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Question 1:
(a) Calculate the rate of heat loss through a glass window of area 1.4
m2 and thickness 3.0 mm if the outside temperature is 20º F and the
inside temperature is +72º F.
(b) A storm window is installed having the same thickness of glass but
with an air gap of 7.5 cm between the two windows. What will be the
corresponding rate of heat loss presuming that conduction is the only
important heatloss mechanism?
Concept:
The rate H at which heat is transferred through the rod is,
(a) directly proportional to the crosssectional area (A) available.
(b) inversely proportional to the length of the rod Δx.
(c) directly proportional to the temperature difference ΔT.
So, H = kA ΔT/ Δx
Again the rate of heat transfer H is defined as,
= A ΔT/ (Rg+ Ra)
Here A is the area, ΔT is the temperature difference, Rg is the
thermal resistance of glass at the thickness 3.0 mm and Ra is the
thermal resistance of air at the thickness 7.5 cm.
The thermal resistance or Rvalue, defined by,
R = L/k
Here L is the thickness of the material through which the heat is
transferred and k is the thermal conductivity of the material.
Solution:
(a) First we have to find the temperature difference between inside
and outside of the glass window.
ΔT = T 2T 1
° ° ° °
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= 5°C /9 °F (72°F –(20 ° F))
= 51.1 °C
= (51.1+273) K
= 324.1 K
To obtain the rate of heat loss through a glass window, substitute 1.0
W/m.K (thermal conductivity of window glass) for k, 1.4 m2 for A,
324.1 K for ΔT and 3.0 mm for Δx in the equation H = kA ΔT/ Δx, we
get,
H = kA ΔT/ Δx
= (1.0 W/m.K) (1.4 m2) (324.1 K)/ (3.0 mm)
= (1.0 W/m.K) (1.4 m2) (324.1 K)/ (3.0 mm×103 m/1 mm)
= 2.4×104 W
From the above observation we conclude that, the rate of heat loss
through a glass window would be 2.4×104 W.
(b) First we have to find out the thermal resistance Rg of galss at the
thickness 3.0 mm and Ra of air at the thickness 7.5 cm.
To obtain the thermal resistance Rg of galss at the thickness 3.0 mm,
substitute 3.0 mm for L and 1.0 W/m.K (thermal conductivity of
window glass) for k in the equation R = L/k,
Rg = L/k
= 3.0 mm/1.0 W/m.K
= (3.0 mm×103 m/1 mm) /(1.0 W/m.K)
= 3.0×103 m2.K/W
To obtain the thermal resistance Ra of air at the thickness 7.5 cm,
substitute 7.5 cm for L and 0.026 W/m.K (thermal conductivity of dry
air) for k in the equation R = L/k,
Ra = L/k
= 7.5 cm /0.026 W/m.K
= (7.5 cm ×102 m/1 mm) /(0.026 W/m.K)
= 2.88 m2.K/W
To find out the corresponding rate of heat loss H, substitute 1.4
m2for A,3.0×103 m2.K/W for Rg and 2.88 m2.K/W for Ra in the
equationH = A ΔT/ (Rg+ Ra), we get,
H = A ΔT/ (Rg+ Ra)
= (1.4 m2) (324.1 K) /(3.0×103 m2.K/W) (2.88 m2.K/W)
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= 25 W
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Question 2:
What mass of steam at 100ºC must be mixed with 150 g of ice at 0ºC,
in a thermally insulated container, to produce liquid water at 50ºC?
Concept:
The heat capacity per unit mass of a body, called specific heat
capacity or usually just specific heat, is characteristic of the material
of which the body is composed.
c = C/m
= Q/mΔT
So, Q = c mΔT
Here, the heat transferred is Q, specific heat capacity is c, mass
is mand the temperature difference is ΔT.
The amount of heat per unit mass that must be transferred to
produce a phase change is called the heat of transformation or latent
heat L for the process. The total heat Q transferred in a phase
change is then,
Q = Lm
Here m is the mass of the sample that changes phase.
Solution:
The heat given off the steam Qs will be equal to,
Qs = msLv+ mscwΔT
Here, mass of steam is ms, latent heat vaporization is Lv, specific heat
capacity of water is cw and the temperature difference is ΔT.
The heat taken in by the ice Qi will be equal to,
Qi = miLf+ micwΔT
Here, mass of ice is mi, latent heat fusion is Lf, specific heat capacity
of water is cw and the temperature difference is ΔT.
Heat given off the steam Qs is equal to the heat taken in by the iceQi.
So, Qs = Qi
msLv+ mscwΔT = miLf+ micwΔT
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ms(Lv+ cwΔT) = mi(Lf+ cwΔT)
ms = mi(Lf+ cwΔT)/ (Lv+ cwΔT)
To obtain the mass of the steam at 100 °C must be mixed with 150 g
of ice at 0 °C, substitute 150 g for mass of ice mi, 333×103 J/kg forLf,
4190 J/kg.K for cw, 50° C for ΔT, 2256×103 J/kg for Lv in the
equation ms = mi(Lf+ cwΔT)/ (Lv+ cwΔT), we get,
ms = mi(Lf+ cwΔT)/ (Lv+ cwΔT)
= 0.033 kg
From the above observation we conclude that, the mass of steam at
100 °C must be mixed with 150 g of ice at 0 °C would be 0.033 kg.
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Question 3:
A small electric immersion heater is used to boil 136 g of water for a
cup of instant coffee. The heater is labeled 220 watts. Calculate the
time required to bring this water from 23.5ºC to the boiling point,
ignoring nay heat losses.
Concept:
Heat Q that must be given to a body of mass m, whose material has
a specific heat c, to increase its temperature from initial
temperature T i to final temperature T f is,
Q = mc (T f T i)
But time (t) is equal to the heat energy (Q) divided by power (P).
t = Q/ P
Solution:
To obtain the time required to bring this water from 23.5° C to the
boiling point, substitute 136 g for mass of water m, 4190 J/kg. K for
specific heat capacity of water c, 100° C for final
temperature T f(boiling point of water), 23.5° C for initial
temperature T i and 220 watts for power P in the
equation t = mc (T f T i)/P,
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= (136 g) (4190 J/kg. K) (100° C 23.5° C) / 220 W
= (136 g×103 kg/1 g) (4190 J/kg. K) (100° C 23.5° C) / 220 W
= (0.136 kg) (4190 J/kg. K) ((100+273) K – (23.5 + 273)K) / 220 W
= (0.136 kg) (4190 J/kg. K) (373 K – 296.5 K) / 220 W
= (0.136 kg) (4190 J/kg. K) (76.5 K) / 220 W
= 198.15 s
Rounding off to three significant figures, the time required to bring
this water from 23.5° C to the boiling point would be 198 s.
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