Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TESTING
MACHINE
https://pursuitengineering.blogspot.com/2016/12/universal-testing-machine-compression.html
Introduction
Mechanical testing plays an important role in evaluating
fundamental properties of engineering materials as well as in
developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials
for use in design and construction.
It is named after the fact that it can perform many standard tensile
and compression tests on materials, components, and structures
Universal Testing Machine
Components
Load frame - usually consisting of two strong supports for the
machine. Some small machines have a single support.
Load cell - A force transducer or other means of measuring the
load is required. Periodic calibration is usually required by
governing regulations or quality system.
Cross head - A movable cross head (crosshead) is controlled to
move up or down.
Output device - A means of providing the test result is needed.
Some older machines have dial or digital displays and chart
recorders. Many newer machines have a computer interface for
analysis and printing.
Test fixtures, specimen holding jaws, and related sample making
equipment are called for in many test methods.
Tension test
Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit
area.
The most common type of test used to measure the mechanical properties
of a material is the Tension Test. Tension test is widely used to provide a
basic design information on the strength of materials.
The major parameters that describe the stress-strain curve obtained during
the tension test are the tensile strength (UTS), yield strength or yield point
(σy), elastic modulus (E), percent elongation (ΔL%) and the reduction in
area (RA%).
Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s ratio (v) can also be found by the use of
this testing technique.
Tension test
Some materials will break sharply, without plastic deformation, in
what is called a brittle failure. Others, which are more ductile,
including most metals, will experience some plastic deformation and
possibly necking before fracture.
The UTS is not used in the design of ductile static members because
design practices dictate the use of the yield stress. It is, however, used for
quality control, because of the ease of testing. It is also used to roughly
determine material types for unknown samples.
Objective
The testing system consists of a tensile testing machine, a load cell, a power supply.
Testing Machine is of hydraulic type (Universal Testing Machine). It is a load-controlled
machine.
Load Cell provides an electrical circuit for measuring the instantaneous load along the
loading axis.
Power Supply is connected to load cell. It feeds the load cell, amplifies the output signal
and displays the load.
Specimen
Tensile specimens are machined in the desired orientation and according to the
standards. The central portion (gage portion) of the length is usually of smaller cross
section than the end portions. This ensures the failure to occur at a section where
the stresses are not affected by the gripping device.
Tension test
Procedure
Fatigue failures are therefore unpredictable, and provide high-risk situations, if the operators are
not aware of material behaviour when subjected to fatigue loading.
Most machinery and many structures do not operate under a constant load and stress. In fact,
these loads and stresses are constantly changing.
A good example of this is a rotating shaft such as the axle on a railroad car. The bending
stresses change from tension to compression as the axle rotates.
This constant change in stress can cause fatigue failure in which the material suddenly fractures.
The process that leads to fatigue failure is the initiation and growth of cracks in the material.
Fracture occurs when the crack grows so large that the remaining uncracked material can no
longer support the applied loads. The change in the loading with respect to time is more common
from an engineering perspective and is generally considered to be mechanically induced.
Fatigue Test
Fatigue Test
Procedure
When the specimen is rotated about the longitudinal axis, the upper
and the lower parts of the specimen gauge length are subjected to
tensile and compressive stresses respectively. Therefore, stress
varies sinusoially at any point on the specimen surface.
The test proceeds until specimen failure takes place. The revolution
counter is used to obtain the number of cycles to failures
corresponding to the stress applied.
This rotation causes twist the in member and this state is known as
torsion.
The cross section must be circular, without taper, no stress concentrations and the axis of
rotation of the bar must be straight.
Torque must be applied by shear stresses that vary linearly with the same distance from
the axis.
Angle of twist must be small and varies linearly along the longitudinal direction.
Plane cross sections of the bar do not change after angular deformation and all radii must
remain straight: cross sections do not warp.
Even though torsion test is not as universal as tension test and do not have any
standardized testing procedure, the significance lies on particular engineering applications
and for the study of plastic flow in materials. Torsion test is applicable for testing brittle
materials such as tool steels.
Torsion Test
Torsion Test
Typically the bend test measures ductility, the ability of a material to change form
under pressure and keep that form permanently. In certain cases the bending test
can determine tensile strength.
When using the bend test for this purpose, testers examine which side of the
material breaks first to see what type of strength the material has. It also lets them
know what kinds of pressure it holds up against and what kinds it doesn't.
To determine how ductile a material is, a bending test is used. Force is applied to a
piece of the material at a specific angle and for a specific amount of time.
The material is then bent to a certain diameter using force. After the bending test is
over, the material is examined to see how well it held its shape once the pressure
was removed, and whether or not the material cracked when pressure was applied.
Bending Test
Compression Test
Compression tests are used to determine how a product or material
reacts when it is compressed, squashed, crushed or flattened by
measuring fundamental parameters that determine the specimen
behavior under a compressive load.