fl 0.29 h . P 0.24
L fg C

where
ReTP is the two phase Reynolds number,
PrL is the liquid Prandtl number
Tw and TSAT are the wall and the liquid saturation temperatures respectively, and
Pw and PSATare the saturation pressures corresponding to the wall and the liquid
temperatures
P is density
fl is viscosity
k is thermal conductivity
cp is heat capacity
(j is the liquid surface tension
hf9 is the latent heat of vaporisation
and the subscripts Land G refer to the liquid and gas phases respectively.

Fluid properties
Liquid at 450 K: PL = 890 kg m-3, flL = 1.51 . 10-4 kg m'l S-l, k L = 0.679 W m- I K- I, CpL = 4390 J kg- l K- I
Vapour at 450 K: Pc = 4.8 kg m- 3, flc = 14.9 x 10-6 kg m- I S-I
hfg = 20.2,10 5 J kg-I, (j = 42.9' 10-3 N m- I

CONTINUED
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You can also use the graphs below:

100

.....
V
V
./

/
u :,,1'
)/
U. 10
./
./
/
,;'

/
........1'
..... 1--'

V "
1
0.1
---- 10 100
1/X

Figure Q4.1: Graph of Fe parameter against l/X

0.9

""" '"
0.8
0.7
0.6
"'-
(,J
(J) 0.5
0.4
"" ........
.........

0.3
0.2
0.1
'" ----- r-
o
1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06
ReTP

Figure Q4.2: Graph of Se parameter against the two-phase Reynolds number

END OF PAPER

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